Midterm Study Sheet HIST 303 Fall 2017 Some important terms: The Tanzimat - reorganization of the Ottoman Empire - The Ottomans sought European alliances for protection against Russian and Egyptian invasions The Tanzimat period saw the first boom in building roads, ports, and other economic infrastructure that facilitated the transport of goods while Ottoman port cities boomed in this period, producing the first bloom of bourgeois culture, their wealth came from the profits of international trade, not from local production - was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Jizya/ cizye - a per capita yearly tax historically levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects The Ottoman Empire’s Hatt-i Humayun decree of 1856 abolished the jizya in many Ottomanruled territories The Young Turks, who were they? - coalition of various reform groups that led a revolutionary movement against the authoritarian regime of Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid II, which culminated in the establishment of a constitutional government. After their rise to power, the Young Turks introduced programs that promoted the modernization of the Ottoman Empire and a new spirit of Turkish nationalism. Their handling of foreign affairs, however, resulted in the dissolution of the Ottoman state. The 1908 Revolution - The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) of the Ottoman Empire was when the Young Turks movement restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and ushered in multi-party politics in a two stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. - The revolution was in essence the overthrow of the Sultan's autocratic power by the upper class Turks, and the substitution therefor of parliamentary government under their control. The Committee of Union and Progress - The Committee of Union and Progress, later Party of Union and Progress began as a secret society established as the "Committee of Ottoman Union" in Istanbul on February 6, 1889 by medical students - When the plot was discovered, some of its leaders went abroad to reinforce Ottoman exiles in Paris, Geneva, and Cairo, where they helped prepare the ground for revolution by developing a comprehensive critique of the Hamidian system. The most noteworthy among those were Murad Bey, Ahmed Rıza, and Prince Sabaheddin 31 March Incident (1909) - an army mutiny in Istanbul (known because of the Julian calendar as the “31st March Incident”) exposed the weakness of the CUP and at the same time gave it a new opportunity. The mutiny resulted from the discontent of ordinary soldiers over their conditions and their neglect by college-trained and politically ambitious officers and from what they regarded as infidel innovations. They were encouraged by a religious organization known as the Mohammedan Union. The weakness of the government allowed the mutiny to spread, and, although order was eventually restored in Istanbul and more quickly elsewhere, a force from Macedonia (the Action Army), led by Mahmud Şevket Paşa, marched on Istanbul and occupied the city on April 24. The Italo-Ottoman War - The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912 Guess what? Ottomans lost again Treaty of Lausanne (also called Treaty of Ouchy; Oct. 18, 1912), Turkey conceded its rights over Tripoli and Cyrenaica to Italy. Although Italy agreed to evacuate the Dodecanese, its forces continued to occupy the islands The Balkan wars - - The Balkan Wars consisted of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe in 1912 and 1913 Ottaman empire, Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria were the contendors deprived the Ottoman Empire of almost all its remaining territory in Europe. They got destroyed quite badly Under a peace treaty signed in London on May 30, 1913, the Ottoman Empire lost almost all of its remaining European territory, including all of Macedonia and Albania. Albanian independence was insisted upon by the European powers, and Macedonia was to be divided among the Balkan allies. Muslim refugees - all people who recognized the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire were its subjects. In return, the state was expected to protect the people. When Muslims living in other countries wanted to immigrate to the Ottoman Empire, which they used to see as the "dar al-Islam" ("Abode of Islam", where the Muslims enjoy peace and security within the country under Islamic rule), the empire felt itself responsible to allow the immigrants to become subjects. No matter in which country they were living, the Ottoman Empire treated the world's Muslims as its subjects. Economic boycotts - Political weapon to mobilize the masses and create a shift in public opinion Due to the boycott, the masses, workers, merchants, and notables worked together in politics Non muslims became targets in this boycott as it turned into a social event to eliminate non muslims from Turkish economy 1913 Bab-ı Ali Coup - - generally considered as the “mother” of republican coups. was staged by the Union and Progress Party in the aftermath of the humiliating Balkan defeat that produced such a strong syndrome that it still continues in Turkish society On Jan. 23, 1913 Enver Paşa, with a group of mutineers ambushed the Cabinet in session, murdered an adviser to the chief vizier, shot to death Defense Vizier Nazım Paşa and at gunpoint forced Chief Vizier Kıbrıslı Mehmet Kamil Paşa to resign. With the coup Union and Progress came to power and sealed the death edict of the Ottoman Empire by entering World War I along with Germany. The Allied / Central Powers - The central powers included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. The Allies included Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States. Armenian Deportations (1915) - - Mehmed Talat, the Ottoman minister of the interior, announces that all Armenians living near the battlefield zones in eastern Anatolia (under Ottoman rule) will be deported to Syria and Mosul. Large-scale deportations began five days later, after the decision was sanctioned by the Ottoman council of ministers. As the war continued, Turkish brutality towards Armenians only increased; that violence, in turn, provoked more of the insurrection it was designed to smash, and the bloody cycle continued. Meanwhile, famine and disease killed many more people, including some 75 percent of those deported to Asia Minor, as the Ottoman Empire was ill-equipped to supply and transport its own armies, let alone handle large-scale deportations. Many other Armenians fled the country Enver Pasha - determined upon various means of improving the efficiency of the Ottoman armed forces along German lines. - one of three leaders of the so-called 'Young Turk' movement that rebelled against Sultan Abdul Hamid - organised Ottoman resistance in Libya lead the coup d'etat of 23 January organised by the Committee of Union and Progress, bringing full power to the Young Turks. With the success of this movement Enver remained an influential member of the Ottoman government until 1918 Talat Pasha - One of the leaders of young turks - In February 1917 Talaat was made Grand Vizier. He held this position until his resignation on 14 October 1918, immediately prior to Turkey's unconditional surrender to the Allies - murdered in Berlin on 15 March 1921 in an act of revenge by an Armenian assassin. As Minister of the Interior Talaat was faced with the responsibility of ensuring Turkey's domestic ability to conduct war, consequently subordinating Ottoman society to support the army's requirements.
