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UNIT 4
Activity-specific Skills
Non-Locomotor Skills
Movement is an important part of human life. We move to get from one place to another, to interact
with our environment, and to express ourselves. In physical education, we often focus on locomotor
movement – the types of movement that involve traveling from one place to another. However,
there is a lot of value in incorporating non-locomotor movement into our classes as well. Nonlocomotor movements are those that do not involve traveling from one place to another.
Non-Locomotor movement can be defined as movements that occur in the body parts or using
the whole body but do not cause the body to travel to another space. In other words, it means
"Moving without Moving"
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Benefits of non-locomotor movement
There are many benefits to incorporating non-locomotor movement into physical education. One
benefit is that it helps students develop body awareness and control. Non-locomotor movements
require students to use different parts of their bodies and to be aware of how their bodies are moving
through space. This also helps them improve their focus and concentration. When students are
focused on the movement they are doing, they are less likely to be distracted by other things going
on around them.
Another benefit of non-locomotor movement is that it can help improve students' balance and
coordination. Balance and coordination are important skills for students to have to participate in
physical activity safely and effectively. Non-locomotor movements can help students develop
these skills by challenging them to maintain their balance while moving their bodies in different
ways.
Finally, non-locomotor movement can help students develop strength and flexibility. Many nonlocomotor movements require students to use their muscles in new ways, which can help them
build strength. And, because many non-locomotor movements involve stretching or reaching, they
can also help students increase their flexibility.
Non-Locomotor Movements
Balance: An even distribution of weight enabling you to remain upright and steady.
Bend: To move from a straight position into a curved position at a joint.
Curl: To form your body into a curved.
Pull: Executing force to cause objects/people to move toward one's body.
Push: Applying force against an object or person to move it away from one's body or to move
one's body away from the object or person.
Stretch: Causing a specific muscle to become longer than its normal resting length.
Sway: Shifting weight from one side to the other side in a smooth fashion.
Swing: Moving a body part side to side or forward and back like a pendulum.
Turn: Rotating the body along the long axis.
Twist: The rotation of a body part around its axis.
Many of the movement skills listed above are utilized in a variety of physical education activities,
games, and sports. They are often combined with other fundamental body movements such as
locomotor movement and manipulative skills. Defining the terms, along with demonstrating and
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practicing the skills will allow our students to learn the different movement concepts and help them
acquire the skills necessary for increasing their overall physical literacy.
One way of incorporating non-locomotor movement is to use it as a warm-up activity. Nonlocomotor movements can help students loosen up their muscles and prepare their bodies for the
activities to come. You can also use non-locomotor movements to teach specific skills or concepts.
For example, if you are teaching students to swing a bat from a tee, they can first perform the
motion without the bat, using only their body. Additionally, non-locomotor movements can be
used as a cool-down activity. This can help students wind down after strenuous activity and prepare
their bodies for rest.
Non-locomotor movements can help students develop body awareness and control, balance and
coordination, and strength and flexibility. All of these are important skills for students to have to
participate in physical activity safely and effectively.
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Locomotor Skills
The locomotor skills are the basic technique to move from one place to another. It is the
foundation of coordination that allows routines and games to be created. The feet are used for
support in locomotor movements. However, the body can also travel on other components such as
the hands and feet. The aim of using these skills is to keep the body dynamically stable while it is
being moved. All skills develop through a series of stages: basic, or learning the fundamental
techniques; intermediate, or gradually shifting to a more concentrated effort to hone the skills;
proficient, or when the movement becomes automatic or effortless and efficient; and advanced, or
the capacity to use the skills in a variety of contexts and situations with escalating levels of quality.
The locomotor skills such as walking, running, skipping, and hopping are learned during
our early age, but the question is does these locomotor movements executed properly? The muscles
most involved in locomotor skills are quadriceps (front of the thighs), hamstrings (back of the
thighs), buttocks muscles, the stomach muscles, calf muscles and the secondary muscle such as
hips, shin, foot and also the arm and the shoulder. These parts work together to allow your body to
move. It is important to execute the different locomotor skills properly that will be useful for
dancing, physical activity and exercise, and in performing different sports. Developing and
maintaining lifetime physical activity habits requires mastery of fundamental motions such as
locomotor abilities. The locomotor skills such as crawl, creep, jump and land, skip, and run
movements can be execute thru linear and lateral movements.
▪ Creeping - moving on all four limbs with the body distant from the ground.
▪ Crawling- done on all four limbs, moving forward by dragging the body close to the ground.
▪ Hopping- done by propelling the body off ground using one leg and landing on the foot of the
same leg.
▪ Jumping – occurs when the body is projected into the air by force generated in one or both legs
and the body lands on one foot or both feet. (Phases of jumping: 1- take off; 2- flight; 3- landing)
▪ Landing – the last phase in jumping.
▪ Lateral Movement – denotes extension or movement to the side, while contralateral refers to the
other side and is used to describe opposite sides of the body working together.
▪ Leaping – is widely springing from one place to another by pushing off the ground on one foot
and landing using the other foot.
▪ Linear Movement- is one type of motion wherein movement occurs in a straight path.
▪ Locomotor Skills- involve transporting the body or traveling from one point to another with the
goal of maintaining dynamic stability while the body is displaced.
▪ Motion – defined as an individual change in space over a time period.
▪ Running – occurs when the legs alternate to propel the body through the air or the support phase;
both feet are lifted off the ground or the flight phase, and a foot strikes the ground upon landing or
the recovery phase.
▪ Skipping – consist of a forward step followed by a hop on the same foot. There is alternation of
the lead leg with an uneven rhythmic pattern.
The Crawling and Creeping Exercises
Crawling exercise are multi-joint movements that work the entire body while focusing on
the core and shoulder muscles. Basic crawling patterns help you develop upper and lower body
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coordination, which is crucial for almost any physical activity you engage in. It is serves as the
foundation for our walking pattern, which is likely the most “functional” exercise we perform on
a regular basis. It can also help you identify difficulties with your walking pattern and over time,
improve your walking efficiency. Let’s start with the most basic pattern that will maintain the
spinal stability while moving the limbs in lateral or in contra-lateral.
Crawling on your hands, knees, and feet is often referred to as creeping. You want to start with
creeping because it provides a larger base of support, and you perform it in a slower manner.
Simple creeping works wonders for the hips, shoulders, and core.
Humans are built to go in opposite directions. This implies you should walk with left arm
in front of your right leg and your right arm in front of your left leg. Crawling can assist in resetting
these normal contralateral tendencies, lowering your chance of injury. Creeping is the term for
crawling on your hands, knees and feet. You should begin with crawling since it gives a bigger
foundation of support and allows you to move more slowly. The hips, shoulders and core all benefit
with simple crawling. This is the most crawling pattern.
To begin crawling, get down on your hands and knees and position your arms squarely
under your shoulders and your knees precisely under your hips. Your toes should be tucked and
your feet should be grounded instead than pointing. At all times, maintain a flat back. To crawl
forward, backward, or sideways, refer to the diagram and then follow these steps.
Sample Crawling Exercises
Standard
Progression
Linear bear crawl
Linear Movement
Baby Crawl
Linear crab crawl
Gorilla crawl
Plank walk
Lateral bear crawl
Lateral Movement
Circular Crawl
Lateral crab crawl
Lateral gorilla crawl
Lateral side walk
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Baby Crawl
Starting Position:
• In a quadruped position, align the knees under the hips and the wrist under the shoulders.
Procedure:
• Move contralaterally by stepping forward with one hand and opposite knee.
• Repeat with the other hand and knee.
• Keep the steps small so that the opposite arm and leg can work together.
• Crawl backwards by performing the same contralateral movement pattern.
Circular Crawl
The circular crawl involves circling a location below your belly button with your hands and
feet. Note: Do not circle your body around your hands.
Starting Position:
• Same as the baby crawl.
Procedure:
• Pretend there is a string attached under the belly button to the ground.
• Start to circle, stepping with the opposite hand and foot.
• Circle around the belly and not around the hands.
Note: Take small steps. Neck in neutral position. Core is engaged throughout the movement.
a
c
b
d
Exercise Progression
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Bear Crawl
After you’ve mastered creeping, try doing bear crawls with just your hands and feet. Get
down on your hands and knees and position your hands squarely under your shoulders and your
knees precisely under your hips to prepare for crawling.
Then, if it seems more comfortable raise your knees off the ground and turn your hands and feet
slightly outward. Your knees should be bent and your buttocks should be low. Then, to go forward,
backward and lateral movement, follow these steps:
1. Linear Bear Crawl
Starting Position:
• Same as the baby crawlbur slightly lift the knees about two (2) inches off the ground.
Procedure:
•
•
•
Move contralaterally by walking forward with one foot and the opposite hand.
Keep crawling forward, moving the opposite arm and opposite leg together.
Crawl backwards by keeping the same movement pattern.
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2. Lateral Bear Crawl
Starting Position:
• Same as the linear bear crawl.
Procedure:
• Move sideways to your left by walking the lefthand and right knee similtaneously to the
right a few inches.
• Follow with the right hand and left knee moving in the same direction.
• Continue crawling over s et of distance.
• Reverse the pattern by moving to your right, walking with the right hand and left knee
simultaneously.
• Follow with the left hand and right knee.
• Continue crawling over a set of distance.
Note: Take small steps to keep the hip stable and to keep up with the contralateral movement. Keep
the knees as close as possible to the floor. Do not allow hips to rise. Keep the lower back from
rounding. Maintain the brace.
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Crab Crawl
The crab crawl is a fun and novel method to move around, but because it is a version of
crawling, it can be tougher on the shoulders and rotator cuff muscles.
1. Linear Crab Crawl
Starting Position:
• Sit on the floor with knees bent and feet flat.
• Place hands on the flor behind the glutes and slightly lift the glutes.
Procedure:
• Move the right hand behind your hip while similtaneously pushing off with the left foot.
You are now moving forward with your rear leading.
• Follow with the left hand and the right foot.
• Continue moving forward over a set distance or number of repetitions.
• As a progression, reverse the pattern by crawling back with the feet leading instead of
the
rear.
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2. Lateral Crab Crawl
Starting Position:
•
Same as the linear crab crawl.
Procedure:
• Raise the hips off the floor and begin to move sideways.
• Step to the right with the right hand and left foot followed by the left hand and right
foot.
• Continue moving sideways.
• Reverse the pattern by stepping to the left with the left hand and right foot, followed by
the right hand and left foot.
Note: Maintain the abdominal brace throughout the movement. Take small steps to keep up with
the contralateral movement. Keep the glutes off the ground.
Gorilla Crawl
The Gorilla crawl is a great crawl variation to train your legs and core. This is more difficult
for many because it requires mobility in the hips.
1. Linear Gorilla Crawl
Starting Position:
• Start in a crouching position.
• Place the weight on the balls of the feet.
• Bend over and place the hands on the floor.
Procedure:
• Shift the weight of the body to the hands as you jump forward.
• Land with the feet positioned outside the hands.
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•
•
Reach forward again and place the hands on the floor before jumping.
Continue moving forward over a set distance or a prescribed number of repetitions.
2. Lateral Gorilla Crawl
The Lateral Gorilla Crawl requires less hip mobility, but can sometimes be difficult in terms
of coordination as you shift your weight from your arms to your feet back to your arms as you
move sideways.
Starting Position:
• Same as gorilla crawl.
Procedure:
•
•
•
•
Lift the hands and reach out to the left.
Place the hands on the floor and jump with the feet past the hands to the left.
Continue moving in the same direction.
Reverse the direction but continue to perform the same movement pattern.
Note: Stay low in a crouching position throughout the entire movement. Reach out with the
hands as soon as as the feet land on the floor.
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Plank Walk
The Plank Walk is a harder crawl variation for the core and shoulders. You’re basically
holding a plank while crawling back and forth, which really works your abs.
1. Linear Plank Walk
Starting Position:
• Start on a straight-arm plank position.
• Keep the wrist under the shoulders.
• Extend the legs and keep the feet close together.
Procedure:
• Take a small step forward with the right hand and left foot followed with left hand and
right leg.
• Continue moving in the same direction.
• Keep the steps small.
• Maintain the plank by keeping the body in a straight line and knee straight.
• Reverse the direction.
2. Lateral Plank Walk
The Lateral Plank Walk is another lateral crawl that is great way to challenge your core and
shoulders.
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Starting Position:
• Same as plank walk.
Procedure:
•
•
•
•
Move the right hand close to the left hand as the left foot steps out so the feet are about
hip width apart.
Then move the left hand out so that hands are about shoulder-width apart as the right
foot steps in.
Keep moving in one direction bringing the feet together as the hands step out wide and
the feet out wide as the hands are back together.
Reverse the crawl by moving in the opposite direction.
Note: Keep the body in a straight line from the head to the heels. Take small steps at a time to
keep the core tight and to lessen the movement on the hip. Neither let the hip sag nor rise up.
Keep the hands under the shoulder to avoid strain on the shoulders.
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The Standing Series
The standing series exercises are locomotor movements done in a standing position such
as running, skipping, hopping, jumping and landing. These standing series exercises is very vital
in any physical activities.
Jumping and Landing
Jumping is a fundamental skills of launching oneself, producing lift enough to sustain an amount
of time airborne. Jumping skill has major phases: take-off; flight and landing. The main purpose of
practicing jumping and landing techniques is to improve knee control and timing. When jumping and
landing, the knees should move directly over the feet. Hold this position as you come down and stand
for a few seconds with your knees slightly bent. To safely practice proper jumping and landing
mechanics, perform simple box jumps and single leg side jumps where the landing is held for three
seconds before jumping to the opposite side and landing on the opposite leg. Before doing the drills
though, warm first and include exercises that activates glutes like hip flexor and psoas stretch, hip
bridge, quadruped hip extension, side lying hip extension.
Here are some importanf tips when practicing the jumping and landing skills:
First, stand on the edge of a bench or stack of mats piled at knee height squarely. Second, the skills
involves a dowward motion of dropping off, then third landing safely. Landing properly is important
to minimize risk against injuries and to also put you in a position where you will be able to generate
force rapidly in order to jump again.
1. Reverse Drop
Starting Position:
• Stand on the edge of the box or mats.
Procedure:
• Drive the arms forward as you drop off the box.
• Sit back on your hips upon landing to absorb more force and keep the knees from going
past the toes.
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2. Jumping (upward motion) and Landing (downward motion)
Procedure:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stand tall and your feet hip width apart.
Flex the elbows 90 degrees and hold the arms in front of the chest.
Sit back on your hips (half squat) as you extend the elbows behind. Keep your arms along the
side of the trunk.
Drive the arms forward to activate the legs into jumping forward and landing on the box.
Land softly and decellerate the body by disturbing your weight evenly over the entire foot.
Keep the spine neutral by looking forward.
Keep the knees behind the toes by activating your glutes. Keep the jnees on track or aligned
with your toes (i.e.., avoid collapsing the knees inward or nedially).
Keep the elbows flexed at 90 degrees and hands above them.
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Running
In sports, it is described as a gait in which all four (4) feet are off the ground at the same
moment. It is a combination of anaerobic and aerobic exercise. Running is a complicated,
coordinated action that requires the participation of the entire body. Leaning forward puts the
runner’s center of mass on the front half of the foot, avoiding landing on the heel and allowing the
spring mechanism of the foot to work effectively. It also makes it simpler for the runner to avoid
planting his or her foot in front of the center of gravity, which causes braking.
Running is a fantastic way to remain in shape while still having a good time; in fact,
virtually become fashionable. It’s crucial, though, to do it correctly. Running is a great way to
reach your fitness objectives, whether you’re aiming to reduce weight, enhance your heart health,
or simply improve your mood. The best aspect is that nearly anybody can do it; all you need is a
pair of running shoes and the desire to get out on the road.
To practice the proper arm action, sit with with your legs extended. Sit tall. Observed the
proper position of the elbows, hand and shoulder. Move from the shoulder as you swing your
arms rhythmically.
To practice the leg action, lean against a wall so that the torso is slightly ahead of the hips.
Raise one knee while staying on the ball of the support foot. Do knee raises while quickly tapping the
raised foot on the ground. Repeat on the same leg thrice before shifting to the other side.
Here are important tips when practicing this skill;
Arm action
Starting Position:
• In a sitting position, sit tall (or elongate the spine).
• Flex the elbows at a 90-degree angle.
• Tuck the elbows close to the trunk.
• Keep the shoulders square. Imagine an invisible midline running down the body.
• As you swing the arms forward, keep the thumbs to the ceiling in order to avoid crossing the
midline.
Procedure:
•
Swing the arms forward and back so that the hands move from chin to hip.
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•
•
•
Hold the hands loosely at the wrist joint (as if holding a potato chip with the thumb and
index finger).
Open up shoulders by pulling them back (i.e..avoid hunching) and squeezing the
shoulder blades together. Although it is common to feel tension in your shoulders as you
run and become fatigued, you can shake out your arms and repeatedly shrug your
shoulders to loosen them up.
Fix your gaze in front of you, Neither tilt your chin upp nor down, which tends to occur
when fatigued sets in.
Leg action
Procedure:
• Instead of running upright, slightly lean from the hip so that the trunk is slightly forward.
• Keep the knee directly in front of the hips by lifting them higher.
• As the foot strikes the ground, keep the shin as closely perpendicular to the ground as
possible.
• Striking the ground with the ball of the foot first can help with forward propulsion. But if
you naturally run with a heel strike first, you can focus on getting s psir of shoes with good
cushioning instead of changing your stride.
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How to run properly?
It’s all about form when it comes to running. Running with proper form allows you to
run faster and more effectively while lowering your risk of injury. Otherwise, particular
muscles or joints, such as your knees or shins, absorb the brunt of the impact, which can lead
long-term problems such as stress fractures and tendonitis.
Running is obvious for the most part, but there are a few essential points to remember
when it comes to maintaining good form:
Additionally, keep an eye on your stride. If your foot touches the ground before your knee,
your stride is excessively lengthy. Instead, when your foot hits the ground, your knees should be
slightly bent and in line the center of your foot. This will aid in the absorption of impact stress in
your joints.
Breathing properly is another crucial component of running properly. It makes no
difference whether you breathe through your nose or mouth as long as your diaphragm (a big muscle
positioned below the lungs) is used. Inhale deeply into your belly button without lifting your
shoulders to breathe diaphragmatically. This will employ your whole lungs capacity, maintaining
a constant supply of oxygen to your muscles.
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Sample Sequence of Locomotor Drills for Running
Standard
High knee march-walk
Linear Movement
Lateral Movement
A-skips-same knee; one side at a time
Skips
Back pedal
Side shuffle
Lateral A skips( slow)
Lateral high knees
Carioca
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Progression
High knees jog in place
and/or moving
A-skips with alternating knee
Skip for height
Skip for distance
Power skipd
Lateral A skips( fast)
High knee carioca
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