BIODIVERSITY & HEALTHY
SOCIETY
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• Biodiversity or biological
biodiversity is term that describes
the variety of living beings on earth.
• It encompasses microorganisms,
plants, animals & ecosystems such as
coral reefs, forests, rainforests,
deserts, etc.
• It also refers to the no. or
abundance of different species living
within a particular region.
• It represents the wealth of biological
resources available to us.
• It represents the wealth of
biological resources available to us.
It is all about sustaining the natural
area made up of the community of
plants, animals, & all other living
things, which is beginning to
reduced at a steady rate as we plan
human activities that are reduced by
habitat destruction
SPECIES
DIVERSITY
ECOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
GENETIC
DIVERSITY
1. GENETIC DIVERSITY
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This pertains to variation in genes
contained by organism.
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Genetic diversity deals with the measure
of the variety of the different versions of
the same genes within individual species.
• It includes the genetic variations within
species, both among geographically
separated populations and among
individuals within a single population
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2. SPECIES DIVERSITY
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This denotes about variety of
species within a community.
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Species diversity describes the number of
different kinds of organisms within individual
communities of ecosystems. It includes a full
range of species from microorganisms to giants
and mammoth varieties of plants and animals,
e.g., single celled viruses and bacteria etc., and
multi-cellular plants, animals and fungi.
3. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
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This refers to variation among
groups of organisms in
terrestrial & aquatic
environments.
Ecological diversity assesses
the richness and complexity of
a biological community
including the number of niches,
tropic levels, and ecological
processes that capture the
energy, sustain food webs, and
recycle materials within this
system. It studies variation in
the biological communities in
which species jive, exist and
interact.
yFOREST
DESERT
GRASSLAND
CORAL REEFS
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
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Extinction the elimination of species,
can be a normal process of the natural
world as species out-compete or kill off
others as environmental conditions
change such as during the Ice Ages.
There have been five mass extinction
events. These are referred as
“bottlenecks” in biodiversity.
These events have been documented by
fossil records that most of the species
that ever existed die out & are replaced
by other often by their descendants as
part of evolutionary change.
Over the past 150 years, species are
going extinct at an accelerated and
dangerous rate because of human
activities
From a natural extinction rate of one to
five per year, the extinction rate has
increased to thousands per decade.
Conservation biologists call this “sixth
mass extinction”.
But this time, it is not asteroids, ice age
or volcanoes, but human impact.
A population bottleneck is an event that drastically reduces the size of a
population. The bottleneck may be caused by various events, such as an
environmental disaster, the hunting of a species to the point of extinction,
or habitat destruction that results in the deaths of organisms.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
• Biodiversity is extremely important to people, society,
and the health of the ecosystems. It can aid ecosystem
stability and because we rely on many different
organisms. A few of the reasons are:
Biodiversity provides food and medicines
● Plant and animal species make important contributions to human food supplies.
Some pharmaceutical products are derived from plants, animals, and microbes.
In an article of Montenegro (2015), a newly discovered PHL medicinal plant was
featured in honor of Pope Francis.
A team from UST Graduate School and Research Cluster for
the Natural and Applied Sciences headed by Dr. Grecebio Alejandro have named the
plant Hedyotis papafranciscoi Alejandro, sp. nov. In honor of Pope Francis who visited
the Philippines in 2015.
● could be used to treat cancer, fever, malaria, and rheumatism.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is extremely important to people, society, and
the health of the ecosystems. It can aid ecosystem stability
and because we rely on many different organisms. A few of
the reasons are:
Biodiversity can aide ecosystem
stability
● Maintaining biodiversity can be essential in
existence of other species and other ecological
functions.
● Crocodiles are important in the river's ecosystem.
Their excretions fertilize the riverbeds. These help
propagate planktons, which fishes eat". Suggested
Video: CROCODYLUS (full episode): bit.ly/2ugUkWz
In a documentary video of I-Witness (July 2017),
"Around 100 Philippine Crocodile (Crocodylus
Mindorensis) (see right) are left in the world. Their
disappearance is linked to the destruction of
Mangrove's Forest.
fishing
Biodiversity Aesthetic &
existence values are
important
● Nature appreciation is economically
important.
● It provides job opportunities to local
communities.
● Nature-based activities like fishing,
hunting, camping and hiking also have
cultural value.
● Contact with nature can be
emotionally uplifting. For some, it has
religious and moral significance.
hunting
camping
hiking
Threatened Species
● Any species that is becoming rare and that may become in danger of
extinction.
● Any Criteria to use to classify Threatened Species
1.
2.
3.
4.
Present destruction and modifications of their habitat
Natural or man-made factors.
Population size reduction.
Species’ geographic range.
Biodiversity Loss
● EXTINCTION- the last individual member of the species dies; no species exists.
● CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
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2.
Natural- Environmental factors
Anthropogenic- man-made.
Natural Causes of Extinction:
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3.
Natural- Environmental Change on landscape (Global Warming &
Climate Change
Meteor Impact & Cosmic Radiation
Extreme heating & Cooling of the earth’s surface.
E.O Wilson summarizes human threats to
biodiversity as HIPPO, which stands for
•H
•I
•P
•P
•O
Habitat destruction
Invasive Species
Population Growth
Pollution
Overharvesting
ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
H
Habitat destruction- primary cause of extinction
(e.g. deforestation, oil spills)
ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
I
Invasive Species- species that are introduced by
Humans to affect another species.
• Population Growth- resources are over-used
causing destruction in the environment.
ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
P
Pollution (Acid Rain) due to concentration of sulfur
Dioxide in the atmosphere
ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
P
Pollution (Ozone depletion) due to
chloroflourocarbons (CFC)
ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
P
Pollution (Eutrophication) –build-up of excessive
Nutrients in bodies of water; results to fish kill
ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
O
Overexploitation –getting more than what is really
needed.
Genetically Modified
Organisms
• Organisms have different
characteristics because of the
variety of genes expressed.
• The technology allows insertion of
a desired trait to an organisms
through the process of
recombinant DNA technology
(Genetic Engineering)
• Genetic Engineering is the
process of adding a foreign DNA to
the genome or all genetic material
of another organisms.
• Genetically modified organism
(GMO) is an organism or
microorganism whose genetic
material has been altered to
contain a segment of DNA from
another organism.
• HERBICIDE-RESISTA
NT PLANTS
• Using herbicides may have
killed the weeds around the
plant but it also has an adverse
effect to crops.
• Scientists were able to
develop the characteristic of
plants where they can tolerate
the chemicals in the
herbicides. Thus, the
surrounding weeds are killed
and leave the main crop
unaffected.
THE IMPACT OF GMO TO
BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT
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The basic goal of biotechnology is to provide the means to feed the world's hungry.
Moreover, the benefit of GMO in the increase of the crop yield is well established.
Alarming results have been produced in several recent studies indicating the toxicity
and harm to health and ecology.
The following summarizes the effect:
An insect resistant GM crop could have direct toxic effect on non-target species.
A GM crop could have an indirect effect to other species by reducing the source of
food for other wildlife such as birds.
Pest resurgence could be resulted from insects which become resistant to chemicals
when used on pest tolerant GM crops repeatedly and may increase the number of
insect pest.
Creating an imbalance in nature by changing the predator/prey ratio.