Pal aemonMal col msoni i Phy l um : Ar t hr opoda Subphy l um : Mandi bul at a Cl ass: Cr ust acea Subcl ass: Mal acr ust aca Or der: Decapoda Genus: Pal aemonMal col msoni i Habi tandhabi t at Pal aemoni nhabi tf r eshwat erst r eams, r i v er s, l akesandponds.I ti sanoct ur nal cr eat ur eandl i es hi ddenatt hebot t om dur i ngt hedayandcomest ot hesur f acedur i ngni ghti nsear choff ood.I t wal kssl owl yatt hebot t om wi t ht hehel pofwal ki ngl egsandswi msact i v el yatt hesur f acewi t ht he hel pofswi mmer et s( pl eopods) .Mayat t ai nl engt hof7075cms. Mor phol ogy ThebodyofPal aemoni sel ongat ed, bi l at er al l ysy mmet r i cal .Thesi zeoft headul tPal aemonv ar i es, t heav er agebei ng15t o20cm.They oungspeci mensar et r anspar ent , pal ey el l oworper f ect l y whi t ei nappear ance, butt heol derspeci mensar edi f f er ent l yt i nt edaccor di ngt ot hespeci es.The bodyi sdi v i dedi nt oanant er i orr i gi dcephal ot hor axandapost er i ormov abl eabdomen. St r uct ur e ( 1)Cephal ot hor ax -f or medbyf usi onof5cephal i cand8t hor aci csegment s -cov er edext er nal l ybycar apaceandant er i or l ydr awni nt oapoi nt edr ost r um -car apacesl i ngsf r eenencl osesnar r owgi l l chamberonei t hersi de -por t i onofcar apacet hatcov er sgi l l si scal l edbr anchi ost egi t e/gi l l cov er -pai rofst al kedcompoundey esatt hebaseofr ost r um -13pai r edbi r amousappendages(2pai rofant ennae 1pai rofj aw 2pai rofmaxi l l ae 3pai rofmaxi l l i peds 5pai rofper eopods/wal ki ngl egs) -mout h(sl i tl i ke, pr esentonv ent r al sur f aceofhead, boundedbyl abr um i nf r ont , l abi um behi ndnmandi bl esonei t hersi de) -excr et or ypor e–opensatbaseoni nnersur f aceofeachof2ndant ennae -mal egeni t al aper t ur e(atbaseofl astpai rofwal ki ngl egs) -f emal egeni t al aper t ur e(atbaseoft hi r dpai rofwal ki ngl egs) ( 2)Abdomen -6di st i nctmov abl esegment s -eachsegmenti sencl osedi nahar dcut i cl edi v i dedi ndor sal , conv ext er gum, pai rofl at er al pl eur onsnav ent r al st er num -apai rofbi r amousswi mmi ngl egspl eupods/swi mmer et spr esenti neachsegment , l ast pai rcal l edur opod -medi ant r i angul arpi ececal l edt el sonpr esentatt hebaseofabdomen, appendagesabsent i nt el sonr egi on -anusopensonv ent r al si denearbaseoft el son ( 3)Exoskel et on -sof tpar t spr ot ect edbyt hi ckcut i cl e, har denedbydeposi t sofl i mesal t sCaCO3 -cephal ot hor axv ent r al l ycov er edbyhar dcal ci f i edsheet sst er nalpl at es -car apacepr oducedasal ongmedi anout gr owt hcal l edr ost r um bear i ngt eet hl i ke ser r at i onsonuppernl owermar gi ns -2smal l spi nesbel ownbehi ndeachey est al k(ant er i orl ongerant ennalspi ne post er i orshor t erhepat i cspi ne) -abdomi nal segmentcov er edbyr i ngl i kecal ci f i edpi ecescl er i t e -6successi v escl er i t esconnect edv i at hi nuncal ci f i edsheet sar t hr odi almembr anewhi ch per mi tmov ement ( 4)Appendages -ext er nal l ypr oj ect ed -ser v easl ocomot or yor gans, f eel er s, f oodsei zer s, mani pul at or snsexor gans -19bi r amousappendagespr esent(5pai r si nhead 8pai r si nt hor ax 6pai r si nabdomen) a.Cephal i cappendages -ant ennul es: 3j oi nt edpr ot opodi t e, manyf l agel l aatdi st al endnast at ocy statbase : f unct i on–sensor ynt act i l e -ant ennae: 2j oi nt edappendagespr ot opodi t e, f l atsquamanmanyj oi nt edf l agel l um : f unct i on–t act i l enbal ance -mandi bl es: unj oi nt edbody , hast eet hnmast i cat or yl obescal l edmol arpr ocesses, j oi nt edmandi bul arpal ponout ersur f ace : f unct i on–cut t i ngncr ushi ngf ood -1stmaxi l l ae: l eafl i ke, t woi nnerl obesact i ngasgnat hobasesnanout erl obe : f unct i on–t ear i ngnpassi ngf oodt omout h nd -2 maxi l l ae: l eafl i ke, f l at t enedscaphognat hi t e : f unct i on–mast i cat or ynr espi r at or y b.Thor aci cappendages st -1 maxi l l i peds: l eafl i kepr ot opodi t e, whi pl i keexopodi t enasl enderendopodi t e : f unct i on–r espi r at or y , mast i cat or y , sendsf oodt omout h -2ndmaxi l l i peds: pr ot opodi t ewi t hanepi podi t ebear sa5j oi nt edendopodi t e, whi pl i ke unj oi nt edexopodi t enagi l l : f unct i on–r espi r at or y r d -3 maxi l l i peds: pr ot opodi t ebear sa3j oi nt edl egl i keendopodi t enasl enderunj oi nt ed exopodi t e, smal l epi podi t epr esent : f unct i on–l ocomot or y , r espi r at or y -per eopods: 5pai r s, eachl eghas7podomer es/segment s, f i r st2l egsar echel a, 2nd i sl ar gest , 2basal segment sr epr esentcoxopodi t enbasi podi t e, r emai ni ng5(i schi um, mer us, car pus, pr opodus, dact y l us) : f unct i on–hol di ngpr ey , wal ki ngi nf i r st2nwal ki ngi nl ast3 c.Abdomi nal appendages -6pai r scal l edpl eopodswhi chai di nswi mmi ng -l astpai rur opodscuzal ongwi t ht el sont heyf or m apower f ul t ai l f i nt hathel psi n l eapi ngbackwar ds Locomot i on ( 1)Swi mmi ng -bodyst r ai ght , hor i zont al -pl eopodsactl i keoar s -f or war dmov ementofpl eopodssl ow, backst r okei sf ast , ani mal mov esf or war d -ur opodgui desnant ennaemov esconst ant l y , pr esumabl yf eel i ngsur r oundi ngs ( 2)Wal ki ng -st r ai ght enedbodysuppor t edbyal l 5pai r sofper eopods -l egsmov ei nhar monydur i ngwal ki ng ( 3)Dar t i ng -r esor t edunderemer gencyci r cumst ances -st r et chedpl eopodsnur opods, abdomenmov esf or war dsuddenl yt owar dscephal ot hor axn ani mal swi f t l ymov esbackwar dwi t haj er kduet osuddent hr ust Di gest i v esy st em Thedi gest i v esy st em consi st sofanal i ment ar ycanal nahepat opancr eas/di gest i v egl and ( 1)Al i ment ar ycanal Hasdi st i nctz ones(ant er i orf or egutendi ngi nst omach, mi dgutnahi ndgut , wher ef or egutn hi ndgutar el i nedbyl ay eroft hi ckcut i cl e) a.For egut -mout h: sl i t l i keopeni ngsi t uat edv ent r al l yi nhead, boundedbyl abr um ant er i or l y , mandi bl esl at er al l ynt wol obedl abi um post er i or l y -buccal cav i t y: smal l , ant er opost er i or l ycompr essedchamber , nextt omout h, bear i ng i r r egul ari nt er nal f ol ds; wi dev ent r al l yor i ent edl obe, j oi ni ngbuccal cav i t ywi t hcar di acst omach; i nnerl i ni ngbear soneant er i or , onepost er i ornt wol at er al f ol ds b.St omach -di v i dedi nt ot wochamber s–car di acst omachnpy l or i cst omach -car di acst omachl ar ge, bagl i ke, const i t ut edor sal par tf ol l owi ngpl at esoni t swal l s (conv exupperpar tofhast at epl at esl opesl at er al l yf or mi ngamedi anr i dge, del i cat eset aeonuppernpost er i orsur f aceofpl at e, el ongat edl at er al gr oov eonei t hersi deofpl at e, l at er al gr oov eboundbysuppor t i ngr od( i n)nr i dgedpl at e( out ) , cut i cul ar , combpl at ebear i ngcombl i keset aer owsoni nneredgeofr i dgedpl at e, combpl at esj oi nant er i or l ybutpost er i or l yf r ee, nearcar di opy l or i copeni ng, l ongi t udi nal gui di ngr i dgef or medduet of ol di ngofi nnerwal l ofcar di acst omach, 2gui di ngr i dgesgui def oodt opy l or i cst omacht hr oughcar di opy l or i copeni ng, car di opy l or i copeni ngxshaped, guar dedby1ant er i or , 1post er i orn2l at er al v al v es) chamber , -py l or i cst omachsmal l i nsi z e (l at er al wal l sf or mf ol ds, di v i di ngcav i t yi nt osmal l dor sal nl ar gev ent r al chamber , v ent r al chamberdi v i dedi nt o2l at er al comptnr ecei v educt sf r om hepat opancr eas, r ect angul arf i l t erpl at ebear sal t er nat er i dgengr oov espr esentonf l oorofv ent r al f i l t erpl at enbr i st l esofl at er al wal l sofv ent r al chamberactaspy l or i cf i l t erappar at usn al l owonl yl i qui f i edf oodt opass) c.Mi dgut/I nt est i ne -l ong, sl endert ubear i si ngf r om post er i orendofpy l or i cst omach, r unsbackwar d, ascendi ngb/ w2l obesofhepat opancr east or eachabdomenbey ondcephal ot hor axnr uns post er i or l yt oendi nr ect um whi chi spr esenti nt hel astsegment d.Rect um -l astpar tofal i ment ar ycanal -smal l chamber , br oaderant er i or l ynnar r owsdownpost er i or l yt oopenont hev ent r al end, atbaseoft el son ( 2)Hepat opancr eas -l ar gey el l owor angemass, has2l obesnoccupi esmaj orpor t i onofcephal ot hor ax -py l or i cst omach, pai l ofcar di acst omachnant er i orpar tofi nt est i near eembeddedi ni t -ductar i sesf r om eachl obenopensepar at el yi nt ov ent r al chamberofpy l or i cst omach, j ust af t erpy l or i cf i l t erpl at e -pl ay sav i t al r ol ei ndi gest i onnact sasast or ageor gan Feedi ng Thef oodofPal aemonMal col msoni i compr i sesal gae, mossandot heraquat i cweeds, and occasi onal l ysomesmal l aquat i ci nsect sanddebr i sf r om t hebot t om oft hewat er . Thechel at el egspi ckupt hef oodandt akei tt ot hemout h, t hesecondandt hi r dpai r sof maxi l l i pedeshol dt hef oodi nposi t i onf ort hemandi bl es, t ocutupt hef oodi nt osmal l pi ecesby t hei ri nci sorpr ocesses, t henf oodi st r ansf er r edt ot hemout h.I nt hemout hcav i t yt hemol ar pr ocessesofmandi bl escr usht hef oodwhi chgoest ot hecar di acst omacht hr ought he oesophagus. Di gest i on Thesmal l erpar t i cl esoft hef oodf r om t hecar di acst omachar epassedont ot hepy l or i cst omach. Thedi gest i v esecr et i onoft hehepat opancr easi spour edi nt ot hepy l or i cst omacht hr ought he hepat opancr eat i cduct s.Secr et i onr eachest hecar di acst omachandmi xeswi t ht hef ood.Byt he cont r act i onandexpansi onofcar di acst omacht hef oodi schur nedandal sodi gest edbyt he di gest i v ef er ment s. Whent hef oodpassesov ert hehast at epl at et hemov i ngbr i st l esoft hecombedpl at escuti ti nt o f i nepar t i cl es.Thef oodi nt hesemi l i qui dandsemi di gest edf or mi sf i l t er edt hr ought hebr i st l esof t hecombedpl at es, i nt ot hel at er al gr oov esbel ow, whencei ti scar r i edi nt ot hev ent r al chamberof t hepy l or i cst omacht hr ought hecar di opy l or i caper t ur e. Thedi gest edandl i quef i edf oodi sf i l t er edt hr ought hepy l or i cf i l t erandi tagai nent er st he hepat opancr east hr ought hehepat opancr eat i cduct sandt henbecomesabsor bed. Thehepat opancr easser v esf ordi gest i onaswel l asf orabsor pt i on.Ther esi dual f oodmat er i al , consi st i ngofundi gest edpar t i cl es, ascendst hedor sal py l or i cchamberandf r om t her eent er st he mi dgut .Ther emai ni ngdi gest edf oodi sabsor bedi nt hemi dgut .Theundi gest edf aecal mat t er passesont ot hepost er i orsi deoft hehi ndgutandul t i mat el yexpel l edt hr ought heanus. Respi r at or ysy st em Pr awnsr espi r ei naquat i cmedi um, has3setofor gansf ort hi s–l i ni ngofbr anchi ost egi t e, epi podi t esngi l l s.Al l t hesear eencl osedwi t hi naspeci al chamberi nsi decephal ot hor axcal l edgi l l chamber . ( 1)Li ni ngofbr anchi ost egi t e -r i chl yv ascul ar i zedmembr aneser v esasr espi r at or ysur f acet hr oughwhi chexchangeof gasest akespl ace ( 2)Epi podi t es -smal l hi ghl yv ascul ar i zedl eaf l i kemembr anousst r uct ur es, oneoncoxal segmentofeach maxi l l i ped -epi podi t esbei ngl ocat edonant er i orpar tofgi l l chamber , car r youtr espi r at or ymechani sms ( 3)Gi l l s -pr i mar yr espi r at or yor gan -oneachl at er al si deofcephal ot hor ax , bel owbr anchi ost egi t e, 8gi l l sl ocat ed, eachat t ached t ot hor aci cwal l bygi l l r oot -7of8gi l l sar ear r angedser i al l ywher eas8thgi l l r emai nsconceal edunder2ndgi l l Ty pesofgi l l s Basedont hei rposi t i onandmodeofat t achment , t hegi l l sar eoft hr eet y pes: ( 1)Podobr anch( f ootgi l l )f i r stgi l l f r om ant er i orsi dei sPodobr anchwhi chr emai nsat t achedwi t h nd coxaof2 maxi l l i pede ( 2)Ar t hr obr anch( j oi nt edgi l l )–at t achedwi t har t hr odi al membr aneof3rdmaxi l l i pede, 2ndn8th gi l l sar ear t hr obr anch ( 3)Pl eur obr anch( si degi l l )–at t achedwi t hout erbor deroft hor axnov erar t i cul at i ngsur f aceof wal ki ngl egs, 3rdt o7thgi l l sar epl eur obr anch Br anchi alf or mul a: Thenumberanddi sposi t i onofr espi r at or yor gansofeachgi l l chambercanbe r epr esent edi nt hef or m ofbr anchi al f or mul a Hi st ol ogyofgi l l : gi l l has3l ay er s–out er mostcut i cl e, i nnerepi der mi sni nner mostconnect i v e t i ssuemass; gi l l pl at ef or medbymonol ay erofcel l s, sandwi chedb/ w2l ay er sofcut i cl e; cel l ul ar l ay eri ncl udes2al t er nat el yar r angedcel l t y pes–pi gment ednt r anspar ent Bl oodsuppl y: Non-aer at edori mpur i f i edbl oodf r om t hebodyi sbr oughtt ot hegi l l byanaf f er ent br anchi al channel whi chopensi nt oat r ansv er seconnect i v el y i ngi mmedi at el yagai nstt her ootof t hegi l l .Thebl oodt henf l owsi nt obot ht hel at er al l ongi t udi nal channel sandpassest hr ought he mar gi nal channel sandr eachest hemedi anl ongi t udi nal channel .Dur i ngt hi scour set hebl oodget s oxy genat ed.Fr om t hemedi anl ongi t udi nal channel ofeachgi l l al l t heoxy genat edbl oodi scar r i ed byanef f er entbr anchi al channel t ot heper i car di al si nusandhear t . Mechani sm ofr espi r at i on: Thescaphognat hi t eofeachmaxi l l av i br at esconst ant l ycausi nga cur r entofwat eri nt hegi l l chamber .Thef r eshwat erent er st hegi l l chamberf r om behi ndi nt he f or m ofacur r ental ongt hepost er i orandv ent r al mar gi nsoft hegi l l cov er .Thewat ert henf l ows ov ert hegi l l sandepi podi t esandr eachest heant er odor sal depr essi onoft hegi l l chamber wher ef r om i ti sexpel l edoutatt heant er i orendbyt hebal i ngact i onoft hescaphognat hi t e. Thegi l l sandepi podi t esar er i chl ysuppl i edwi t hbl oodandexchangeofgasest akespl aceont he sur f aceofgi l l sandepi podi t es.Theoxy gendi ssol v edi nwat eri st akeni nbybl oodandcar bon di oxi dedi f f usesouti nt hewat er .Theact i onofscaphognat hi t ei ssuppl ement edbyt he mov ement soft heexopodi t esofmaxi l l i pedes. Ci r cul at or ysy st em Thebl oodci r cul at i oni npr awni sofopent y pei . e.bl oodf l owsf r om bodyspacescal l edhaemocoel . Ci r cul at or ysy st em i ncl udesbl ood, hear t , t r uebl oodv essel snhaemocoel omi cspaces. ( 1)Bl ood -i ncl udesbot hci r cul at i ngnbodyf l ui d -cel l ul arpar ti ncl udesonl yamoeboi dl eucocy t es -l i qui dpar t , pl asmacont ai nCucont ai ni ngr espi r at or ypi gmenthaemocy ani ni ndi ssol v ed st at e -haemocy ani nr esponsi bl ef orbl uecol or at i onofbl ood -coagul at esr api dl y ( 2)Hear t -t r i angul aror ganwi t hi nnerspongycav i t y , pr esentb/ wcar apacenabov egonads -uni t edwi t hpy l or i cst omachbycar di opy l or i cst r and -ant er i orendapexi spoi nt ednbr oadendbasei spost er i or -ent i r est r uct ur eencl osedi nper i car di alsi nus, whosewal l actasper i car di um -2l at er al n1medi anl ongi t udi nal l yf i br oust i ssuest r andsconnecthear twi t hbodywal l nf i x i t sposi t i oni nsi deper i car di um -wal l pi er cedby5pai r sofsl i t l i keopeni ngsost i a(2l at er al , 1v ent r al , 1dor sal , 1post er i or) -ost i acont r act i l ei nnat ur enwor kasv al v est oper mi tonl yf l owofbl oodf r om per i car di al si nust ohear t ( 3)Tr uebl oodv essel s -v essel swi t hdef i ni t ewal l s -or i gi nat ef r om hear tt osuppl ybl oodt odi f fpar t sofbody , cal l edar t er i es(i npr awns, 6l ar ge v essel sor i gi nat e–si ngl eopht hal mi car t er y , pai r edant ennar yar t er i es, pai r edhepat opancr eat i c ar t er i esnsi ngl emi dpost er i orar t er yemer gef r om post er i orend ( 4)Haemocoel omi cspaces -smal l haemocoel omi cspacescal l edl acunae( l acunaeopeni nt ol ar gerspacessi nuses) -passageconnect i ngl acunaensi nusor2si nusesi scal l edhaemocoel omi cchannel -af t erbl oodf l owf r om l acunae, i t scol l ect edi napai rofcommonel ongat edspacev ent r al si nus -pl acesbeneat hhepat opancr easandcont i nuedupt ocer t ai nl engt hwi t hi nabdomen -2v ent r al si nusesar ei nt er connect edbysev er al smal l sl enderchannel s Excr et or ysy st em Cont ai nsapai rofki dney sant ennar y/gr eengl andsandamedi ansacr enalsac. ( 1)Ant ennar ygl ands–pr esenti ncoxaeofant ennae, eachgl andi ssmal l nwhi t ei ncol our , each gl andhas3par t snamel yendsac, l aby r i nt hnbl adder . ( 2)Renal sac–l ar gemedi ansacbeneat hdor sal shi el d, cov er sent i r ecar di acst omach, hel psi n excr et i onnosmor egul at i on Ner v oussy st em Sy st em t hatcont r ol snr egul at esv ar i ousmechani smst hatoccuri nanor gani sm, has3par t s– CNS( Cent r al Ner v ousSy st em) , PNS( Per i pher al Ner v ousSy st em)andVNS/SNS( Vi scer al / Sy mpat het i cNer v ousSy st em) ( 1)Cent r al Ner v ousSy st em –consi st sofpai rofsupr aoesophageal gangl i a, pai rof ci r cumoesophageal connect i v es, asuboesophageal ort hor aci cgangl i oni cmassnadoubl e v ent r al gangl i onat edner v ecor d, sendoutner v eswhi chsuppl yr espect i v eor gans ( 2)Per i pher al Ner v ousSy st em –ner v esemanat i ngf r om CNSconst i t ut et hePNS(opt i cner v e, ant ennul ar yner v e, ant ennar yner v e, smal l ner v e, cephal ot hor aci cner v enabdomi nal ner v e) ( 3)Vi scer al Ner v ousSy st em -Thesy mpat het i corv i scer al ner v oussy st em i sr epr esent edbyaf ew smal l gangl i aandner v es.Asmal l ner v ear i si ngf r om t hepost er i orpar toft hebr ai n, r unsont he r oofoft hecar di acst omachandbear st wov i scer al oroesophageal gangl i a, oneant er i orand anot herpost er i or . Repr oduct i v esy st em Pr awnsar edi oeci ousi . e.sexesar esepar at e. Mal e Femal e 1. 2ndpai rofchel at ear el ongernst r onger 2ndpai rofchel at el egsar esmal l ernt hi n 2. t hor aci cl egsar ecl osel yar r anged t hor aci cl egsar el esscl osel yar r anged 3. 2ndpai rofpl eopodhasappendi x mascul i na Absent 4. Mal egeni t al openi ngonar t hr opodi al membr anei fl astpai rofwal ki ngl egs Femal egeni t al openi ngsont hecoxaof3rd pai rofwal ki ngl egs 5. Mal epr awnbi ggeri nsi zeascompar ed t of emal eofsameage Femal epr awnsmal l eri nsi z eascompar edt o mal eofsameage Li f eCy cl e Femal er el easeseggsi nt hewat er , Naupl i usl ar v aemer gesf r om t heegg, passest he met anaupl eus, pr ot ozea, zoea, met azoeaandmy si sst agesofdev el opmentnbecomesanadul t . Whent heexoskel et onhar dens, f ur t hergr owt hni ncr easei nsi zei sbl ocked. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Scor pi on( Pal amnaeus) Phy l um : Ar t hr opoda SubPhy l um : Chel i cer at a Cl ass: Ar achni da Or der: Scor pi oni da Genus: Pal amnaeusswammer demi Habi tandHabi t at Noct ur nal , car ni v or ous, andpr edaceous; cat chpr eybychel at epedi pal pi , ki l l wi t hst i ngnsuckt hei r j ui ces; canni bal i sm canbef oundsi ncet heydev oury oungonesoft hei rownspeci es; sol i t ar y cr eat ur es, v i v i par ousi nnat ur enf emal ecar r yy oungonesont hei rback Mor phol ogy El ongat edbody , nar r owndor sov ent r al l yf l at t ened, si zev ar i esf r om speci est ospeci es ( Mi cr obut huspusi l l ussmal l estscor pi on1. 3cm i nl engt h, wher easPandi nusi mper at orl ar gest speci esi sabout20cm i nl engt h) I nI ndi a, smal l estspeci es–But husf amul us7t o9cm i nl engt h l ar gestspeci es–Pal amnaeusswammer demi upt o15cm Col ouri sv ar i abl e, usual l ycor r espondi ngwi t ht hehabi t atoft hespeci es: -t r opi cal j ungl es: shi ni ngbl ackcol our -sandyar eas: pal ey el l owcol our( usual l yt hedor sal sur f acei smuchdar kert hant hev ent r al sur f ace) St r uct ur e Theel ongat edbodysegmenti sdi v i dedi nt ot womaj orr egi ons–pr osoma/cephal ot hor axand opi st hosoma/abdomen ( 1)Pr osoma–ant er i orshor t , br oadandf l atr egi onoft hebody , f or medbyf usi onofheadand t hor ax, madeof6segment seachofwhi chbearapai rofappendagesonv ent r al si de, dor sal l y cov er edbysi ngl e, t hi cksquar eshapecephal ot hor aci cshi el dordor salcar apace.Car apacebear s pai rofmedi aney esi nmi dn2t o5pai r sofsmal l erl at er al ey esont heant er ol at er al mar gi ns. Ey esar esi mpl ei nst r uct ur e. Vent r al sur f acehasasi ngl emedi an, smal l t r i angul arpl at e, st er num b/ wt hecoxaeof3rdn4thpai r ofl egs.St er num hi ghl yr educedduet oenor mousdev el opmentofcoxaeoft hor aci cappendages ( 2)Opi st hosoma–di v i dedi nt o2par t s-ant er i orbr oadmesosoma/pr eabdomen -post er i ornar r owmet asoma/post abdomen ( a)Mesosoma–br oad, f l atnhas7segment s, eachsegmenthasdor sal t er gum, v ent r al st er num, connect edbysof ti nt egumentatt hesi des ( b)Met asoma–nar r ow, sl endernhas5cy l i ndr i cal segment sandat el sonnast i ng, each segmenthascompl et et er gal andst er nal ar csofoct agonal shapef or medbyf usi onoft er ga, st er naandpl eur ons Ext er nal aper t ur esofscor pi onsi ncl udes: -mout h: smal l t r ansv er seaper t ur ei npr osomab/ wcephal i cappendageswi t hachi t i nousl obeor l abnum abov emout h -anus: smal l medi anaper t ur esi t uat edv ent r al l yatbaseoft el sonorst i ng -geni t al aper t ur e: si t uat edmi dv ent r al l yi n1stsegmentofmesosomancov er edbygeni t al oper cul um -st i gmat a: sl i t l i keobl i queexi t sofbookl ungs, 4pai r s( onepai reachi nmesosomat i csegment s r d t h f r om 3 t o6 v ent r ol at er al l y ) -openi ngofcoxal gl ands: mi nut enpai r ed, onei neachcoxaof3rdpai rofl egs -openi ngofpoi songl ands: pai r ed, att het i pofspi ne/acel eusoft el sonorst i ng Appendagesi nScor pi on 6pai r sofappendagesi ncephal ot hor ax-apai rofchel i cer ae -apai rofpedi pal pi -4pai r sofwal ki ngl egs ( i )Chel i cer ae-Pai r ed, pr eor al i nposi t i on.Theappendagei ssmal l , t hr eej oi nt ed, endi ngi nachel a. -Funct i on–hol di ngt hepr ey ( i i )Pedi pal pi -Pai r ed, post or al i nposi ­t i on.I ti sal ar ge, si xj oi nt edst r uct ur eendi ngi nagr eat chel a. -Funct i on–sei zur eofpr eynmast i cat i onbyt hebases ( i i i )Wal ki ngl egs-Fourpai r sofl egs.Eachl egconsi st sofsev ensegment s, t hel astoneendi ngi na pai rofcur v ed, poi nt ed, hor nycl aws.Thecl awsar eabsenti nt he3r dand4t hpai r sofl egs. -Funct i on-Wal ki ngbuti nt hef i r standsecondpai r s, t hebaseshel pi n mast i cat i onoff ood. Endoskel et on Thecoxaoft hewal ki ngl egsandt heendost er ni t econst i t ut et heendoskel et on: ( 1)Coxaorapodemes-i nser t edwi t hi nt hebodyf orat t achmentofl egmuscl es. ( 2)Endost er ni t e-Amor eorl esst r i angul arcar t i l agewi t hper f or at i onsf oraor t aandoesophagus i spl acedobl i quel ybet weent hepr osomaandmesosoma.I thast hr eepr ocesses—ant er i or , post er i orandl at er al , f orat t achmentofmuscl es. Di gest i v esy st em Theal i ment ar ycanal i suni f or m nst r ai ghtt ubeext endi ngf r om ant er i ort opost er i orend. Di f f er ent i at edi nt of ourdi st i nctr egi ons–pr eor al cav i t y , f or egut( st omodaeum) , mi dgut ( mesent er on)nhi ndgut( pr oct odaeum) ( 1)Pr eor al cav i t y–smal l cav i t yencl osedb/ wbasal segment sof1st4pai r sofappendages, boundedbycoxaeofpedi pal pi , abov ebyr ost r um, i nf r ontbycoxaeofchel i cer aenbel owbyt wo st pai r sofmaxi l l ar ypr ocessesofcoxaeof1 t wopai r sofwal ki ngl egs ( 2)For egut–i ncl udesmout h, phar y nxandoesophagus, pr ov i dedbyi nt er nal chi t i nousl i ni ng, at post er i orendi tpr ot r udeashor tdi st ancei nt ol ument of or m sl eev ev al v e( pr ev entr egur gi t at i onof f oodi nt ophar y nx) ( 3)Mi dgut–di f f er ent i at edi nt ost omach, i nt est i newi t ht hepr esenceofdi gest i v egl ands ( hepat opancr eas) , l i nedbyepi t hel i um ndev oi dofi nt er nal chi t i nousl i ni ng ( 4)Hi ndgut–smal l estbul bous, i nt hel astor18thsegment , l i nedi nt er nal l ybychi t i n, opens ext er nal l ybyanal aper t ur esi t uat edonv ent r al si debet weenl astsegmentnt el son, anus sur r oundedbyf ourchi t i nouspl at eswhi chkeepi tnor mal l ycl osed Excr et or ysy st em Theexcr et or yor gansofscor pi onar ea.Mal pi ghi ant ubes–2pai r sofmal pi ghi ant ubul esar i si ngf r om j unct i onofpr eabdomi nal and post abdomi nal i nt est i ne, t ubul ar , ant er i or l ydi r ect ed, ect oder mal i nor i gi n, hav esy ncy t i al wal l s whi chr emov ewast ef r om bl oodwhi chi sexcr et edi nt ol umenoft ubul esasguani necr y st al s r d t h b.Coxal gl ands–1pai r , neart hebaseof3 pai rofwal ki ngl egsi n5 segmentofpr osoma, consi st sofl ar geexcr et or ysaccul e/v esi cl e/endsac/muchcoi l edt ube/l aby r i nt hwhi chdi l at es neari t sendt of or m aswol l enbl adderorr eser v oi r c.Hepat opancr eas–al soact sasexcr et or yor gan, par t i cl esofammoni cal car mi nei nj ect edi nt o t hebodyofscor pi onar epi ckedupbycel l sofhepat opancr eas( di scov er edbyPav l ov sky ) d.Nephr ocy t es–f oundi nt hebodywal l ofmesosoma, bel i ev edt obeexcr et or yandphagocy t i ci n f unct i on Vascul arsy st em Bl oodv ascul arsy st em i sofopent y peni tconsi st sof–hear t , ar t er i esnsi nuses a.Hear tandPer i car di um –el ongat ed, muscul art ubeext endi ngbackf r om behi nddi aphr agm, encl osedi nat hi nwal l edmembr anoussacper i car di um.I ncompl et el ydi v i dedi nt o7di st i nct chamber sbymeansofshal l owconst r i ct i onsi nt hemi dofeachsegment b.Ar t er i es–hear ti scont i nuedant er i or l yasant er i oraor t aandpost er i or l yaspost er i oraor t a; pai r ofl at er al sy st emi car t er i esar eal sogi v enof ff r om eachchamberoft hehear t c.Si nuses–al l ar t er i esbr eakupi nt onumer oussmal l br anchesandsubbr anchesnpourt hei r bl oodi nt onar r owspacesl acunaef r om wher et hebl oodi sconnect edi nt ol ar gespacescal l ed si nuses.I nscor pi on, t her ear e3i mpor t antsi nuses–v ent r al , dor sal andper i v i scer al si nus. d.Pul monar yv ei ns–f r om bookl ungs, t heox y genat edbl oodi ssentbackt oper i car di al si nusby f ourpai rofpul monar yv ei ns Respi r at or ySy st em ThePal amnaeusl i v eonl andandt her espi r at or yst r uct ur es, bookl ungscanuseat mospher i c oxy gen.Thoughphy si ol ogi cal l yl essef f i ci ent , t hebookl ungi samor ehi ghl yev ol v edr espi r at or y or gan, t hant hosei not herar t hr opods. 1.Ther espi r at or yor gansconsi stoff ourpai r sofbookl ungs.Thebookl ungsopent ot heex t er i or byf ourpai r sofaper t ur es, t hest i gmat a.St er num ofeachoft he3r d, 4t h, 5t hand6t hpr eabdomi nal segment sbear sapai rofst i gmat aoni t sv ent r o­l at er al si des.Thesear enar r ow obl i quesl i t s.Eachst i gmat aopensdi r ect l yi nt oabook-l ungandt heyar enoti nt er connect ed. 2.Eachbookl ungi sacompr essedsacl i nedwi t hat hi ncut i cl e.Thel i ni ngmem­br anei sf ol ded upi nt onumer ousdel i cat el ami nael y i ngpar al l el t ooneanot herl i ket hepagesofabook, r oughl y 130150i nnumber 3.Deoxy genat edhaemol y mphf l owst hr ought henar r owspacei neachl ami na, separ at edf r om t he ai ronl ybyt hemembr a­nouswal l soft hel ami na. Mechani sm ofr espi r at i on Theal t er nat eexpansi onandcont r act i onoft heabdomenbr i ngsi nhal at i onandexha­l at i onofai r i nt hebookl ungs.Gaseousex­changet akespl acebet weent hehaemol y mphi nt hel ami naeand t heai ri nbet weent hel ami nae. Ner v oussy st em Thener v oussy st em consi st sofacent r al ner v oussy st em, aper i pher al ner v oussy s­t em anda v i scer al ner v oussy st em ( 1)Cent r al Ner v ousSy st em -Thecent r al ner v oussy st em i ncl udesabr ai norsupr aoesophageal gangl i a, suboesophageal gangl i a, ci r cumoesophageal connect i v esandadoubl e, v ent r al gangl i onat edner v ecor d: a.Br ai norSupr aoesophageal gangl i a: I ti sasmal l bi l obedmass, si t uat edi nt hepr osoma, j ust beneat ht hemedi aney es. b.Suboesophageal gangl i a: I ti sf or medbyt hef usi onoft enpai r sofgangl i abel ong­i ngt o embr y oni c2t o11segment sandl o­cat edv ent r omedi al l ybel owt heoesophagus. c.Ci r cumoesophageal connect i v es: Apai rofshor tandst outner v esar i sef r om t hebr ai n, oneon eachsi de, enci r cl et heoesophagusanduni t ev ent r al l ywi t ht hesuboesophageal gangl i a. d.Vent r al ner v ecor d: Adoubl ev ent r al ner v ecor df or medbyt heuni onoft wosol i dner v ecor ds r unspost er i or l yf r om t hesuboesophageal gangl i aupt ot hef our t hseg­mentoft hemet asoma. Thener v ecor dbear st hr eepr eabdomi nal gangl i ai nt hemesosomaandf ourpost abdomi nal gangl i ai nt hemet asoma, t hel astonef or medbyt hef usi onoft wogangl i aoft he18and19 segment sandl ocat edi nt hef our t hmet asomal segment . ( 2)Per i pher al ner v oussy st em -Ner v esar i si ngf r om t hegangl i aoft hecent r al ner v oussy st em a.Thebr ai ngi v esof fpai r edner v est omedi anandl at er al ey esandr ost r um andanumberoff i ne ner v est ot hewal l soft hepr eor al cav i t y , phar y nx, oesophagusandadj oi ni ngst r uct ur es. b.Si xpai r sofl at er al ner v esemanat i ngf r om t hesuboesophageal gangl i ai nner v at et hechel i cer ae, pedi pal pi andf ourpai r sofwal ki ngl egs. c.Twot of ourpai r sofv agusner v esar i si ngf r om t hesuboesophageal gangl i ar unpost er i or l yt o suppl yt hehear tandal i men­t ar ycanal , geni t al oper cul um, t hepect i nesandt hef i r stt wopai r sof bookl ungsi nt hemesosoma. d.Pai r edner v esemanat ef r om eachgangl i onoft hev ent r al ner v ecor dandi nner v at et he st r uct ur esi nt hecor r espond­i ngsegment s.Ner v esf r om t hef i r stt wopr eabdomi nal gangl i a suppl yt hel astt wopai r sofbookl ungs. Repr oduct i v esy st em Thesexesar esepar at e ( 1)Mal er epr oduct i v esy st em -Themal er epr oduct i v esy st em consi st sofapai roft est es, apai rofv asadef er ent i a, apai rof geni t al chamber s, apai rofpar axi al or gans, apai roff l agel l a, apai rofsemi nal v esi cl es, acommon geni t al at r i um andagonopor e -Eacht est i sconsi st sofapai rofl ongi t u­di nal t ubul espl acedi nt hepr eabdomen, and connect edbyt r ansv er set ubes. -Thet wol ongi t udi nal t ubul esofeacht est i suni t eant er i or l yt of or m av asdef er ­ens, whi ch r unsf or war danddownwar ds. -Thet er mi nal por t i onofeachv asdef er ­ensopensi nt ot hei nnersi deoft hegeni t al chamber al ongwi t hanenl ar gedsemi nal v esi cl e.Thegeni t al chamber sar emuscul art ubesandbeart he par axi al or ganhav i ngachi t i noi df l agel l um.I tal sor ecei v est heac­cessor ygl and.Thegeni t al chamber suni t et of or m amedi angeni t al at r i um, whi chopenst ot heext er i orbyt hegonopor e si t uat edj ustbehi ndt heoper cul um. ( 2)Femal er epr oduct i v esy st em -Thef emal er epr oduct i v esy st em con­si stofasi ngl eov ar y , t woov i duct s, ame­di angeni t al chamberandagonopor e -Ov ar yi ssi t uat edi nt hepr eabdomen.I tconsi st soft hr eel ongi t udi nal t ubul escon­nect edby cr ossbr anches.Themedi ant ubul ei sshor t ert hant heot hert wo. -Theov ar i ant ubul esandt hecr ossbr anchesbearnumer ousdi v er t i cul a -Fr om t het wol at er al t ubul esr unt wonar r owov i duct s.Ant er i or l yeachov i ducti ssl i ght l y swol l enandf or mt hesemi nal r ecep­t acl eandt het woopeni nt hesacl i keme­di angeni t al chamber , t hel at t eropeni ngi nt hegonopor eont hesecondabdomi nal seg­mentbel owt he bi l obedoper cul um. Li f ecy cl e Pr i ort obr eedi nganupt i al dancei sofuni v er sal occur r encei nscor pi on.Thedancemaycont i nue f or30t o90mi nut es.Dur i ngt hedance, t hemal escr at chesasui t abl esur ­f acewi t ht hehel pofi t s pect i nesf ordepos­i t i ngt hesper mat ophor es. -Themal edeposi t st hesper mat ophor esonapr esel ect edsi t e. -Themal edr agst hef emal eov ert hesi t e. -Thel ev eroft hesper mat ophor ebei ngt ouchedbyt hef emal egeni t al oper cul um, t heej ect i ng appar at usshot st hesper mswi t hi nt hef emal egeni t al duct .Fer t i l i zat i oni si nt er nal . -Pal amnaeusi sv i v i par ous.Fer r i edeggdev el opsi nt hef ol l i cl eoft heov ar y , whi chact saspl acent a andpr ov i desnour i shmentt ot heembr y o. -Youngoner esembl i ngt headul ti sbor n.I mmedi at el yaf t erbi r t h, t hey oungscor ­pi oncl i mbson mot her ’ sback, r emai nst her ef or40t o63day sandunder goest hr eemoul t i ng, bef or est ar t i ngan i ndependentl i f e. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phy l um : Ar t hr opoda Cl ass: I nsect a Or der: Bl at t odae Genus: Per i pl anet a Speci es: Amer i cana Per i pl anet a Habi tandhabi t at Pr ef ert ol i v ei ndampbutwar m pl aceswher epl ent yoff oodi sav ai l abl e, noct ur nal ani mal , omni v or ous, f astr unner , cur sor i al i nhabi t , canf l ybutf l i esr ar el y , di oeci ous, ov i par ous, exhi bi t s par ent al car e Mor phol ogy ( a)Shape, si zeandcol our–nar r ow, el ongat ed, compr esseddor sov ent r al l y , bi l at er al l ysy mmet r i cal , adul tmeasur es2t o4cm, 1cm wi dt h, r eddi shbr ownappear ance ( b)Exoskel et on–ent i r ebodycov er edbyexoskel et on, exoskel et onofeachsegmenthas4 scl er i t esj oi nedt oget herbydel i cat eel ast i car t i cul armembr ane ( c)Segment at i on–cl earcutsegment at i onv i si bl eexcepthead, t hor axhas3segment snabdomen has10segment si nadul t( 11i nembr y o) , headf or medasar esul tof6embr y oni csegment s ( d)Di v i si onofbody–di v i si bl ei nt ohead, t hor axnabdomen -head: Headi st heant er i ormostpar toft hebodyandi smor eorl esst r i angul ari nshape. I ti sf or medbyt hef usi onofsi xseg­ment swhi chhav el ostt hei rext er nal demar ­cat i on.The exoskel et oncov er i ngt heheadi scal l edt heheadcapsul eandi ti ncl udesf i v escl er i t e -t hor ax: Ashor tneckorcer v i cum connect st heheadwi t ht het hor ax .Thet hor axi s madeupoft hr eesegment s—pr ot hor ax, mesot hor axandmet at hor ax .Necki st hef or war d ext ensi onoft hepr ot ho­r ax.Al ar gescl er i t ecov er st hepr ot hor axdor sal l y .I text endsant er i or l yt o cov ert heheadandpost er i or l yt oshi el dt hemesot ho­r ax.Thi sscl er i t eal soext endsl at er al l y . -abdomen: Theabdomeni sbr oad, f l at t eneddor sov ent r al l yandi st hel ongestt agmaof t hebody .I ti sdi v i si bl ei nt ot ensegment s.Lastf ewsegment sar eshor tandcl osel yset .Thel ast par toft hesegmenti nbot ht hesexesi smodi f i edt ot akepar ti nt hef or mat i onofanar eawher e r epr oduct i v educt sopenandt hear eai spr ov i dedwi t hcer t ai ngeni t al appendages Mal ecockr oach Femal ecockr oach 1. Abdomeni sl ongandnar r ow Abdomeni sshor tandbr oad 2. Br oodpouchi sabsent Br oodpouchi spr esent 3. Mal ehav el ongerant enna Femal ehav eshor t erant enna 4. Anal st y l esar epr esent Anal st y l esar eabsent Spi r acl es–10pai r sofsl i t l i kespi r acl es, t woont het hor axandei ghtont heabdomen.Thesear e t heexi t soft her espi r at or ysy st em. Locomot i on Thel ocomot or yor gansofcockr oachar et hel egsandwi ngs.Al l t het hr eepai rofl egsar eusedi n wal ki ng, r unni ngorcl i mbi ng. Di gest i v esy st em Cockr oachesar eomni v or ous.I t sdi ges­t i v esy st em compr i sesofal i ment ar ycanal anddi gest i v e gl ands.Ext r acel l ul ardi gest i oni st hechar act er i st i cofcockr oaches.Thedi gest i v esy st em of cockr oachconsi st sofal i ment ar ycanal anddi gest i v egl ands. ( a)Al i ment ar ycanal –st ar t sf r om mout handconsi st sofpr eor al cav i t y , phar y nx, oesophagus, cr opandgi zzar df or mi ngt hef or egutorst omodaeum, t hemesent er onf or mi ngt hemi dgutand i l eum, col onandr ect um f or mi ngt hehi ndgut/pr oct odaeum Bl oodVascul arsy st em poor l ydev el oped, open/l acunart y pebecausebl oodcapi l l ar i esopennoti nt ocapi l l ar i esbuti nt o spacessot hebl oodcomesdi r ect l yi ncont actwi t ht i ssues, hencet her at eofci r cul at i oni sl ow, bl oodv ascul arsy st em i ncockr oachconsi st sofhaemocoel , bl oodwhi chi fcal l edhaemol y mph andhear t . Respi r at or ysy st em wel l dev el opedandel abor at el i ket hatofot hert er r est r i al i nsect st ocompensat et heabsenceof r espi r at or ypi gmenti nbl ood, consi st sofasy st em ofai rt ubes/t r acheaet hr oughwhi chev er y t i ssueoft hei rbodyr emai nsi ndi r ectcont actwi t ht heenv i r onment al ai rf orgaseousexchange, env i r onment al ai rescapedf r om t r acheaet hr oughspi r acl es/st i gmat a Excr et or ysy st em Mal pi ghi ant ubul esar et hemai nexcr et or yor ganofcockr oach.Bodyf at , nephr ocy t es, cut i cl eand ur i cosegl andsar eal soexcr et or yi nf unct i on. Repr oduct i v esy st em Thesexesar esepar at eandt her ei sdi st i nctsexual di mor phi sm ( 1)Mal er epr oduct i v esy st em –consi st soft est es, v asadef er ent i a, ej acul at or yduct , mushr oom shapedgl and/ut r i cul argl and, semi nal v esi cl es, phal l i c/congl obat egl and, geni t al pouch, ext er nal geni t al i a/gonapophy ses ( 2)Femal er epr oduct i v esy st em –consi st sofov ar i es, ov i duct s, v agi na, geni t al pouch, sper mat hecae, col l at er i algl and, ext er nal geni t al i a Copul at i on act i v ebr eedi ngseasoni sf r om Mar cht oSept ember , copul at i onoccur satni ght , mal ef i ndsa sui t abl emat enbot hcomet oget herbyt hi npost er i orends, mal eopensgy nov al v ul arpl at esof f emal ebyi t st i t i l l at orandi nser t si t sphal l omer esi nt ot hegeni t al chamberoft hef emal e Li f ehi st or y eggsofcockr oachcal l edcent r ol eci t hal cuzt heoopl asm i spl acedi nt hef or m ofat hi nf i l m out si deacent r al massofy ol k, embr y oni cdev el opmentoccur si noot hecaf orabout5t o13weeks Oot hecar upt ur es, y oungoneshat choutwhi chr esembl et hei rpar ent si nev er yaspectexceptsi z e andunav ai l abi l i t yofwi ngs, cal l edny mphswhi chunder gomet amor phosi s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ GRASSHOPPER Phy l um : Ar t hr opoda Subphy l um : Hexapoda Cl ass: I nsect a Or der: Or t hoper a Genus: Gr asshopper/Locust Habi tandhabi t at hav ewor l dwi dedi st r i but i on, f oundi nopengr assl ands, abundantl eaf yv eget at i on, essent i al l y sol i t ar ynr esi dent i al speci es, gr egar i ousandmi gr at or yf or ms, of t ent r av el l ongdi st ancesi n swar msandcausei ncal cul abl edamaget ocr ops Mor phol ogy ( a)Shape, si zeandcol our–nar r ow, el ongat ed, cy l i ndr i cal , bi l at er al l ysy mmet r i cal , 8cm i nl engt h ( b)Col our at i on-y el l owi shandbr owni shwi t hdi f f er entmar ki ngsandcol ourspot s, pi gmenti n chi t i npr ov i despr ot ect i v ecol our at i ont ot hebodyt obl endi nt hesur r oundi ngs ( c)Ex oskel et on–bodycov er edwi t hexoskel et on, exoskel et oni smadeupofcut i cl ewhi ch consi st sofchi t i nndi v i dedi nt ol i nearr owofsegment s, har dpl at escal l edscl er i t es, sof t err egi ons cal l edsut ur es ( d)Bodydi v i si on–bodydi v i dedi nt ohead, t hor axandabdomen Locomot i on -uses3l egst osuppor tbodyof ft hegr ound, whi l eot her3mov et oget hert omakesuccessi v e whi l ewal ki ng -f l exormuscl esbendaj oi nt -ext ensormuscl est r ai ght eni t -r earl egsar el ongnmuscul arandar eadapt edf orhoppi ngnsi t t i ngposi t i on -hi ndl egi sf ol dedi nZshapeandr eadyf oraj ump Di gest i v esy st em Theal i ment ar ycanal ofgr asshopperconsi st soft hr eepr i nci pal r egi ons, v i z. , f or egut , mi dgutand hi ndgut . -Thef or egutorst omodaeum st ar t satt hemout hsur r oundedbyt hemout hpar t sandopeni ngi nt o av er yshor tmuscul arphar y nx.Thephar y nxl eadsi nt oashor t , nar r ow, sl enderandt ubul ar oesophaguswhi chenl ar gesi nt oadi l at edconi cal sacl i keandt hi nwal l edst r uct ur e, t hecr op ext endi ngupt ot hepost er i orendoft het hor ax. -Thecr opabr upt l ydi l at est of or m at hi ckhar dsl i ght l yconi cal st r uct ur e, cal l edpr ov ent r i cul usor gi zzar d.Thepr ov ent r i cul usi st hi ckwal l edowi ngt ot hepr esenceofal ar gepower f ul ci r cul ar muscl ewhi choper at esanumberofhar dchi t i nouspl at esbear i ngt eet h.Thi scompl i cat ed st r uct ur ei sani mpor t antmast i cat or yappar at usandgr i ndst hesol i df ood. -Al ar gesphi nct ermuscl eatt hehi ndendofpr ov ent r i cul usf or mst hecar di acv al v et ocont r ol t he passagei nt ot hemi dgut .Apai rofsmal l br anchedsal i v ar ygl andsar ef oundat t achedt ot he v ent r al si deofoesophagusandcr op.Theduct sofsal i v ar ygl andsopeni nt ot hemout hcav i t yat t hel abi um.Thef or eguti sl i nedi nt er nal l ywi t ht hechi t i nousi nt i ma. -Themi dgutormesent er oni st hev ent r i cul usorst omach.I ti sav er ypr omi nentnear l yst r ai ght t ubesi t uat edwi t hi nf ourt of i v eabdomi nal segment sf r om t hecar di acsphi nct ert ot hepoi nt sof or i gi nofMal pi ghi ant ubul es.I t st r anspar entmembr anouswal l sar enotl i nedwi t hcut i cl easi nt he f or egut . -Aser i esofsi xdoubl ef i nger shapedhepat i ccaecaorgast r i ccaecaar i sef r om i t sant er i orendi n t wogr oups; t hef i r stgr oupoft hi ckbr oadpoi nt edt ubesi sdi r ect edf or war ds, whi l et hesecond gr oupofsl enderonespoi nt spost er i or l y .Theseopeni ndependent l yi nt ot heant er i orendofmi dgut . -Thepy l or i csphi nct erl ocat edi nt hesi xt habdomi nal segmentmar kst hepost er i orendof mesent er on.Anumberoff i net hr eadl i kepal ey el l owMal pi ghi ant ubul est aket hei ror i gi nf r om t hi s ar eaandmaybeseenf l oat i ngabouti nt hehaemocoel omi ccav i t yi ndependent l y . -Thehi ndgutorpr oct odaeum consi st sofanenl ar gedant er i orpor t i on, t hei l eum, anar r owmi ddl e por t i on, t hecol onandasl i ght l ydi l at edbutv er yt hi nwal l edpr omi nentr ect um openi ngout si deby ananus.Thehi ndguti sl i nedi nt er nal l ybyt hechi t i nousi nt i ma. Ci r cul at or ysy st em -Theci r cul at or ysy st em i sanopenone( l acunar ) , f ort her ear enocapi l l ar i esorv ei ns.I ti smuch r educedcompar edwi t hmanyot herar t hr opods.Ther ei sasi ngl e, sl ender , t ubul arandpul sat i l e hear tl y i ngmi ddor sal l yi nt heabdomen.I ti ssuspendedi nashal l owper i car di al cav i t yf or medbya del i cat et r ansv er sedi aphr agm whi chst r et chesacr osst heconcav ei nnersur f aceoft het er gi t es. -Thehear thassev er al si des-openi ngsnamedost i awhi char epr ov i dedwi t hv al v est oper mi tt he f l owofbl oodi nonedi r ect i ononl y .Sev er al muscul arst r ands, t heal ar ymuscl esar edi v er gent l y spr eadoutf anwi seov ert hedi aphr agm t oenl ar geandr educet hecav i t yofper i car di um byt hei r cont r act i onandr el axat i on. -Fi br esofonemuscl emeett hoseoft hecor r espondi ngmuscl eoft heot hersi debeneat ht he hear t .I nbet weent hepoi nt sofat t achmentoft heal ar ymuscl es, t her ear espacesonei t hersi de, t hr oughwhi cht hebl oodf r om haemocoel omi ccav i t ypassesi nt ot heper i car di al si nus. -Awav eofcont r act i onov ert hedi aphr agm cl oses, t hei nt er spacesandpushest hev al v esofost i a t opumpt hebl oodi nt ot hehear t .Onpul sat i onoft hi sst r uct ur et hebl oodf l owsant er i or l yi nt ot he headr egi ont hr oughal ongdor sal aor t aandr et ur nst ot hehaemocoel omi ccav i t y . -Anat omi cal l yt hehear tandaor t acanbedi st i ngui shedbyt hepr esenceofsegment al di l at i onsof t het ube, knownaschamber soft hehear t .Ther ear egener al l ysuchsev enchamber si n gr asshopper s.Ost i aar e, t hus, cr escent i copeni ngsi nt hei rl at er al wal l s.Aor t ai st het hor aci cpar t oft hedor sal v essel andaf t erpassi ngt hr ought het hor ax, ent er st hehead. -Besi dest hedor sal di aphr agm, t her ei sav ent r al di aphr agm whi chf or msacont i nuoussheetf r om t hepr ot hor axt ot heendoft hebodyandencl osesaper i neur al si nusbel ow.Thebl oodci r cul at es t hr oughoutev eni nt oappendagesandwi ngv ei ns, al t houghcl osedv ei nsorcapi l l ar i esar ewant i ng. -Thebl oodpl asmacont ai nscol our l essbl oodcel l swhi chactasphagocy t est or emov ef or ei gn or gani sms.Thebl oodser v esmai nl yt ot r anspor tf oodandwast emat er i al .Fatbodi esconsi stof l oosel yaggr egat edmassesofy el l owcel l scompl et el yenv el opi ngt hev ar i ousor gansandner v e cor d, act i ngasasheat h.Theyst or et hef oodf oruseunderadv er secondi t i ons. Respi r at or ysy st em -Ther espi r at or ysy st em consi st sofanet wor kofect oder mal t ubes, t het r acheaet hat communi cat ewi t hev er ypar toft hebody .Thet r acheaeconsi stofasi ngl el ay erofcel l sandar e l i nedwi t hcut i cl e.Thel ar gestt r acheal t ubespossessspi r al t hr eadsofchi t i n, t het aeni di awhi ch pr ev entt hem f r om col l apsi ng. -Thespi r acl esoneachsi deoft hebodyl eadbybr anchesi nt oal ongi t udi nal t r unk.Thef i nest t r acheae, t het r acheol esar econnect eddi r ect l yt ot hebodyt i ssuest odel i v eroxy genandcar r y awaycar bondi oxi de.Thesmal l bl i ndendi ngsoft het r acheol es, ont hemuscl esandot heror gans, ar ef i l l edwi t hf l ui d.Dur i ngact i v i t yoft hemuscl et heconcent r at i onofsubst ancesi nt hebodyf l ui d ar oundt het r acheol esi ncr eases. -Thi scausesdi f f usi onofwat erf r om t het r acheol ei nt ot hesur r oundi ngar ea, t hus, br i ngi ng oxy geni nt ocl oserpr oxi mi t yt ot hesi t ewher ei ti sbei ngusedast heai rmov esf ar t herdowni nt o t hebl i ndt i poft r acheol e.Af t eract i v i t yst ops, t hemet abol i cpr oduct st hatchangedt heosmot i c pr essur ear edi sposedofandt hewat err et ur nst ot het r acheol e. -Ther ear eal sosev er al t hi nwal l edai rsacsi nt heabdomenwhi chpumpai ri nandoutoft he t r acheal sy st em byt heal t er nat econt r act i onandexpansi onoft heabdomen.I nt hegr asshopper t heact i onofspi r acl esi ssosy nchr oni zedt hatt hef i r stf ourpai r sofspi r acl esar eopenat i nspi r at i onandcl osedatexpi r at i on, whi l et heot hersi xpai r sar ecl osedati nspi r at i onandopenat expi r at i on. Excr et or ysy st em -Theexcr et or yor gansar et heMal pi ghi ant ubul eswhi char ecoi l edabouti nt hehaemocoel and openi nt ot heant er i orendoft hehi ndgut .TheMal pi ghi ant ubul eshav eawal l ofasi ngl el ay erof cel l swi t hst r i at edi nnerbor der .Thei rf r eeendsar ecompl et el ycl osed. -Themet abol i cwast emat er i al sf r om t hebl oodar eext r act edbyt hecel l soft heMal pi ghi an t ubul es, passedi nt ot hel umenoft het ubul esanddi schar gedi nt ot hei nt est i nef orbei ngf i nal l y ej ect edoutt hr oughanus.Si ncet heMal pi ghi ant ubul esl i ei nt hehaemocoel , t heyr emov eur i caci d, ur ea, ur at es, cal ci um car bonat eandoxal at eandsal t s. Ner v oussy st em -Thebr ai norsupr aoesophageal gangl i onl i esdor sal l yi nt heheadabov et heoesophagus.I t compr i sest hr eepai r soff usedgangl i a( pr ot ocer ebr um, deut ocer ebr um andt r i t ocer ebr um)whi ch gi v ener v est oey es, ant ennae, andl abr um. -Thebr ai ni sj oi nedbyt wost outci r cumoesophageal connect i v est ot hesuboesophageal gangl i on, agai nf or medbyt hef usi onoft hr eepai r sofgangl i a, v i z. , mandi bul ar , maxi l l ar yandl abi al . I ti ssi t uat edabov et hemout hpar t si nt hemi ddl eoft hehead, sl i ght l yi ncl i nedt opost er i orsi de. Fr om t heseei ghtpai r edner v esar egi v enof ft omandi bl es, maxi l l ae, l abi um, hy pophar y nx , neck, headandsal i v ar yr egi on. -Fr om t hesuboesophageal gangl i onext endspost er i or l yt hev ent r al ner v ecor dmadeupofpai r ed gangl i aandl ongi t udi nal connect i v es.Eacht hor aci csegmentcont ai nsapai rofgangl i asuppl y i ng ner v est ot hel egs, wi ngs, andi nt er nal or gans.Ther ear eonl yf i v epai r sofabdomi nal gangl i awhi ch sendner v est ov ar i ouspost er i oror gans. -Ther ei sal soav i scer al orsy mpat het i cner v oussy st em, composedofanoesophageal por t i onor st omat ogast r i cner v oussy st em wi t hgangl i aandner v esconnect i ngt ot hebr ai nandsuppl y i ngt o t heant er i orpar toft hegutandav ent r al sy mpat het i csy st em suppl y i ngner v est ohi ndgutand r epr oduct i v esy st em.Af i nepat t er nofper i pher al ner v esl i esbeneat ht heepi der mi soft hebody wal l . Repr oduct i v esy st em Thesexesar esepar at eandt hedi st i nct i onbet weenmal eandf emal egr asshoppercanbe det er mi nedbyt hepost er i orendsofabdomen.I nt hemal ei ti sr ound; i nt hef emal ei ti spoi nt ed becauseofov i posi t or . ( 1)Mal er epr oduct i v esy st em -Themal er epr oduct i v eor gansconsi stoft wot est es, t wov asadef er ent i a, t wosemi nal v esi cl es, si ngl eej acul at or yduct , si ngl epeni sandapai rofaccessor ygl ands.Bot ht het est esl i eembedded i namassoff atbodi esabov et hei nt est i ne.Eacht est i si scomposedofaser i esofsl endert ubul es orf ol l i cl esi nwhi cht hesper mat ozoadev el op. -Aconv ol ut edt ubecal l edt hev asdef er ensl eadsf r om eacht est i s.Eachv asdef er ensi sdi l at ed post er i or l yi nt oasacl i kest r uct ur ecal l edsemi nal v esi cl e.I tnar r owsdownpost er i or l yandmeet sa st outt hi ckwal l edpr omi nentaccessor ygl andofi t sownsi de. -Thesi zeandshapeofsemi nal v esi cl eandaccessor ygl anddi f f eri ndi f f er entspeci es.Thet wo semi nal v esi cl escomi ngf r om ei t hersi demeett oget herf or mi ngacommonmedi anej acul at or y duct .Thi sductopensatt heendofal ar gev ent r al mal ecopul at or yor gan, t hepeni soraedeagus. Theaccessor ygl andsappar ent l ysecr et eaf l ui dt hathel psi nt het r ansf erofsper mat ozoat ot he f emal edur i ngmat i ng. ( 2)Femal er epr oduct i v esy st em -Thef emal er epr oduct i v eor ganscompr i seapai rofov ar i es, ov i duct s, accessor ygl ands, amedi an v agi na, andasper mat hecaorsemi nal r ecept acl e.Eachov ar yi scomposedofsev er al ov ar i ol esor ov ar i ant ubul esi nwhi chsev er al ov aar epr oduced.Eachov ar i ol ei sat aper i ngt ube, t het hi ckness ofi t swal l si ncr easespost er i or l y . -Si nceov aar eshedi nt oi t sl umenanddescendpost er i or l yast heygr owi nsi ze, t hi st ubegi v esa beadedappear anceowi ngt ov ar y i ngdi mensi onsofov ai nv ar i ousst agesofdev el opment .The t er mi nal sofov ar i ol esar ei nt er t wi ned.Post er i or l yt heov ar i ol esmeett oget hert of or m acommon duct , t heov i duct . -Ov i duct sf r om ei t hersi demeett oget hert of or m amedi anshor tv agi nawhi chi ssl i ght l yt hi cker andmuscul ar .I tr unspost er i or l yandopensv ent r al l ybet weent hepl at esofov i posi t or .Apai rof pr omi nentaccessor ygl andsmeett hev agi nai ndependent l y . -Asmal l sac, t hesper mat hecaorsemi nal r ecept acl e, j oi nst hev agi nabymeansofasmal l nar r ow duct .Dur i ngcopul at i ont hesper msar er ecei v edandst or edi nt hesemi nal r ecept acl e.They f er t i l i zet heeggsast heypasst hr ought hev agi nal r egi on. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phy l um : Ar t hr opoda Cl ass: I nsect a Or der: Hy menopt er a Genus: Api s Speci es: mel l i f er a API S Habi tandhabi t at soci al i nsectl i v i ngi ncol oni esof50, 000ormor ei ndi v i dual s, most l yv eget abl ef eeder sl i v i ngon pol l ennnect aroff l ower s, l i v ei nor gani sedcol oni eswi t hper f ectcor por at el i f eunderst r i ct di sci pl i ne, excel l entdi v i si onofl abour Mor phol ogy Mostusef ul i nsectknownt oman, bodydi v i dedi nt ot hr eepar t s–head, t hor axandabdomen ( 1)Head -t r i angul ari nshape, has5ey es, apai rofant ennae, mout hpar t sat t achedt ol owerpar toft hehead andar eofchewi ngnl appi ngt y pe, modi f i edf orcol l ect i ngnect arandpol l en -mout hpar tconsi st sofl abr um, epi phar y nx, mandi bl es, maxi l l ae, l abi um ( 2)Thor ax -ar mour pl at edmi dr egi onofbee, has2pai r sofwi ngsand3pai r sofl egs -car r i est hel ocomot or/engi nenmuscl est hatar er esponsi bl ef ormov ementofhead, abdomen andwi ngs ( 3)Abdomen -ar mour pl at ed, consi st sofv i t al par t ssuchashear t , honeysac, st omach, i nt est i nes, r epr oduct i v e or gansandst i ng -6segment scanbeobser v ed( adul thasni ne, l ar v ahast en) Locomot i on -char act er i zedbyt womai nt y pes–j oi nt edl i mbspr oper t yofar t hr opodsal l owbeet ocol oni se l andandf l i ght -hast hr eepai r sofsegment edl egs, pr i mar ypur poseofl egsi swal ki ng -wor l d’ smaj orpol l i nat or -smal l ert heani mal =f ast ert hespeedoff l appi ngwi ngs -av er ager at eoff l appi ngwi ngsi s230beat spersecond Di gest i v esy st em -f eedonpol l en, eathoneynsecr et i onspr oducedbyot heror gani smsoft hei rcol ony -uset onguet osuckupnect arnst or ei ti nt heant er i orsect i onofdi gest i v et r actcr op -y oungwor ker seatpol l ennnect arnsecr et ef oodmat er i al scal l edr oy alj el l yandwor kerj el l yf r om gl andsi nt hei rhead -mat er i al f edt oy oungl ar v aeandt hequant i t ynt y pedet er mi neswhet hert hey ’ l l becomequeensor wor ker s -di gest i v esy st em di v i dedi nt ot hr eemai nsect i ons–f or egut , mi dgutandhi ndgut -t hesesect i onsdev el opsepar at el ydur i ngdev el opmentofbee Respi r at or ysy st em -l ungsabsent , br eat hi ngoccur st hr oughasy st em oft r achea/br eat hi ngt ubet hatcar r i esO2t o cel l sandCO2away -maj orst r uct ur esofr espi r at or yt r actar espi r acl es, t r acheaandai rsac Ci r cul at or ysy st em -possesanopenci r cul at or ysy st em -hemol y mph/bl ooddoesnotpumpt hr oughv ei nr at heri tci r cul at esf r eel yi nt hebodycav i t y -doesnott r anspor tO2r at hernut r i ent sandhor monest ot i ssueofbody -hemol y mphpi cksupwast ent r anspor ti tt oex cr et or yor gans -ser v esasar eser v oi roff oodandai dsi nheatt r ansf erwi t hi nt hebee -hav easi ngl ev essel /t ubet hatr unst hr ought hei rabdomen, t hr ought hor axnhead -par tofv essel i nabdomendor salhear t -par tofv essel i nt hor axdor salaor t a Ner v oussy st em -consi st sofbr ai nn7gangl i aatdi f f er entj unct i onsal l ov erbody -l ocomot i oncont r ol l edbygangl i a, notbr ai n, t hat ’ swhybeheadedi nsect scanmov ei t sl egsn wi ngsv i gor ousl y -decapi t at edbeecanwal knst i ngbutf l y i ngi si mpossi bl esi ncei t soutofbal ancewi t houtt he head -beebr ai nconsi st sofasmal l bundl eofcel l swi t haut omat i cf unct i onst r ansf er r edt ogangl i a -gangl i ar educedt obar el yv i si bl epr opor t i ons -t act i l ecel l sst r et chedal l ov erbody -beesr ecogni zesoundbysenseoft ouchbutcan’ tdi f f er ent i at edenough Repr oduct i v esy st em ( 1)Femal er epr oduct i v esy st em -l ocat edi nabdomen -eachov ar yconsi st sofbundl esofov ar i ol esandoccupymostofabdomi nal cav i t y( 150ormor ei n aqueen) -pr esenti nwor ker sbutl essdev el opedandf eweri nquant i t y -sper m st or edi nsper mat hecanr el easedt of er t i l i zeanegg -f er t i l i zedeggsbecomewor ker sandunf er t i l i zedbecomedr ones -f er t i l i zedeggspassf r om ov ar i esv i aov i duct s ( 2)Dr oner epr oduct i v esy st em -t est escomposedofbundl esoft ubul esi nwhi chsper msar epr oducedandmat ur e -endophal l usi sev er t edonmat i ng -pai rofcopul at or ycl asper sgr i pt hequeendur i ngcopul at i on -oncecopul at i onov er , endophal l usbr eaksof fandi sl ef ti nt hequeen -dr onemat eonl yonei nl i f eandt hendi e Repr oduct i on -v i r gi nqueensf l yt ol ocat i onwher et her ei spossi bi l i t yoff i ndi nghundr edsofmal ehoneybees wai t i ngf orhert oi nsemi nat eher -eachf emal el i kel ymat eswi t hsev er al mal esneachmal ecanmat eabout7t o10t i mes -mal edi esaf t ermat i ng -mat edqueenl i v esonnusesmal esper mt of er t i l i zeeggsshepr oduces, apr ocesst hatcont i nues t hr oughoutherl i f e -ondeat hori nabi l i t yt opr oduceeggs, newgenofqueensmat enpr oducet hei rowncol oni es -eachcol onywi l l onl yhav eonef er t i l equeen Li f ecy cl e -under goescompl et emet amor phosi s -i nv ol v esf ourdev el opment al st ages: egg, l ar v a, pupaandadul t Li f espan -l i f espandependsoncast enbehav i or al nenv i r onment al f act or s -l i f espanofwor ker si sabout5t o7weeks -deat hofent i r egenofwor ker sdoesn’ tcauset heent i r ecol onyt oper i sh -dependsonsur v i v al ofav ar i et yofbeeswi t hi nbeecol ony -i fonl yqueensur v i v es, col onycan’ tsur v i v esi nceshewon’ tbeabl et opr oducehoney/pol l i nat e f l ower sonherown -queenswhospendt hei rl i v espr oduci ngeggs, l i v ef orsev er al y ear s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phy l um : Ar t hr opoda Subphy l um : Cony cophor a Genus: Per i pat us Per i pat us Habi tandhabi t at t er r est r i al ani mal , l i v esi nmoi stpl aces, cr ev i cesofr ocks, underbar k, st ones, l ogs; noct ur nal , pr edaceous, car ni v or ous, pr edaceous, usual l yf eedont er mi t es, v i v i par ous, si ngl el ar gef emal e maypr oduce30t o40y oungonesi nay ear Mor phol ogy -cat er pi l l arl i kebody , sof t , el ongat ed, bi l at er al l ysy mmet r i cal , cy l i ndr i cal , 1. 4t o15. 00cm l engt h r ange -ext er nal segment at i oni ndi st i nct , mar kedbypr esenceofj oi nt edappendages, numer ousannul i pr esentbutdonotcor r espondwi t hsegment at i on -ski ncov er edbyt hi ncut i cl e, sof t , v el v et yt ext ur e -col our at i onv ar i esconsi der abl yi ndi f f er entspeci esf r om dar kgr eyt obr own -v ent r al sur f acef l eshcol our ed, dor sal sur f acehasadar kercol our -bodydi v i dedi nt oheadandt r unk -headconsi st sofpai r sofey es, ant ennae, j aws/mandi bl esandor al papi l l ae -t r unkdev oi dofexoskel et oncov er i ng, possesses14t o43pai r sofappendages Di gest i v esy st em Consi st sofal i ment ar ycanal anddi gest i v egl ands ( 1)Al i ment ar ycanal –si mpl e, t ubel i ke, begi nswi t hmout handconsi st soff or egutofphar y nxand oesophagus, mi dgutcomposedofst omachi nt est i neandhi ndgutofr ect um ( 2)Di gest i v egl ands–sal i v ar ygl andsar et hemosti mpor t antdi gest i v egl ands Ci r cul at or ysy st em -consi st sofasi ngl emi ddor sal t ube, hear tpl acedondor sal sur f aceofgut -hear ti st ubul arncont r act i l e, wi t hi nt heper i car di al si nus, pr ov i dedwi t hapai rofl at er al ost i ai n eachsegment -nodef i ni t ebl oodv essel pr esent -bl oodi scol our l essncont ai nsphagocy t i camoebocy t es Respi r at or ysy st em -consi st sofai rt ubest r acheae/t r acheal t ubes -t r acheaedel i cat e, unbr anched, orr ar el ybr anched -l i nedbyt hi nchi t i nousl ay erexhi bi t i ngf ai ntt r ansv er sest r i at i ons -t r acheaeext endst hr oughoutbodyncommuni cat eswi t ht heext er nal sur r oundi ngsv i aspi r acl es -r espi r at or ysy st em ofPer i pat usdi f ff r om t hatofcockr oach( spi r acl esi nPer i pat usar edev oi dof anycl osi ngmechani sm whi chcausesexcessi v el ossofwat erf r om t hebody ) Excr et or ysy st em -consi st sofnephr i di a, mi dgutl i ni ngnper i car di al cel l s -nephr i di a–pai r edst r uct ur es, segment al l yar r angedi nl at er al chamberofbodycav i t y , consi st sof l ongci l i at edf unnel , coi l edductnacont r act i l ebl adderv esi cl e -mi dgutl i ni ng–col l ectur i caci dcr y st al sasexcr et or ypr oduct s -per i car di al cel l s–actasnephr ocy t est or emov ewast ef r om bl ood Ner v oussy st em -consi st sofbr ai nnapai rofl ongi t udi nal ner v ecor ds, per i pher al ner v esandsenseor gans -br ai n–di v i dedi nt o3par t s–pr ot ocer ebr um, deut ocer ebr um andt r i t ocer ebr um Repr oduct i v esy st em Sexesar eal way ssepar at encav i t i esofr epr oduct i v eor gansar ecoel omi c, mal essmal l ert han f emal es ( 1)Mal er epr oduct i v esy st em -consi st sofpai roft est es, pai rofsemi nal v esi cl es, pai rofv asadef er ent i a, anej acul at or yductn mal egonophor e -sper mat ophor esasl ongas1mm nencl osedi nachi t i nousenv el ope -mal egonophor ev ent r al npost er i orl i ket hatoff emal es ( 2)Femal er epr oduct i v esy st em -consi st sofpai rofov ar i es, pai rofov i duct s, pai rofut er i , av agi nanf emal egeni t al por e -t woov ar i esf usedatant er i ornpost er i orends Af f i ni t i esofPer i pat us -GenusPer i pat usest abl i shedi n1826byGui l di ngwhof i r stobt ai nedspeci menofi tf r om St . Vi ncenti nAnt i l l es.Her egar dedi tasamol l usc, mi sl edbyi t ssl ugl i keant ennaenmoi stski n. -Theani mal wasv ar i ousl yassi gnedbyz ool ogi st soft hedayt oAnnel i danMy r i apoda -I n1874Mosel eyf i r stest abl i shedposi t i onofPer i pat usasapr i mi t i v ememberbydi scov er i ngi t s t r acheae -exhi bi t sal l af f i ni t i eswi t hAnnel i da, Ar t hr opoda, Mol l uscaaswel l aspecul i ar i t i esofi t sown ( f oraf f i ni t i esofPer i pat usf r om di f f er entphy l um, r ef ert obook: )) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
