SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT: BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
BMEN 307 – BIOMECHANICS
GROUP: TWELVE (12)
LAB REPORT 2: ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA MEASUREMENTS.
LECTURER: KWABENA KAN-DAPAAH, PH.D.
GROUP 12 MEMBERS:
1. LAMPTEY N. JORDAN – 10817072
2. YELISONG JEFFREY KENYIRI – 10810195
3. BAAFI PAUL NANA KWAME – 10809727
4. TAWIAH EMMANUEL – 10832357
5. PHILEMON ATIVOR – 10841558
1|Page
ABSTRACT
Anthropometry deals with the measurement of size, shape, and inertial properties of human body
segments[1]. The core elements of anthropometry are height, weight, head circumference, body mass
index (BMI), and body circumferences to assess for adiposity (waist, hips, and limbs) and skin fold
thickness. The typical equipment used to obtain anthropometric data include; weight scale, calibration
weight, stadiometer, knee calipers, non-stretchable table measure, and infantometer. The objective of
this experiment was to highlight the techniques used in collecting and analyzing anthropometric data,
and to compare measured and estimated data with literature anthropometry data. For each member of
this group, data in terms of mass and height were measured. A digital scale was used to collect the mass
of each member. Masses collected from members ranged from 59.57 to 80.02 kg. Their heights similarly
measured values that ranged from 163.7 to 174.3 cm, which is from the shortest to the tallest. All these
measurements were made possible by the use of the anthropometer, stadiometer, digital scale, and
measuring tape. The data gathered indicated variation in body masses, sizes and height. It was noticed
that the same candidate recorded the least value in all the measurements including height, mass, and
body lengths. Measurement obtained from these individuals can be used in designing equipment and
tools that can suit work needs and provide comfort.
INTRODUCTION
Anthropometry is the science that defines physical measures of a person’s body. Its data can simply be
described as a systemic collection and correlation of quantitative data that measures values of body size,
structure, and composition of a particular population [1]. This can include differences between groups
such as race, age, sex, and body type. This data is very vital because it aids in design and ergonomics
[2]. The study also facilitates the prediction of a body’s response to the design of the workspace interface.
Anthropometric data has several implications and benefits in diverse fields such as architecture and
science. Below are some applications of anthropometric data:
1. Improved prevention of occupational injury. The interaction of workers with tasks, tools,
machines, vehicles, and other personal equipment have been made easy with the aid of
anthropometric measurements and datasets. As such, experts can determine the degree of
protection against risk and dangerous exposures, whether chronic or acute.
2|Page
2. Ergonomics is the industry centered on the design and creation of instruments through the
evaluation of human comfort, movement, and other anthropometric measurements. In
ergonomics, anthropometric measurements are derived from the understanding that all aspects of
human life involves numerous activities (e.g. work, physical exercise, family, education, and
leisure). As such, ergonomic designs are tested using series of experiments such as obtaining
anthropometric measurements to derive “ergonomic parameters/dimensions” of posture and
movements. Thus, it is used as a basis for setting up workstations. To summarize, anthropometric
data plays a vital role in design by determining the shape and dimensions of a body so that
products designed are more suitable to provide needed comfort to the user [3].
3. Physical anthropologist and criminologist use anthropometric data and measurements in the
study of human evolution by comparing novel fossil remains to archived specimens and
forensics.
4. Anthropometric data plays vital roles in the fields of anatomical imaging techniques, geriatrics,
pediatrics, and bariatrics (obesity).Anthropometrics has been long recognized as an indicator of
human health in pediatrics. It is used in assessing growth and development of humans, both in
utero and during childhood in the areas of head circumference measurements, weight, and height.
Head circumference is of great importance because it is correlated with brain growth and can
help identify signs of severe malnutrition in children. [3]
METHODOLOGY
a. Total body height (H): Tools – tape measure, headpiece
i.
Shoes and any hair ornaments that could interfere with measurements were removed.
ii.
The subject was made to stand against a flat wall surface with no protrusion.
The following precautions were ensured:
• Feet of subjects were flatly placed on the floor and together, legs were straight,
arms by the size and shoulder were levelled.
• Flooring was a flat hard surface and not carpeted.
• Line of sight of subject is parallel with the floor.
iii.
Measurements were taken while the subject stood with head, shoulders, buttocks, and
heels touching the flat surface (wall).
3|Page
iv.
A flat headpiece was used to form a right angle with the wall and the headpiece was
lowered until it firmly touched the crown of the head.
v.
The measurer’s eyes were then made to focus at the same level as headpiece.
vi.
Where the bottom of the headpiece met the wall was slightly marked and a tape measure
was used to obtain the height from the base of the floor to the marked point on the wall.
vii.
The height was accurately recorded to the nearest 0.1cm.
b. Total body mass (M): Tools – Digital scale
i.
A scale was placed on a hard flat surface.
ii.
Shoes and heavy clothing like sweaters were removed and the subject was made to stand
in the centre of the scale
iii.
The weight of the subject was recorded.
c. Body Segment Lengths (BSL): Tools – Anthropometer
Body length segments were measured from joint to joint. The lengths of the following body
segments were measured:
i.
Hand: Wrist axis/knuckle to middle finger
ii.
Forearm: Elbow axis/ulnar styloid
iii.
Shank: Femoral condyles and medial malleolus
iv.
Foot: Lateral malleolus/head metatarsal II
d. Body Segment circumferences (BSC): Tools – Tape measure
i.
Subject removed any baggy clothes that could interfere with measurements.
ii.
Subjects stood in anatomical position.
iii.
A tape measure was used to measure the circumference of the segment at 2cm interval
starting at the proximal end.
iv.
The circumference of the body segment that was measured was Forearm.
e. Other body segment measurements that were taken included:
i.
Thigh thickness
ii.
Scapular height
iii.
Shoulder height
iv.
Knee height
v.
Elbow height
vi.
Popliteal height
4|Page
vii.
Popliteal lenght
viii.
Hip width
RESULTS
a. Measured data:
Data measured for each member was recorded in the table below.
Table 1: Measured Anthropometric Data
Subject
H(cm)
M(Kg)
ID
BSL (cm)
Hand
BSC
Forearm
Shank
Foot
Forearm
i. 30.5
10817072 166.3
77.36
19.4
27.5
42.3
21.5
ii. 27.0
iii. 23.5
iv. 19.8
i. 27.0
10810195 174.3
66.85
21.1
29.8
43.2
23.5
ii. 24.5
iii. 22.0
iv. 18.3
i. 30.2
10809727 166.6
80.02
20.2
26.7
37.1
21.4
ii. 27.8
iii. 24.5
iv. 20.0
i. 23.2
10832357 168.5
59.60
17.5
27.0
38.2
22.0
ii. 19.3
iii. 17.6
iv. 15.0
i. 30.0
10841558 163.7
59.57
18.7
26.3
36.5
21.3
ii. 27.8
iii. 24.5
iv. 20.0
i.
The table below shows other body segment measurements (e.) that were taken for each
member of the group. All measured in cm.
5|Page
10817072
10810195
10809727
10832357
10841558
Thigh thickness
17.2
14.2
16.9
13.5
11.3
Scapular height
40.3
39.9
38.9
38.8
35.3
Shoulder height
54.5
57.2
55.0
53.7
48.2
Knee height
53.8
55.1
52.7
52.5
52.1
Elbow height
17.4
14.3
16.4
14.6
14.5
Popliteal height
44.3
46.3
39.2
42.4
37.9
Popliteal length
49.3
47.9
51.0
51.3
49.2
Hip width
39.5
32.7
38.0
33.6
34.7
b. Calculating body segment mass (𝒎𝒎𝒕𝒕 )
Individual segment mass is proportional to whole body mass. The total mass of the segment is
defined as: mt = Σmi
Where: mi = ρ𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
For 10841558:
𝐶𝐶1 = 0.3𝑚𝑚 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟1 ,
𝒓𝒓𝟏𝟏 =
0.3
= 0.0477𝑚𝑚
2𝜋𝜋
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (ρ) =
1130𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
,
𝑚𝑚3
𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖: (∆𝐻𝐻) = 0.02𝑚𝑚
Volume (𝑉𝑉1 ) = area × thickness
= π (0.047)2 × 0.02
= 0.000142961𝑚𝑚3
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𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 = 1130𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾/𝑚𝑚3 × 0.000142961𝑚𝑚3
= 0.16155Kg
𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 =
0.278
= 0.04424
2𝜋𝜋
Volume (𝑉𝑉2 ) = π (0.04424)2 × 0.02
= 1.22973×10−4 𝑚𝑚
𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 = 1130𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾/𝑚𝑚3 × 1.22973×10−4 𝑚𝑚
= 0.13896Kg
𝒓𝒓𝟑𝟑 =
0.245
= 0.0389
2𝜋𝜋
Volume (𝑉𝑉3 ) = π (0.0389)2 × 0.02
= 9.5078×10−5 𝑚𝑚
𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 = 1130𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾/𝑚𝑚3 × 9.5078×10−5 𝑚𝑚
= 0.10744Kg
𝒓𝒓𝟒𝟒 =
0.20
= 0.0318𝑚𝑚
2𝜋𝜋
Volume (𝑉𝑉4 ) = π (0.0318)2 × 0.02
= 6.3538×10−5 𝑚𝑚
𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒 = 1130𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾/𝑚𝑚3 × 6.3538×10−5 𝑚𝑚
= 0.07179Kg
Therefore 𝐦𝐦𝐭𝐭 = Σ𝐦𝐦𝟏𝟏 + 𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐 + 𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑 + 𝐦𝐦𝟒𝟒
𝐦𝐦𝐭𝐭 = 0.16155Kg + 0.13896Kg + 0.10744Kg + 0.07179Kg
𝐦𝐦𝐭𝐭 = 0.4797Kg
The same procedure was used to calculate the 𝐦𝐦𝐭𝐭 for the remaining 3 group members.
7|Page
c. Table 2: Calculated Values
No.
Subject ID
1.
10832357
𝒎𝒎𝒕𝒕 (Kg)
2.
10817072
0.4682
3.
10810195
0.3856
4.
10841558
0.4797
0.2597
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪M
7.1465×10−3
7.4447×10−3
6.7769×10−3
6.7354×10−3
𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪M = 𝒎𝒎 × mi × 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖: (∆𝐻𝐻)
𝒕𝒕
For 10841558:
𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪M = 𝒎𝒎 × mi × 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖: (∆𝐻𝐻)
𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪M = 0.4797 × 0.16155Kg × 0.02 = 6.7354×10−3 𝑚𝑚
For 10832357:
𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪M = 𝒎𝒎 × mi × 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖: (∆𝐻𝐻)
𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪M = 𝟎𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 0.09667Kg × 0.02 = 7.4447×10−3 𝑚𝑚
For 10817072:
𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪M = 𝒎𝒎 × mi × 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖: (∆𝐻𝐻)
𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪M = 0.4682 × 0.1673Kg × 0.02 = 7.1465×10−3m
For 10810195
𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪M = 𝒎𝒎 × mi × 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖: (∆𝐻𝐻)
𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪M = 0.3856 × 0.13066Kg × 0.02 = 6.7769×10−3m
8|Page
d. Table 3: Derived Values I
No.
Subject ID
1.
10832357
𝒎𝒎𝒕𝒕 ⁄𝑴𝑴
0.00435
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪⁄𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
2.
10817072
0.00605
0.02599
3.
10810195
0.00577
0.02274
4.
10841558
0.00805
0.02494
e. Table 4:Derived Values II
No.
Subject
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 ⁄𝑯𝑯
ID
10832357 0.1038
1.
0.02761
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯
0.1602
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔⁄𝑯𝑯
0.2267
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯
0.1305
2.
10817072
0.5650
0.1653
0.2543
0.1292
3.
10810195
0.1210
0.1709
0.2478
0.1348
4.
10841558
0.1140
0.1560
0.2160
0.1260
DISCUSSION
a.
i.
This section analyses our results obtained. Data from Table 3 shows the values of
𝒎𝒎𝒕𝒕 ⁄𝑴𝑴 of the forearms for subjects 1, 2, 3, and 4;
10832357
𝒎𝒎𝒕𝒕 ⁄𝑴𝑴
10817072
0.00605
10810195
0.00577
10841558
0.00805
ID
0.00435
From the anthropometric data study sheets [4], that the average value for 𝒎𝒎𝒕𝒕 ⁄𝑴𝑴 of the
forearm is 0.016.
9|Page
Average 𝒎𝒎𝒕𝒕 ⁄𝑴𝑴 =
𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎+ 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎+ 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎+ 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟒
= 0.00605
Comparing measured values to that of literature from the anthropometric data sheets an error
of about 62.156% was obtained.
ii.
Data from Table 3 also shows the values 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪⁄𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 for 4 subjects as:
10832357
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪⁄𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
10817072
0.02599
10810195
0.02274
10841558
0.02494
ID
0.02761
From the anthropometric data study sheets[5], that the average value for
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪⁄𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 of the forearm is 0.430.
𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎+ 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎+ 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎+ 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
Average 𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪⁄𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 =
𝟒𝟒
= 0.02532
Comparing measured values to that of literature from the anthropometric data sheets an error
of about 94.11% was obtained.
b. For this experiment anthropometric data was collected using indirect method, as such
some degree of errors like parallax errors might contribute to differences obtained when
comparing values to that of literature. In addition, values obtained in literature were
collected from nine male Caucasian cadavers having average builds and age of 69 years.
This reason affected the correspondence of our derived values to literature since subjects
for this experiment were Africans and have an average age of 20.
i.
Values derived for 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 ⁄𝑯𝑯 for the 4 subjects were:
10832357
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 ⁄𝑯𝑯
10817072
0.5650
10810195
0.1210
10841558
0.1140
ID
0.1038
10 | P a g e
Anthropometric data from literature [4]showed 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 / H to be 0.128 for males.
Average 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 ⁄𝑯𝑯 =
𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 + 𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒
= 0.22595
Comparing measured values to that of literature from the anthropometric data sheets an error
of about -76.523% was obtained.
ii.
The values derived for 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯 of the subjects were:
ID
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯
10832357
0.1602
10817072
0.1653
10810195
0.1709
10841558
0.1560
Anthropometric data from the same study[4] showed 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯 to be 0.145 for males.
Average of the derived values of 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯 for the 4 subjects is 0.1631.
Comparing measured values to that of literature from the anthropometric data sheets, an
error of about -11.0974% was obtained.
iii.
The values derived for 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔⁄𝑯𝑯 of the subjects were;
10832357
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔⁄𝑯𝑯
10817072
0.2543
10810195
0.2478
10841558
0.2160
ID
0.2267
Anthropometric data from the same study[4] showed 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔⁄𝑯𝑯 to be 0.242 for males.
Average of the derived values of 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯 for the 4 subjects is 0.2362.
Comparing measured values to that of literature from the anthropometric data sheets, an
error of about 2.4855% was obtained.
iv.
The values derived for 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯 of the subjects were:
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10832357
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯
10817072
0.1292
10810195
0.1348
10841558
0.1260
ID
0.1305
Anthropometric data from the same study[4] showed 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯 to be 0.152 for males.
Average of the derived values of 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ⁄𝑯𝑯 for the 4 subjects is 0.1301.
Comparing measured values to that of literature from the anthropometric data sheets, an
error of about 14.41% was obtained.
Deviations of our derived values when compared to values calculated by [5] Drillis and
Contini is due to the use of cadavers, with dismembered body parts. Their measurements
were taken to provide a high level of accuracy whereas our measurements were taken on
live subjects, with intact body parts.
c.
I𝑜𝑜 = 𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡 (𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 )2
𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒; 𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐼𝐼 = I𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥)2
𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 0.02m
𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒; 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
•
For 10832357:
I𝑜𝑜 = 0.2597(0.02)2 = 0.00010388
𝐼𝐼 = 0.00010388 + 0.2597(0.0074447)2 = 0.000118273 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚2
•
For 10817072:
I𝑜𝑜 = 0.4682(0.02)2 = 0.00018728
𝐼𝐼 = 0.00018728 + 0.4682(0.007146)2 = 0.00021119 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚2
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•
For 10810195:
I𝑜𝑜 = 0.3856(0.02)2 = 0.00015424
𝐼𝐼 = 0.00015424 + 0.3856(0.006779)2 = 0.00017195 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚2
•
For 10841558:
I𝑜𝑜 = 0.4791(0.02)2 = 0.00019164
𝐼𝐼 = 0.00019164 + 0.4791(0.0067354)2 = 0.000213375 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚2
The derived values varied with the values from anthropometric datasheets with most of the values
having an error of less than 94.11%. Implying extremely high inaccuracy (between derived
values). This may point to demographic differences between the participants of the anthropometric
data population in literature (North America) and that of this paper (Ghana, West Africa).
CONCLUSION
Body segments parameters were determined through indirect analysis. However, at the end of the lab,
participants were able to grasp the methods and techniques used in collecting and analyzing
anthropometric data. This includes knowledge regarding the use of stadiometer in measuring height, the
digital scale for weight measurement, and the anthropometer for other length measurements. Both
obtained closely agreed with the anthropometric datasheet with minimal errors when compared in
literature. Other properties such as derived values and the inertia moments when compared with values
in literature did not fully correspond. Greater errors were encountered in such areas. This may be due to
the use of wrong calibrations, parallax errors, ineffective measuring tools, and the measurement of few
arm centimeters.
APPENDIX
 Viscoelastic: A material that exhibits both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing
deformation.
 Protrusion: the quality or state of protruding [6].
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 Anatomical position: the position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and palms
forward.
 Center of mass: a point representing the mean position of matter in a body or system.
REFERENCES
[1]
“Anthropometry - Definition, History and Applications | Biology Dictionary.”
https://biologydictionary.net/anthropometry/ (accessed Apr. 01, 2022).
[2]
N. Utkualp and I. Ercan, “Anthropometric measurements usage in medical sciences,”
Biomed Res. Int., vol. 2015, 2015, doi: 10.1155/2015/404261.
[3]
“International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors - 3 Volume Set,” Int.
Encycl. Ergon. Hum. Factors - 3 Vol. Set, Mar. 2006, doi:
10.1201/9780849375477/INTERNATIONAL-ENCYCLOPEDIA-ERGONOMICSHUMAN-FACTORS-3-VOLUME-SET-INFORMA-HEALTHCARE-WALDEMARKARWOWSKI.
[4]
W. Rose, “Anthropometry Formulas,” 2009.
[5]
S. Pheasant and C. M. Haslegrave, “Anthropometric Data,” Bodyspace, pp. 239–279,
2019, doi: 10.1201/9781315375212-10.
[6]
“Protrusion Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster.” https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/protrusion (accessed Apr. 02, 2022).
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