THE WORLD
DURING RIZAL’S
TIME
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
Rizal’s Century: The
19th Century
The Needs for Reform
The Conditions of
The Changing
Europe, America, and
Religious Front in the
Asia
Philippines:
Secularization
RIZAL’S CENTURY:
THE 19TH CENTURY
(1800-1899)
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RIZAL’S CENTURY: THE 19TH
CENTURY (1800-1899)
“Age of Enlightenment”
There were major changes that
happened when it comes to man and
the society
“who would inherit the throne among
his children? Charles or Isabelle?
the Spanish crown has implemented
the Canovite System or Rotativism.
CONSERVATION AND
LIBERALISM
Conservatives believe that monarchs and kings
should rule over their subjects.
Liberals believe that a country should be free from
domination by another, and that people should enjoy
having liberty, equality, and opportunity.
ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION
01
02
03
KING OF SPAIN
VICEROY
GOVERNOR - GENERAL
The one who rules over
A representative of
The head of the Spanish
Mexico, which is also a
Colonial government,
colony of Spain, that
acts as the leader for
the Philippines
appointed directly by the
King of Spain.
THREE BODIES
01
02
03
RESIDENCIA
VISITADOR
ROYAL AUDIENCIA
Inspect the movements
They don’t stay in the
This is the highest
of the Governor-
Philippines, however,
supreme court in the
General while residing
they come from time-
Philippines, however, it
in the Philippines.
to-time to visit and
is also under the
inspect.
Governor-General.
the French Revolution (1779-1789) and American Civil War (1755-1783) has also
greatly contributed to the thinking of the people in the 19th Century.
THE THREE FILIPINO CATHOLIC PRIEST
Father Jose Burgos, Father Mariano
Gomes, and Father Jacinto Zamora,
also known as “GOMBURZA” has
greatly awakened the strong feeling of
anger and resentment of the Filipinos.
Dedication of El Filibusterismo
Led to the creation of the Propaganda
Movement
THE TRANSITION FROM
ENCOMIENDA TO HACIENDA
LABOR SYSTEM
One of the changes during the 19th century.
Done by granting a large amount of land to the
settlers of the Americas
Claiming the ownership of all the resources and of
the natives
THE MANILA-ACAPULCO GALLEON
TRADE
Has been the main source of income of the colonies during the
early times.
INDULTO DE COMERCIO
An exclusive right granted to the alcalde mayores to control
domestic trade, manipulate prices, and regulate business activities.
Polo y Servicio or Forced Labor was a mandatory labor requirement
lasting 40 days,
S
E
X
A
T
/
E
T
U
B
I
R
T
Implemented in various ways to sustain the colony
DIRECT TAXES
Required individuals to give 10% of their yearly
income to the government
SANCTORUM
A tax specifically allocated to support the church
TRIBUTES
Known as “buwis,” was a form of tax or rent that
residents had to pay to their landlords.
THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
The year when Spain recognized the necessity of creating
1855
a public education system for the indigenous population.
1861
1863
It is the year where the Commission finished and submitted
the report to Spain.
The year when the Educational Decree of 1863 was
officially promulgated.
PROVISIONS OF
EDUCATIONAL
DECREE OF
1863
1. Establishments of Teacher Training
School.
2. Government supervises the public
school system.
3. Use of Spanish as medium of
instruction in all schools
4. Establishment of one primary
school for boys and for girls in
each of the major towns.
DARK SINISTER SHADOW OF
SPAIN’S DECADENCE
1. The colonial administration was marked by instability.
2. There was widespread corruption among officials.
3. Filipinos had no representation in the Spanish Cortes (parliament).
4. Filipinos were denied basic human rights.
5. There was no equal treatment before the law.
6. The administration of justice was often mishandled.
7. Discrimination on racial grounds was prevalent.
8. The Church had significant influence in governance, leading to
"Frailocracy."
9. Forced labor, known as "polo y servicio," was imposed on Filipinos.
10. The friars owned large agricultural estates known as haciendas.
11. The Guardia Civil played a role in maintaining order, sometimes with
force.
THE NEEDS FOR
REFORM
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NATURE OF THE REFORM
MOVEMENT
Attempts to uncover the injustices of Spanish colonialism in
Madrid, Spain, specifically the excesses of the friars and
the guardia civil.
The assimilation of the Philippines to Spain was to take
place in a peaceful manner.
GREAT REFORMIST
Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal,
Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, José M. Panganiban,
Eduardo de Lete, and a few others who played a more
or less passive role in the reform movement.
Reform campaign was termed the Propaganda
Movement because they used the press to spread their
ideas.
DURING THE TIME OF DR. JOSE
RIZAL, THE FILIPINO SUFFERED
UNDER THE WEIGHT OF
SPANISH MISRULE, FOR THEY
WERE UNFORTUNATE VICTIMS
OF THE UNJUST, BIGOTED, AND
DETERIORATING COLONIAL
POWER.
F
O
Y
T
I
L
I
INSTAB
L
A
I
N
O
L
CO
N
O
I
T
A
R
T
S
I
N
I
M
AD
Instability of Spanish politics since the
turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII
The Spanish government underwent frequent
changes owing to bitter struggle between
the forces of Liberalism and Despotism.
CORRUPT
HUMAN RIGHTS DENIED
OFFICIALDOM/FRIARS
TO FILIPINOS
Accepting bribes from the
casinos in Manila which he
scandalously allowed to
operate.
Filipinos were deprived of
their freedom of speech,
press, association, and other
human rights except the
freedom of religion.
MALADMINISTRATION OF
JUSTICE
Spanish Judges, fiscals and other court officials were
inept, venal and oftentimes ignorant of law.
Wealth, social prestige, and color of skin were
preponderant factors in winning a case in court.
The judicial procedure was so slow and clumsy that it
was easy to have justice delayed and under the
popular maxim "justice delayed is justice denied.”
SUBSTANTIAL
VICTIMS OF SPANISH REQUIREMENTS OF
INJUSTICE:
DUE PROCESS:
1. Dona Teodora
2. Dr. Rizal
3. Paciano and several
brothers-in-law
4. GOMBURZA fathers
1. The right to counsel.
2. The right to be heard and to
confront witnesses and cross
examine them.
3. The right to present
evidence.
4. The speedy trial.
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
Spain introduced Christianity's egalitarian concept of
the Brotherhood of All under God the Father, but
Filipinos were regarded
Spaniards derisively called brown-skinned and flat
nosed Filipinos "Indios" (Indians)
Filipino men and women were treated no less than an
animal.
Y
C
A
R
C
FRAILO
Arose from Union of Church and State
Known as the government of the friars
Friars (Augustinians, Dominicans and
Franciscans) controlled the religious and
educational life of the Philippines
FORCED LABOR OR “POLO Y SERVICIOS’
Polo, Polistas are the people who work polo
Construction of churches, Schools, Hospitals, Building and repair of
roads and bridges, and Building of ships in the shipyards & other public
works
Royal decree of July 12, 1883 increased the minimum age of the polistas
(16-18 yrs old up to 60)
Filipinos came to hate the forced labor because of the abuses
connected with it:
Spanish residents were not recruited
Filipino polistas only receive only part of 2 pesetas, sometimes nothing
It causes so much inconvenience and suffering
THE CONDITIONS OF
EUROPE, AMERICA,
AND ASIA
THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPE,
AMERICA, AND ASIA
Through the Industrial Revolution, Europe dominated the nineteenth
century, establishing empires and acquiring colonies. The United
States underwent rapid growth, including a change from
agricultural to industry, westward expansion, and civil war. Trade
globalization, imperialism, and inflation have had a substantial
influence on the Asian culture and monetary system.
CONDITIONS OF EUROPE
19th century: Birth of Modernity, transition to a new era
Industrial revolution: Shift to machine-based manufacturing, new production
methods
Political Revolutions: American and French Revolutions influenced by
Enlightenment
Enlightenment values: Emphasis on reason, rationality, individualism over tradition
Challenges to monarchy: French Revolution, impact on absolute monarchies in
Europe
Napoleon Bonaparte: French Empire, restored Bourbon dynasty
Spread of Enlightenment ideas worldwide.
CONDITIONS OF EUROPE
1848 (Before the birth of Rizal): Europe went into revolution from
the monarchs in France. On the other hand, Austria fell as people
sought a more responsible government. During this time, people
struggle for equality on their rights spread around the world.
1861 (year of Rizal's birth): Under Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italy cast out
the Austrians and took over the papal lands. Due to the Italian's
nationalism, the domination of the church ended, and various states
of Italy were united in one country. On the other hand, Germany
was undergoing unification which lasted until the year 1871.
CONDITIONS OF EUROPE
Europe in the 1810s and 1820s:
- Britain flourishing due to Industrial Revolution
- France undergoing political changes from French Revolution
- Spain facing political instability
Spain's First Carlist War:
- Carlists (conservatives) vs. Liberals
- Carlists for absolute monarchy, Liberals for constitutional monarchy
Spain's losses in the Peninsular War and Battle of Trafalgar:
- Lost colonies in North, Central, and South America
- Impact on marine trade between Philippines and America.
CONDITION OF AMERICA
War of 1812 (1812-1815):
Fought between the United States and Great Britain
Reasons: Impressment of American sailors, commerce disputes, western
expansion, Native American policies.
Mexican-American War (1846-1848):
Sparked by Mexico's refusal to acknowledge Texas independence and
American westward expansion.
Civil War (1861-1865):
North vs. South America
Fought over slavery, deadliest North American conflict.
Spanish-American War (1898):
Triggered by support for Cuban and Filipino independence and USS
Maine explosion.
United States gained territory from Spain.
CONDITIONS OF AMERICA
Social and Cultural Changes:
Church gains believers, anti-alcohol movement begins, and disputes affect farmers.
Feminist movement started in 1848 with Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments.
Slavery abolished in 1865 with the 13th Amendment.
Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 due to Chinese immigration, leading to discrimination.
Racial discrimination, as seen in Rizal's encounter with racism in San Francisco in 1888.
The government's harsh stance on Chinese immigration for political support.
CONDITIONS OF ASIA
Asian Monetary System in the 19th Century:
Altered by globalization of trade, colonization, an
d inflation.
Globalization and Trade:
Expansion of international trade led to increased cu
ltural contact,
often through violence.
Opium War (1839-1842) resolved prolonged trade
dispute between
Britain and China.
Colonization in Southeast Asia:
Colonization by Britain, France, and Holland in the
19th century.
Significant impact on the region's population and
economy.
Cultural and Economic Traditions:
Flourishing of traditions in Asia during this period.
Religious art remains conservative and resistant to
Westernization.
Valuable items include textiles, metals, jewelry, an
d ceramics in
indigenous courts.
THE CHANGING
RELIGIOUS FRONT IN
THE PHILIPPINES:
SECULARIZATION
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E
H
T
F
O
R
E
W
O
P
CHURCH
When the Spaniards colonized the country they
brought religion with them and it was spread
throughout the nation. Churches are built and
Parishes are established, it spread even more
thanks to their evangelization. Because of the
widespread of religion even the church
obtained political power.
EXAMPLE OF INFLUENCE THAT
THE CHURCH HAD
Educational Insitution - Church operates and controls the school it
became known as parish school or catholic church and students are
converted into the Catholic Faith.
Religious Official - Priests do not only pray and worship they are also
a guardian of public morals, advisers to the governor-general,
keepers of the list of residential, and many more.
N
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church or
TWO KINDS OF PRIEST
REGULAR PRIEST
01
Priest that are inside a religious orders. Their main task is to
spread Christianity throughout the country. Example were
the Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans, Recollects and
Augustinians.
SECULAR PRIEST
Priest that have no relations to any religious orders.
02
Their task was to ran the parishes and were under the
supervision of the bishops.
N
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Spa
F
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EXPULS
7
6
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1
N
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JE
King Carlos III of Spain signed orders on
February 27, 1767 to expel all Jesuits from his
lands. Jesuits were denounced as traitors to,
and adversaries of, the king and the state.
When Jesuits left the country it created more
opportunities for filipino seculars to occupy
some parishes.
F
O
N
O
I
EXPULS
7
6
7
1
N
I
S
T
I
U
S
JE
In 1858 Jesuits were allowed to return to the country, and
the parishes held by the seculars were given back to the
regulars.
The parishes held by the seculars were returned to the
regulars in a process known as reverse secularization.
The secularization issue has evolved into a racial debate
since it pitted Filipino seculars against Spanish regular
clergy.
The Spanish King and the Pope issued the orders fo
r
the secularization of the Philippine’s parishes, Som
e
religious regulars lay down their opposition about
giving secular priests more responsibility within the
parishes, like arguing that the Filipino seculars were
never prepared and ready to take over but it is
clear that the reason for not allowing secularizatio
n
is just racist reasoning. Such as Filipino’s skin color,
level of education and not enough experience.
LEADERS OF
SECULARIZATION
The issue was between the Spanish regulars
and the Filipino seculars. Many Filipino
seculars advocated for equal rights between
Filipino and Spanish citizens and to reduce
the power and influence of the church within
politics.
Known Secular Priest who advocated for it
are Father Pedro Pablo Pelaez, Father
Mariano Gomez, Father Jose Burgos. and
Father Jacinto Zamora
FATHER PEDRO PABLO PELAEZ
THE
“GODFATHER OF PHILIPPINE RE
VOLUTION”
AND “LEADER OF FILIPINO CLE
R
G
Y
”
During the Royal Decree
in 1849 a few parishes that
were governed by secular priests
were given to regular
priests same situation with the re
turn of Jesuits in 1858.
Father Pelaez started organizing
activities calling for
the return of control of Philippin
e parishes to Filipino
secular. He even wrote a formal
protest titled “El Clero
Filipino”.
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GOMBURZA
Father Mariano Gomez - He spent his life writing about abuses against
Filipino priests. He helped in maintaining a harmonious relationship among
his other priests.
Father Jose Burgos - He continued his teacher’s unfinished mission
of
secularization. In “To the Spanish People,” an open letter of 1871, he
appealed for reform and a greater measure of self-determination for
the
Filipinos and attacked the power and privilege of the church.
Father Jacinto Zamora - He witnessed the unjust treatment of the Spanish
friars against Filipino priests. Father Zamora led a campaign against the
abusive Spanish friars and fought for equal rights among priests.
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N
I
E
G
N
CHA
N
O
I
T
A
R
T
S
I
N
I
M
D
A
From 1869 to 1871 Governor-General Carlos Ma. de
la Torre administration Filipino seculars were allowed
to voice their grievances and problems about the
system
But the administration change and became
Governor-General Izquierdo's regime (1871-1873) they
Filipinos were not allowed to talk and were
suppressed through fear.
GOVERNOR GENERAL IZQUIERDO
He served as Governor-General of the Philippines from 4 April
1871 to 8 January 1873. He was famous for his use of "Iron Fist"
type of government, contradicting the liberal government of his
predecessor, Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada.
He implemented harshes law to everyone, added tax to
previous tax exempted jobs and ruled with an iron fist. This led
to the 1872 Cavite Mutiny.
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EFFECT OF 1872 CAVITE MUTINY
Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were identified by a false
witness named Francisco Zaldua, who pointed out that the three
priests were indeed part of the mutiny and out to lead a
government that would overthrow the Spaniards and install Father
Burgos as the future leader of the Philippines.
Even though there is a protest and a lack of evidence GOMBURZA
were accused and found guilty of allegedly orchestrating the
Cavite Mutiny of 1872, and charged with treason and sedition by
Spanish authorities. They were sentenced to public execution by
garrote on February 17, 1872, in Bagumbayan, Philippines.
THANK
YOU