COURSE TITLE: PRAGMATICS
COURSE CODE: EL 353
INSTRUCTOR: MADAM ZAMDA Y. MSOKE
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Definition and overview of the field
• Meaning of Pragmatics
• Background of Pragmatics
• Pragmatic and semantics
• The importance of Pragmatics in our daily
communication
2. References
• Meaning of reference in pragmatics point of view
• Types of reference
• Reference and inference
• The significance of reference in our daily
conversation
Cont…
3.Implicature
• Meaning of implicature
• Types of implicature
• Implicature theories and principles
4. Presuposition
• An introduction to the concept of presupposition
• Types of presupposition
• Presupposition vs entailment
Cont…
5. speech Acts
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Definitions of speech Act
Background
Levels of Speech Act
IFIDS
Felicity conditions
Classification of Speech Act
Direct and indirect speech acts
6. Language via Action
 Concept of language and action
 Concept of Language via action
 Trials and crisis as language
 Nature (Life cycle of butterfly)
 Lord’s language behind every action
7.Politeness and interaction
• Politeness
• Face wants
• Negative and positive face
• Self and other: say nothing
• Say something: off and on record
• Positive and negative politeness
• Strategies
8. Deixis
• The concept of deixis
• Types of deixis
• The role of deixis in our daily communication
TOPIC 1: Definition and overview of the field
Meaning of Pragmatics
The word pragmatics derives from the Greek word
‘pragma’ – matter, thing or action.
Definition of pragmatics from various scholars
 Pragmatics is the study of linguistics meaning in
relation to specific event (the context of
utterance)- (Leech 1983).
 Crystal (1985) define pragmatics as the study of
the aspects of meaning in situations.
Cont…
• Pragmatics, is a branch of linguistics concerned
with the use of language in social contexts and the
way people produce and comprehend meanings
through language (Nordquist, 2019)
• Generally pragmatics can be defined as:
The study of speaker meaning
The study of contextual meaning
The study of how more gets communicated than is
said
Cont…
 Background of Pragmatics
Pragmatics as a branch of linguistics has its origin in Philosophy
especially philosophy of language. The history of the term
pragmatics in modern usage is attributed to Charles Morris (1938),
who at initial stage of the discipline was concerned with signs of
semiotics. Within semiotic. Morris distinguished three distinct
branches of inquiry: syntactic; The study of formal relations of
signs to one another, semantics; the study of signs in relation to
the object to which they are application (designate), and
pragmatics: the study of signs in relation to the interpreters Morris
(1988). Moreover, in 1946, Morris made pragmatics the study of
the origin of the use of signs. From 1930 through to 1946, up to
the present time, pragmatics has continued to grow as an emerging
branch of the huge tree of linguistics study. Moreover, according
to Chomsky‟s (1965) standard theory the new modern meanings
of pragmatics have sprung and it is still subject to new definitions.
Cont…
Difference between pragmatics and semantics
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Cont..
You have a golden heart
Her eyes were diamonds
He is a shining star
Apple of my eye
Old flame
She is an early bird
Life is journey
She is a walking dictionary
Time is money
QUIZ
The importance of Pragmatics in our daily
communication
Topic 2: References
Meaning of reference in pragmatics point of
view
Reference is an act in which speaker, or writer,
uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or
reader, to identify something.
Linguistic forms = referring expressions
Cont…
• Referring expression
A referring expression is any expression used in
an utterance to refer to something or someone.
The same expression can be a referring expression
or not depending on the context.
The condition which makes an expression to be
mentioned as a referring expression is when the
speaker and the hearer have the same perception of
what is being talked about.
George Yule says “Words themselves do not refer to
anything, people refer”
Cont…
• Referent VS Referring expression
Note: Referent is not a referring expression
• Referent is the actual thing in the world
Eg. Swahili words
Vibomu piece of paper students enter with it in
Nondo examination for cheating
Cont…
TYPES OF REFERENCE
Cont…
• Exophora: refer to the use of word or phrase to refer to
something outside of the immediate text.
Pronouns with words such as ‘this’ ‘that’ ‘there’ ‘here’
Example:
What is this?
‘this’ is exophoric since it refers to something extralinguistic i.e there is no enough information in the
utterance itself to determine what ‘this’ refers to, but we
must instead observe the non-linguistic context of the
utterance. (Eg. A speaker might be holding a unknown
object and therefore asks)
Cont…
• Endophora, refers to an expression that refers to
something in the same text.
• Example
I saw Salha yesterday . She was lying on the beach.
The word ‘she’ is endophora because it refers to
something mentioned in the text (Salha)
Cont…
TYPES OF ENDOFORA
Anaphora
Cataphora
Cont….
ANAPHORA
• Anaphora, is a relationship between two
linguistic elements in which the interpretation
of one(anophor) in someway determined by
the interpretation of the other (antecedent)
Cont..
Example:
Salha was in the class, but nobody recognised
her.
Pronoun HER is anophor, reffering back to the
antecedent SALHA
CATAPHORA
Cataphora, describes a form of sentence structure or
phrasing in which a pronoun or other reference
precedes the thing to which it refer.
Example:
Why do we spare time for him, the bankrupt man
REFERENCE AND INFERENCE
Reference is mainly related to the writer or
speaker’s goals and beliefs.
Inference, is the reader or listener’s task to connect
or relate which entity the speaker intends with a
specific referring expressions.
You often drive conclusions from indications in your
everyday life. These inferences help you make
decisions.
Cont…
• What you see
what you know
infer
Salha arrives home at 4;30 and knows that her
mother does not get off of work until 5. Salha also
sees that the lights are off in the house.
Salha can infer that her mother is not yet home.
Class work
• What are the significances of reference in our
daily conversation?
IMPLICATURE
• Implicature accounts for what a speaker can
imply, suggest or mean, as distinct from what the
speaker literally says (Grice).
Scalar implicature
Cont…
Conversational implicature
 Derives from the shared presumption that speaker
and hearer are interacting rationally and
cooperatively to reach a common goal.
Implicating & Infering
 While Levinson (2000) and Sperber &
Wilson(1986) assimilate implicature to non –
logical inference, the two phenomena were quite
distinct for Grice (1989).
Cont…
• While successful communication commonly
relies on implicature, what a speaker
implicates is often quite distinct from what her
words imply or from what a hearer may be
expected to take from them. However speaker
expects hearer will draw appropriate inference.
Grice come up with logical governing dictum
known as Cooperative principle.
Cont…
• Cooperative principle states:
“Make your conversational contribution such as is
required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the
accepted purpose or direction of talk exchange
(Grice, 1967, 1989:26)”
From the principle four maxims of conversation
which govern rational interchange are derived.
Maxim of quality
Maxim of quantity
Maxim of relation
Maxim of manner
Cont…
Maxim of Quality
 Do not say what you believe to be false
 Do not say that for which you lack evidence
Maxim of quantity
 Make your contribution as informative as
required
 Do not make your contribution more
informative than is required.
Cont…
Maxim of relation
 Be relevant
Maxim of manner
 Avoid obscurity of expression
 Avoid ambiguity
 Be brief
 Be orderly
Cont…
 In observing maxims speakers tend to use some
words which show that they observes maxims,
these words are known as hedges
 Hedges, are cautions notes or expressions used by
the speaker to indicate that he or she is conscious
od the cooperative principle of maxims.
 Example of hedges
o Maybe: may be she is the one
o I guess: they attended the meeting. I guess
o I might be wrong but: I might be wrong but what
I know she is married
Cont…
Observing maxims
Example
Speaker A: I am out of gas.
Speaker B: There is a gas station round the corner
In that example speaker A observed maxim of relation.
Violation of maxims
Example
A: Where is Anna
B: She is outside with her father
Speaker B has violated maxim of quantity
Cont…
Conventional Implicature; an implicature which arises
from the particular choice of word or syntax, rather
than from conversational maxims.
Egxample 1.
Even Keny know its unethical
Entails: Keny know its unthical
Conventionally implicates: Keny is the least likely to
know that its unethical
Example 2
Manfred was in Moscow last spring too
Entails: Manfred was in Moscow last spring
Convetionally implicate: Some other person was in
Moscow last spring.
Cont…
Scalar implicature, uses word to express value
from scale of values. Eg. (all, most, many, some,
few) and (always, often, sometime)
When producing an utterance, a speaker selects
the word from the scale which is most
informative and truthful in terms of quantity and
quality.
Cont…
• Example
I have completed some of the required notes.
By choosing ‘some’ in the example, the speaker
creates an implicature not all or most or many.
The basis of scalar implicature is that, when any
form in a scale is asserted, the negative of all
forms higher on the scale is implicated.
Note: Implicated statements are technically
called tautologies
PRESUPPOSITION
Covereage
• An introduction to the concept of presupposition
• Types of presupposition
• Presupposition vs entailment
Cont…
 Presupposition, is something the speaker assumes to be the
case prior to make an utterance.
 Its speakers, not sentences have presupposition.
 Therefore, speakers or writers usually design their message
on the assumption that the hearer of reader has a degree of
the knowledge of what is being communicated.
The notion of presupposition is generally traced back to
German mathematician, logician and philosopher, Gottlob
Frege (1848-1925), He gave the two examples:
 Kepler died in misery
 Kepler did not die in misery
From the two examples Frege (1952) argued that both
sentences presuppose that Kepler actually do exist.
Cont…
More examples
Mary’s dog is cute
Presupposes
 Mary exist
 Mary has a dog
Interestingly, when we produce the opposite of the sentence
above by negating it, presupposition does not change i.e
Mary’s dog is not cute
Presupposes
 Mary exist
 Mary has a dog
This property of presupposition is generally described as
constancy under negation
Note: presupposition contain proposition
Cont…
Presupposition & grammatical construction
In English, certain clauses trigger off
presupposition, especially those that express change
of state such as: begin, stop, continue etc.
There are expressions which trigger presupposition,
these include implicative verbs such as forget,
happen and manage.
Cont…
Types of Presupposition
1. Existential presupposition, is the assumption of
the existence of the entities named by the speaker.
Example when a speaker says “Tony’s car is new”,
presuppose that Tony exist and that he has a car.
Existential presupposition, is not only assumed to be
indicated by possessive constructions, but also more
generally by any definite noun phrase.
2. Factive presupposition, is the assumption that
something is true due to the presence of some verbs
such as ‘know’ and ‘realize’ and of phrases
involving ‘glad’
Cont…
Example;
Aisha didn’t realize she was ill. This presuppose that
‘Aisha is ill’
3. Lexical presupposition, in this presupposition,
using one word, the speaker can act as if another
meaning will be understood.
Example;
Marry stopped running presupposes that ‘Mary used
to run’
You are late again presupposes that ‘You were late’
Cont…
4. Structural presupposition, is the assumption
associated with the use of certain structures. This
involves the use of wh-questions construction
Example
When did she travelled to Europe. Presupposes that
‘she travelled’
When did you buy the book presupposes that ‘you
bought the book’
Cont…
5. Non-Factive presupposition, assumption
referred to something that is not true. Verbs such as
‘dream’, ‘imagine’, ‘pretend’ etc. are used. With the
presupposition that what follows is not true.
Example
I dreamed that I was rich. Presupposes ‘I was not
rich’
We imagined that we were in London. Presupposes
‘We were not in London’
Cont…
6. Counterfactual presupposition, it is the
assumption that what is presupposed is not only
untrue, but is the opposite of what is true or
contrary to facts.
Example
If you were my daughter, I would not allow you to
do this. Presupposes that ‘You are not my daughter’
If I were rich I would buy a car. Presupposes that
‘I am not rich’
Cont…
ENTAILMENT
It is defined as what logically follows from what is
asserted in the utterance.
o Sentence not speakers have entailments
Note: Speakers have presupposition while sentences
have entailments.
Entailment is a semantic concept, not pragmatic,
since it is defined as what logically follows from
what is asserted in the utterance
Cont…
Example
Champalila’s dady bought a car
Entailments
Champalila exist and he has a father
Someone bought a car
Champalila’s dady is rich
Entailments are categorised into two;
 Background entailment
When stress is allocated to the initial word
 Forward entailment
When stress is allocated to the front word
Cont…
Example
DOG chased three cats (Background entailment)
Dog chased THREE cats (Forward entailment)
DEIXIS
• Deixis is a linguistic term derivered from the Greek
language which means ‘pointing at’. It is further refer
to pointing through language or identifying by
pointing. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this
‘pointing’ is called deictic expression.
Deictic terms are used:To refer to ourselves, to others and to objects in our
environment.
To locate actions in a time frame relative to the
present.To show social relationship-the sociallocation of
individual in relation to others.
To locate parts of a text in relation
TOPIC 5: SPEECH ACTS
People do not produce utterances containing only
grammatical structures and words, but via those
utterances they can perform actions.
Actions performed via utterances are generally
called speech acts.
The speaker normally expects that his or her
communicative intention will be recognised by the
hearer. Thus both speaker and hearer are usually
helped in this process by the circumstances
sorrounding the utterance. These circumstances, are
known as speech event
Cont…
Background
Speech act theory is a subfield of pragmatics that
studies how words are used not only to present
information but also to carry out actions (Nordquist,
2020). It was introduced by Oxford philosopher J.L.
Austin in how to do things with words and further
developed by American philosopher J.R. Searle.
Cont…
Levels of speech acts
An action performed by producing an utterance
consist of three related acts: Locutionary act
Illocutionary act
Perlocutionary act
Cont…
Locutionary act; refers to what is said
Illocutionary act; refers to what is intended by the
speaker
Perlocutionary act; refers to the effect the utterance
might have to the hearer
Example:
Office context
Speaker:“You are fired” (Locutionary)
Speaker: intention of A of firing (Illocutionary)
Hearer: exit the building (Perlocutionary)
Cont…
A speaker assume that the intended illocutionary force
will be recognized by the hearer through the
following: i) IFIDs
ii) Felicity condition
i) IFIDS (Illocutionary Force Indicating Device)
Possible IFIDs in English include; word order, stress,
intonation contour, punctuation, the mood of the verb,
and performative verbs.
Example: You’re going! (Tell to go)
You’re going? (Request for confirmation)
Are you going?(Asking if going)
Cont…
Example of performative verb
I promise you that….
I warn you that…
Verb ‘promise’ and ‘warn’ are performative verbs
Cont…
ii) Felicity condition
Felicity condition is a technical term that covers expected or
appropriate circumstance for the performance of speech to be
recognized as intended.
There are five felicity conditions:
Conditions to be observed for the performance to be appropriate: An
example drawn from ‘promise’ and ‘warning’
General conditions; participants to understand the language being
used and that they are not play-acting or being nonsensical.
Content conditions; Example, for both promise and warning, the
content of the utterance must be about a future event. A further
content condition for a promise requires that the future event will be a
future act of the speaker.
Cont…
Preparatory conditions; an a example in promising
and warning. For a promise preparatory conditions
are different from that of warning. When one
promise to do something, there are two preparatory
conditions: first, the event will not happen by itself,
and second, the event will have a beneficial effect.
When uttering a warning, there are the following
preparatory conditions: first, while it is not clear that
the hearer knows the event will occur, the speaker
does think the event will occur. And second the
event will not have a beneficial effect.
Cont…
Sincerity conditions; for a promise, a speaker
genuinely intends to carry out the future action, and
for a warning, the speaker genuinely believes that
the future event will not have a beneficial effect.
Essential condition; By the act of uttering a
promise, a speaker is thereby intend to create an
obligation to carry out the action as promised. In
other words, the utterance changes the speaker’s
state from non-obligation to obligation. Similarly,
with warning, under the essential condition, the
utterance changes the speakers state from noninforming of a bad future event to informing.
Cont…
INFELICITY CONDITION
Infelicity condition, refers to situation which makes
a performance inappropriate.
Austin, distinguishes three categories of infelicities
namely: Misinvocation
Misexecution
Abuses
Misinvocation; is that which disallow a purported
act. Example, an individual who is not traditionally
vested power to marry a couple or christen a child
is disallowed from performing it.
Cont…
Misexcution;here the act is vitiated by errors or
omissions. Example, authority pronounces a couple
husband and a wife, but uses the wrong names or
fails to complete the ceremony by signing the legal
documents, the purported act does not take place.
Abuses; occur when the act succeeds, but the
participants do not exhibit the right attitude or
thought associated with the happy performance of
such act-through insincere promises, false statement
or unfelt congratulation. Here also the purported act
does not take place.
Cont…
Classification of speech acts(General functions of
speech acts)
Searles suggests the following classification of
speech acts.
Assertives: They commit speaker to something
being the case. It involves different kinds such as
suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting,
concluding.
Eg. “No one makes a better cake than me”
Cont…
Directives; They try to make the addressee perform
an action. It involves; asking, ordering, requesting,
inviting, advising, begging.
Eg. “Could you close the window?”
Commisives; They commit the speaker to do
something in future. It involves; promising,
planning, vowing, betting, opposing.
Eg. “I am going to Paris tomorrow”
Cont…
Expressive; They express how the speaker feels
about the situation. It involves; thanking,
apologizing, welcoming, deploring.
E.g.. “I am sorry that I lied to you”
Declaration; They change the state of the world in
an immediate way.
E.g. “You are fired”
Cont…
Direct and indirect speech act
Another approach of distinguishing speech acts is via
direct and indirect speech act.
Direct speech act is realized whenever there is a
direct relationship between a structure and a
function.
Indirect speech act is realized whenever there is an
indirect relationship between a structure and a
function.
Cont…
 When a directive used to make a statement is a
direct speech act, but when it is used to make a
request is an indirect speech act.
Example:
 Close the window. (direct speech act)
 I hereby request you to close the window. (Indirect
speech act)
Politeness and interaction
In preceding discussion(speech act), much was presented to
illustrate language in use with virtually no social lives.
o Much of what we communicate is determined by our
social relationship. The discussion under politeness
and interaction realize the assertion that “A linguistic
interaction is necessarily a social interaction”
o People in interaction will be considered to be socially
distant or close due to some internal and external
factors.
o Internal factor include imposition or degree of
friendless. While external factor include status of
participants base on social values such as age and
power.
Cont…
 Both internal and external factors have an influence
on what we say and how we are interpreted.
 Interpretation may go beyond what we might have
intended to convey and includes evaluations such as
‘rude’ and ‘inconsiderate’ or ‘considerate’ and
‘thoughtful’
 Example: In chinese ‘ni’ in nihao (hello) is used for
normal people and ‘nin’ in ninhao (hello) is used for
respected people obvious socially distant. So when
one use ‘ni’ for respected people will be interpreted
as ‘rude’ and ‘inconsiderate’. While the other who
will use ‘nin’ for the same respected person will be
interpreted as ‘considerate’ and ‘thoughtful’
Cont…
• Recognizing the impact of such evaluations makes
it very clear that more is communicated than is
said.
• Investigation of that impact is carried out in terms
of politeness. One can be considered polite or not
during communication.
There are some principles and norms accustomed
within a culture and one is considered polite by
observing them. However, within an interaction,
there is a more narrowly specified type of politeness
at work. We need a concept of face to describe it.
Cont…
Face, refers to a public self-image of a person. It
refers to that emotional and social sense of self
that everyone has and expects else to recognize.
Therefore, politeness in an interaction can then be
defined as the means employed to show
awareness of another person’s face.
So showing awareness for another person’s face
when that other seems socially distant is often
described in terms of respect or difference. And
showing awareness when the other is socially
close is often described in terms of friendliness,
camaraderie or solidarity.
Cont…
Face wants (public-self image)
People behave as if their face wants will be
respected.
When a speaker say something that represents a
threat to another individual’s expectations regarding
self-image, it is described as face threatening act.
And when speaker say something to lessen the
possible threat. This is referred as face saving act.
Cont…
• Because it is generally expected that each person
will attempt to respect the face wants of others,
there are many different ways of performing face
saving acts. Lets discuss about adhering to one’s
negative and positive face as a way of saving face
wants.
Negative & Positive face
When we want to save another’s face, we pay
attention to their negative face wants or positive face
wants.
Cont…
Positive face; need to be accepted, liked and treated as
member of the same group.
 Example: In discussion
A: Can I join the discussion
B: Ooh yes, please join us brother (Save positive face)
Negative face; need independence, freedom of action and
not to be imposed by others.
 Example: In discussion
A: Please join us brother
B: Sorry I little busy
A: ooh sorry, no problem take your time brother (save
negative face)
Cont…
So a face saving act which is oriented to the
person’s negative face, will tend to show
deference, emphasize the importance of other’s
time or concerns and even include apology for
impression or interruption. This is called Negative
politeness.
A face saving act which is concerned with the
person’s positive face, will tend to show
solidarity, emphasize that both speakers want the
same thing, and that they have a common goal.
This is also called Positive politeness.
Cont…
POLITENESS CONCEPTS & LANGUAGE USE
Self and other: say nothing
You do not say anything, just show actions that
reflect your need
Self: (looks in bag)
Other: (Offers pen) Here, use this
 Many people seem to prefer to have their needs
recognized by others without having to express
those need in language.
Cont…
Say something: off and on record
Even if you have to say something, you don’t have to
ask for anything. You can simply produce a statement
which is not direct after having search in your bag. Eg:
Uh, I forgot my pen or I wonder where I put my pen.
When this is done and the other act as if the statements
have not been heard. These statements are considered
to be off record.
In contrast to off record statements, you can directly
address the other. These direct address are known as on
record.
Cont…
The most direct approach, using imperative forms
such as ‘give me a pen’ or ‘lend me your pen’ is
known as bald on record.
These bald on record forms may be followed by
expressions like ‘please’ and ‘would you’ which
soften the demand. These expression are technically
called mitigating devices.
Generally speaking, bald on record are used by
speaker who assumes to have power over the other.
Cont…
Positive and Negative politeness
A positive politeness strategy leads to appeal to a
common goal, and even friendship via expressions like
i) How about letting me use your pen
ii) Hey, buddy, I’d appreciate it if you’d let me use
your pen
These expressions do represent a great risk for refusal
otherwise a speaker should prepare a talk by starting
with common story with the other. However in
English- speaking context, a face saving act which is
most commonly performed is the negative politeness
strategy. Example: Could you lend me your pen? or
I’m sorry to bother you, but can I ask for a pen?
How to get a pen from someone else
Language and Action





Concept of Language and Action
Language via action
tests and crisis as language
Nature (Life cycle of butterfly)
Lord’s language behind every action
Cont..
Concept of language and action
Various scholars have defined language in different
ways, however with this discussion we will consider
the definition by Derbyshire that “Language is
undoubtedly a kind of communication among human
beings”
Action, can simply be defined as a thing done
Language via Action
Language via action; refers to the situation
where actions done by people communicate
something.
or is the situation where people communicate
via their actions
Every action carries a message
Cont...
Everything you are doing is an act and it has a
message in it and the way you are doing it
communicate something.
Whatever comes into your life is an act, it has
a message and the way it happens
communicate something.
Cont...
“Actions speak louder than words”
From Cambridge advanced learner’s dictionary
& Thesaurus, the statement above is defined as
“what you do is more important than what you
say because the things you do show your true
intentions and feelings”
So raise your voice via your action rather than
your words
Cont...
Our success rely on our action not words
“Hakuna pepo ya msemaji wala msikilizaji, kuna
pepo ya MTENDAJI.
“Nasema:tendeni vitendo na Mwenyezi Mungu
na Mtume wake, na waumini wataviona vitendo
vyenu..” Qur’an: At-Tawba:105
Cont...
“Na YEYE ndiye aliye ziumba mbingu na ardhi
katika siku sita. Na kiti chake cha Enzi kilikuwa
juu ya maji, ili akufanyieni mtihani ajulikane ni
nani miongoni mwenu mzuri zaidi wa vitendo..”
“Siku hiyo watu watatoka kwa mfarakano
wakaonyeshwe vitendo vyao..”
Everyone should therefore be very carefully
with his/her actions
In every action there is equal and opposite
reaction
Trials and Troubles as language
Trial- a test of performance, qualities or
suitability of someone.
Troubles- difficulty or problems that cause
distress or anxiety
Trial are set by the KING..LORD OF WORLDS
(ALLAH S.W)
...Ambaye ameumba mauti na uhai ili
kukujaribuni ni nani miongoni mwenu mwenye
vitendo vizuri zaidi...” Qur’an:Al-Mulk:2
Cont...
Trials results from human’s actions
“Na misiba inayokusibuni ni kwasababu ya
vitendo vya mikono yenu...”
Messages from Trials
• You are loved by the Creator
• You are being tested if your truthful in your
deeds
• If you win your rank is raised if you loose you
loose and expect to resit for the same exam.
• Be patient
Cont...
Messages from troubles
 There is something wrong you have done
 Identify and clear the mistake
 Bear the consequence
 Repent and do istigfaar
 Seek help from your Lord
Nature as language(Life cycle of butterfly
BUTTERFLY
HUMAN BEING
REAL
YOU
Cont...
QUIZ
1. Illustrate the messages derived from the
second(larva, third(pupa) and fourth(Adult) stage of
butterfly’s life cycle in relation to the human life
cycle in the same stages on earth, during death and
after death
2. Explain the similarities and differences between
butterfly and human life cycle in the three stages
Lord’s language behind every action
Lord’s message that is in every human action
“Weather you be among the truthful or liars”
“Ima uwe katika wakweli au waongo”
“Miongoni mwa waumini wapo watu walio timiza waliyo ahidiana na
Mwenyezi Mungu. Baadhi yao wamekwisha kufa, na baadhi wanangojea, wala
hawakubadilisha (ahadi) hata kidogo” Qur’an 33:23
“Ili Mwenyezi Mungu awalipe wakweli kwa sababu ya ukweli wao, na
awaadhibu wanaafiki pindi akitaka, au apokee toba yao. Hakika Mwenyezi
Mungu ni Mwenye kusamehe, Mwenye kurehemu” Qur’an 33:24
Thus we need to sacred (connect to GOD) everything that we do
I.E make all your actions Ibada.
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