3.1.1 Atomic Structure Fundamental particles - you should be able to... Appreciate that the model of the atom has developed over time State the relative mass and charge of protons, neutrons and electrons Describe the structure of the atom, referring to the location of fundamental particles Mass spectrometry - you should be able to... Define the terms atomic (proton) number, Z, and relative atomic mass (mass number), A Define the term isotope Describe the main steps in a TOF mass spectrometer Interpret and draw mass spectra Use isotopic abundance to calculate relative atomic mass Electron configuration - you should be able to... Recognise that electrons are found in orbitals which are found in sub-shells which are found in energy levels Write the electron configuration for elements up to Z = 36 Write the electron configuration for given ions Explain why chromium and copper are exceptions Ionisation energy - you should be able to... Define the term ionisation energy Write half-equations to show the ionisation of elements Explain the trend in ionisation energy across period 3 and down group 2 Explain the trend in successive ionisation energies Use ionisation energies to make predictions 3.1.2 Amount of Substance Moles, Mass & Mr/Ar - you should be able to... Understand the concept of the mole and Avogadro’s number Calculate moles and mass from given data Empirical Formulae - you should be able to... Define the term empirical formula Calculate the empirical formula for a compound from given data Convert the empirical formula to a molecular formula using a given Mr Concentration and Volume - you should be able to... Calculate concentration (in mol dm-3 and g dm-3) from given data Calculate number of moles from given data Calculate volumes from given data Calculate concentrations from given data and equations Describe how to carry out an accurate titration The Ideal Gas Equation - you should be able to... State the ideal gas equation, including the units for all constituent parts of the equation Convert to required units i.e. to K, to Pa and to m3 Calculate unknown quantities e.g. n, from given data Other calculations - you should be able to... Calculate % atom economy from given data Recognise that a high atom economy is beneficial in industry Calculate reacting masses from equations Calculate % yield from given data Suggest why % yield may be less than 100 % 3.1.3 Bonding Ionic Bonding - you should be able to... Describe the process of ion formation and how an ionic bond is formed Describe the structure and bonding in ionic crystals (to include sodium chloride) Explain the properties of ionic crystals Write the formulae of ionic compounds Covalent Bonding - you should be able to... Define the term covalent bond Describe the structure and bonding in both types of covalent crystal (to include graphite, diamond and iodine) Explain the properties of macromolecular (giant covalent) and molecular covalent crystals Explain how dative covalent (coordinate) bonding arises Metallic Bonding - you should be able to... Describe the structure and bonding in metallic crystals (to include magnesium) Explain the properties of metallic crystals Bonding summary - you should be able to... Compare the three types of bonding and the properties of the crystals they form Explain the energy changes associated with changing state Shapes of Molecules - you should be able to... Describe how 3D molecules are drawn Recognise what is meant by the term charge cloud State the meaning of the terms bonding pair and lone pair Draw the shapes of molecules with up to 6 pairs of electrons surrounding the central atom Deduce the shapes of given molecules Intermolecular Forces on next page. Intermolecular Forces - you should be able to... Describe the terms electronegativity and polarity Describe permanent dipole-dipole forces and how they affect the properties of a substance Describe hydrogen bonding and how it affects the properties of a substance Describe Van der Waals forces and how they affect the properties of a substance Compare the 3 types of intermolecular force 3.1.4 Energetics Enthalpy - you should be able to... Define the term enthalpy Explain the terms exothermic and endothermic in terms of enthalpy change Define the term mean bond enthalpy Calculate enthalpy changes for reactions from given bond enthalpy data Calorimetry - you should be able to... State the formula Q = mcΔT including units for all constituent parts Describe how enthalpy changes can be measured Describe why enthalpy changes calculated from experimental data may differ from data book values Calculate enthalpy changes from given data Hess’ Law - you should be able to... Define Hess’ Law Define the terms standard enthalpy of formation and standard enthalpy of combustion Calculate enthalpy changes for reactions using given values of enthalpy of formation Calculate enthalpy changes for reactions using given values of enthalpy of combustion 3.1.5 Kinetics Kinetics - you should be able to... Describe collision theory Explain what factors affect the rate of a reaction Describe a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve Describe how changing the temperature of a reaction changes the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve Describe how adding a catalyst to a reaction changes the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve Describe how changing the concentration of reactants in a reaction changes the MaxwellBoltzmann distribution curve 3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria Equilibria - you should be able to... Recognise that many chemical reactions are reversible Define the term dynamic equilibrium State what happens to concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium State what happens to the rate of the forward and backward reactions at equilibrium Le Chatelier’s Principle - you should be able to... Describe and explain qualitatively the effect of changing temperature, pressure and concentration on the position of equilibrium Explain why compromise temperatures and pressures are used in industry Kc - you should be able to... Construct an expression for Kc for a given system in equilibrium Calculate reagent concentrations and values for Kc from given data Predict the qualitative effects of changes in temperature on the value of Kc 3.1.7 Redox Oxidation numbers - you should be able to... Define the terms oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons Define the terms oxidising agent and reducing agent Describe what makes a substance a good oxidising or reducing agent State the oxidation numbers for elements when uncombined and in a range of compounds (specifically group I, group II and group VII, aluminium, hydrogen and oxygen) Calculate the oxidation number of an element in a given compound Equations - you should be able to... Write half-equations to show oxidation and reduction Combine half-equations to form full redox equations Identify half-equations in given full redox equations 3.1.8 Thermodynamics Enthalpies - you should be able to... Recall Hess’ Law Define the following enthalpies: formation, atomisation, ionisation, electron affinity, lattice formation, hydration, solution, mean bond Calculate enthalpy changes using Born-Haber cycles Recognise the what differences in experimental and theoretical values of lattice enthalpy mean and what the perfect ionic model has to do with this Calculate the enthalpy change for a reaction from given bond dissociation enthalpies Entropy - you should be able to... Define the term entropy Recognise what causes a change in entropy State what happens to entropy when reactions occur Calculate entropy changes for given reactions Use ΔG = ΔH – TΔS to determine the feasibility of reactions 3.1.9 Rate Equations Kinetics - you should be able to... Recall the term reaction rate State and describe the general rate equation Understand how the term order is applied to the rate equation and the rate of a reaction Construct a rate equation from given data Calculate the rate constant from given data and equations Describe how the initial rate of a reaction can be used to determine a rate equation Define the term “rate-determining step” Work out the RDS, rate equation and steps of a reaction from given information Describe how to work out the order of a reaction from graphs Arrhenius equation - you should be able to... State the Arrhenius equation and describe the individual components Describe how different activation energies affect the value of k Describe how changing the temperature affects the value of k Calculate required components in the Arrhenius equation Draw an Arrhenius plot and use it to calculate unknown values 3.1.10 The Equilibrium Constant, Kp Kp - you should be able to... Understand what is meant by the term partial pressure of a gas Calculate the partial pressure of gases from given data Calculate the mole fraction of a gas from given data Use mole fractions to calculate the partial pressure of a gas Write expressions for Kp Calculate Kp from given data Describe how changing conditions affects the value of Kp 3.1.11 Electrode Potentials Redox Reactions - you should be able to... State what is meant by reduction and oxidation (inc. oxidising and reducing agents) Work out the oxidation number of an element in a given compound Write and combine half-equations Electrode Potentials - you should be able to... Recognise that oxidation and reduction can produce a voltage Describe how the standard hydrogen electrode can be used to measure electrode potential (inc. conditions) Represent cells using conventional representation Calculate the EMF of a cell using given electrode potentials Electrochemical Series - you should be able to... Recognise what an electrochemical series is Describe how electrode potentials relate to reactivity of metals and non-metals State which species in an electrochemical series are the best oxidising and reducing agents Predict whether reactions will occur using data from an electrochemical series Electrochemical Cells - you should be able to... Recognise that electrochemical cells are used as sources of electrical energy Explain why some cells can be recharged whereas others can’t (inc. equations) Describe a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell and evaluate its use 3.1.12 Acids & Bases Acids, Bases & pH - you should be able to... Define acids and bases in terms of protons Calculate pH using [H+] and vice versa Define kw Calculate the pH of water Calculate pH using [OH-] Weak Acids - you should be able to... Write expressions for the acid dissociation constant, Ka Calculate pH of weak acids Understand the relation of Ka to pKa Adding Strong Acids to Alkalis - you should be able to... Calculate the pH of the solutions formed when strong acids and alkalis are mixed Buffers - you should be able to... Explain qualitatively how acidic and basic buffers work State uses of buffers Calculate the pH of acidic buffer solutions Calculate the pH of buffers after acid or base has been added Titrations & pH Curves - you should be able to... Describe the typical shape of pH curves for acid–base titrations in all combinations of weak and strong monoprotic acids and bases Use pH curves to select an appropriate indicator Understand how the half-neutralisation point can be used to calculate the pH
