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GU JOURNAL OF PHYTOSCIENCES
GU. J. Phytosci. 2(1): 68-73 (2022)
<<
Stress of Cadmium (Cd) Heavy Metal on the Development and
Growth of Plants: A Review
Abdul Basit1*, Allah Bakhsh Gulshan1, Syed Mazhar Irfan2 and Khush Bakhat Saba Qureshi3
1Department
of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan-32200, Pakistan
Associate College, Dera Ghazi Khan-32200, Pakistan
3Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
2Government
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) being heavy metal is a non-essential element that is simply engaged by plants. Cadmium heavy metal is a harmful
effect on the plant metabolism affecting the growth of the plants. Cadmium heavy metal is released into the atmosphere from
various sources, such as power plants, metalworking industries, heating systems, batteries, and urban traffic. Cadmium heavy
metal recognized as particularly hazardous pollutant due to higher toxicity and higher water solubility, and it has been listed as
one of the major poisons. Cadmium is of great importance to the health of plants and humans have been extensively studied
effects on plants at all levels, containing breakdown. The review paper aimed to examine the various properties of cadmium
heavy metals on the growth of plants and in the atmosphere.
Keywords: Cadmium; Heavy Metal; Metabolism; Industries
1. Introduction:
Heavy metals are significant environmental pollutants (Abbas et al., 2014). Its availability in soil depends on
natural processes, in particular soil formation and soil development, but also on human factors such as mining, fossil
fuel combustion, municipal waste treatment and soil runoff the processing industry, shipping operations, phosphate
applications, wastewater from sewage treatment plants and municipal solid waste landfills. The increase in the
heavy metal content of the soil can also be caused by different factors like soil nature and soil texture or various
agricultural practices, such as the use of sludge on agricultural land (Abbas et al., 2018). Household, municipal and
industrial wastes are also sources of heavy metals in soil nature and soil texture (Sessitsch et al., 2014). Heavy metals
contaminated soil allowable limit will reduce agricultural production (Ahmad et al., 2015; Abedi et al., 2020). The
heavy metal accumulation in the environment has become a major issue of the environmental pollution.
Plants naturally face many unfavorable conditions in the atmosphere, like organic and inorganic stresses. In
the case of all other stresses, heavy metal pressure has a significant negative impact on crop yield and growth. The
stress of heavy metal induced responses in plants, ranging from biochemical reactions to the yield of the crops. The
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +92 3496310799
E-mail address: basitgulshan16@gmail.com
© 2022 (Accepted for publication in December 2021)
Published by Department of Botany, Selection and/or peer-review under supervision of Executive
Committee, Ghazi University, DG Khan, 32200 Pakistan
Stress of Cadmium Heavy Metal on the Development and Growth of Plants: A Review
Basit et al.,/ GU J. Phytosci. 2(1): 68-73 (2022)
115
word "heavy metal" denotes some metal element that has a comparatively higher density and remains toxic even at
the lower concentrations. The basic term “heavy metals” applies to the metals in this group and metals, the atomic
densities of metals larger than 4 g/cm3 that are 4 times better than molecule of water (Rastgoo et al., 2014).
However, for density, the heavy metals chemical nature is the major influential factor.
1.1. Objectives:


To describe the various heavy metals effects like mercury, silver, lead, and nickel, according to the alternate
classification and their chemical coordination
To explore heavy metals impacts on the plants and humans in the environment
2. Review of Relevant Literature:
Heavy metals are classified as class B metals such as non-metal, including harmful components like mercury,
silver, lead, and nickel, according to the alternative classification based on their coordination chemistry (Zhang et al.,
2016). Some organic heavy metals are difficult to digest in the environment. These metals are accumulated in the
ecological food chain recognitions by the absorption of major levels of producers and then accumulate by
consumption. Immobilized plants and plant roots are the main interaction for heavy metal ions. In aquatic systems,
the entire plant is unprotected from this ion. Heavy metals are directly absorbed into the plates by particles placed
on the surface of the plates. Plants become immobilized and plant roots are the main contractors for heavy metal
ions. In aquatic systems, all plants are exposed to this ion. Due to the particles deposited on the surface of the panel,
heavy metals are absorbed directly into the leaves.
The cadmium heavy metal accumulation in plants has many indirect and direct effects on growth of plants,
and it changes many physiological functions by compounding with O, N, and S ligands (Azzi et al., 2017). They
interfere with mineral absorption (Bashir et al., 2018) breakdown of protein (Begum et al., 2019) function of the
membrane (Chellaiah et al., 2018), and the relationship between water and seed germination (Chen et al., 2016).
Cadmium inhibits pure photosynthesis in green algae, corn, soybeans, and pigeon peas (Chen et al., 2015a), inhibits
O2 advancement in Anacystis nodules, and PS II (photosystem II) in insulated corn and spinach chloroplasts reported
by Chen et al. (2015b). Furthermore, they disrupt metabolism by changing basic biochemical reactions (Chen et al.,
201c).
Cadmium heavy metal is not an important component, it damages growth of plant. The cadmium heavy
metal released into the environment from power plants, industries, warming systems, metallurgical, and city
transportation. Cadmium heavy metal is extremely recognized as an important chemical due to its higher toxicity
and higher water solubility (Chmielowska-Bąk et al., 2014). Important input sources of cadmium for the aquatic
environment contain atmospheric deposition, domestic wastewater, and industrial waste (Ding et al., 2016). Wagner
(Dharma-Wardana et al., 2018) is estimated uncontaminated soil solutions contained cadmium concentrations
between 0.04 and 0.32 mM. Soil solutions with cadmium concentrations ranging from 0.32 to about 1 mM can be
considered to be moderately contaminated (Dong et al., 2019). Therefore, cadmium is classified as an intermediate
toxic element, but the mechanism of cadmium toxicity is not fully understood. Stomata opening, transpiration, and
photosynthesis are affected by cadmium, and yellowing of leaves, leaf curl, and stunting are the key signs of cadmium
poisoning in the plants (Ehsan et al., 2014).
2.1. Effects of Cadmium Heavy Metals in the Environments
Heavy metal cadmium can exist in atmosphere, it released from man-made and natural resources. It mainly
occurs as a minerals component in the earth crust with typically concentrations of 0.01 to 1.8 mg/kg and normal
concentration of 0.18 mg/kg in soil. In the natural sources freshwater, cadmium heavy metal also present at lower
concentrations of 0.1^g Cd/L, but in environments affected by human activities concentrations can reach several
micrograms/liter or more (USEPA 2001). Various environmental sources of cadmium are illustrated in Figure 1. The
emission ratio of anthropogenic cadmium to natural cadmium can be as high as 7:1.
2.2. Effects of Cadmium (Cd) in Plants (Fresh and Dry Mass):
Cadmium is not an essential nutrient and will inhibit plant growth at high concentrations (Etim et al., 2012).
Cadmium heavy metal also has been reported even at the low concentrations it will alter the breakdown of plants
(Azzi et al., 2017). The occurrence of cadmium in the soil decreases the growth of soybeans (Faraz et al., 2020) and
Stress of Cadmium Heavy Metal on the Development and Growth of Plants: A Review
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Basit et al.,/ GU J. Phytosci. 2(1): 68-73 (2022)
mung beans (Farooq et al., 2020). Higher concentrations of cadmium reduced the growth of cell and whole plant
growth.
2.3. Effects on Photosynthesis:
Cadmium heavy metal is an effective inhibitor of photosynthesis (Gray et al., 2017). An undeviating
relationship between photosynthesis and inhibition of transpiration was detected in soybeans, suggesting that
cadmium inhibits stomatal opening (Gu et al., 2018). Cadmium can damage the photosynthetic apparatus, especially
light-harvesting complex II (de Souza et al., 2015) and light systems I and II (Guo et al., 2018). The inhibition of Fe3+
reductase by cadmium leads to Fe2+ deficiency, which severely affects photosynthesis (Gutsch et al., 2019).
Cadmium as well as induces stomatal closure in advanced plants (Hadi et al., 2014; Hasan et al., 2019).
2.4. Effect on Chlorophyll and Protein Content:
The presence of cadmium reduced the chlorophyll and carotenoid content in Brassica napus increased nonphotochemical extinction (Hassan et al., 2019). Similarly, under the influence of cadmium, chlorophyll synthesis and
levels of other plants decreased (Houben et al., 2013, Hussain et al., 2020). Growth retardation associated with
cadmium treatment may be due to inhibition of protein synthesis (Abbas et al., 2018). Plant toxicity of metals in
other crops has been observed in the form of reduced protein levels (Begum et al., 2019). In addition, the content of
protein in cereals grown under low cadmium heavy metal stress conditions (Huybrechts et al., 2019).
2.4. Effect on Nodulation:
Cadmium heavy metal also presents in the soil like cadmium decreases the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing
organisms and also increased the number of nodules per plant [Imam et al., 2016]. Occurrence of cadmium heavy
metal reduces the nitrogen activity in kidney beans nodulation (Imam et al., 2016; Faraz et al., 2020), clover (Ismael
et al., 2019), soybean (Jali et al., 2014), red poplar (Jali et al., 2016) and pea (Jalmi et al., 2018). Uptake of nitrogen by
plants of pea is severely cadmium affected by exposure (Jalmi et al., 2018). A positive association was observed
between the content of leghemoglobin and nitrogen’s activity (Jan et al., 2018). Both parameters were shown decline
in parallel in the cadmium heavy metal presence (Kalai et al., 2016). Oxidative stress due to Cd2+ accelerates nodular
aging in plants of soybean (Karimpour et al., 2018).
3. Effect of Cadmium on Nitrate Reductase (NR) Activity:
Nitrate reductase is a key enzyme in the pathway of nitrate uptake, it is a regulator growth of plants
(Kaznina et al., 2014), and its levels are affected by environmental different factors (Khan et al., 2017). Cadmium
heavy metal occurrence in soil affects NO absorption in plants of Zea maize (Hasan et al., 2009; Khandare et al.,
2015), peas (Kubier et al., 2019), Silene vulgaris (Anupam et al., 2016), beans and tomatoes (Le Gall et al., 2015), and
Cicer arietinum (Li et al., 2019).
3.1. Effect on antioxidant systems
Under the Cadmium heavy metal stress, the plants possess antioxidant systems of series which protect them
from damage of oxidative (Li et al., 2018). SOD (Super oxidase) is the first enzyme in detoxification, which can
convert O2 free radicals to H2O2 at a very swift percentage (Lopez et al., 2017). Cadmium heavy metal has been
induced oxidative stress by generating free radicals (Mohamed et al., 2018), cadmium heavy metal also reduced the
concentrations of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic, antioxidants (Nazar et al., 2012, Mahajan et al., 2018). These
defence systems like ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherol, oxygen scavengers, and these plants enzymes are
peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (Noh et al., 2016). Peroxidase induction is a common reaction after
the heavy metals toxicity uptake by higher plants (Azzi et al., 2017). Cadmium heavy metal can prevent and motivate
different antioxidant enzymes movement. In the Helianthus annuus plant leaves heavy metal cadmium enhances
lipid peroxidation activity, and increases the activity of lipoxygenase, as well as decreases superoxidase activity
(Yuriko et al., 2014), glutathione reductase activity, catalase, ascorbate and peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and
dehydro ascorbate reductase activity (Webb et al., 2017). Cadmium induces peroxidase (POX) activity in the roots
and leaves of soybean (Shiyu et al., 2020), bean leaves (Rady et al., 2011), and rice (Rucińska-Sobkowiak, 2016).
Stress of Cadmium Heavy Metal on the Development and Growth of Plants: A Review
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4. Discussion:
Cadmium has been shown a negative effect on the germination of attached pollen by an interruption of the
morphology of pollen tubes in various species of plants (Wang et al., 2018). Even in actual little the concentration of
Cd (cadmium) was 0.01 μg ML1 capable of inhibiting germination of the pollen or the growth of the tube in the
Angustifolia VICIA and dependent Rhaphidophora tetrasperma, indicating that this method is complex to the
cadmium heavy metal (Xiao et al., 2017). Cell elongation is deficient in pollen tubes by the heavy metals of cadmium.
The heavy metal cadmium is a symbol of intervention with the anion content of secretory vesicles, which may
contain more pectin polysaccharides and callose, and their association with the cell wall (Yousaf et al., 2016). This
cell wall inactivation, increase the diameter of cells and the abnormal growth of pollen tubes were observed in the
Prunus avium (Cherry). The variety was tested in vitro at an exhibition of cadmium heavy metals (Zeng et al., 2017).
5. Conclusion:
The cadmium (Cd) heavy metal harmfully affects the fitness of the growth of plants by various methods such
as pollen tube formation and germination of pollen, as a result it reduced as described in the seed germination
section. Cadmium affects plant metabolism, affecting development and growth, nodulation, chlorophyll and protein
content, and the rate of photosynthesis. Cadmium also inhibits the activity of nitrate reductase, nitrate absorption
transported from roots to above ground, the information should be noted that, special effects of the cadmium heavy
metal on reproductive stages of the growth of a plant is relatively rare and justifies more helpfulness in the future.
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Stress of Cadmium Heavy Metal on the Development and Growth of Plants: A Review
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