AP Psychology
Semester 1 Examination
Br Asim
Name___________________________
Section_______
You have 70 minutes to complete this section.
You may not refer back to this section while working on the free-response question.
You may mark on this exam.
Please mark your answers for the multiple-choice questions on the answer sheet that contains your name
All of your answer choices must be filled-in on the answer sheet.
____
1. To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to
violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one
group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of
a. the double-blind procedure.
b. naturalistic observations.
c. operational definitions.
d. random assignment.
e. replication.
____ 2.
A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of
the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?
a. coercion
b. protection from harm
c. confidentiality
d. debriefing
e. informed consent
____ 3. Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However,
when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for
this occurrence?
a. Such implicit memory is stored in the cerebellum, thus Mamie must have experienced damage to
that brain region.
b. Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term
memory.
c. Because of the time span between being exposed to the mural, the spacing effect has interrupted
memory formation.
d. The memory of the mural has decayed over time.
e. Mamie is experiencing retroactive interference, leading to her forgetting past information.
____ 4. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive
interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a
left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
a. automatic processing.
b. the serial position effect.
c. the spacing effect.
d. relearning.
e. priming.
_5.
The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears
before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a
momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.
a. iconic
b. flashbulb
c. implicit
d. echoic
e. state-dependen
t
____ 6.
A soft drink company recently invested in a new advertising campaign to increase sales. Which of
the following would allow executives to best judge the results of their latest commercials?
a. compute the range based on the highest monthly sales this year with the lowest sales of last year
b. compare the mean sales of soft drinks with that of their major competitor
c. compare the means of sales before and after the beginning of the new campaign to determine
statistical significance
d. compute the mode to determine which soft drinks have the highest sales
e. compute the median of sales for each of their product lines, then compare
____ 7.
Professor Woo noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an
extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the
a. test was given to a very small class of students.
b. students generally performed very well on the test.
c. mean test score was lower than the median score.
d. students' scores tended to be very similar to one another.
e. test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge.
____
8. Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem.
Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research.
Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of
a. random sampling.
b. overconfidence.
c. the hindsight bias.
d. illusory correlation.
e. the double-blind procedure.
____ 9.
In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report
incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual
incomes is
a. $31,000.
b. $15,000.
c. $16,000.
d. $10,000.
e. $80,000.
____ 10. An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional
stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates
a. the independent variable.
b. an operational definition.
c. the double-blind procedure.
d. random assignment.
e. the dependent variable.
____ 11. Why is replication important to science?
a. It allows you to obtain a representative sample of cases to study.
b. The natural setting eliminates the artificial environment of a lab.
c. Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the
original findings.
d. Researchers can test the impact of belief on behavior.
e. Minimizing preexisting differences between groups increases confidence in
findings about a specific theory.
____ 12. To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates
the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which
research method has the psychologist used?
a. the survey
b. the case study
c. experimentation
d. naturalistic observation
e. correlation
____ 13. In 1953, H.M. underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from the
hippocampus. As a result H.M.'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H.M.'s
memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this
situation?
a. naturalistic observation
b. correlation
c. survey
d. experimentation
e. case study
____ 14. What is the primary limitation of the case study research method?
a. It is not an empirical method.
b. The case study is not part of the scientific method.
c. Random sampling must be used to ensure representative findings.
d. Individual cases can be misleading and result in false generalizations.
e. Correlational findings from case studies cannot be interpreted as causal.
____ 15. A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most
likely to use which research method?
a. survey
b. correlation
c. experiment
d. case study
e. naturalistic observation
____ 16. A smaller survey attempts to make generalizations to a larger group. That group is called
a. control condition.
b. population.
c. case study.
d. independent variable.
e. survey.
____ 17. Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger
population?
a. random assignment
b. replication
c. correlation
d. naturalistic observation
e. random sampling
____18.
While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly
you hear the significant words, “no car keys.” When she asks, “Are you listening to me?” you are
able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best
explains this phenomenon?
a. Because you have heard the same lecture many times, rehearsal has caused it to be stored in
long-term memory.
b. Words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words.
c. What your Mom said at the beginning and end of her lecture will be recalled because of the serial
position effect.
d. Because losing driving privileges is an emotional event, her words create a flashbulb memory.
e. Hearing the words “car keys” leads to the priming of specific memories.
____ 19. If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that
level of education and income are
a. causally related.
b. positively correlated.
c. independent variables.
d. dependent variables.
e. negatively correlated.
____ 20. Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable
you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education?
a. +0.05
b. –0.01
c. +0.10
d. +0.50
e. –0.001
____21.
“The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
a. short-term
b. explicit
c. flashbulb
d. implicit
e. sensory
____22.
Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes
every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is
known as
a. the spacing effect.
b. the serial position effect.
c. mood-congruent memory.
d. chunking.
e. automatic processing.
____23. Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect?
a. The studies that testing researchers conduct are more easily remembered than other
studies.
b. Most people cannot recall automatically encoded information under testing situations.
c. Repeated quizzing of information increases the chances it will be recalled.
d. Testing the same information over and over again decreases recall due to interference.
e. Anxiety associated with testing situations increases recall due to mood-congruent memory.
____ 24. Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants
have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo.
This investigation involves the use of
a. naturalistic observation.
b. the hindsight bias.
c. random sampling.
d. the double-blind procedure.
e. replication.
____25. Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are
able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that
a. explicit memories are stored in the cerebellum, which must not have been damaged.
b. long-term potentiation decreases our ability to store implicit memories.
c. the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system.
d. amnesia only disturbs recall of explicit memories.
e. the cerebellum must have been damaged, hindering implicit memory formation.
____26. Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be
vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that
a. retroactive interference makes it harder to recall old information.
b. source amnesia can affect how well we remember past events.
c. misinformation can distort flashbulb memories.
d. iconic memories decay quickly.
e. when we are under stress, long-term potentiation diminishes our ability to form new
memories.
____ 27. In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report
incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of
annual incomes is
a. $10,000.
b. $15,000.
c. $16,000.
d. $31,000.
e. $80,000.
____ 28. Professor Teruya noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an
extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the
a. test was given to a very small class of students.
b. students' scores tended to be very similar to one another.
c. mean test score was lower than the median score.
d. students generally performed very well on the test.
e. test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge.
____ 29. When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are
not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is
a. positively correlated.
b. highly variable.
c. reliable.
d. statistically significant.
e. experimentally empirical.
____ 30. The function of dendrites is to
a. receive incoming signals from other neurons.
b. release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons.
c. coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
d. control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals into the brain.
e. transmit signals to other neurons.
____ 31. A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the
a. synapse.
b. agonist.
c. action potential.
d. myelin sheath.
e. refractory period.
____ 32. The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the
a. thresholds.
b. dendrites.
c. endocrine gland.
d. myelin sheath.
e. pituitary gland.
____ 33. Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in
excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?
a. depolarization
b. reuptake
c. the all-or-none response
d. an action potential
e. a refractory period
____ 34. José has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of
pain is most likely caused by the release of
a. glutamate.
b. dopamine.
c. acetylcholine.
d. endorphins.
e. insulin.
____ 35. Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neural transmission. Where does this interference take
place?
a. axon
b. cell body
c. myelin sheath
d. synapse
e. hormones
____ 36. The brains of patients with Parkinson's disease have little dopamine. Drugs used to treat such
patients bind to dopamine receptors, thereby stimulating those receptors. These drugs would be
considered
a. antagonists.
b. sympathetic.
c. selectively permeable.
d. endorphins.
e. agonists.
____ 37. A person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. Drugs used to treat this
disorder prevent the action of dopamine by keeping it from binding to its receptors. These drugs are
a. agonists.
b. somatic.
c. sympathetic.
d. antagonists.
e. selectively permeable.
____ 38. The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n)
a. MRI.
b. brain lesion.
c. EEG.
d. PET scan.
e. hemispherectomy.
____ 39. The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the
a. limbic system.
b. corpus callosum.
c. cerebellum.
d. reticular formation.
e. thalamus.
____ 40. Ellen volunteers during her AP psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers.
While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she closes her eyes, she finds
the same task almost impossible. Which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our
voluntary movements?
a. hypothalamus
b.
c.
d.
e.
reticular formation
thalamus
amygdala
cerebellum
____ 41. Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in the
a. thalamus.
b. cerebellum.
c. reticular formation.
d. nucleus accumbens.
e. angular gyrus.
____ 42. Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo?
a. temporal lobes
b. parietal lobes
c. occipital lobes
d. frontal lobes
e. association areas
____ 43. The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with
the activation of areas in which brain area?
a. motor cortex
b. amygdala
c. temporal lobes
d. hypothalamus
e. sensory cortex
____ 44. When asked to describe a picture that showed two boys stealing cookies behind a woman's back, a
patient replied, “Mother is away her working her work to get her better, but when she's looking the
two boys looking the other part.” Which brain region has most likely been damaged?
a. Broca's area
b. angular gyrus
c. corpus callosum
d. Wernicke's area
e. parietal lobes
____ 45. The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in
a. children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed.
b. people paralyzed by a severed spinal cord.
c. individuals with Alzheimer's disease.
d. adults with aphasia.
e. people free of any disease or brain damage.
____ 46. Neurosurgeons have severed the corpus callosum in human patients in order to reduce
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
aphasia.
epileptic seizures.
depression.
neural plasticity.
reward deficiency syndrome.
____ 47. Which brain structure might be most active when answering the question “What do the following
words have in common: plane, butter, insect?”
a. amygdala
b. reticular formation
c. brainstem
d. left hemisphere
e. right hemisphere
____ 48. Two plants are grown under the same environmental conditions, including the same soil conditions
and the same amount of light and water, but one grows to 2 feet tall and the other is 1 foot tall. In
this case, the heritability would be closest to
a. 5 percent.
b. 25 percent.
c. 50 percent.
d. 80 percent.
e. 95 percent.
____ 49. The unique personalities of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best
illustrates the ________ of nature and nurture.
a. mutation
b. evolution
c. interaction
d. heritability
e. independence
____ 50. Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their
postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of
a. transduction.
b. accommodation.
c. sensory adaptation.
d. difference thresholds.
e. top-down processing.
____ 51. Trying to see a hidden representational image in a piece of abstract art by looking carefully at each
element in the picture and trying to form an image employs which kind of perceptual process?
a. selective attention
b. interposition
c. perceptual adaptation
d. bottom-up processing
e. retinal disparity
____ 52. In University of Utah driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were
slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. This best illustrates
a. retinal disparity.
b. the phi phenomenon.
c. gate-control theory.
d. place theory.
e. selective attention.
____ 53. When Jason briefly turned to summon the waiter, his wife quickly switched her glass of red wine
with his glass of white wine. Jason's failure to notice that his chosen wine had been replaced best
illustrates
a. place theory.
b. sensory interaction.
c. change blindness.
d. parallel processing.
e. figure-ground.
____ 54. The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears convert the
sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of
a. sensory adaptation.
b. accommodation.
c. parallel processing.
d. transduction.
e. sensory interaction.
____ 55. The fact that fear may increase your sensitivity to an almost imperceptible pain stimulus is of most
relevance to
a. place theory.
b. frequency theory.
c. the Young-Helmholtz theory.
d. opponent-process theory.
e. signal detection theory.
____ 56. Audiotapes of soothing ocean sounds accompanied by faint and imperceptible verbal messages
designed to increase a desire to lose weight best illustrate
a. synesthesia.
b. sensory interaction.
c. subliminal stimulation.
d. parallel processing.
e. difference thresholds.
____ 57. Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry teacher several times a week, she didn't recognize the teacher
when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of
a. monocular cues.
b. context effects.
c. proximity.
d. linear perspective.
e. perceptual adaptation.
____ 58. To those throwing a very heavy rather than a light object at a target, the target is likely to be
perceived as
a. softer.
b. slower moving.
c. larger.
d. farther away.
e. more difficult.
____ 59. Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye?
a. lens, cornea, pupil, retina, iris
b. retina, lens, cornea, rods, cones
c. cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina
d. pupil, optic nerve, retina, lens, rods
e. pupil, cornea, retina, lens, optic nerve
____ 60. Damage to the fovea would have the greatest effect on
a. night vision.
b. peripheral vision.
c. visual acuity.
d. sensory adaptation.
e. kinesthesis.
____ 61. While singing to you on your birthday, your friends leave off the very last word of the song, “Happy
birthday to you, Happy birthday to you, Happy birthday dear David, Happy birthday to….” Your
tendency to mentally fill in the last word best reflects which of the following Gestalt principles of
organization?
a. continuity
b. proximity
c. connectedness
d. closure
e. figure and ground
____ 62. Renny knew the red tulip was closer to her than the yellow tulip because the red one cast a larger
retinal image than the yellow one. This illustrates the importance of the distance cue known as
a. relative size.
b. interposition.
c. proximity.
d. relative height.
e. continuity.
____ 63. Although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to
his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrates the value of
a. retinal disparity.
b. perceptual set.
c. shape constancy.
d. binocular cues.
e. perceptual adaptation.
____ 64. A soft drink company recently invested in a new advertising campaign to increase sales. Which of
the following would allow executives to best judge the results of their latest commercials?
a. compute the range based on the highest monthly sales this year with the lowest
sales of last year
b. compare the mean sales of soft drinks with that of their major competitor
c. compute the mode to determine which soft drinks have the highest sales
d. compare the means of sales before and after the beginning of the new campaign to
determine statistical significance
e. compute the median of sales for each of their product lines, then compare
____ 65. The retina is to the eye as the ________ is to the ear.
a. auditory nerve
b. cochlea
c. auditory canal
d. eardrum
e. eustachian tube
____ 66. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures that sound waves pass through on the
way to the auditory nerve?
a. cochlea, hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum
b. hammer, eardrum, basilar membrane, cochlea
c. hammer, anvil, stirrup, eardrum, cochlea
d. inner ear, middle ear, cochlea, eardrum
e. eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, cochlea
____ 67. Which of the following best explains why we have difficulty locating sounds that are directly
overhead?
a. When the sound is directly overhead, it reaches both ears simultaneously.
b. The hair cells along the basilar membrane do not fire when the sounds are directly
overhead.
c. The bones of the middle ear are all vibrating at different rates.
d. The sound has become compressed and harder to hear.
e. An individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 times per second.
____ 68. According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches
and pains by causing
a. release of pain-killing endorphins in your muscles.
b. activation of nerve fibers in your spinal cord.
c. the release of adrenaline into your bloodstream.
d. deactivation of the pain receptors on the surface of your skin.
e. the cochlea to transduce impulses sent to the spinal cord.
____ 69. Tinnitus is a phantom ________ sensation.
a. visual
b. auditory
c. taste
d. touch
e. kinesthetic
____ 70. Many researchers believe that pleasing tastes attracted our ancestors to energy- or protein-rich foods
that enabled their survival. Such researchers are most likely
a. behavior geneticists.
b. behaviorists.
c. evolutionary psychologists.
d. molecular geneticists.
e. neuropsychologists.
____ 71. With her eyes closed, Sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger.
Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of
a. accommodation.
b. kinesthesis.
c. sensory interaction.
d. sensory adaptation.
e. feature detectors.
____ 72. During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects
your sense of smell. At the same time your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the
importance of
a. accommodation.
b. sensory interaction.
c. kinesthesis.
d. serial processing.
e. sensory adaptation.
____ 73. The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
the differing musical preferences of younger and older persons.
fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day.
the different study habits of men and women.
the different personalities of people born during different months of the year.
varying levels of neurotransmitters during REM sleep.
____ 74. Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with
a. sleep spindles.
b. dissociation.
c. REM sleep.
d. sleep apnea.
e. NREM-3 sleep.
____ 75. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
a. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular.
b. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily.
c. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
d. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.
e. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active.
____ 76. If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Marty is most
clearly showing signs of
a. tolerance.
b. physical dependence.
c. a hypnagogic state.
d. psychological dependence.
e. dissociation.
____ 77. Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called
a. hallucinogens.
b. depressants.
c. endorphins.
d. amphetamines.
e. dissociatives.
____ 78. Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by
a. decreasing REM sleep.
b. increasing anxiety.
c. decreasing sleep apnea.
d. increasing self-consciousness.
e. decreasing tolerance.
____ 79. Research indicates that alcohol
a. impairs short-term recall of what has just been said.
b. disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories.
c. impairs recall of existing long-term memories.
d. increases REM sleep.
e. decreases latent content.
____ 80. When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But
the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.
a. LSD
b. heroin
c. Amytal
d. methamphetamine
e. nicotine
____ 81. Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss
them a herring. This best illustrates
a. respondent behavior.
b. operant conditioning.
c. observational learning.
d. latent learning.
e. spontaneous recovery.
____ 82. Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n)
________ for drug cravings.
a. primary reinforcer
b. operant chamber
c. US
d. CS
e. CR
____ 83. Months after she was in a car accident, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the
place where the accident occurred. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for
Courtney's anxiety.
a. conditioned stimulus
b. negative reinforcer
c. unconditioned stimulus
d. partial reinforcer
e. primary reinforcer
____ 84. John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n)
a. physiological psychologist.
b. cognitive psychologist.
c. behaviorist.
d. psychoanalyst.
e. operant conditioner.
____ 85. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with
electric shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the
a. conditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned stimulus.
c. unconditioned response.
d. conditioned response.
e. fear response.
____ 86. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was
a. salivation to the sound of a tone.
b. salivation to the taste of food.
c. the sound of a tone.
d. the taste of food.
e. sight of the food in the bowl.
____ 87. After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without
presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.
a. generalization
b. negative reinforcement
c. latent learning
d. extinction
e. discrimination
____ 88. Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on
other body parts. This BEST illustrates
a. spontaneous recovery.
b. continuous reinforcement.
c. latent learning.
d. generalization.
e. habituation.
____ 89. Which of the following terms best describes an operant behavior?
a. automatic
b. reflexive
c. voluntary
d. instinctive
e. unlearned
____ 90. To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to
use a procedure known as
a. classical conditioning.
b. delayed reinforcement.
c. latent learning.
d. generalization.
e. shaping.
____ 91. A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human
face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response
will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n)
a. unconditioned stimulus.
b. partial reinforcement.
c. discriminative stimulus.
d. primary reinforcer.
e. generalized stimulus.
____ 92. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
a. conditioned stimulus.
b. unconditioned stimulus.
c. positive reinforcer.
d. negative reinforcer.
e. positive punishment.
____ 93. Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.
a. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
b. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
c. immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
d. reinforcement; punishment
e. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
____ 94. A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a
________ reinforcer.
a. delayed
b. negative
c. partial
d. conditioned
e. positive
____ 95. Despite the painful hangovers that follow his use of alcohol, Boris continues to drink because just a
couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. His continued drinking most clearly illustrates the
power of
a. generalization.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c. extinction.
d. immediate reinforcement.
e. partial reinforcement.
____ 96. The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates
a. spontaneous recovery.
b. partial reinforcement.
c. generalization.
d. shaping.
e. continuous reinforcement.
____ 97. A small-town radio disc jockey frequently announces how much money is currently in a jackpot.
Every day several randomly selected residents are called and asked to identify the amount, and
thereby win it. Those who keep track of the jackpot amount are most likely to be reinforced on a
________ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. variable-interval
c. variable-ratio
d. fixed-interval
e. partial-delayed
____ 98. An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a
a. negative reinforcer.
b. punishment.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. delayed reinforcer.
e. secondary reinforcer.
____ 99. The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant
stimulus is to ________.
a. acquisition; extinction
b. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
c. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
d. punishment; reinforcement
e. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
____ 100. Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get
his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be
considered
a. continuous reinforcement.
b. negative punishment.
c. positive reinforcement.
d. negative reinforcement.
e. positive punishment.
To use less paper, please write your response on the back of your multiple-choice “bubble” sheet.
Respond to the points following each of the following prompts. Please write your responses separately
and NOT in a single paragraph.
You may use additional sheets of paper, if necessary.
Prompt 1
Sachio traveled to a prestigious college to audition for a music scholarship. After he arrived, he learned that
his audition had been rescheduled for late in the day. Sachio was required to play several difficult pieces on
his saxophone and interview with the judges. Just before leaving campus, he was offered a full scholarship to
the college.
Explain how each of the following might have contributed to the success of Sachio’s visit
-somatosensory cortex
Prompt 2
Explain how each of the following plays a role in eating behavior
-Dopamine and the reward center
Prompt 3
Damian spends a great deal of time playing video games. He prefers complex games that require skill in
moving from one level of competence to the next. He regularly compares his progress with that of his online
friends and gets tips from them for more successful strategies.
Explain how each of the following psychological concepts applies to Damian’s gaming behavior
-monocular depth cue of interposition
-mental set
Prompt 4
As a senior in high school, Ludy worked as an assistant to the children’s librarian in his town library. He
enjoyed shelving the books in the library because he was able to work along and focus on his task. Although
the library was normally a quiet place, sometimes the children’s section became quite noisy when groups of
children visited. After working an unfulfilling desk job for 30 years, Ludy recalls how much he enjoyed
working at the library and decides to go back and work as a volunteer creating new programs for
disadvantaged children.
Describe how each of the following concepts relates to Ludy’s return to working at the library.
-Broca’s area
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS:
OBJ:
2. ANS:
OBJ:
3. D
4. B
D
PTS: 1
Unit I | Mod 1-5
D
PTS: 1
Unit I | Mod 1-5
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
Medium
REF: Conceptual
Psychological science is born
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Psychology’s First Schools of Thought
5. D
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
TOP:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
b
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
D
D
23. B
The Biopsychosocial Approach and Psychology’s Theoretical Perspectives
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit I | Mod 3-1
TOP: Subfields in Psychology
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit I | Mod 3-1
TOP: Subfields in Psychology
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit II | Mod 4-1
TOP: Did We Know It All Along? Hindsight bias
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual
Unit II | Mod 5-1
TOP: The Scientific Method
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit II | Mod 5-1
TOP: The scientific method
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual
Unit II | Mod 5-1
TOP: The scientific method
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit II | Mod 5-2
TOP: The case study
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit II | Mod 5-2
TOP: The case study
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit II | Mod 5-2
TOP: The case study
A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Unit II | Mod 5-2
TOP: The survey
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Unit II | Mod 5-2
TOP: The survey
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Unit II | Mod 5-2
TOP: The survey
B
PTS: 1
Unit II | Mod 6-1
D
PTS: 1
Unit II | Mod 6-1
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
Easy
Correlation
Medium
Correlation
REF: Conceptual | Application
REF: Conceptual | Application
24. ANS: D
PTS: 1
OBJ: Unit II | Mod 6-4
25. A
26. A
27. ANS:
OBJ:
28. ANS:
OBJ:
29. ANS:
OBJ:
30. ANS:
OBJ:
31. ANS:
OBJ:
32. ANS:
OBJ:
33. ANS:
OBJ:
34. ANS:
OBJ:
35. ANS:
OBJ:
36. ANS:
OBJ:
37. ANS:
OBJ:
38. ANS:
OBJ:
39. ANS:
OBJ:
40. ANS:
OBJ:
41. ANS:
OBJ:
42. ANS:
OBJ:
43. ANS:
OBJ:
44. ANS:
OBJ:
45. ANS:
OBJ:
46. ANS:
OBJ:
47. ANS:
A
PTS:
Unit II | Mod 8-3
B
PTS:
Unit II | Mod 8-4
D
PTS:
Unit II | Mod 8-6
A
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 9-2
C
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 9-2
D
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 9-2
B
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 9-3
D
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 9-4
D
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 9-4
E
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 9-4
D
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 9-4
D
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 11-1
C
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 11-2
E
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 11-2
D
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 11-3
C
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 12-1
C
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 12-1
D
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 12-1
A
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 12-3
B
PTS:
Unit III | Mod 13-1
E
PTS:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
DIF: Easy
REF: Conceptual | Application
TOP: Experimentation
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Measures of central tendency
Difficult
REF: Conceptual | Application
Measures of variation
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
When Is an Observed Difference Significant?
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Neurons
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
The Neural Impulse
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Neurons
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
How Neurons Communicate
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
Difficult
REF: Factual | Definitional
Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
The cerebellum
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
The cerebellum
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
The hypothalamus
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Functions of the cortex
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Functions of the cortex
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Association areas
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
The power of plasticity
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Splitting the brain
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
ANS:
OBJ:
Unit III | Mod 13-1
TOP: Right-left differences in the intact brain
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Difficult
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit III | Mod 14-3
TOP: Heritability
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual
Unit III | Mod 14-4
TOP: Gene-Environment Interaction
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit IV | Mod 16-1
TOP: Processing Sensation and perception
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit IV | Mod 16-1
TOP: Processing Sensation and perception
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Unit IV | Mod 16-2
TOP: Selective attention
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit IV | Mod 16-2
TOP: Inattentional blindness
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit IV | Mod 16-3
TOP: Transduction
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit IV | Mod 16-4
TOP: Absolute thresholds
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Unit IV | Mod 16-5
Thinking Critically About: Subliminal Sensation and Subliminal Persuasion
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit IV | Mod 17-1
TOP: Context, Motivation, and Emotion
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Unit IV | Mod 17-1
TOP: Context, Motivation, and Emotion
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Unit IV | Mod 18-2
TOP: The Eye-to-Brain Pathway
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual
Unit IV | Mod 18-2
TOP: The Eye-to-Brain Pathway
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit IV | Mod 19-1
TOP: Perceptual organization
A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit IV | Mod 19-2
TOP: Depth perception
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit IV | Mod 19-4
TOP: Experience and Visual Perception
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit II | Mod 8-6
TOP: When Is an Observed Difference Significant?
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Difficult
REF: Conceptual
Unit IV | Mod 20-2
TOP: The ear
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Unit IV | Mod 20-2
TOP: The ear
A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Unit IV | Mod 20-3
TOP: Locating sounds
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Unit IV | Mod 21-2
TOP: Understanding Pain
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Unit IV | Mod 21-2
TOP: Understanding Pain
70. ANS:
OBJ:
71. ANS:
OBJ:
72. ANS:
OBJ:
73. ANS:
OBJ:
74. ANS:
OBJ:
75. ANS:
OBJ:
76. ANS:
OBJ:
77. ANS:
OBJ:
78. ANS:
OBJ:
79. ANS:
OBJ:
80. ANS:
OBJ:
81. ANS:
OBJ:
82. ANS:
OBJ:
83. ANS:
OBJ:
84. ANS:
OBJ:
85. ANS:
OBJ:
86. ANS:
OBJ:
87. ANS:
OBJ:
88. ANS:
OBJ:
89. ANS:
OBJ:
90. ANS:
OBJ:
91. ANS:
OBJ:
92. ANS:
OBJ:
C
PTS:
Unit IV | Mod 21-3
B
PTS:
Unit IV | Mod 21-4
B
PTS:
Unit IV | Mod 21-5
B
PTS:
Unit V | Mod 23-2
C
PTS:
Unit V | Mod 23-3
C
PTS:
Unit V | Mod 23-3
B
PTS:
Unit V | Mod 25-1
B
PTS:
Unit V | Mod 25-3
A
PTS:
Unit V | Mod 25-3
B
PTS:
Unit V | Mod 25-3
D
PTS:
Unit V | Mod 25-4
B
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 26-1
D
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 26-2
A
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 26-2
C
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 26-2
A
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 26-3
A
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 26-3
D
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 26-4
D
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 26-4
C
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-1
E
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-2
C
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-2
D
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Taste
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Body position and movement
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Sensory interaction
Medium
REF: Conceptual
Circadian rhythm
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
REM sleep
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
REM sleep
Medium
REF: Application
Tolerance and Addiction in Substance Use Disorders
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Depressants
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Depressants
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Depressants
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Stimulants
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
How do we learn?
Difficult
REF: Conceptual | Application
Classical conditioning
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Classical conditioning
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Classical conditioning
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Pavlov's experiments
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Pavlov's experiments
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Extinction and spontaneous recovery
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Generalization
Difficult
REF: Application
What is Operant Conditioning?
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Shaping behavior
Difficult
REF: Factual | Definitional
Shaping behavior
Medium
REF: Factual | Definitional
Types of reinforcers
93. ANS:
OBJ:
94. ANS:
OBJ:
95. ANS:
OBJ:
96. ANS:
OBJ:
97. ANS:
OBJ:
98. ANS:
OBJ:
99. ANS:
OBJ:
100. ANS:
OBJ:
A
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-3
D
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-3
D
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-3
B
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-4
B
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-4
B
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-5
D
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-5
E
PTS:
Unit VI | Mod 27-5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
DIF:
TOP:
Difficult
REF: Conceptual | Application
Types of reinforcers
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Primary and conditioned reinforcers
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Immediate and delayed reinforcers
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Reinforcement schedules
Difficult
REF: Conceptual | Application
Reinforcement schedules
Easy
REF: Factual | Definitional
Punishment
Difficult
REF: Conceptual
Punishment
Medium
REF: Conceptual | Application
Punishment