GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
Moossavi, Seyed Morteza. (2014). Human Thermal Comfort Standard Based on Predicted Mean
Vote Model. GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Magazine (English), Year 1,
http://greenarcs.com/?p=1117
Human Thermal Comfort Standard Based on
Predicted Mean Vote Model
Seyed Morteza Moossavi
Ph.D. Scholar of Architecture, M.D. Arch.
Architecture & Ekistics Department
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
____________________________________________
Keywords: Architecture, Green Architecture, Human Thermal Comfort, PMV Model
Abstract
Energy efficiency in buildings is one of the most important aims for the world.
Residential buildings are very important because of its highest percentage of
energy consumption. Thermal comfort is one of the most important parameters in
human life and architecture especially according to energy consumption.
Standards about human thermal reflections and thermal comfort through ISO
7730 and ASHRAE standard with three sub-systems as operative, adaptive and
PMV thermal comfort standards are basis standards and systems.
There are four environmental variables affecting the thermal comfort of the human
body: Air temperature, Radiation, Humidity, Air speed.
Additionally, two personal variables influence thermal comfort: Clothing, Level of
activity.
In this article, Predicted Mean Vote model of thermal comfort standard based on
Fanger’s model and ASHRAE standard 55 as one of the most important models is
explained and it is tried to present a standard for human thermal comfort in all
conditions and climates.
Introduction
The importance of energy efficient buildings has assumed great urgency today.
Figure 1 shows the residential consumption of energy in most industrial countries
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
is the most consumption and every change of design and construction methods to
optimum methods will help to improve energy problem in the world.
Figure 1 Primary energy (2003) 1
Though the benefit of solar passive building design is immense, there are also
some limitations for construction of such buildings. The fundamental problems are
two things to use and green architecture or green building design techniques:
-
The lack of efficient and low-effect of being Passive systems for thermal
comfort.
-
High initial cost and unaesthetic active systems and techniques.
Thus in whole researchers and architects should answer to two problems in green
architecture researches:
-
To achieve more efficient and more effective techniques in passive
systems.
-
Create active systems cheaper.
Figure 2 Life Cycle Energy Use2
1
World Business Council for Sustainable Development Website
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
Human thermal comfort relates to heating, cooling and ventilation and as figure 2
shows, these factors include about 84 percent of energy use in a house. So
thermal comfort can be called the most important factor in energy use in a
residential building.
Human Thermal Comfort
Climate Sensitive Architecture – is a response to the climate
• Based on analysis of climate zone and micro-climate needs
• Based on attaining comfort level in bio-climatic chart
• Identification of Passive design elements such as walls, openings, roofs, etc. &
the use of appropriate technology & materials
•
Preparing
Passive
design
strategies
–
heating,
cooling,
ventilation,
humidification/ dehumidification
Implications
• Reduced energy costs and loads during active life of building
• Thermal comfort of occupants
• Reduced impact (heat island) on the external environment3
Studies show that building occupants are more comfortable and satisfied when
they have some control over their environment, especially regarding temperature,
lighting, and visibility.4
Thermal sensation is subjective, meaning that not all people will experience
comfort in the same thermal environment. For indoor conditions, comfort zones
are typically implemented to satisfy 80% of people.5
There are four environmental variables affecting the thermal comfort of the human
body:
• air temperature
• radiation
• humidity
2
3
Cat, To, Ing, et al., 2007. P.36
Udyavar, R. 2006. P.4
4
Schalcher, H. 2008. P.78
Foundation.
5
Al-Asir, Awadallah, Blomsterberg et al., 2009. P. 115
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
• air speed
Additionally, two personal variables influence thermal comfort:
• clothing
• level of activity
However, other personal factors related to adaptation and acclimatization have
proven to affect thermal sensation and are discussed below.6
Human Thermal Comfort Standards
Human thermal comfort is defined by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) as the state of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the surrounding environment ().7 Also it is defined in British
Standard BS EN ISO 7730 as: ‘That condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment.’ ISO standard 7730 for the thermal
environment (ISO, 2005) relates to human physiology and heat transfer, and is
based on Fanger’s studies and his PMV equation. In this article thermal comfort
standard basis on ASHRAE PMV method is explained.
The ‘rational’ approach to thermal comfort seeks to explain the response of people
to the thermal environment in terms of the physics and physiology of heat transfer.
An ‘index’ of thermal comfort is developed which expresses the thermal state of
the human body and in terms of the thermal environment.8
Thermal comfort is affected by heat conduction, convection, radiation, and
evaporative heat loss. Thermal comfort is maintained when the heat generated by
human metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal equilibrium
with the surroundings. Any heat gain or loss beyond this generates a sensation of
discomfort. It has been long recognized that the sensation of feeling hot or cold is
not just dependent on air temperature alone.
6
The same Source.
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, 2004.
8
J. Fergus Nicol and Michael A Humphreys , 2002.
7
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Thermal Comfort Model
Fanger has developed a model for thermal comfort that is presented by ASHRAE.
This model is Predicted Mean Vote model (PMV). The PMV equation only applies
to humans exposed for a long period to constant conditions at a constant
metabolic rate. Conservation of energy leads to the heat balance equation:
H – Ed – Esw – Ere – L = R + C
Equation 1
Where,
H = internal heat production
Ed = heat loss due to water vapour diffusion through the skin
Esw = heat loss due to sweating
Ere = latent heat loss due to respiration
L = dry respiration heat loss
R = heat loss by radiation from the surface of the clothed body
C = heat loss by convection from the surface of the clothed body
The equation is expanded by substituting each component with a function
derivable from basic physics. All of the functions have measurable values with
exception of clothing surface temperature and the convective heat transfer
coefficient which are functions of each other. To solve the equation, an initial
value of clothing temperature is estimated, the convective heat transfer coefficient
computed, a new clothing temperature calculated etc., by iteration until both are
known to a satisfactory degree.
Now let us assume the body is not in balance and write the heat equation as:
L = H – Ed – Esw – Ere – L – R - C,
Equation 2
where L is the thermal load on the body.
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
Define thermal strain or sensation, Y, as some unknown function of L and
metabolic rate. Holding all variables constant except air temperature and
metabolic rate, we use mean votes from climate chamber experiments to write Y
as function of air temperature for several activity levels. Then substituting L for air
temperature, determined from the heat balance equation above, evaluate the
partial derivative of Y with respect to L at Y=0 and plot the points versus metabolic
rate. An exponential curve is fit to the points and integrated with respect to L. L is
simply renamed "PMV" and we have (in simplified form).9
Then a Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) that predicts the mean response of a large
number of occupants is defined based on the thermal sensation scale.
The PMV is defined by Fanger as:
[
Equation 3
]
Where,
PMV = Predicted Mean Vote Index
M = metabolic rate
L = thermal load - defined as the difference between the internal heat production
and the heat loss to the actual environment - for a person at comfort skin
temperature and evaporative heat loss by sweating at the actual activity level. The
thermal load has to be obtained by solving the heat balance equation for the
human body.10
The table below indicates the sensible and latent (steam) heat loss from people.
The values can be used to estimate heat loads handled by air conditioning
systems. So it is possible to calculate thermal load (L) through this table.
Note that the values are based on older ISO and ASHRAE standards. Later ISO
and ASHRAE standards should be checked for updated values.
9
University of Strathclyde Engineering Website
IIT Kharagpur, (2008), Part 29, Page 14
10
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
Table 1 Sensible and Latent Heat Loss According to Metabolic rates and Room dry Bulb
Temperature11
Room Dry Bulb Temperature (oC)
Average
Degree
of
Activity
Metabolic
Typical
rate -
Application
male
rest
Seated,
very light
work
Office
work
Standing,
walking
slowly
26
24
22
20
Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat.
Cinema,
theatre,
100
50
50
55
45
60
40
67
33
72
28
79
21
120
50
70
55
65
60
60
70
50
78
42
84
36
130
50
80
56
74
60
70
70
60
78
52
86
44
130
50
80
56
74
60
70
70
60
78
52
86
44
150
53
97
58
92
64
86
76
74
84
66
90
60
160
55 105 60 100 68
92
80
80
90
70
98
62
220
55 165 52 158 70 150 85 135 100 120 115 105
school
Computer
working
Hotel
reception,
cashier
Laboratory
work
Walking,
seated
Moderate
Servant,
work
hair dresser
Light
Mechanical
11
27
adult
(W)
Seated at
28
The Engineering Toolbox Website. Persons and Metabolic Heat Gain.
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
Room Dry Bulb Temperature (oC)
Average
Degree
of
Activity
2014
Metabolic
Typical
rate -
Application
male
28
27
26
24
22
20
adult
(W)
Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat. Sens. Lat.
production
bench
work
Moderate
Dancing
Party
Fast
Mountain
walking
walking
Heavy
work

Athletics
250
62 188 70 180 78 172 94 156 110 140 125 125
300
80 220 88 212 96 204 110 190 130 170 145 155
430
132 298 138 292 144 286 154 276 170 260 188 242
1 W = 3.41
Btu/hr
Figure 3 Heat loss Vs
ConvectionRadiation,
Evaporation, Total Body
Heat12
12
The Same Source.
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
Figure 4 shows the heat exchange between clothed and nude occupant and the
environment at various operative temperatures. Figure 4 is interpreted as follows:
(a) When the metabolic rate is about 1 met (58.2 W/m 2) , there is no body cooling
nor body heating at an operative temperature of about 25.5oC for light clothed
person and 31oC for nude person.
(b) When the operative temperature drops to lower values, the dry heat exchange
is increased and the evaporative heat loss is mainly respired vapour loss. The
skin temperature and the temperature of superficial and deep tissues drop,
resulting in a negative
heat storage.
(c) When the operative
temperature
exceeds
29oC,
rate
the
of
evaporative heat loss is
significantly
in
increased
order
to
counterbalance
the
reduction of dry heat
exchange to maintain
the thermal equilibrium.
Figure 4 Heat Exchange of Persons with the Environment13
(d) The body temperature tends to rise only when the body is entirely wet, and the
evaporative heat loss is inadequate. There exists a positive rate of heat storage.
(e) Body temperature above 43oC may cause death.
13
City University of Hongkong Website. Heat exchange Between the Human Body and the
Environment
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
The metabolic rate, or human body heat or power production, is often measured in
the unit "Met". The metabolic rate of a relaxed seated person is one (1) Met,
where
1 Met = 58 W/m2 (356 Btu/hr)
Equation 4
The mean surface area, the Du-Bois area, of the human body is approximately 1.8
m2 (19.4 ft2). The total metabolic heat for a mean body can be calculated by
multiplying with the area. The total heat from a relaxed seated person with mean
surface area would be
58 W/m2 x 1.8 m2 = 104 W (356 Btu/hr)
Equation 514
Table 2 Typical metabolic rates for some common activities15
W/m2
W1)
Btu/hr1)
Met
46
83
282
0.8
Seated relaxed
58
104
356
1.0
Standing at rest
70
126
430
1.2
70
126
430
1.2
Car driving
80
144
491
1.4
Graphic profession - Book Binder
85
153
522
1.5
Activity
Reclining
Sleepimng
Sedentary activity (office, dwelling,
school, laboratory)
14
15
The Engineering Toolbox. Predict Mean Vote Index (PMV)
The same source
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
1
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
Activity
W/m2
W1)
Btu/hr1)
Met
Standing, light activity (shopping, laboratory, light industry)
93
167
571
1.6
Teacher
95
171
583
1.6
Domestic work -shaving, washing and dressing
100
180
614
1.7
Walking on the level, 2 km/h
110
198
675
1.9
116
209
712
2.0
Building industry - Brick laying (Block of 15.3 kg)
125
225
768
2.2
Washing dishes standing
145
261
890
2.5
Domestic work - raking leaves on the lawn
170
306
1043
2.9
Domestic work - washing by hand and ironing (120-220 W)
170
306
1043
2.9
175
315
1075
3.0
Building industry -forming the mould
180
324
1105
3.1
Walking on the level, 5 km/h
200
360
1228
3.4
205
369
1259
3.5
232
418
1424
4.0
261
470
1602
4.5
275
495
1688
4.7
290
522
1780
5.0
319
574
1959
5.5
Standing, medium activity (shop assistant,
domestic work)
Iron and steel - ramming the mould with a
pneumatic hammer
Forestry -cutting across the grain with a
one-man power saw
Volleyball
Bicycling (15 km/h)
Calisthenics
Building industry - loading a wheelbarrow with stones and
mortar
Golf
Softball
Gymnastics
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
Activity
2014
W/m2
W1)
Btu/hr1)
Met
348
624
2137
6.0
360
648
2210
6.2
380
674
2333
6.5
405
729
2487
7.0
464
835
2848
8.0
500
900
3070
8.5
550
990
3377
9.5
Aerobic Dancing
Swimming
Sports - Ice skating, 18 km/h
Bicycling (20 km/h)
Agriculture - digging with a spade (24 lifts/min.)
Skiing on level, good snow, 9 km/h
Backpacking
Skating ice or roller
Basketball
Tennis
Handball
Hockey
Racquetball
Cross County Skiing
Soccer
Running 12 min/mile
Forestry - working with an axe (weight 2 kg. 33 blows/min.)
Sports - Running in 15 km/h
1)
1.8 m2 (19.4 ft2) -
The metabolic rates varies from person to person and the intensity of the activity.
The insulation of clothes are often measured in the unit "Clo", where
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
1 Clo = 0.155 m2K/W


Clo = 0 - corresponds to a naked person
Clo = 1 - corresponds to the insulating value of clothing needed to maintain
a person in comfort sitting at rest in a room at 21 ℃ (70 ℉) with air
movement of 0.1 m/s and humidity less than 50% - typically a person
wearing a business suit
Table Examples of estimates of clothing insulation values (Icl) for use in the PMV thermal
equation of Fanger (1970)
An extension of the index to include a range of activity and clothing values
provides the Standard Effective Temperature (SET) thermal index. (Gagge et al.,
1972) The SET is defined as the temperature of an isothermal environment with
air temperature equal to mean radiant temperature, 50 percent relative humidity,
and still air (v < 0.15 m s -1) in which a person with a standard level of clothing
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
insulation would have the same heat loss at the same mean skin temperature and
the same skin wettedness as he does in the actual environment and clothing
insulation under consideration.
Table Predicted mean vote (PMV) values from Fanger (1970). Assume rh = 50%; still air,
and ta = ttPMV; +3, hot; +2, slightly warm, +1, warm; +1, warm; 0, neutral; -1, slightly cool;
-2, cool; -3, cold16
16
The Same Source.
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
Table Clothing insulation for the standard environment used in the definition of standard
effective temperature (SET)17
17
Parsons, Ken. 2002. P. 213
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
So according to the last equations, tables and figures it is possible to present a
table basis on sensation and physiological state of sedentary person. In the
following table relation between Standard Effective Temperature Index Level and
thermal sensation is observed.
Table Relationship between standard effective temperature (SET) index levels and
thermal sensation18
PPD - Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied Index
Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied - PPD - index is a quantitative measure of the
thermal comfort of a group of people at a particular thermal environment.
Fanger related the PMV to Percent of People Dissatisfied (PPD) by the following
equation:
18
Parsons, Ken. 2002. P. 214
[
]
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
Equation 6
where dissatisfied refers to anybody not voting for –1, 0 or +1. It can be seen from
the above equation that even when the PMV is zero (i.e., no thermal load on
body) 5 % of the people are dissatisfied! When PMV is within ± 0.5, then PPD is
less than 10 %.19
Figure 3 PPD – Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied
PPD Index20
Based on the studies of Fanger and subsequent sampling studies, ASHRAE has
defined a thermal sensation scale, which considers the air temperature, humidity,
sex of the occupants and length of exposure. The scale is based on empirical
equations relating the above comfort factors. The scale varies from +4 (hot) to –4
(cold) with 0 being the neutral condition.
Table 1 The Thermal Sensation Scale of the PMV Index21
Sensation
Value
19
IIT Kharagpur, (2008), Part 29, Page 14.
The Engineering Toolbox. Predict Mean Vote Index (PMV).
21
Design Builder Website. Energy Plus Thermal Comfort.
20
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
Very Cold
-4
Cold
-3
Cool
-2
Slightly Cool
-1
Nutral
0
Slightly Warm
+1
Warm
+2
Hot
+3
Very Hot
+4
2014
Lowest Possible Percentage Dissatisfied (LPPD) Index
The LPPD is a quantitative measure of the thermal comfort of a room as a whole
for a group of people in a thermally non-uniform environment. It is more useful for
large rooms than for small one. As a recommended design target, LPPD is not to
exceed 6%.22
PMVe – Predicted Mean Vote with Expectancy Factor
PMV was recently extended to better predict indoor comfort in naturally ventilated
buildings in warm climates by including an expectancy factor (Fanger and Toftum,
2002). The new index is called PMVe and is calculated as:
Equation 7
where
e = expectancy factor
Table 3 Expectancy factors for the PMV index (Fanger and Toftum, 2002)23
22
23
No. of air-conditioned buildings
Expectancy factor e
Many
0.9-1.0
Some
0.7-0.9
Few
0.5-0.7
City University of hong Kong. Prediction of thermal Comfort.
Fanger, P. Ole, Toftum, Jurn. 2002. 533±536.
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
The expectancy factor e, depends on how common air-conditioned buildings are;
the more common air-conditioned buildings are, the higher the expectancy factor,
as can be seen in Table 24.
Conclusion
Human thermal comfort is a main parameter in green building design and
construction. There are some models to calculate this parameter. One of the most
important is PMV. Fanger as developer of PMV model has presented a model
basis on thermal sensation and human psychology in different environments.
The main result and formulate of this analyses is the following equation:
[
]
M in this equation is Metabolic rates in different actions and L is Thermal Load of
human body in different activities and climates.
Analysis shows that a simplified rate for Standard Effective Temperature basis on
sensation and Psychological State of Sedentary Person as the following:
-
Human thermal comfort rate: 22.2℃ - 25.6℃
Warm and hot unaccebtable climates as:
-
slightly warm and slightly unaccebtable: 25.6 ℃ - 30.0℃
warm, uncomfortable: 30.0 ℃ - 34.5℃
-
Hot, very unaccebtable: 34.5℃ - 37.7℃
-
Very hot, Very Uncomfortable >37.5℃
Cool and cold unaccebtable climates:
-
Slightly cool, slightly unaccebtable: 17.5℃ - 22.2℃
-
Cool and unaccebtable: 14.5℃ - 17.5℃
-
Cold, very unaccebtable 10.0℃ - 14.5℃
-
Very cold and very uncomfortable: <10.0℃
Fanger related the PMV to Percent of People Dissatisfied (PPD) by the following
equation:
[
]
Thermal sensation scale, which considers the air temperature, humidity, sex of the
occupants and length of exposure is from +4 (hot) to –4 (cold) with 0 being the
neutral condition.
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
2014
To better predict indoor comfort in naturally ventilated buildings in warm climates
The new index is called PMVe and is calculated as:
Expectancy factor for many of buildings is 0.9-1.0 basis on Fanger and Toftum
research.
References
-
Al-Asir, H. S., Awadallah, T., Blomsterberg, Hakansson, H., Hellstrom, B.,
& Kvist, H. (2009). Climate Conscious Architecture and Urban Design in
Jordan (p. 115). Lund, Sweden: Lund University, Royal Scientific Society.
-
ASHRAE, (2010), ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
-
Cat, D., To, E. D., Ing, M. A. K., Ffe, A. D. I., & Nce, R. E. (2007). Facts &
Trends Energy Efficiency in Buildings Contents (p. 36). ConchesGeneva:
World Business Council For Sustainable Development.
-
Chauhan, K. A., & Shah, N. C. (2008). A Study on Sustainable Urban
Environment with Climatic Consideration in Housing Planning. Global
Journal of Environmental Research, (1), 12–17.
-
City University of hong Kong. Prediction of thermal Comfort. Retrieved on
25/02/2014.
Address:
http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bsapplec/newpage315.htm
-
City University of Hongkong Website. Heat exchange Between the Human
Body and
the
Environment.
Reatrieved
on
2014/04/23.
Address:
http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bsapplec/heat.htm
-
Design Builder Website. Energy Plus Thermal Comfort. Retrieved on
20/01/2013.
Address:
http://www.designbuilder.co.uk/helpv3.4/Content/Thermal_Comfort.htm
-
Fanger, P Ole (1970). Thermal Comfort: Analysis and applications in
environmental engineering. McGraw-Hill.
-
Fanger, P. Ole, Toftum, Jurn. Extension of the PMV model to non airconditioned buildings in warm climates. Energy and Buildings 34 (2002)
533±536.
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com
1
GREENARCS – GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ARTS ONLINE MAGAZINE (ENGLISH). YEAR 1
-
2014
IIT Kharagpur, (2008), Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, IIT Kharagpur,
Kharagpur,
India,
Available
on
http://www.docstoc.com/Docs/DownloadFile.ashx?docId=52636332&key=&
pass=, (Accessed 5/8/2010)
-
J. Fergus Nicol and Michael A Humphreys , (2002),
Adaptive thermal
comfort and sustainable thermal standards for Buildings, Viewed on August
2010, <http://nceub.commoncense.info/uploads//Paper05_Nicol.pdf>
-
Palit, D. (2004). Green Buildings (First., p. 8). Guwahati: The Energy and
Resources Institute ( TERI).
-
Parsons, Ken. 2002. Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot,
Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and
Performance. Second Edition. CRC Press
-
Schalcher, H. (2008). Office building in India (p. 78). Zurich: Holcim
Foundation.
-
The Engineering Toolbox. Predict Mean Vote Index (PMV). Retrieved on
12/03/2014. Address: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/met-metabolicrate-d_733.html
-
Udyavar, R. (2006). Environmental Architecture For Eco-housing in
Mumbai (First., p. 30). Mumbai, India: Municipal Corporation of Greater
Mumbai (MCGM)
-
University of Strathclyde Engineering Website. Thermal Comfort Models.
Retrieved
on
20/03/2014.
Address:
http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Reference/concepts/thermal_comfort.htm
-
World
Business
Council
for
Sustainable
Development,
http://www.wbcsd.org/home.aspx
GREENARCS – Green Architecture and Arts Online Academy. http://greenarcs.com