UMPAD, Christine Joy B. ACT-225 LESSON 5: Contemporary Global Governance Global governance – makes the world affairs systematic. The General Assembly – the central deliberative and the only organ where all member-states have equal representation in discussion, consideration and policymaking. Security Council - the organ which has the commitment to preserve peace and security. Economic and Social Council - main organ for cooperation, policy review, policy dialogue, and advice on social, economic, and environmental issues. Trusteeship Council - the organ tasked to administer international oversight for 11 trust territories. International Court of Justice – UN’s prime judicial organ Secretariat - organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by the five other organs. Universal Declaration of Human Rights – responsible for bringing human rights. United Nations is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE - - Global governance makes world affairs systematic, secured and formulaic. Weiss & Thakur: global governance as the totality of norms, laws, policies, and bodies that define, comprise and facilitate transnational relations between citizens, states, cultures, intergovernmental, and non-governmental organizations. Global governance is rule-based, it has no central authority. Six Organs of the United Nations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The General Assembly- it is the central deliberative and the only organ where all memberstates have equal representation in discussion, consideration and policymaking. The Security Council- it is the organ which has the commitment to preserve peace and security. The Economic and Social Council- it is the main organ for cooperation, policy review, policy dialogue, and advice on social, economic, and environmental issues. The Trusteeship Council- is the organ tasked to administer international oversight for 11 trust territories and to make sure that adequate procedures are taken for independence and self-government. The International Court of Justice- it is UN’s prime judicial organ. The Secretariat- it is the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by the five other organs. - The United Nations was established after the Second World War with one central mission – to maintain international peace and security. Currently, with the world being faced with numerous issues that threaten peace, UN serves as an actor in confronting these. In 1948, UN was responsible for bringing human rights into the realm of international law through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. FUNCTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS 1. UN Maintains International Peace and Security. UN has become an instrument for governments to identify spaces of agreement and resolve problems collectively by enabling the exchange of opinions between and among its members and by hosting consultations. It does peacekeeping processes in countries with domestic conflicts and peace-building tasks in countries freed from conflict 2. UN Protects Human Rights. UN protects human rights by scrutinizing situations and issues reported to them and oversees the exercise of international human rights agreements. It takes responsibility for reviewing, monitoring, reporting and commending human rights from a country-based perspective. UN boosts awareness of the reasons and acts of genocides, warns relevant players where there is a danger of genocide, promotes, and mobilizes for relevant action. 3. UN Delivers Humanitarian Aid. In delivering humanitarian aid, UN is responsible for coordinating responses to emergencies and supports rapid humanitarian response for people affected by natural disasters and armed conflict. 4. UN Promotes Sustainable Development. The Millenium Development Goals was set to promote sustainable development. In 2015, this was changed into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. This collection of 17 global goals covers social and economic issues including poverty, hunger, health, education, global warming, gender equality, water sanitation, energy urbanization, environment, and social justice. 5. UN Upholds International Law. In order for international laws to be upheld, UN settles legal disputes referred to it by the member-states. It also accords advisory opinions on questions that are of legal nature submitted by legitimate UN organs and particular agencies. CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 1. Security Council’s Veto Power. The Security Council’s veto power over resolutions is one of the challenges that UN has been facing since the organization’s foundation. 2. UN is Underappreciated. In terms of knowledge, UN is underappreciated regarding how its convening capacity and mobilizing power are utilized to help funnel and consolidate knowledge from outside and ensure its discussion and dissemination among governments. 3. The contrasting moral structures of social behavior in different memberstates complicate the formulation of a normative standard that can be applicable to all. 4. In formulating propositions, problems occur when only the member-states are heard. UN belittles the helping hand of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the global public opinion. Sometimes, recommendations are not executed. 5. Institutions can also be places where ideas are cornered and left behind. The modality and processes for enforcing compliance with international norms and laws are not present. In fact, some UN staff members violate, cheat and challenge them. LESSON 6: The Global Divides: The North and The South Global South – a metaphor for interstate inequality and a product of Western imagination. Global North – it is the home of all members of the Group of Eight. Third World – the antecedent of Global South. Western Capitalism – it is the free-market economy or free enterprise economy, economic system, dominant in the Western world. - Since the process of globalization is uneven, it follows that there is an imbalance in the socio-economic and political categories of the world. The world is divided into north and south, and first, second and third. GLOBAL SOUTH: - is a metaphor for (Claudio, 2014). interstate inequality and a product of Western imagination - - the Global South refers to the socio-economic and political divide primarily focused on the hemisphere of the 1569-designed Mercatorian map. These nation-states are deemed to be not aligned with nation-states located in the northern hemisphere that adhere to fair labor practices, rights, free trade, reduced tariffs, and policies on sustainable development. The Global South also connotes developing countries as opposed to rich, industrialized, and wealthy nations. GLOBAL NORTH: - is the home of all members of the Group of Eight (G8) – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, Russia and the United States of America. It is also the abode of the four powerful permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. denoting high standard of living, availability of better transport system, prevalence of banking and financial institutions, presence of big commercial establishments, and centrality of the national government – is that person’s experience of the “Global North.” LESSON 7: Asian Regionalism Asia – has the biggest population of at least two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants. Regionalization – the growth of societal integration within a region and to the oftenundirected processes of social and economic interaction. Regionalism – refers to regional concentration of economic flows. Asian Regionalism – new concept among the continental communities. East Asia Economic Group - represented the idea of an exclusivist East Asian regionalism. ASEAN +3 – consists of China, Japan and South Korea. North American Free Trade Agreement – a free trade pact between Canada and the United States. Asian Development Bank – more focused on Asia and the Pacific as a reaction to global economic integration. ASEAN Declaration – consists of seven aims and purposes. - Among all the continents, Asia has the biggest population of at least two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants. ASEAN 5: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand the European Union is in its mature state of regionalism, the world is now focused on Asia. What makes Asian nations stronger than ever is the establishment of collaborations and cooperation based on respect. REGIONALIZATION VS. GLOBALIZATION - Regionalization and globalization are both related to integration. Globalization is borderless. It happens around the world while regionalization happens only in a specific geographical region. AIMS AND PURPOSES OF THE ASEAN DECLARATION 1. To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region 2. To promote regional peace and stability 3. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest 4. To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities 5. To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture and industries 6. To expand trade, improve their transportation and communications facilities and raise the living standards of their people 7. To promote Southeast Asian Studies 8. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation Asian regionalism is a new concept among the continental communities. New to cooperation and collaboration goals, it has the 50-year-old ASEAN group and the failed East Asia Economic Group (EAEG). THREE PILLARS OF THE ASEAN COMMUNITY 1. The political security community gives importance to human rights, drugs, foreign relations, defense, law, and transnational crimes. 2. The economic community adheres to significant roles of monitoring – economic ministers, finance ministers, central bank governors, free trade area, investment area, agriculture and forestry, transport ministers, telecommunications and information technology ministers, science and technology, energy, minerals, tourism, free trade agreements with dialogue partners, and sectoral bodies in the arena of economic community. 3. In the socio-cultural community, there is an avenue for cooperation among the ministers responsible for culture and arts, sports, disaster management, education, environment, health, information, labor, rural development and poverty eradication, women, youth, and civil service matters. - ASEAN has also partnered with three East Asian countries – China, Japan, and South Korea. It is called the ASEAN +3. Its goal is to address the 1997 Asian financial crisis and help each other cope with the crisis. ASPECTS THAT LED TO A GREATER ASIAN INTEGRATION First, integration has been market driven. Within Asia, there are a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures that are put into place for countries to engage to exchange. Second, formal institutions such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) were established. Conceived in the 1960s, ADB promotes social and economic development in Asia. Composed of 67 members, 48 of which are from the Asia-Pacific region, the financial institution aids its members and partners by providing loans, technical assistance, grants and equity investments. Initially, ADB focused its assistance on food production and rural development to serve a predominantly agricultural region. Third, economic grants and overseas development assistance are made available by better Asian economies. For example, the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) aims to work on human security and quality growth. The agency targets to promote international cooperation and the development of the Japanese and global economy by supporting the socio-economic development, recovery or economic stability of developing regions. Fourth, production networks have expanded. Economies are mainly on comparative advantage through the regional division of labor. The Philippines’ major exports are electronic products and copper products to name a few. Indonesia sells palm oil, rubber and natural gas within the region. South Korea produces machinery products and motor vehicles. Fifth, cooperation among the ASEAN and East Asian countries ensued the ASEAN +3 Financial Ministers’ Process that established two economic structures – the Chiang Mai Initiative and the Asian Bond Markets Initiative. The process aims to strengthen policy dialogue, coordination, and collaboration on common financial, monetary and fiscal issues. Sixth, if EU is rules-based, ASEAN follows a consensus rule as an approach to decision making. This process prevents collision of cultural beliefs and economic policies that are understandably not easy to unite because of the region’s diversity of archipelagic lives. LESSON 8: A World of Ideas: Global Culture and Medialture– refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior which people learn from Oral Communication- use of language which allows humans to communicate and share information Script- allows humans to communicate over a larger space and for a much longer duration Printing Press- allowed the continuous production, reproduction, and circulation of print materials Electronic Media- form of media which includes telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television Digital Media- relies on digital codes that can be created, modified, and stored in digital electronic device. Media- carrier of culture; tool for the interaction of people with different cultures Cultural Differentialism - views cultural differences as immutable Cultural Convergence- suggests that globalization engenders sameness of cultures Cultural Hybridity- suggests that globalization spawns increasing and ongoing mixing of cultures Glocalization- coined from globalization and localization - - Culture refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people learn, and communicate knowledge to the next generations. It is also described as a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a human as a member of society. The development of culture has been predominantly influenced by media. THE FIVE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIA 1. ORAL COMMUNICATION. The exchange of dialogue through the use of language allowed humans to communicate and share information. Further, language has become one of the most important tools in exploring the world and different cultures. It helped people move and settle down. Oral communication led to markets, trade, and cross-continental trade routes. 2. SCRIPT. When distance became a hindrance to communication, script allowed humans to communicate over a larger space and for a much longer duration. This also introduced permanent codification of economic, cultural, religious, and political practices. Written accounts of knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors were made available for its transmission to the next generations and to other nations and cultures. 3. PRINTING PRESS. Printing press allowed the continuous production, reproduction, and circulation of print materials. Written documents were mass produced. This gave everyone access to information that was once only available to rich, powerful, and religious. This period of media development affected globalization by transforming various institutions such as schools, markets, businesses, churches, governments, armies, among others. 4. ELECTRONIC MEDIA which utilized the use of electricity in producing media has introduced telegraph, television, radio, film, and television. This wide reach of media has opened new perspectives in the economic, cultural, and pollical processes of globalization. Radio has become an avenue for advertisements of global products. 5. DIGITAL MEDIA which relies on digital codes that can be created, modified, and stored in any digital electronic device. Digitalized contents were transmitted over the internet and computer networks. In politics, candidates use this media platform to campaign. In economics, it allows online business transactions and product advertisements. Media is a carrier of culture. It is a tool for the interaction of people with different cultures. However, we need to remember that the real media is the people. Cultural Differentialism views cultural differences as immutable. As the West and nonWestern civilizations interact through globalization, clash of civilizations such as that of the West and the Islam logically follows. Cultural Convergence suggests that globalization engenders growing sameness of cultures. However, the culture of powerful and progressive countries become culture. Cultural Hybridity suggests that globalization spawns in increasing and ongoing mixing of cultures. Glocalization, coined from globalization and localization, is rather a new concept brought about by the increased frequency of contact among cultures. This reinforces the fact that local cultures are not weak, static, or fixed. They are built and understood anew each day in a globalized world (Lule, 2014). Local cultures continue to accommodate and assimilate cultures of the world due to globalization. THE DANGERS OF GLOBAL CULTURE AND MEDIA The DANGERS of global culture and media to CHILDREN, YOUTH, PARENTS, and EVERYONE ELSE 1. The Internet is Highly Addictive Addiction is a complex condition, a brain disease that is manifested by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequence. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. Addiction to social media Addiction to online games Addiction to porn DEPRESSION o Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. SOCIAL MEDIA AND DEPRESSION a. Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. b. A 2017 study of over half a million eighth through 12th graders found that the number exhibiting high levels of depressive symptoms increased by 33% between 2010 and 2015. In the same period, the suicide rate for girls in that age group increased by 65%. c. Smartphones were introduced in 2007, and by 2015 fully 92% of teens and young adults owned a smartphone. The rise in depressive symptoms correlates with smartphone adoption during that period, even when matched year by year, observes the study’s lead author, San Diego State University psychologist Jean Twenge. d. Over that same time period there was a sharp spike in reports of students seeking help at college and university counseling centers, principally for depression and anxiety. Visits jumped 30% between 2010 and 2015. e. Some experts see the rise in depression as evidence that the connections social media users form electronically are less emotionally satisfying, leaving them feeling socially isolated.
