CHRIST THE KING COLLEGE
Gingoog City
Basic Education Department
S.Y. 2020-2021
MODULE 3 IN 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE
WEEK NO: 3
STUDENT’S NAME: ____________________________
GRADE AND SECTION: _________________
QUARTER
: ____________
Student’s Contact #: ______________
(For Oral Recitation Purposes)
FOCUS COMPETENCY ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY (MELC)
This module presents a comprehensive narration of the different literary genres based on the
significant period in the Philippine History particularly on the different periods of colonization. It
presents the genres that emerged in each period, how it came to be and what are the contributory
factors toward its emergence. It also stipulate some examples of each genre so that the learners will be
able to clearly visualize the very essence of each genre.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
a. differentiate/compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and the
ones from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions;
and (EN12Lit-Id-25)
b. analyze the figures of speech and other literary techniques and devices in the text.
EN12Lit-Ie-27.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE 3: LITERARY GENRES
Lesson 1: POETRY
Lesson 2: FICTION
Lesson 3: DRAMA
Motivation: Is literature a product of its time? Why?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
Lesson I: Poetry
Topic Learning Outcomes: By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:
1. determine essential elements in crafting poetry; and
2. create a sample poem based on a given theme.
Poetry
It is derived from the Greek term “poesis” which means “to create” or “to make”. It is a form of literature
represented by its highly controlled manner of choosing and arranging language with the use of regulating
devices such as sound and rhythm to aesthetically convey meaning. (Baronda, 2016) Poetry is used by most
writers to share their life’s experiences. Thus, it could also mean as an experience pack in a capsule form. A
poem’s form is its appearance. Poems composed of lines and these lines are grouped into stanzas. Most poetic
works utilize few words and they are mainly arranged in lines and in stanzas. The structure also varies depending
on the style used by a writer as such, a haiku, a ballad and a sonnet have peculiar framework.
1
As a form of writing it does not only use words but also uses the following: form, sounds, imagery, and figurative
language to convey its message which we call the elements of poetry. (Baronda, 2016)
1. Sound devices – Some poems use the technique of sound
Rhythmis the pattern of beats or stress in a poem.
Rhymeis the repetition of the same or similar sounds, usually in stressed syllables at the end of lines or
within a line.It can be internal (within the line) or end (at the end of a line).
Alliteration- is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.
Example: Full fathom five thy father lies.
Assonance
is the repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words.
Example: "Hear the mellow wedding bells"
Consonance is the repetition of the same consonant sounds in a line of text.
Example: When Billie looked at the trailer, she smiled and laughed.
Sensory
use of words that appeal to the five senses: such as sight, sound, touch, taste and smell.
experience
2. Figures of Speech- these are special kind of imagery which create pictures by making comparisons. The
following are some of the types:
Simile
is a comparison making use of words as or like.
Example: The stream was like a silver ribbon over the green plains.
Metaphor
is a direct comparison between two unlike things.
Example: Hearty and hale was he, an oak that is covered with snowflakes.
Personification is giving human attributes to inanimate objects.
Example: I long have a quarrel set with Time because he robbed me.
Allusion
using this literary device, the writer refers to a significant person, place, thing, idea in culture,
history, literature, or politics briefly and indirectly.
Example: There is no “Open Sesame” to learning. (reference to Arabian Literature)
Apostrophe
with this literary device, the writer addresses someone or something that is not present in his
work. Example: Milton! Thou shouldst be living at this hour
Furthermore, poems also convey meanings in different ways. Thus, a poem is composed of a few words but it
may have a variety of meanings depending on its reader’s interpretation.
Categories of poems
Narrative Poetry
Lyric Poetry
Dramatic Poetry
includes all poems that tell a story. It has a variety of length and complexity.
Examples of these are: epics, metrical tales and romance, and ballads.
this refers to all poems that express a writer’s profound thoughts or feelings. A traditional
poetry that is characterized by brevity, emotional intensity and musical quality. This is
known for its melodic quality since it was first recited with the accompaniment of a lyre.
Examples: haikus, limericks, odes, elegies, epitaphs, epigrams, sonnets, pastorals, songs
and villanelles.
are long dramatic lyrics which tell the story through the speech of a character.
Examples for this type are: a monologue and a soliloquy.
Lesson II: Fiction
Topic Learning Outcomes: By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:
1. Determine essential elements in crafting fictional literatures.
2. Create a sample fictional literature based on a given theme.
FICTION generally includes works which are purely products of the writer’s imagination. All its characters and
events are just perceived to be real but they don’t exist in real life. (Baronda, 2016)
There are three major forms of Fiction
Short Story
It is a short fiction that can be read in one sitting, has few characters and singular
complication.
Novella
This is shorter version of a novel. It is longer than a short story but shorter than a novel.
Novel
It is a long prose narrative that deals with human experience through a relative sequence of
events--that is known to be complex.
2
Elements of Fiction (Literary Elements)
Setting
This element includes the place and the time of the actions that happen in a story. The time
may be in previous years or decades, in the present period, or even some time in the future.
It refers to the persons or any entity involved in the circumstances and actions in a story.
A. Protagonist- the principal or lead character; commonly referred to as the hero.
B. Antagonist – known as the villain; the role is mainly to oppose or to challenge the main
character; it can be in forms like death, defeat, illness, etc.
C. Static/Flat Character- a character who remains the same from beginning to end of the
story.
Character(s)
D. Dynamic Character-this character goes through significant changes in personality,
behaviour, perspective etc. as the story develops.
E. Round character- known as complex and multidimensional. A character that people can
relate the most. This also appears lifelike.
F. Antihero-a character who does not exhibit the stereotypical qualities inherent to a hero.
G. Foil-refers to a character used to stand in contrast to another character
Plot
It refers to the series of events that take place in a story. The plot is composed of several
elements such as: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and the denouement or
resolution.
Point-of-view
It refers to the vantage point as to the story unfolds. It mainly relates as to the way the story is
told or narrated.
a.First person or participant narrator
b.Second person
c.Third person or non-participant narrator
d.Omniscient 0r the all-knowing narrator
It refers to the opposing forces that may set forth the problems, issues, and the challenges
Conflict
that a character needs to face or deal with.
a. man vs. man
b. man vs. himself
c. man vs. nature
d. man vs. society/culture
Symbols
An object which is used to represent ideas aside from its literal meaning.
Example a dove for peace, a crown for authority and power.
Theme
The significant truth about life which a story attempts to communicate to its readers or
simply the lesson that the readers learned from the story
Literary Techniques
Literary Techniques or Devices refer to specific methods writers employ in their works to convey messages.
Readers, on the hand, look for several literary techniques when examining or analyzing a text or simply
evaluating a text’s artistic value. (Quipper)
refers to the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence to create an artistic
Anaphora
or or heightened effect. It adds rhythm to a particular line or paragraph, making it easier to
epanaphora
memorize. Anaphora is also used for emphasis and stir emotions among the audience.
Example: ‘Tis a fault to heaven, A fault against the dead, a fault to nature
Antihero
is a fictional character who does not possess the traits of a hero such as pride and valor.
Often, antiheroes re portrayed as foolish and usually find themselves in mischief.
is a literary technique used by the author to arouse curiosity among readers by ending a
chapter or story abruptly. Most of the time, the characters are confronted with a difficult or
Cliff-hanger
an unsettling situation. Instead of providing a resolution, the author would end it.
Furthermore, this technique is often found in serialized works. Writers utilize cliff-hangers in
their works to keep the readers focused and interested as to what will happen next.
is a technique authors use in their works to compare two different things, or two contrasting
Juxtaposition
ideas to be able to emphasize their differences, such as good and evil, life and death, truth and
lies, among others. This technique is also used to develop a character, resolve a conflict, or
clarify various concepts.
Foreshadowing refers to lines or dialogues in a story which give the reader an idea of what is about to happen
without spoiling or explicitly stating the plot’s entirety. When writers use this technique,
especially in mystery or thriller novels, they provide “red herrings” (misleading or false clues)
to divert the reader’s expectations.
Catharsis
is derived from the Greek word katharsis, which means “purification” or “purgation” or
“Purgation.” It refers to the emotional release or cleansing of the characters, or audience or
readers, from strong emotions usually brought by learning of the truth or when confronted
with difficult situations. This technique is commonly found in tragedies, such as
Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and Sopphocles’ Oedipus the King.
3
Stream
of sometimes referred to as interior monologue- is a literary technique that is usually associated
Consciousness with Modern writers. The plot is developed based on the character’ reminiscence or
recollection of events and thought fragments. Instead of using dialogues to show the
characters’ reaction or emotion, writers make use of stream of consciousness to show each
character’s complex nature. More so, readers are taken into the depths of the characters’ mind
and witness how these characters process their thoughts when faced with a particular
situation or emotion.
or tragic flaw- is a technique commonly found in Greek tragedies. It refers to the tragic hero’s
error in judgment, which leads to his or her downfall. Most of the time, this error is
committed unknowingly, such in the case of Oedipus when he killed his father Laius and
Hamartia
married his mother Jocasta. Hamartia is used to have the audience identify themselves with
the protagonist ( that he or she has weaknesses too) and to provoke pity because of the
miserable turn of events he or she went through. Additionally, it is used to impart a moral
objective among readers or audience to improve or change for the better so as to avoid the
tragedy that has befallen the protagonist.
Lesson III: Drama
Topic Learning Outcomes: By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:
1. determine essential elements in creating drama; and
2. examine a sample drama.
Drama is basically a literary form intended to represent experiences through a theatre performance. It involves
characters portrayed and impersonated by actors. Typically, a complete story with structure and unity can be
dramatic or comical, having a beginning, middle, and an end. It is mainly an artistic depiction of how a writer
views and sees life through the use of a conflict which is significant to make the events interesting and the
creation of characters that take part in the actions of the story and are motivated by their needs and objectives.
A work of literature which considers series of events developed to be acted out or performed on stage, with lines,
actions, inactions, and silences which are intended to be delivered and projected by the characters to establish
the impression that the events are lifelike before a crowd. Drama as a whole is this piece of writing that tells a
story through dialogue, and it is performed on stage.
Genres of Drama (Baronda, 2016)
Mainly depicts a very serious dramatic atmosphere; the lead character encounters
Tragedy
misfortunes because of fate, moral weakness, or social opposition that may lead to a
disastrous or catastrophic end involving physical or spiritual death or beak down.
A literary composition intended to amuse the viewing crowd. It mainly presents human
Comedy
actions and behaviors lightly. The characters encounter difficulties but later on, find
happiness. There are several types of Comedy like: dark, high, low , comedy of humors, and
old comedy.
It combines the conventions of tragic and comic elements and despite tragic circumstances;
the story ends happily. A serious play exhibiting some qualities of comedy. This can be a
Tragicomedy
commentary on a society’s unpleasant manners, behaviors, and practices that lead to
laughter and a happy ending, yet discomfort is experienced in sarcasm. This may challenge
the audience to think why they need to laugh at something which is somewhat primarily
frightening.
Closet Drama
A written work or a play which is intended to be read, not performed on stage. It sometimes
refers to works which are unsuccessful in theatre and are perceived to be more enjoyable to
read.
Farce
A comic drama in form and is primarily amusing and entertaining. Characters and scenes
are mainly exaggerated.
Melodrama
This is usually accompanied with music and with a song set at a different pace. It is now
seen as a romantic play without serious, comic, or tragic significance. Actions are often too
violent but still virtue dominates and succeeds.
Morality/Mystery A Medieval play which is mainly allegorical; represents good and evil forces highlight the
Play
conflicts of the human soul.
Miracle Plays
This is usually about stories taken from the Bible or the lives of saints.
4
Elements of Drama (Baronda,2016)
Setting
Characters
Plot
Dialogue
Movements
Music
Theme
Stage directions
It pertains to the time and place of the action. It also covers the scenery and physical
elements that transpire on stage to depict the writer’s perspective as to stage design.
They are mainly the ones involved in actions and situations in a story. As the conflict
develops, the characters are revealed. Their behaviors are revealed by their words, behaviors
towards other characters, movements, gestures, and ways on how they express their
thoughts and feelings.
Heavily refers to the action of a drama. It also involves the sequences of related events and
scenes. The plot greatly depends and lies on the conflict of the characters.
The conversation and exchanges between or among characters it helps to tell the whole
story. It is also an element that helps reveal the characters, emotions, conflicts, further
actions, and themes. Soliloquy is a speech of a character to reveal personal thoughts aloud
on-stage. An aside is a short speech of character which is directly addressed to the audience,
not to the other characters performing on stage since they pretend of not hearing it.
It mainly involves the pacing and transition of acts.
This serves as a background used during performances. This is used occasionally to establish
a dramatic effect. This can be done live or provided technically.
This tells what the play is about or the message the play attempts to reveal. A play may
convey a number of themes.
These statements tell the actors how they should look, move, and speak. They also give the
director a picture of how the setting looks like, and what music and other sounds would set
the mood of the play.
Broadening of Concept
Why do you think literature vary in genre and forms?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________.
Values Integration Activity (4-Pronged Integration)
How can these varied forms and genres be used in aiding people from across the different levels in the society?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________.
Biblical Passage: 2 Peter 3:18
 “But grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. To him be glory both
now and forever! Amen.”
SELF-ASSESSMENT: MY LIFE’S POEM
You will be tasked to create a poem that talks about your personal life. Make sure to integrate the devices and
elements essential in crafting poems. Write it in a long bond paper and attach it in this document. Be guided
with the rubrics below.
Essential
elements
Content
Grammar usage
and mechanics
1
2
3
4
5
The content is vague
and
shows
no
relevance to the
task.
The
content
shows
potential
and
is
lightly
relevant to the
task.
The content was
fairly developed
and
is
fairly
relevant to the
task.
The content was
expertly
developed and is
very relevant to
the question.
An
error
in
grammar, usage and
mechanics
are
greatly observed.
An
error
in
grammar, usage
and mechanics are
frequently
observed.
Some errors in
grammar, usage
and mechanics are
observed.
The content was
adequately
developed and is
significantly
relevant to the
question.
Few errors in
grammar
usage
and mechanic are
observed.
Mastery
of
grammar, usage
and mechanics are
greatly observed.
5
SUMMARY: On the space provided below, create your own hashtag about the module you have
answered and incorporate a single sentence explanation.
#________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
REFERENCE/S:
Gorgon, Eugenia R. et. al. 2007. English Expressways Textbook for Third Year. G. Araneta Avenue,
Quezon City. SD Publications, Inc.
Lindamichellebaron. 1999. Rhythm & Dues. 5th edition. Garden City, NY. Harlin Jacque
Publications/Linda Dudley
Maramot, Gloria C. et.al. 2005. Synergy 2 Worktext in English. Purok 6,Bagong Pook, Lipa City. Eferza
Acaemic Publications
Tismo, Boots S. 1995. Spectrum and introduction to Literature. English Department Xavier University
Ateneo de Cagayan. Book center Xavier University
FEEDBACK/COMMENTS:
Monitored by:
_______________________________
Date: _____________________
Parent’s Signature over Printed Name
For questions and concerns, you may contact the subject teacher using the following medium:
Gmail- jlguimaras@gmail.com
Cellphone number- 09976185389
Messenger account- John Louie P. Guimaras
6