SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY IN NATURAL DISASTER
A STUDY TO AVOID MASSIVE LOSS OF LIFE AND
RESOURCES
Satellite communications play a vital role in disaster management by offering extensive
coverage, especially in areas with low population density and limited infrastructure. Disasters
often impact remote regions where traditional communication networks are compromised,
making satellite technology essential for emergency services, energy providers, aviation,
transport, and other critical sectors. However, satellite communications are susceptible to
disruptions caused by adverse weather conditions and challenging terrains. Therefore, having
contingency plans and redundancies is crucial for effective disaster preparedness.
The study “Scope of Satellite Technology in Catastrophe: Study: Study of Measures to Avoid
Massive Life and Resource Loss” explores the broad scope of satellite technology in disaster
management, focusing on its integral role in minimizing loss of life and resources during
catastrophic events. It emphasizes the critical functions of satellite imagery, providing
real-time and precise data for disaster-affected areas when conventional communication
infrastructure fails. The research highlights the reliability of satellite communication
networks in facilitating emergency response coordination. The study underscores the
substantial benefits of satellite technology, including data provision, communication support,
and improved decision-making processes in disaster management. It reaffirms the consensus
in existing literature, confirming the fundamental importance of satellite technology in
mitigating the consequences of natural disasters.
In our increasingly connected world, satellite communication strengthens the resilience of
disaster management and response efforts, playing a paramount role in safeguarding
communities and enhancing disaster relief operations. This study emphasizes the pivotal
significance of satellite technology in disaster management, aligning with extensive research
and significantly contributing to disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.
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INTRODUCTION
India, one of the most populated countries in the world, is highly exposed to natural disasters.
Due to its geographical location, seismic risk zone and intertropical convergence point, the
Indian subcontinent faces recurring atmospheric phenomena like heavy monsoon rains,
floods, episodes of high heat, drought, etc. According to the data from the World
Meteorological Department 573 disasters took place in India between 1970 and 2021 that
claimed 1,38,377 lives. So, space-based technologies become utmost important in nations
like ours that can contribute to all phases of disaster management.
This report set forth how Satellite Communication can be used in emergency Management.
Space-based technologies can contribute to all phases of the disaster management cycle,
including prevention, preparedness, early warning, response and reconstruction. Before a
disaster takes place, remotely sensed data provides information for systems and models
which can predict disasters and provide early warnings. Satellites are also reliable and rapid
communication, observation and positioning tools, which become particularly vital to relief
and recovery operations when ground-based infrastructure is damaged. Our objective is to
have a detailed analysis on how space technology could reduce the impact of natural
disasters.
The recent flood caused by cloudburst in Amarnath, the heavy earthquake that affected
Gujarat in 2001 and a number of disasters of the recent time clearly shows that India is one of
the world's most disaster prone countries of the world. About 40 mha of India's geographical
area is flood prone (National Flood Control Commission Report, 1980). One of the important
ways to escape from these potential risks is to develop technologies for early prediction of
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disasters, proper strategy for disaster management and developing awareness among the
civilians to overcome the critical situations during natural disaster.
Space Technology is playing an important role for minimizing the adverse effect of natural
disasters. Satellite imagery, giving real-time information over a large area and space-based
technologies like telecommunications, global navigation satellite systems, Geographic
Information Systems and Web Technology can be used for prevention, preparedness, relief,
reconstruction, warning and monitoring the various phases of disaster management. Satellite
imaging aids in the effective planning of recovery and repair activities as well as the precise
estimation of damage and access routes for utilities. Additionally, they assist in determining
the type of material left behind after an incident, which enables them to deploy crews with
the appropriate tools.
Satellite services have helped predict, map out and deliver live information to minimize
damage and casualties during natural disasters and emergencies. As we reflect into the past, it
is vital to have space technology incorporated in disaster management to minimize the
adverse effects of natural disasters.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review on the intersection of space technology and disaster management delves
into the evolving landscape where advanced space-based tools and systems are harnessed to
enhance preparedness, response, and recovery efforts in the face of disasters. This
comprehensive review explores the works of various researchers, scholars, and experts who
have investigated the multifaceted role of space technology in this domain.
The article "Space Technology in Disaster Management," available on ResearchGate,
explores the progressive impact of space technology on enhancing disaster management
practices. Authored by A. Subbarao, Priya R, and Krunal J Joshi, the paper highlights the
evolution of space technology, which has significantly bolstered capabilities in supporting
disaster management endeavors. Essential components such as emergency communication,
navigation, remote sensing, warning systems, and rescue operations have seamlessly
integrated into disaster management protocols. A pivotal role is attributed to satellite imagery,
serving as a critical tool to pinpoint affected areas, assess damage extent, and formulate
effective rescue strategies.
The paper titled "Enhancing Disaster Management through Space Technology Inputs"
authored by V Jayaraman, M G Chandrasekhar, and U R Rao, was published in the
International Astronautical Federation and distributed by Elsevier Science Ltd. The paper
primarily explores the efficacy of space-based technologies in disaster management. The
paper delves into the information prerequisites essential for effective disaster risk
management. Furthermore, it evaluates the capabilities of developing nations in establishing
essential decision support systems and scrutinizes the significance of satellite remote sensing.
The study also spotlights various initiatives undertaken by developing countries to formulate
strategies for disaster preparedness and operational frameworks for disaster management,
integrating remote sensing data with other pertinent information sources.
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The paper titled "ISRO's Competence in Disaster Management," authored by Siva
Subramanian, Srikrishnan, Srivastava, Piyush, Yunus, Ali P., Martha, Tapas, and Sen, Sumit,
in 2023, primarily focuses on the capabilities of ISRO's Space Program in addressing disaster
response and recovery efforts. It covers aspects related to both pre and post-disaster events,
emphasizing their role in restoring affected areas to normalcy. Since its inception, ISRO has
been dedicated to applying advanced technologies to real-world issues faced by humanity and
society. The paper delves into India's and ISRO's space capabilities in disaster management,
highlighting their use of space-based technology not only for India but also for neighboring
regions.
In the article titled "Satellite Communication: A Vital Solution for Resilient Emergency
Response," authored by Doreet Oren, Director of Product Marketing & Corporate
Communications at Gilat Satellite Networks, the unique qualities of satellite communication
and its proven value in emergency response are highlighted as indispensable components for
disaster recovery, emergency preparedness, and response planning. Satellite technology not
only enhances the resilience of communication networks but also plays a crucial role in
directly saving lives. Satellites offer a robust alternative to terrestrial fixed or wireless
technologies and are nearly impervious to catastrophic events like hurricanes, floods, and
earthquakes. In emergency situations, satellites facilitate immediate and vital communication
for relief efforts, a task that would otherwise take days or even weeks to establish using other
methods.
In the article titled "The Role of Satellite Technology in Natural Disasters" by Cara Morgan,
published on May 27, 2020, in X2NSat, the focus is on the valuable contributions of satellite
technology during calamitous events. Satellite technology proves its significance by offering
crucial data during disasters. Positioned safely above Earth's atmosphere, satellites can
provide real-time, comprehensive information about extensive geographical areas. When
combined with advanced analytical techniques like artificial intelligence and machine
learning, this data yields essential insights into natural disasters. Satellites enable first
responders to maintain communication when terrestrial communication methods fail, and
they supply response teams with vital information for effective planning, pinpointing the
areas most in need of assistance. In sum, satellite technology emerges as an indispensable
component in both current and future disaster relief efforts.
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The paper authored by Kazuya Kaku discusses the pivotal role of satellite remote sensing in
disaster management support. It sheds light on the Sentinel Asia (SA) initiative, which
originated in 2006 through cooperation between regional space agencies and disaster
management organizations. SA utilizes space technology, notably satellite remote sensing and
Web-GIS technology, to aid disaster management efforts across the Asia-Pacific region. The
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) played a central role in establishing the SA
framework and crafting its implementation plan as the SA secretariat. SA essentially serves
as an empirical research project, exploring how satellite remote sensing can effectively assist
disaster management through collaboration with end-users. The paper presents a
comprehensive and phased approach, including considerations of human factors, derived
from case studies within the SA context, to outline the requirements for applying satellite
remote sensing in disaster management support.
The article titled "Satellite Communication: A Frontline Service in Remote and
Disaster-Prone Areas, says Trai Official," published by Muntazir Abbas in The Economic
Times, discusses the crucial role of satellite communication (satcom). It highlights that
satcom can serve as a primary communication service, especially in regions where laying
fiber-optic cables is impractical. Additionally, during disaster situations, it plays a vital role in
maintaining essential services such as banking. This viewpoint is emphasized by a senior
official from the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Trai).
In their work titled "The Role of Satellite Remote Sensing in Natural Disaster Management,"
A.C. Teodoro and L. Duarte delve into the concept of a hazard evolving into a disaster when
it impacts populated areas, leading to damage, loss of property, and potential loss of lives.
The primary aim of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of how remote
sensing data and techniques are applied in the management of natural disasters. The authors
categorize various types of natural disasters, including hydrological, geological, geophysical,
meteorological, and climatological events, and examine the diverse remote sensing data
employed for prediction, detection, analysis, and mitigation of these disasters. Ultimately, the
authors underscore the significant advantage of utilizing satellite data, which lies in its
widespread availability for mapping the spatial distribution of factors contributing to natural
disasters.
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In their paper titled "Post Disaster Management Using Satellite Imagery and Social Media
Data," authored by M. Makker, R. Ramanathan, and S. B. Dinesh, the focus is on the critical
need for efficient post-disaster management. They emphasize that equipping disaster
response agencies with essential tools and advanced technologies is crucial for expediting the
rescue and aid process in affected areas. Social media emerges as a valuable platform for
NGOs, individuals, and others to connect with people in different regions and convey the
immediate needs of those affected by disasters. The proposed solution outlined in the paper
leverages both satellite imagery and social media data to support disaster response agencies.
This approach offers a holistic solution that combines resources that were previously
underutilized. It's designed to reduce reliance solely on satellite imagery, which can be less
accurate due to factors like cloud cover or other limitations.
In the paper titled "Enhancing Post-Disaster Management through the Integration of Satellite
Imagery and Social Media Data," authored by M. Makker, R. Ramanathan, and S. B. Dinesh,
the central theme revolves around the vital importance of effective post-disaster management.
The authors stress the necessity of providing disaster response agencies with indispensable
tools and advanced technologies to expedite rescue and aid operations in disaster-affected
regions. Social media emerges as a valuable communication platform, enabling NGOs,
individuals, and others to establish connections with people in diverse geographical areas and
effectively communicate the immediate needs of disaster-affected individuals.
The proposed solution detailed in the paper integrates the use of both satellite imagery and
social media data to enhance the capabilities of disaster response agencies. This
comprehensive system is designed to identify accessible routes in flood-stricken areas and
categorize regions based on the extent of damage, harnessing the power of satellite imagery.
Concurrently, it employs social media data to analyze areas where people might be stranded
and identify critical items required for assistance.
This innovative approach offers a holistic solution that amalgamates resources that were
previously underutilized. Its aim is to reduce over-reliance on satellite imagery alone, which
can be less reliable due to factors such as cloud cover or other operational constraints.
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The research and articles highlighted the pivotal role of satellite technology in disaster
management. They demonstrated how satellites, along with social media and other
technologies, enhance preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.
DISCUSSION
The intersection of satellite technology and disaster management represents a critical frontier
against natural disasters. This discussion explores the pivotal role that satellite technology
plays in enhancing preparedness, response, and recovery efforts, ultimately contributing to
the avoidance of massive loss of life and resources in the face of catastrophic events. The
primary focus of reviewing the literature is on how advanced space-based tools and systems
have evolved to enhance preparedness, response, and recovery efforts in the face of natural
disasters. This comprehensive exploration of existing research reveals critical findings.
The study clearly demonstrates that satellite technology has become an indispensable part in
disaster management. One notable observation is the pivotal role of satellite imagery.
Satellites orbiting above Earth provide real-time and comprehensive data about
disaster-affected areas, enabling precise targeting of relief efforts. This capability becomes
particularly critical when terrestrial communication infrastructure is compromised due to
disaster-related damage. Satellite communication emerges as another essential component,
offering robust and reliable communication networks even in the most adverse conditions.
This immediate and vital communication is instrumental in coordinating emergency response.
The findings from the reviewed literature provide the significant advantages of satellite
technology in disaster management. It provides critical data, facilitates communication, and
enhances decision-making processes, all of which are instrumental in saving lives and
protecting resources during calamitous events. The ability of satellites to provide real-time
information, even when other communication methods fail, is particularly noteworthy.
Our research confirms the findings of previous studies in the field of satellite technology and
disaster management. The existing literature consistently supports the notion that satellite
technology is critical in mitigating the devastating effects of natural disasters. Using satellite
imagery, satellite communication, and international collaboration are recurring themes that
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align with our observations. These findings across multiple studies demonstrate the
importance of satellite technology in disaster management.
In summary, our research reaffirms the significance of satellite technology in disaster
management, aligning with previous studies. Satellite technology is a powerful tool that
enhances preparedness, response, and recovery efforts, ultimately contributing to the
avoidance of massive loss of life and resources during natural disasters. The literature
provides a robust foundation for understanding the multifaceted role of satellite technology in
this critical domain, emphasizing its continued importance in our efforts to build resilient
disaster management practices. The research reaffirms the critical nature of satellite
technology in enhancing preparedness, response, and recovery efforts, ultimately contributing
to the avoidance of massive loss of life and resources during natural disasters. The study
provides a strong foundation for understanding the multifaceted role of satellite technology in
this critical domain, emphasizing its ongoing importance as we work towards building
resilient disaster management practices. As technology continues to advance, satellite
technology will remain a frontline asset in our efforts to mitigate the devastating effects of
natural disasters, ensuring a safer and more resilient future for all.
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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this research paper delves into the transformative role of satellite technology in
disaster management. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and
observations, we have elucidated the critical impact of advanced space-based tools and
systems in enhancing disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.
Our research has revealed several key insights: Firstly, satellite imagery emerges as an
inevitable resource during disaster management. Satellites orbiting above Earth provide
real-time and comprehensive data about disaster-affected areas, enabling precise targeting of
relief efforts. In situations where terrestrial communication infrastructure is compromised,
this capability becomes invaluable.
Secondly, satellite communication stands out as a robust and reliable means of
communication during disasters. It ensures that emergency response agencies can coordinate
effectively, even in the most adverse conditions, ultimately expediting aid delivery and saving
lives. Additionally, our study brings up the critical role of satellite technology in disaster
preparedness. It assists in monitoring and predicting natural disasters, allowing for early
warnings and evacuations. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in assessing disaster risks and
formulating strategies for disaster preparedness.
The research also emphasizes the importance of international collaboration, demonstrated by
initiatives like Sentinel Asia. This cooperative framework between regional space agencies
and disaster management organizations enhances the use of satellite technology and
facilitates the sharing of critical information and resources across borders. Lastly, the
integration of social media data with satellite imagery presents an innovative approach to
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disaster response. It enables immediate connections between affected individuals and
response agencies, streamlining aid delivery.
As technology continues to advance, the role of satellites in disaster management will
become even more indispensable, ensuring a safer and more resilient future for all. Our
research contributes to the collective knowledge in this field, providing valuable insights for
policymakers, disaster management professionals, and researchers as they navigate the
evolving landscape of disaster response and recovery.
REFERENCES:
1. V. Jayaraman, M.G. Chandrasekhar, U.R. Rao, (1997) “Managing the natural disasters
from space technology inputs, Acta Astronautica”, India.
2. Olalekan Mumin Bello, Yusuf Adedoyin Aina, (2014) “Satellite Remote Sensing as a Tool
in Disaster Management and Sustainable Development: Towards a Synergistic Approach,
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences”, Saudi Arabia.
3. A. Subbarao, (2014) “Space Technology in disaster management” India.
4. A.C. Teodoro, L. Duarte, (2022) “The role of satellite remote sensing in natural disaster
management”, Portugal.
5. Kazuya Kaku, (2019) “Satellite remote sensing for disaster management support: A
holistic and staged approach based on case studies in Sentinel Asia, International Journal of
Disaster Risk Reduction”.
6. Siva Subramanian, Srikrishnan, Srivastava, Piyush, Yunus, Ali P., Martha, Tapas, Sen,
Sumit, ISRO’s Capabilities in Disaster Management (2023).
7. M. Makker, R. Ramanathan, and S. B. Dinesh, "Post Disaster Management Using Satellite
Imagery and Social Media Data," (2019) Bengaluru, India.
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8. Muntazir Abbas, (2023) “Satcom can act as frontline service during calamities, in remote
areas: Trai official,” India.
9. Koudelka, Otto, and Schrotter, Peter (2021) "Satellite Services for Disaster Management
and Security Applications," Online Journal of Space Communication, Austria.
10. Voigt, Stefan, Kemper, Thomas, Riedlinger, Torsten, Kiefl, Ralph, Scholte, Klaas, Mehl,
Harald. (2007). “Satellite Image Analysis for Disaster and Crisis-Management Support”.
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APPENDIX- QUESTIONNAIRE
This study explores the invaluable role of satellite communication in disaster management.
Satellite technology proves to be a versatile tool with applications in climate change
assessment, disaster preparedness, and risk mitigation. In times of calamity, when critical
infrastructure, including communication networks, often faces damage, satellites emerge as a
lifeline. Satellites deliver real-time data, offering precise insights into disaster locations and
their severity. This information empowers emergency responders to swiftly and accurately
evaluate the crisis situation, facilitating quicker decision-making and a more effective
response.
The expectation is for respondents to integrate a National Emergency Telecommunication
Plan into their disaster risk reduction strategies at both national and local levels by 2023. This
plan should prominently feature the utilization of satellite technology for real-time disaster
monitoring, efficient recovery planning, accurate damage assessment, and enabling personnel
with the necessary tools. In essence, satellite resources, including imagery and
communication, should play a pivotal role across all phases of disaster management, from
prevention to rehabilitation.
1. Can you think of any recent natural disasters where you believe satellite technology played
a significant role?
Yes, during the wildfires last year, satellites helped track the fire's spread and assess its
impact.
2. How do you think satellite technology can be made more accessible to communities in
disaster-prone areas?
Education and awareness campaigns can help people understand how to access and use
satellite data during disasters.
3. What role do you think individuals and communities can play in supporting the use of
satellite technology for disaster preparedness and response?
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Communities can spread awareness about satellite resources, and individuals can be
proactive in seeking information during disasters.
4. In your opinion, what are the key advantages of using satellites during natural disasters?
Satellite data provides real-time information, helps with early warnings, and supports relief
efforts in hard-to-reach areas.
5. How do you think satellite technology contributes to the safety and well-being of
communities during and after natural disasters?
It allows for better coordination of rescue efforts and helps authorities make informed
decisions.
6. Should satellite technology primarily focus on
a)early warning
b)immediate response
c) recovery during natural disasters? (Choose one)
Ans: Early warning.
7. Do you think satellite technology can facilitate medical teleconsultations in remote areas
during disasters? (Yes/No)
Yes.
8. Is satellite imagery suitable for continuous monitoring during disasters? (Yes/No)
Yes.
9.How do satellites help us see things and know our location when ground infrastructure is
damaged?
a. By providing access to satellite phones
b. By using GPS technology
c. By broadcasting emergency messages on television
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d. By enabling voice and video calls
Ans: By using GPS technology
10. Do you believe that a National Emergency Telecommunication Plan integrating satellite
technology would enhance disaster preparedness and response efforts in your country?
A.
Strongly Agree
A.
Agree
A.
Neutral
A.
Disagree
A.
Strongly Disagree
Ans: Agree
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GLOSSARY
JARGONS
1.Remote Sensing: The process of collecting data about the Earth's surface from satellites,
aircraft, or other platforms to monitor and assess disasters.
2. GIS (Geographic Information System): A system for capturing, storing, analyzing, and
managing geographic data, which is crucial for disaster mapping and analysis.
3. EO (Earth Observation): Refers to the use of satellite-based sensors to observe and collect
data about the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and oceans.
4. SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar): A radar technology used in satellites to create
high-resolution images, even in adverse weather conditions or at night.
5. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR): Strategies and measures to reduce the impacts of
disasters, often involving satellite data for early warning and preparedness.
6. VHR(Very High-Resolution): The use of satellite sensors to capture temperature data.
7. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index): A satellite-derived index used to
monitor and assess vegetation health, which is valuable in disaster recovery and agriculture.
8. MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer): A satellite sensor that
provides data for monitoring wildfires, floods, and other disasters.
9. InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar): A satellite technology that measures
ground deformation, valuable for earthquake and subsidence monitoring.
10. Ground Station: Facilities used to receive and process data from Earth-observing
satellites, often located in disaster-prone areas for real-time monitoring.
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ABBREVIATIONS
1. ISRO : Indian Space Research Organisation
2. RS: Remote Sensing
3. GIS: Geographic Information System
4. EO: Earth Observation
5. SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar
6. DRR: Disaster Risk Reduction
7. MODIS: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
8. LIDAR: Light Detection and Ranging
9. SWIR: Short-Wave Infrared
10. NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
11. VHR: Very High-Resolution
12. NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
13. FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency
14. UNOSAT: United Nations Operational Satellite Applications Programme
15. EMWIN: Emergency Managers' Weather Information Network
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