1
IELTS READING
SÁCH LUYỆN THI
2
IELTS READING
Ệ
Ệ
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Mục lục:
1. Right and left-handedness in humans ....................................................................................... 3
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 1 ............................................................................................................................. 8
2. Tourism .............................................................................................................................................. 10
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 2 ........................................................................................................................... 15
3. Moles happy as homes go underground ................................................................................. 17
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 3 ........................................................................................................................... 21
4. Glass: Capturing the dance of light ........................................................................................... 23
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 4 ........................................................................................................................... 28
5. Implementing the cycle of success: A case study ................................................................. 30
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 5 ........................................................................................................................... 35
6. The Motor Car .................................................................................................................................. 37
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 6 ........................................................................................................................... 40
7. Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping ............................................................... 42
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 7 ........................................................................................................................... 46
8. Children’s thinking ......................................................................................................................... 48
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 8 ........................................................................................................................... 52
9. Arctic Haze ........................................................................................................................................ 54
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 9 ........................................................................................................................... 57
10. Wind Power in the US ................................................................................................................. 59
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 10 ......................................................................................................................... 63
11. A Revolution in Knowledge Sharing ...................................................................................... 65
BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 11 ......................................................................................................................... 68
ANSWER KEY ......................................................................................................................................... 70
 SÁCH HƯỚNG DẪN CÁC DẠNG BÀI TRONG READING 
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1.
Right and left-handedness in humans
A
Why do humans, virtually alone among all animal species, display a distinct
left or right-handedness? Not even our closest relatives among the apes possess
such decided lateral asymmetry, as psychologists call it. Yet about 90 per cent of
every human population that has ever lived appears to have been right-handed.
Professor Bryan Turner at Deakin University has studied the research literature on
left-handedness and found that handedness goes with sidedness. So nine out of
ten people are right-handed and eight are right-footed. He noted that this
disti ti e asy
et y i the hu a populatio is itself syste ati . Hu a s thi k
in categories: black and white, up a d do , left a d ight. It s a system of signs
that enables us to categorise phenomena that are esse tially a iguous.
B
Research has shown that there is a genetic or inherited element to
handedness. But while left-handedness tends to run in families, neither left nor
right handers will automatically produce off-spring with the same handedness; in
fact about 6 per cent of children with two right-handed parents will be left-handed.
However, among two left-handed parents, perhaps 40 per cent of the children will
also be left-handed. With one right and one left-handed parent, 15 to 20 per cent
of the offspring will be left handed. Even among identical twins who have exactly
the same genes, one in six pairs will differ in their handedness.
C
What then makes people left-handed if it is not simply genetic? Other factors
must be at work and researchers have turned to the brain for clues. In the 1860s
the French surgeon and anthropologist, Dr Paul Broca, made the remarkable
finding that patients who had lost their powers of speech as a result of a stroke (a
blood clot in the brain) had paralysis of the right half of their body. He noted that
since the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right half of the body, and vice
e sa, the ai da age ust ha e ee i the ai s left he isphe e.
Psychologists now believe that among right-handed people, probably 95 per cent
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have their language centre in the left hemisphere, while 5 per cent have rightsided
language. Left-handers, however, do not show the reverse pattern but instead a
majority also have their language in the left hemisphere. Some 30 per cent have
right hemisphere language.
D
Dr Brinkman, a brain researcher at the Australian National University in
Canberra, has suggested that evolution of speech went with right-handed
preference. According to Brinkman, as the brain evolved, one side became
specialised for fine control of movement (necessary for producing speech) and
along with this evolution came righthand preference. According to Brinkman, most
left-handers have left hemisphere dominance but also some capacity in the right
hemisphere. She has observed that if a left-handed person is brain-damaged in the
left hemisphere, the recovery of speech is quite often better and this is explained
by the fact that left-handers have a more bilateral speech function.
E
In her studies of macaque monkeys, Brinkman has noticed that primates
(monkeys) seem to learn a hand preference from their mother in the first year of
life but this could be one hand or the other. In humans, however, the specialisation
in (unction of the two hemispheres results in anatomical differences: areas that are
involved with the production of speech are usually larger on the left side than on
the right. Since monkeys have not acquired the art of speech, one would not expect
to see such a variation but Brinkman claims to have discovered a trend in monkeys
towards the asymmetry that is evident in the human brain.
F
Two American researchers, Geschwind and Galaburda, studied the brains of
human embryos and discovered that the left-right asymmetry exists before birth.
But as the brain develops, a number of things can affect it. Every brain is initially
female in its organisation and it only becomes a male brain when the male foetus
begins to secrete hormones. Geschwind and Galaburda knew that different parts
of the brain mature at different rates; the right hemisphere develops first, then the
left. Mo eo e , a gi l s ai de elops so e hat faste tha that of a oy. “o, if
so ethi g happe s to the ai s de elop e t du i g p eg a y, it is o e likely
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to be affected in a male and the hemisphere more likely to be involved is the left.
The brain may become less lateralised and this in turn could result in lefthandedness and the development of certain superior skills that have their origins
in the left hemisphere such as logic, rationality and abstraction. It should be no
surprise then that among mathematicians and architects, left-handers tend to be
more common and there are more left-handed males than females.
G
The results of this research may be some consolation to left-handers who
have for centuries lived in a world designed to suit right-handed people. However,
what is alarming, according to Mr. Charles Moore, a writer and journalist, is the
ay the o d ight ei fo es its o
i tue. “u li i ally he says, la guage tells
people to think that anything on the right can be trusted while anything on the left
is dangerous or even sinister. We speak of left-handed compliments and according
to Moo e, it is o oi ide e that left-handed children, forced to use their right
hand, often develop a stammer as they a e o ed of thei f eedo of spee h .
However, as more research is undertaken on the causes of left-handedness,
attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing for the better. Indeed
when the champion tennis player Ivan Lendl was asked what the single thing was
that he would choose in order to improve his game, he said he would like to
become a left-hander.
[Geoff Maslen]
Questions 1-7
Use the information in the text to match the people (listed A-E) with the opinions
(listed 1-7) below. Write the appropriate letter (A-E) in boxes 1-7 on your answer
sheet. Some people match more than one opinion.
A Dr Broca
B Dr Brinkman
C Geschwind and Galaburda
D Charles Moore
E Professor Turner
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Example
Answer
Monkeys do not show a species specific preference for
B
left or right-handedness.
1. Human beings started to show a preference for right-handedness when they
first developed language.
2. Society is prejudiced against left-handed people.
3. Boys are more likely to be left-handed.
4. After a stroke, left-handed people recover their speech more quickly than righthanded people.
5. People who suffer strokes on the left side of the brain usually lose their power
of speech.
6. The two sides of the brain develop different functions before birth.
7. Asymmetry is a common feature of the human body.
Questions 8-10
Using the information in the passage, complete the table below. Write your
answers in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.
Percentage of children left-handed
One parent left-handed
One parent right-handed
........(8)........
Both parents left-handed
.........(9)........
Both parents right-handed
.......(10).......
Questions 11-12
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11 and 12 on your
answer sheet.
11. A study of monkeys has shown that
A monkeys are not usually right-handed.
B monkeys display a capacity for speech.
C monkey brains are smaller than human brains.
D monkey brains are asymmetric.
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12. According to the writer, left-handed people
A will often develop a stammer.
B have undergone hardship for years.
C are untrustworthy.
D are good tennis players.
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 1
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
2. Bạ đ sai ao hiêu
u?
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u?
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Loại câu hỏi sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
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2.
Tourism
A
Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social
phenomena than most commentators have considered. On the face of it there
could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social scientists
have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or
politics, it might be thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting
for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking. However, there are interesting
parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and
idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some
societies but not necessarily in others. The assumption is that the investigation of
deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of normal societies. It could
be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.
B
Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely
regulated and organised work. It is one manifestation of how work and leisure are
organised as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in modern societies.
I deed a ti g as a tou ist is o e of the defi i g ha a te isti s of ei g ode
and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organised within particular places
and occurs for regularised periods of time. Tourist relationships arise from a
movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. This necessarily
involves some movement, that is the journey, and a period of stay in a new place
o pla es. The jou ey a d the stay a e y defi itio outside the o al pla es of
residence and work and are of a short term and temporary nature and there is a
lea i te tio to etu ho e ithi a elati ely sho t pe iod of ti e.
C
A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in
such tourist practices new socialised forms of provision have developed in order to
cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed to the individual
character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because
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there is an anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense
pleasures, either on a different scale or involving different senses from those
customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained through a
variety of non-tourist practices such as films, TV literature, magazines records and
videos which construct and reinforce this daydreaming.
D
Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate
them off from everyday experience. Such aspects are viewed because they are
taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these tourist sights
often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity
to visual elements of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday
life. People linger over these sights in a way that they would not normally do in
their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through
photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly
reproduced and recaptured.
E
One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstins
analysis of the pseudo event (1964) where he argues that contemporary.
Americans cannot experience reality directly but thrive on pseudo events. Isolated
from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided
groups and finds pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the
pseudo events and disregarding the real world outside. Over time the images
generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating
system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and
evaluating potential places to visit. Such visits are made says Boorstin, within the
environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which insulates the
tourist from the strangeness of the host environment.
F
To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has
developed who attempt to reproduce ever-new objects for the tourist to look at.
These objects or places are located in a complex and changing hierarchy. This
depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between
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interests involved in the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing
class, gender, and generational distinctions of taste within the potential population
of visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of the
modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house.
Travel is a marker of status in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary
for good health. The role of the professional, therefore, is to cater for the needs
and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.
Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 2 has 6 paragraphs (A-F).
Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Paragraph D has been done for you as an example.
NB. There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them You
may use any heading more than once.
Example
Answer
Paragraph D
ix
List of Headings
i The politics of tourism
ii The cost of tourism
iii Justifying the study of tourism
iv Tourism contrasted with travel
v The essence of modern tourism
vi Tourism versus leisure
vii The artificiality of modern tourism
viii The role of modern tour guides
ix Creating an alternative to the everyday experience
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
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4. Paragraph E
5. Paragraph F
Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading
Passage 2? In boxes 6-10 write:
YES
if the statement agrees with the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
6. Tourism is a trivial subject.
7. An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.
8. Tourists usually choose to travel overseas.
9. Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home.
10. Tour operators try to cheat tourists.
Questions 11-14
Choose one phrase (A-H) from the list of phrases to complete each key point
below. Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of
points made by the writer.
NB There are more phrases A-H than sentences so you will not use them all. You
may use any phrase more than once.
11. Our concept of tourism arises from .......
12. The media can be used to enhance .......
13. People view tourist landscapes in a different way from .......
14. Group tours encourage participants to look at .......
A
B
C
D
List of Phrases
local people and their environment.
the expectations of tourists.
the phenomena of holidaymaking.
the distinction we make between holidays. Work and leisure.
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E the individual character of travel.
F places seen in everyday life.
G photographs which recapture our
H sights designed specially for tourists.
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 2
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
2. Bạ đ sai ao hiêu
u?
__________________
u?
__________________
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Loại câu hỏi sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau
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6/ So với bài 8, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?
Giảm
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Tă g
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3.
Moles happy as homes go underground
A
The first anybody knew about Dutchman Frank Siegmund and his family was
when workmen tramping through a field found a narrow steel chimney protruding
through the grass. Closer inspection revealed a chink of sky-light window among
the thistles, and when amazed investigators moved down the side of the hill they
came across a pine door complete with leaded diamond glass and a brass knocker
set into an underground building. The Siegmunds had managed to live undetected
for six years outside the border town of Breda, in Holland. They are the latest in a
clutch of individualistic homemakers who have burrowed underground in search of
tranquillity.
B
Most, falling foul of strict building regulations, have been forced to dismantle
their individualistic homes and return to more conventional lifestyles. But
subterranean suburbia, Dutch-style, is about to become respectable and chic.
Seven luxury homes cosseted away inside a high earth-covered noise embankment
next to the main Tilburg city road recently went on the market for $296,500 each.
The foundations had yet to be dug, but customers queued up to buy the unusual
part-submerged houses, whose back wall consists of a grassy mound and whose
front is a long glass gallery.
C
The Dutch are not the only would-be moles. Growing numbers of Europeans
are burrowing below ground to create houses, offices, discos and shopping malls.
It is already proving a way of life in extreme climates; in winter months in Montreal,
Canada, for instance, citizens can escape the cold in an underground complex
complete with shops and even health clinics. In Tokyo builders are planning a
massive underground city to be begun in the next decade, and underground
shopping malls are already common in Japan, where 90 percent of the population
is squeezed into 20 percent of the landspace.
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D
Building big commercial buildings underground can be a way to avoid
disfiguring or threatening a beautiful or 'environmentally sensitive' landscape.
Indeed many of the buildings which consume most land -such as cinemas,
supermarkets, theatres, warehouses or libraries -have no need to be on the surface
since they do not need windows.
E
There are big advantages, too, when it comes to private homes. A
development of 194 houses which would take up 14 hectares of land above ground
would occupy 2.7 hectares below it, while the number of roads would be halved.
Under several metres of earth, noise is minimal and insulation is excellent. "We get
40 to 50 enquiries a week," says Peter Carpenter, secretary of the British Earth
Sheltering Association, which builds similar homes in Britain. "People see this as a
way of building for the future." An underground dweller himself, Carpenter has
never paid a heating bill, thanks to solar panels and natural insulation.
F
In Europe the obstacle has been conservative local authorities and
developers who prefer to ensure quick sales with conventional mass produced
housing. But the Dutch development was greeted with undisguised relief by South
Limburg planners because of Holland's chronic shortage of land. It was the Tilburg
architect Jo Hurkmans who hit on the idea of making use of noise embankments on
main roads. His twofloored, four-bedroomed, twobathroomed detached homes
are now taking shape. "They are not so much below the earth as in it," he says. "All
the light will come through the glass front, which runs from the second floor ceiling
to the ground. Areas which do not need much natural lighting are at the back. The
living accommodation is to the front so nobody notices that the back is dark."
G
In the US, where energy-efficient homes became popular after the oil crisis
of 1973, 10,000 underground houses have been built. A terrace of five homes,
Britain's first subterranean development, is under way in Nottinghamshire. Italy's
outstanding example of subterranean architecture is the Olivetti residential centre
in Ivrea. Commissioned by Roberto Olivetti in 1969, it comprises 82 onebedroomed apartments and 12 maisonettes and forms a house/ hotel for Olivetti
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employees. It is built into a hill and little can be seen from outside except a glass
facade. Patnzia Vallecchi, a resident since 1992, says it is little different from living
in a conventional apartment.
H
Not everyone adapts so well, and in Japan scientists at the Shimizu
Corporation have developed "space creation" systems which mix light, sounds,
breezes and scents to stimulate people who spend long periods below ground.
Underground offices in Japan are being equipped with "virtual" windows and
mirrors, while underground departments in the University of Minnesota have
periscopes to reflect views and light.
I But Frank Siegmund and his family love their hobbit lifestyle. Their home evolved
when he dug a cool room for his bakery business in a hill he had created. During a
heatwave they took to sleeping there. "We felt at peace and so close to nature,"
he says. "Gradually I began adding to the rooms. It sounds strange but we are so
close to the earth we draw strength from its vibrations. Our children love it; not
every child can boast of being watched through their playroom windows by rabbits.
Questions 1-8
Reading Passage 3 has nine paragraphs (A-I). Choose the most suitable heading
for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate numbers (i-xii) in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
Paragraph A has been done for you as an example.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them.
List of Headings
i A designer describes his houses
ii Most people prefer conventional housing
iii Simulating a natural environment
iv How an underground family home developed
v Demands on space and energy are reduced
vi The plans for future homes
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vii
viii
ix
x
xi
xii
Worldwide examples of underground living accommodation
Some buildings do not require natural light
Developing underground services around the world
Underground living improves health
Homes sold before completion
An underground home is discovered
1. Paragraph B
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D
4. Paragraph E
5. Paragraph F
6. Paragraph G
7. Paragraph H
8. Paragraph I
Questions 9-15
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage.
Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 9-15 on your answer sheet.
9. Many developers prefer mass-produced houses because they ..............
10. The Dutch development was welcomed by ............
11. Hu k a s houses a e uilt i to ............
12. The Ivrea centre was developed for .............
13. Japanese scientists are helping people ............. underground life.
14. F a k “ieg u d s fi st u de g ou d oo
as used fo ...........
Click the button to Show/ Hide Answers
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 3
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
2. Bạ đ sai ao hiêu
u?
__________________
u?
__________________
3. Bạ đ hoà thà h ài tro g ao l u?
4. Bạ đ sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?
Loại câu hỏi sai
Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau
Lỗi sai
Cách sửa
6/ So với bài 8, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?
Giảm
Kh
g thay đổi
Tă g
Số lần
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4.
Glass: Capturing the dance of light
A
Glass, in one form or another, has long been in noble service to humans As
one of the most widely used of manufactured materials, and certainly the most
versatile, it can be as imposing as a telescope mirror the width of a tennis court or
as small and simple as a marble rolling across dirt The uses of this adaptable
material have been broadened dramatically by new technologies glass fibre optics
— more than eight million miles — carrying telephone and television signals across
nations, glass ceramics serving as the nose cones of missiles and as crowns for
teeth; tiny glass beads taking radiation doses inside the body to specific organs,
even a new type of glass fashioned of nuclear waste in order to dispose of that
unwanted material.
B.
On the horizon are optical computers These could store programs and
process information by means of light - pulses from tiny lasers - rather than
electrons And the pulses would travel over glass fibres, not copper wire These
a hi es ould fu tio hu d eds of ti es faste tha today s ele t o i
computers and hold vastly more information Today fibre optics are used to obtain
a clearer image of smaller and smaller objects than ever before - even bacterial
viruses. A new generation of optical instruments is emerging that can provide
detailed imaging of the inner workings of cells. It is the surge in fibre optic use and
in liquid crystal displays that has set the U.S. glass industry (a 16 billion dollar
business employing some 150,000 workers) to building new plants to meet
demand.
C.
But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its
horizons. The use of glass as art, a tradition spins back at least to Roman times, is
also booming. Nearly everywhere, it seems, men and women are blowing glass and
eati g o ks of a t. «I did t sell a pie e of glass u til 975,» Dale Chihuly said,
smiling, for in the 18 years since the end of the dry spell, he has become one of the
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24
most financially successful artists of the 20th century. He now has a new
commission - a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company for which his fee is half a million dollars.
D
But not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern.
Consider the simple light bulb; at the turn of the century most light bulbs were hand
lo , a d the ost of o e as e ui ale t to half a day s pay fo the a e age
worker. In effect, the invention of the ribbon machine by Corning in the 1920s
lighted a nation. The price of a bulb plunged. Small wonder that the machine has
been called one of the great mechanical achievements of all time. Yet it is very
simple: a narrow ribbon of molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which
there are holes. The glass sags through the holes and into waiting moulds. Puffs of
compressed air then shape the glass. In this way, the envelope of a light bulb is
made by a single machine at the rate of 66,000 an hour, as compared with 1,200 a
day produced by a team of four glassblowers.
E
The secret of the versatility of glass lies in its interior structure. Although it is
rigid, and thus like a solid, the atoms are arranged in a random disordered fashion,
characteristic of a liquid. In the melting process, the atoms in the raw materials are
disturbed from their normal position in the molecular structure; before they can
find their way back to crystalline arrangements the glass cools. This looseness in
molecular structure gives the material what engineers call tremendous
fo a ility hi h allo s te h i ia s to tailo glass to hate e they eed.
F
Today, scientists continue to experiment with new glass mixtures and
building designers test their imaginations with applications of special types of glass.
A London architect, Mike Davies, sees even more dramatic buildings using
ole ula he ist y. Glass is the g eat uildi g ate ial of the futu e, the
«dy a i ski », he said. Thi k of glass that has ee t eated to ea t to ele t i
currents going through it, glass that will change from clear to opaque at the push
of a button that gives you instant curtains. Think of how the tall buildings in New
York could perform a symphony of colours as the glass in them is made to change
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colours insta tly. Glass as i sta t u tai s is a aila le o , ut the ost is
exorbitant. As for the glass changing colours instantly, that may come true. Mike
Da ies s isio
ay i deed e o the ay to fulfil e t.
[Adapted from Glass: Capturing the Dance of Light by William S. Ellis, National
Geographic.]
Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 4 has six paragraphs (A-F). Choose the most suitable heading/or
each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers
(i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. Paragraph A has been done for you as an
example.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You
may use any heading more at once.
Example
Answer
Paragraph A
X
List of Headings
i Growth in the market for glass crafts
ii Computers and their dependence on glass
iii What makes glass so adaptable
iv Historical development of glass
v “ ie tists d ea s ost millions
vi Architectural experiments with glass
vii Glass art galleries flourish
viii Exciting innovations in fibre optics
ix A former glass technology
x Everyday uses of glass
1 Paragraph B
2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D
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4 Paragraph E
5 Paragraph F
Questions 6-8
The diag a
elo sho s the p i iple of Co i g s i o
a hi e. La el the
diagram by selecting NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage
to fill each numbered space. Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer
sheet.
Questions 9-13
Look at the list below of the uses of glass. According to the passage, state
whether these uses exist today, will exist in the future or are not mentioned by
the writer.
In boxes 9-13 write
A if the uses exist today
B if the uses will exist in the future
C if the uses are not mentioned by the writer
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9. dental fittings
10. optical computers
11. sculptures
12. fashions
13. curtains
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 4
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
u?
__________________
2. Bạ đ sai ao nhiêu câu?
__________________
3. Bạ đ hoà thà h ài tro g ao l u?
__________________
4. Bạ đ sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?
Loại câu hỏi sai
Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau
Lỗi sai
Cách sửa
6/ So với bài 8, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?
Giảm
Kh
g thay đổi
Tă g
Số lần
7/ Nguyên nhân
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5.
Implementing the cycle of success: A case study
A
Within Australia, Australian Hotels Inc (AHI) operates nine hotels and
employs over 2000 permanent full-time staff, 300 permanent part-time employees
and 100 casual staff. One of its latest ventures, the Sydney Airport hotel (SAH),
opened in March 1995. The hotel is the closest to Sydney Airport and is designed
to provide the best available accommodation, food and beverage and meeting
facilities in Sydney's southern suburbs. Similar to many international hotel chains,
however, AHI has experienced difficulties in Australia in providing long-term profits
for hotel owners, as a result of the country's high labour-cost structure. In order to
develop an economically viable hotel organisation model, AHI decided to
implement some new policies and practices at SAH.
B
The first of the initiatives was an organisational structure with only three
levels of management - compared to the traditional seven. Partly as a result of this
change, there are 25 per cent fewer management positions, enabling a significant
saving. This change also has other implications. Communication, both up and down
the organisation, has greatly improved. Decision-making has been forced down in
many cases to front-line employees. As a result, guest requests are usually met
without reference to a supervisor, improving both customer and employee
satisfaction.
C
The hotel also recognised that it would need a different approach to
selecting employees who would fit in with its new policies. In its advertisements,
the hotel stated a preference for people with some 'service' experience in order to
minimize traditional work practices being introduced into the hotel. Over 7000
applicants filled in application forms for the 120 jobs initially offered at SAH. The
balance of the positions at the hotel (30 management and 40 shift leader positions)
were predominantly filled by transfers from other AHI properties.
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D
A series of tests and interviews were conducted with potential employees,
which eventually left 280 applicants competing for the 120 advertised positions.
After the final interview, potential recruits were divided into three categories.
Category A was for applicants exhibiting strong leadership qualities, Category C was
for applicants perceived to be followers, and Category B was for applicants with
both leader and follower qualities. Department heads and shift leaders then
composed prospective teams using a combination of people from all three
categories. Once suitable teams were formed, offers of employment were made to
team members.
E
Another major initiative by SAH was to adopt a totally multi-skilled
workforce. Although there may be some limitations with highly technical jobs such
as cooking or maintenance, wherever possible, employees at SAH are able to work
in a wide variety of positions. A multi-skilled workforce provides far greater
management flexibility during peak and quiet times to transfer employees to
needed positions. For example, when office staff are away on holidays during quiet
periods of the year, employees in either food or beverage or housekeeping
departments can temporarily fill in. The most crucial way, however, of improving
the labour cost structure at SAH was to find better, more productive ways of
providing customer service. SAH management concluded this would first require a
process of 'benchmarking'. The prime objective of the benchmarking process was
to compare a range of service delivery processes across a range of criteria using
teams made up of employees from different departments within the hotel which
interacted with each other. This process resulted in performance measures that
greatly enhanced SAH's ability to improve productivity and quality.
F
The front office team discovered through this project that a high proportion
of AHI Club member reservations were incomplete. As a result, the service provided
to these guests was below the standard promised to them as part of their
membership agreement. Reducing the number of incomplete reservations greatly
improved guest perceptions of service.
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G
In addition, a program modeled on an earlier project called 'Take Charge' was
implemented. Essentially, Take Charge provides an effective feedback loop from
both customers and employees. Customer comments, both positive and negative,
are recorded by staff. These are collated regularly to identify opportunities for
improvement. Just as importantly, employees are requested to note down their
own suggestions for improvement. (AHI has set an expectation that employees will
submit at least three suggestions for every one they receive from a customer.)
Employee feedback is reviewed daily and suggestions are implemented within 48
hours, if possible, or a valid reason is given for non-implementation. If suggestions
require analysis or data collection, the Take Charge team has 30 days in which to
address the issue and come up with recommendations.
H
Although quantitative evidence of AHI's initiatives at SAH are limited at
present, anecdotal evidence clearly suggests that these practices are working.
Indeed AHI is progressively rolling out these initiatives in other hotels in Australia,
whilst numerous overseas visitors have come to see how the program works.
[This article has been adapted and condensed from the article by R. Carter (1996),
'Implementing the cycle of success: A case study of the Sheraton Pacific Division',
Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 34(3): 111-23. Names and other details
have been changed and report findings may have been given a different emphasis
from the original. We are grateful to the author and Asia Pacific Journal of Human
Resources for allowing us to use the material in this way.]
Questions 1-5
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 1-5 on your answer
sheet.
1. The high costs of running AHI's hotels are related to their .......
A management.
B size.
C staff.
D policies.
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2. SAH's new organisational structure requires .......
A 75% of the old management positions.
B 25% of the old management positions.
C 25% more management positions.
D 5% fewer management positions.
3. The SAH's approach to organisational structure required changing practices in
.......
A industrial relations.
B firing staff.
C hiring staff.
D marketing.
4. The total number of jobs advertised at the SAH was ........
A 70.
B 120.
C 170.
D 280.
5. Categories A, B and C were used to select........
A front office staff.
B new teams.
C department heads.
D new managers.
Questions 6-13
Complete the following summary of the last four paragraphs of Reading Passage 5
using ONE OR TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.
WHAT THEY DID AT SAH
Teams of employees were selected from different hotel departments to participate
in a ...... (6) ....... exercise. The information collected was used to compare ...... (7)
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...... processes which, in turn, led to the development of ...... (8) ......that would be
used to increase the hotel's capacity to improve ...... (9) ...... as well as quality. Also,
an older program known as ...... (10) ...... was introduced at SAH. In this
program,...... (11) ...... is sought from customers and staff. Wherever possible .....
(12) ...... .suggestions are implemented within 48 hours. Other suggestions are
investigated for their feasibility for a period of up to ....... ( 13 ) ......
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 5
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
2. Bạ đ sai ao hiêu
u?
__________________
u?
__________________
3. Bạ đ hoà thà h ài tro g ao l u?
4. Bạ đ sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?
Loại câu hỏi sai
Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai
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__________________
Nguyên nhân sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau
Lỗi sai
Cách sửa
6/ So với bài 8, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?
Giảm
Kh
g thay đổi
Tă g
Số lần
7/ Nguyên nhân
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6.
The Motor Car
A
There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world - and the number
is rising by more than 40 million each year. The average distance driven by car users
is growing too - from 8 km a day per person in western Europe in 1965 to 25 km a
day in 1995. This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems,
including environmental pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion and
safety.
B
While emissions from new cars are far less harmful than they used to be, city
streets and motorways are becoming more crowded than ever, often with older
trucks, buses and taxis, which emit excessive levels of smoke and fumes. This
concentration of vehicles makes air quality in urban areas unpleasant and
sometimes dangerous to breathe. Even Moscow has joined the list of capitals
afflicted by congestion and traffic fumes. In Mexico City, vehicle pollution is a major
health hazard.
C
Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20 km range, the
distance conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by
water or rail. The invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the
masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area. Today
about 90 per cent of inland freight in the United Kingdom is carried by road. Clearly
the world cannot revert to the horse-drawn wagon. Can it avoid being locked into
congested and polluting ways of transporting people and goods?
D
In Europe most cities are still designed for the old modes of transport.
Adaptation to the motor car has involved adding ring roads, one-way systems and
parking lots. In the United States, more land is assigned to car use than to housing.
Urban sprawl means that life without a car is next to impossible. Mass use of motor
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vehicles has also killed or injured millions of people. Other social effects have been
blamed on the car such as alienation and aggressive human behaviour.
E
A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment
found that car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the
external social costs it entails such as congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of
cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on. Yet cars easily
surpass trains or buses as a flexible and convenient mode of personal transport. It
is unrealistic to expect people to give up private cars in favour of mass transit.
F
Technical solutions can reduce the pollution problem and increase the fuel
efficiency of engines. But fuel consumption and exhaust emissions depend on
which cars are preferred by customers and how they are driven. Many people buy
larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively.
Besides, global car use is increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in
emissions and fuel efficiency which technology is now making possible.
G
One solution that has been put forward is the long-term solution of designing
cities and neighbourhoods so that car journeys are not necessary - all essential
services being located within walking distance or easily accessible by public
transport. Not only would this save energy and cut carbon dioxide emissions, it
would also enhance the quality of community life, putting the emphasis on people
instead of cars. Good local government is already bringing this about in some
places. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision - and the
capital - to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles.
H
A more likely scenario seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for
travel into and around cities, with small 'low emission' cars for urban use and larger
hybrid or lean burn cars for use elsewhere. Electronically tolled highways might be
used to ensure that drivers pay charges geared to actual road use. Better
integration of transport systems is also highly desirable - and made more feasible
by modern computers. But these are solutions for countries which can afford them.
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In most developing countries, old cars and old technologies continue to
predominate.
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 6 has eight paragraphs (A-H). Which paragraphs concentrate on
the following information? Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 1-6 on
your answer sheet.
NB You need only write ONE letter for each answer.
1. a comparison of past and present transportation methods
2. how driving habits contribute to road problems
3. the relative merits of cars and public transport
4. the writer's own prediction of future solutions
5. the increasing use of motor vehicles
6. the impact of the car on city development
Questions 7-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage
6? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet write
YES
if the statement agrees with the information
NO
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
7. Vehicle pollution is worse in European cities than anywhere else.
8. Transport by horse would be a useful alternative to motor vehicles.
9. Nowadays freight is not carried by water in the United Kingdom.
10. Most European cities were not designed for motor vehicles.
11. Technology alone cannot solve the problem of vehicle pollution.
12. People's choice of car and attitude to driving is a factor in the pollution
problem.
13. Redesigning cities would be a short-term solution.
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 6
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
2. Bạ đ sai ao hiêu
u?
__________________
u?
__________________
3. Bạ đ hoà thà h ài tro g ao l u?
4. Bạ đ sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?
Loại câu hỏi sai
Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai
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Nguyên nhân sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau
Lỗi sai
Cách sửa
6/ So với bài 8, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?
Giảm
Không thay đổi
Tă g
Số lần
7/ Nguyên nhân
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7.
Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping
A
Research in Britain has shown that green consumers' continue to flourish as
a significant group amongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim
environmentalism is yesterday's issue may be seriously misjudging the public
mood.
B
A report from Mintel, the market research organisation, says that despite
recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy
environmentally friendly products and a 'green wave' has swept through
consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns.
The recently published report also predicts that the process will repeat itself with
'ethical' concerns, involving issues such as fair trade with the Third World and the
social record of businesses. Companies will have to be more honest and open in
response to this mood.
C
Mintel's survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the proportion
who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed
from 53 per cent in 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994. On average, they will pay
13 per cent more for such products, although this percentage is higher among
women, managerial and professional groups and those aged 35 to 44.
D
Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion of consumers claiming to be
unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from 18 to 10 per cent but the
number of green spenders among older people and manual workers has risen
substantially. Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with the south of
England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel, the image of green
consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric members of society
has virtually disappeared. The consumer research manager for Mintel, Angela
Hughes, said it had become firmly established as a mainstream market. She
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explained that as far as the average person is concerned environmentalism has not
gone off the boil'. In fact, it has spread across a much wider range of consumer
groups, ages and occupations.
E
Mintel's 1994 survey found that 13 per cent of consumers are 'very dark
green', nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 per cent are
'dark green', trying 'as far as possible' to buy such products, and 21 per cent are
'pale green' - tending to buy green products if they see them. Another 26 per cent
are 'armchair greens'; they said they care about environmental issues but their
concern does not affect their spending habits. Only 10 per cent say they do not care
about green issues.
F
Four in ten people are 'ethical spenders', buying goods which do not, for
example, involve dealings with oppressive regimes. This figure is the same as in
1990, although the number of 'armchair ethicals' has risen from 28 to 35 per cent
and only 22 per cent say they are unconcerned now, against 30 per cent in 1990.
Hughes claims that in the twenty-first century, consumers will be encouraged to
think more about the entire history of the products and services they buy, including
the policies of the companies that provide them and that this will require a greater
degree of honesty with consumers.
G
Among green consumers, animal testing is the top issue - 48 per cent said
they would be deterred from buying a product it if had been tested on animals followed by concerns regarding irresponsible selling, the ozone layer, river and sea
pollution, forest destruction, recycling and factory farming. However, concern for
specific issues is lower than in 1990, suggesting that many consumers feel that
Government and business have taken on the environmental agenda.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer of Reading
Passage 7? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write
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YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1. The research findings report commercial rather than political trends.
2. Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying 'green'.
3. The majority of shoppers are prepared to pay more for the benefit of the
environment according to the research findings.
4. Consumers' green shopping habits are influenced by Mintel's findings.
5. Mintel have limited their investigation to professional and managerial groups.
6. Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis.
Questions 7-9
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer
sheet.
7. Politicians may have 'misjudged the public mood' because...
A. they are pre-occupied with the recession and financial problems.
B. there is more widespread interest in the environment agenda than they
anticipated.
C. consumer spending has increased significantly as a result of 'green'
pressure.
D. shoppers are displeased with government policies on a range of issues.
8. What is Mintel?
A. an environmentalist group
B. a business survey organisation
C. an academic research team
D. a political organization
9. A consumer expressing concern for environmental issues without actively
supporting such principles is.....
A. an 'ethical spender'.
B. a 'very dark green' spender.
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C. an 'armchair green'.
D. a 'pale green' spender.
Questions 10-13
Complete the summary using words from the box below. Write your answers in
boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. NB There are more answers than spaces, so
you will not use them all.
The Mintel report suggests that in future companies will be forced to practise
greater ...... (10) ...... in their dealings because of the increased awareness
amongst...... (11)...... of ethical issues. This prediction is supported by the growth
in the number of ...... (12)...... identified in the most recent survey published. As a
consequence, it is felt that companies will have to think more carefully about
their ...... (13)....... environmental research armchair ethicals honesty and
openness environmentalists ethical spenders consumers politicians political beliefs
social awareness financial constraints social record.
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 7
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
2. Bạ đ sai ao hiêu
u?
__________________
u?
__________________
3. Bạ đ hoà thà h ài tro g ao l u?
4. Bạ đ sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?
Loại câu hỏi sai
Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau
Lỗi sai
Cách sửa
6/ So với bài 8, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?
Giảm
Không thay đổi
Tă g
Số lần
7/ Nguyên nhân
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8.
Children’s thinking
A
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the
essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two 'behaviour segments' in
some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal.
B
Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for
children that was explicitly based on Clark Hull's principles. The children were given
the task of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed
they had to go through a two-stage sequence. The children were trained on each
stage separately. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two
buttons to get a marble; and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the
toy.
C
The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily
enough. Given the task of getting a marble by pressing the button they could get
the marble; given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them,
they could use the marble. (All they had to do was put it in a hole.) But they did not
for the most part 'integrate', to use the Kendlers' terminology. They did not press
the button to get the marble and then proceed without further help to use the
marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of
deductive reasoning.
D
The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from another
psychologist, Michael Cole, and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture
apparently cannot do the Kendlers' task either. But it lessens, on the other hand,
when we learn that a task was devised which was strictly analogous to the Kendlers'
one but much easier for the African males to handle.
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E
Instead of the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two
differently coloured match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open
the box. Notice that there are still two behaviour segments — 'open the right
match-box to get the key' and 'use the key to open the box' - so the task seems
formally to be the same. But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is
dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects; and it is
clear to him what he is meant to do. It then turns out that the difficulty of
'integration' is greatly reduced.
F
Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for
young children, too, the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task
demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure.
When these are changed in ways which do not at all affect the inferential nature of
the problem, then five-year-old children solve the problem as well as college
students did in the Kendlers' own experiments.
G
Hewson made two crucial changes. First, he replaced the button-pressing
mechanism in the side panels by drawers in these panels which the child could open
and shut. This took away the mystery from the first stage of training. Then he
helped the child to understand that there was no 'magic' about the specific marble
which, during the second stage of training, the experimenter handed to him so that
he could pop it in the hole and get the reward.
H
A child understands nothing, after all, about how a marble put into a hole
can open a little door. How is he to know that any other marble of similar size will
do just as well? Yet he must assume that if he is to solve the problem. Hewson
made the functional equivalence of different marbles clear by playing a 'swapping
game' with the children. The two modifications together produced a jump in
success rates from 30 per cent to 90 per cent for five-year the olds and from 35 per
cent to 72.5 per cent for four-year-olds. For three-year olds, for reasons that are
still in need of clarification, no improvement — rather a slight drop in performance
- resulted from the change.
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I
We may conclude, then, that children experience very real difficulty when
faced with the Kendler apparatus; but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that
they are incapable of deductive reasoning.
Questions 1-8
Classify the following descriptions as a referring....
Clark Hull CH
Howard and Tracy Kendler HTK
Micheal Cole and colleagues MC
Write the appropriate letters in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. NB You may use
any answer more than once.
1. .........is cited as famous in the field of psychology.
2. .........demonstrated that the two-stage experiment involving button-pressing
and inserting a marble into a hole poses problems for certain adults as well as
children.
3. .........devised an experiment that investigated deductive reasoning without the
use of any marbles.
4. ..........appears to have proved that a change in the apparatus dramatically
improves the performance of children of certain ages.
5. .........used a machine to measure inductive reasoning that replaced buttonpressing with drawer-opening.
6. .........experimented with things that the subjects might have been expected to
encounter in everyday life, rather than with a machine.
7..........compared the performance of five-year-olds with college students, using
the same apparatus with both sets of subjects.
8..........is cited as having demonstrated that earlier experiments into children's
ability to reason deductively may have led to the wrong conclusions.
Questions 9-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage
8? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write :
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YES
if the statement agrees with the information
NO
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
9. Howard and Tracey Kendler studied under Clark Hull.
10. The Kendlers trained their subjects separately in the two stages of their
experiment, but not in how to integrate the two actions.
11. Michael Cole and his colleagues demonstrated that adult performance on
inductive reasoning tasks depends on features of the apparatus and procedure.
12. All Hewson's experiments used marbles of the same size.
13. Hewson's modifications resulted in a higher success rate for children of all
ages.
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 8
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
2. Bạ đ sai ao hiêu
u?
__________________
u?
__________________
3. Bạ đ hoà thà h ài tro g ao l u?
4. Bạ đ sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?
Loại câu hỏi sai
Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai
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Nguyên nhân sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau
Lỗi sai
Cách sửa
6/ So với bài 8, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?
Giảm
Kh
g thay đổi
Tă g
Số lần
7/ Nguyên nhân
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9.
Arctic Haze
A
I the 95 s, pilots t a eli g o
eathe e o aissa e flights i the
Canadian high Arctic reported seeing bands of haze in the springtime in the Arctic
region. It was du i g this ti e that the te
A ti haze as fi st used, efe i g
to this smog of unknown origin. But it was not until 1972, that Dr. Glenn Shaw of
the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska first put forth ideas of the
nature and long-range origin of Arctic haze. The idea that the source was long range
was very difficult for many to support. Each winter, cold, dense air settles over the
Arctic. In the darkness, the Arctic seems to become more and more polluted by a
buildup of mid-latitude emissions from fossil fuel combustion, smelting and other
industrial processes. By late winter, the Arctic is covered by a layer of this haze the
size of the continent of Africa. When the spring light arrives in the Arctic, there is a
smog-like haze, which makes the region, at times, looks like pollution over such
cities as Los Angeles.
B
This polluted air is a well-known and well-characterized feature of the late
winter Arctic environment. In the North American Arctic, episodes of brown or
black snow have been traced to continental storm tracks that deliver gaseous and
particulate-associated contaminants from Asian deserts and agricultural areas. It is
now known that the contaminants originate largely from Europe and Asia.
Arctic haze has been studied most extensively in Point Barrow, Alaska, across the
Canadian Arctic and in Svalbard (Norway). Evidence from ice cores drilled from the
ice sheet of Greenland indicates that these haze particles were not always present
in the Arctic, but began to appear only in the last century. The Arctic haze particles
appear to be similar to smog particles observed in industrial areas farther south,
consisting mostly of sulfates mixed with particles of carbon. It is believed the
particles are formed when gaseous sulfur dioxide produced by burning sulfurbearing coal is irradiated by sunlight and oxidized to sulfate, a process catalyzed by
trace elements in the air. These sulfate particles or droplets of sulfuric acid quickly
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capture the carbon particles, which are also floating in the air. Pure sulfate particles
or droplets are colourless, so it is believed the darkness of the haze is caused by the
mixed-in carbon particles.
C
The impact of the haze on Arctic ecosystems, as well as the global
environment, has not been adequately researched. The pollutants have only been
studied in their aerosol form over the Arctic. However, little is known about what
eventually happens to them. It is known that they are removed somehow. There is
a good degree of likelihood that the contaminants end up in the ocean, likely into
the North Atlantic, the Norwegian Sea and possibly the Bering Sea — all three very
important fisheries.
D
Currently, the major issue among researchers is to understand the impact of
Arctic haze on global climate change. The contaminants absorb sunlight and, in
turn, heat up the atmosphere. The global impact of this is currently unknown but
the implications are quite powerful.
Questions 1-6
Complete the summary relating to Reading Passage "Arctic Haze" below.
Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in
boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them at all.
Example
Answer
......... that the origins of spring, arctic haze,
Theories
first seen over the ice cap...
(eg)__exp._____ that the origins of spring, arctic haze, first seen over the ice cap
in the 1950s, came from far away were at first not (1) _______. This haze is a
smog formed in the dark, arctic winter by pollution delivered to the Arctic by
storms (2)_______ in Europe and Asia. It is known to be a recent phenomenon as
proof from (3) _______ shows it only starting to occur in the 20th Century. The
smog consists of sulphates and carbon, the latter creating the (4) _______ of the
haze. Due to lack of research, the final destination of the pollution is unknown but
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it probably ends up in the (5) _______ and therefore into the food chain.
Scientists are presently more worried about the (6) _______ effect it has on
climate change.
burning
terrible
originating sea
agriculture decided
gases
darkness
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ice cores
destroying
bird life
air
valid
certain
theories
unknown
dissipating accepted
density
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 9
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
2. Bạ đ sai ao hiêu
u?
__________________
u?
__________________
3. Bạ đ hoà thà h ài tro g ao l u?
4. Bạ đ sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?
Loại câu hỏi sai
Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau
Lỗi sai
Cách sửa
6/ So với bài 8, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?
Giảm
Kh
g thay đổi
Tă g
Số lần
7/ Nguyên nhân
___________________________________________________________________
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10.
Wind Power in the US
A
Prompted by the oil crises of the 1970s, a wind-power industry flourished
briefly in the United States. But then world oil prices dropped, and funding for
research into renewable energy was cut. By the mid 1980s US interest in wind
energy as a large-scale source of energy had almost disappeared. The development
of wind power at this time suffered not only from badly designed equipment, but
also from poor long-term planning, economic projections that were too optimistic
and the difficulty of finding suitable locations for the wind turbines.
B
Only now are technological advances beginning to offer hope that wind
power will come to be accepted as a reliable and important source of electricity.
There have been significant successes in California, in particular, where wind farms
now have a capacity of 1500 megawatts, comparable to a large nuclear or fossilfuelled power station, and produce 1.5 per ce t of the state s electricity.
C
Nevertheless, in the US, the image of wind power is still distorted by early
failures. One of the most persistent criticisms is that wind power is not a significant
energy resource. Researchers at the Battelle Northwest Laboratory, however,
estimate that today wind turbine technology could supply 20 per cent of the
electrical power the country needs. As a local resource, wind power has even
g eate pote tial. Mi esota s e e gy o
issio al ulates that a i d fa o
o e of the state s south este
idges ould supply al ost all that state s
electricity. North Dakota alone has enough sites suitable for wind farms to supply
more than a third of all electricity consumed in the continental US.
D
The prevailing notion that wind power is too costly results largely from early
research which focused on turbines with huge blades that stood hundreds of
metres tall. These machines were not designed for ease of production or
maintenance, and they were enormously expensive. Because the major factors
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influencing the overall cost of wind power are the cost of the turbine and its
supporting systems, including land, as well as operating and maintenance costs, it
is hardly surprising that it was thought at the time that wind energy could not be
supplied at a commercially competitive price. More recent developments such as
those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic
picture for wind energy. These systems, like installations in Hawaii and several
European countries, have benefited from the economies of scale that come
through standardised manufacturing and purchasing. The result has been a
dramatic drop in capital costs: the installed cost of new wind turbines stood at
$1000 per kilowatt in 1993, down from about $4000 per kilowatt in 1980, and
continues to fall. Design improvements and more efficient maintenance programs
for large numbers of turbines have reduced operating costs as well. The cost of
electricity delivered by wind farm turbines has decreased from about 30 cents per
kilowatt-hour to between 7 and 9 cents, which is generally less than the cost of
electricity from conventional power stations. Reliability has also improved
dramatically. The latest turbines run more than 95 per cent of the time, compared
with around 60 per cent in the early 1980s. Another misconception is that improved
designs are needed to make wind power feasible. Out of the numerous wind
turbine designs proposed or built by inventors or developers, the propeller-blade
type, which is based on detailed analytical models as well as extensive experimental
data, has emerged as predominant among the more than 20,000 machines now in
commercial operation world-wide. Like the gas-driven turbines that power jet
aircraft, these are sophisticated pieces of rotating machinery. They are already
highly efficient, and there is no reason to believe that other configurations will
produce major benefits. Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does
not leave the environment entirely unharmed. There are many potential problems,
ranging from interference with telecommunications to impact on wildlife and
natural habitats. But these effects must be balanced against those associated with
other forms of electricity generation.
E
Conventional power stations impose hidden costs on society, such as the
control of air pollution, the management of nuclear waste and global warming. As
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wind power has been ignored in the US over the past few years, expertise and
commercial exploitation in the field have shifted to Europe. The European Union
spends 10 times as much as the US government on research and development of
i d e e gy. It esti ates that at least
pe e t of Eu ope s ele t i al po e
could be supplied by land-based wind-turbines using current technology. Indeed,
according to the American Wind Energy Association, an independent organisation
based in Washington, Denmark, Britain, Spain and the Netherlands will each
surpass the US in the generating capacity of wind turbines installed during the rest
of the decade.
Question 1-5
1. Which one of the statements is true?
A. Cost was a big factor in preventing the development of wind power
B. Wind power can provide enough electricty for the United States
C. Some US states are powered solely by wind
D. Wind power has developed steadily since the 1970s.
2. What is the general view of wind energy in the United States?
A. Very positive
B. It can only provide small amounts of energy
C. It will reduce global warming
D. Very negative
3. Which of these factors has not contributed to the reduced cost of wind
energy?
A. State subsidies
B. Economies of scale
C. More efficient maintenance
D. Standardisation of design
4. Wind turbine designs...
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A. Are already very good
B. Will be much more efficient in the future
C. Are expected to improve in the future
D. Are good for the environment
5. Wind energy is more developed in Europe than the USA
A. False
B. True
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 10
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
2. Bạ đ sai ao hiêu
u?
__________________
u?
__________________
3. Bạ đ hoà thà h ài tro g ao l u?
4. Bạ đ sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?
Loại câu hỏi sai
Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai
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__________________
Nguyên nhân sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau
Lỗi sai
Cách sửa
6/ So với bài 8, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?
Giảm
Không thay đổi
Tă g
Số lần
7/ Nguyên nhân
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11.
A Revolution in Knowledge Sharing
A
The pressure to transform our institutions of learning continues. Virtually
every enterprise and institution is grappling with the disruptions and opportunities
caused by Web-enabled infrastructures and practices. New best practices, business
models, innovations, and strategies are emerging, including new ways to acquire,
assimilate, and share knowledge. Using technologies that are already developed or
that will be deployed over the next five years, best practices in knowledge sharing
not only are diffusing rapidly but will be substantially reinvented in all settings:
educational institutions, corporations, government organizations, associations,
and nonprofits. But institutions of learning are in a unique position to benefit from
an added opportunity: providing leadership in e-knowledge.
B
E-knowledge finds expression in many shapes and forms in a profoundly
networked world. It is not just a digitised collection of knowledge. E-knowledge
consists of knowledge objects and knowledge flows that combine content, context,
and insights on application. E-knowledge also emerges from interactivity within
and among communities of practice and from the troves of tacit knowledge and
tradecraft that can be understood only through conversations with knowledgeable
practitioners.
C
E-knowing is the act of achieving understanding by interacting with
individuals, communities of practice, and knowledge in a networked world. Eknowledge commerce consists of the transactions based on the sharing of
knowledge. These transactions can involve the exchange of digital content/context
and/or tacit knowledge through interactivity.
D
Transactable e-knowledge can be exchanged for free or for fee. E-knowledge
is enabling not only the emergence of new best practices but also the reinvention
of the fundamental business models and strategies that exist for e-learning and
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knowledge management. E-knowledge is technologically realized by the fusion of
e-learning and knowledge management and through the networking of knowledge
workers.
E
Transactable e-knowledge and knowledge net-working will become the
lifeblood of knowledge sharing. They will create a vibrant market for e-knowledge
commerce and will stimulate dramatic changes in the knowledge ecologies of
e te p ises of all ki ds. They ill suppo t a K o ledge E o o y ased o
creating, distributing, and adding value to knowledge, the very activities in which
colleges and universities are engaged. Yet few colleges and universities have taken
sufficient account of the need to use their knowledge assets to achieve strategic
differentiation.
F
I It Does t Matte , a e e t a ti le i Ha a d Busi ess ‘e ie , Ni holas
G. Ca e do sed o po ate leade s g o i g ie that i fo atio te h ology
offers only limited potential for strategic differentiation. Similar points are starting
to be made about e-learning, and knowledge management has been under fire as
ineffectual for some time.
G
The truth is that e-learning and knowledge management can provide
strategic differentiation only if they drive genuine innovation and business practice
changes that yield g eate alue fo lea e s. Ca s a ti le p o oked a host of
contrary responses, including a letter from John Seely Brown and John Hagel III.
Brown is well-known for his insights into the ways in which knowledge sharing can
provide organizations with a solid basis for strategic differentiation.
Reprinted with permission. © 2003 Donald M. Norris, Jon Mason, Robby Robson,
Paul Lefrere, and Geoff Collier. A Revolution in Knowledge “haring, EDUCAUSE
Review, vol. 38, no. 5 (September/October 2003): 14-26.
Question 1-4
For questions 1-4, choose NO MORE than TWO WORDS for each answer.
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Thanks to the advent of the computer, learning institutions today are providing
new ways of acquiring knowledge, through tools that are 1.................... fast and
which are being already 2...................... in all fields and settings, despite the
3................... the process may entail, which all institutions are
now 4...............................
Question 5-9
For Question 5-9 are based on the paragraph 46.
In boxes 5 - 9 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
5. E-knowledge is primarily based on practices used in business.
6. Educational institutions can be leaders in knowledge net-working.
7. E-knowledge has several benefits to it.
8. Communities of practice are one source of E-knowledge.
9. The key to the success of knowledge management and e-learning is offering
strategic differentiation.
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BẢNG KẾT QUẢ BÀI 11
1. Bạ đ đú g ao hiêu
2. Bạ đ sai ao hiêu
u?
__________________
u?
__________________
3. Bạ đ hoà thà h ài tro g ao l u?
4. Bạ đ sai ở những loại câu hỏi hỏi nào?
Loại câu hỏi sai
Số lần lặp lại lỗi sai
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5. Đọc lại tài liệu đí h kè hoặc google cách làm dạng bài bạ đ sai, sau đ ghi
lại cách sửa lỗi vào bảng sau
Lỗi sai
Cách sửa
6/ So với bài 8, số lần lặp lại cùng một lỗi sai của bạn?
Giảm
Kh
g thay đổi
Tă g
Số lần
7/ Nguyên nhân
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ANSWER KEY
1. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 1 – Right and left-handedness in humans
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. E
8. 15-20%
9. 40%
2. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 2 – Tourism
1. iii
4. vii
7. YES
2. v
5. viii
8. NOT GIVEN
3. iv
6. NO
9. YES
10. 6%
11. D
12. B
10. NOT GIVEN
11. D
12. B
13. F
14. H
3. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 3 - Moles happy as homes go underground
1. xi
8. iv
2. ix
9. sell (more) quickly
3. viii
10. (South Limberg) planners
4. v
11. (road/ noise) embarkments
5. i
12. (Olivetti) employees
6. vii
13. adapt to
7. iii
14. his bakery busmess / a cool room
4. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 4 – Glass: Capturing the dance of light
1. viii
8. (lightbulb) moulds
2. i
9. A
3. ix
10. B
4. iii
11. A
5.vi
12. C
6. molten glass/ ribbon of glass/ molten glass ribbon 13. A
7. belt of steel/ steel belt/ moving belt
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5. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 5 - Implementing the cycle of success: A case
study
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. benchmarking
7. (a range of) service delivery
8. (performance) measures
9. productivity
10. (') Take Charge (')
11. feedback
12. employee(s') / staff
13. 30 days
6. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 6 - The Motor Car
1. C
4. H
7. NOT GIVEN 10. YES
2. F
5. A
8. NO
11. YES
3. E
6. D
9. NOT GIVEN 12. YES
13. NO
7. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 7 – Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream
Shopping
1. YES
4. NOT GIVEN 7. B
10. honesty and openness 13. social record
2. NO
5. NO
8. B
11. consumers
3. YES
6. NOT GIVEN 9. C
12. armchair ethicals
8. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 8 - Childre ’s thinking
1. CH
4. SH
7. HTK
10. YES
2. MC
5. SH
8. SH
11. YES
3. MC
6. MC
9. NOT GIVEN 12. YES
9. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 9 - Arctic Haze
1. Accepted
2. Originating
3. Ice cores
4. Darkness
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5. Sea
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10. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 10 - Wind Power in the US
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. TRUE
11. IELTS Academic Reading Sample 11 - A Revolution in Knowledge Sharing
1. diffusing
2. deployed
3. disruptions
4. grappling with
5. NO
6. YES
7. YES
8. YES
9. YES
Chúc các bạn học tốt,
Trần Tố Linh
Giảng viên IELTS quận Bình Thạnh
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