MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CA2 TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING
THERMAL POWER ENGINEERING [ES-EE-401]
SFEE EQUATIONS FOR POWER PLANT COMPONENTS
AISHI SINGHA
EE, 4th SEMESTER
MAKAUT Roll No: 14201621015
Class Roll No:15
ABSTRACT:
Thermal power plant as the title infers is the place of mechanism which converts heat energy into electric power.
Thermal Power Plants also called Thermal Power Generation Plant or Thermal Power Station. A thermal
power Plant / Station is used to convert heat energy to electric power / Energy for household and commercial
applications. In the process of electric power generation, steam-operated turbines convert heat in to mechanical
power and then finally electric power. In thermal power plants, the heat energy obtained from combustion of solid
fuel (mostly coal) is used to convert water into steam, this steam is at high pressure and temperature. This steam
is used to rotate the turbine blade turbine shaft is connected to the generator. The generator converts the kinetic
energy of the turbine impeller into electric energy.
INTRODUCTION:
A thermal power Plant / Station is used to convert heat energy to electric power / Energy for household and
commercial applications. In the process of electric power generation, steam-operated turbines convert heat in to
mechanical power and then finally electric power. In thermal power plants, the heat energy obtained from
combustion of solid fuel (mostly coal) is used to convert water into steam, this steam is at high pressure and
temperature. This steam is used to rotate the turbine blade turbine shaft is connected to the generator. The
generator converts the kinetic energy of the turbine impeller into electric energy.
Thermo-dyne Engineering Systems has a wide experience in boiler manufacturing that generate high pressure and
temperature steam required to rotate the turbine and generate electricity. Along with steam boiler we also have
experience in providing energy solutions to our customers thereby saving you a lot on the operating cost.We also
do turnkey boiler plant projects including installation and commissioning of a boiler and its accessories.
Both Steady flow energy equation and Bernoulli Equation are based on energy conservation and Bernoulli
Equation is limited form of steady flow energy equation .This is also known as the first law of thermodynamics
for open system.
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION:
It is based on the law of conservation of mass .
1. Conservation of Energy (First Law)
We know, dE = dQ-dW
For the control volume,
where
rate of energy transfer to the system as heat
rate of work done by the system
1. For steady-state
(units J/s)
Or,
Neglecting potential and chemical energy (PE and CE)
Where c is the speed of the fluid, and c2/2 is the kinetic energy of the fluid per unit mass relative to some
coordinate system.
If we divide through by the mass flow and set the inlet of the control volume as station 1, and the outlet
as station 2, then
It is also more convenient to divide the work into two terms: 1) the flow work done by the system which
is p2v2-p1v1, and 2) any additional work which we will term external work or shaft work, ws. Then we
have
We will call this the steady flow energy equation.
For an ideal gas dh=cp dT so
RANKINE CYCLE :
The Rankine cycle or Rankine Vapor Cycle is the process widely used by power plants such as coal-fired power
plants or nuclear reactors. In this mechanism, a fuel is used to produce heat within a boiler,
converting water into steam which then expands through a turbine producing useful work. This process was
developed in 1859 by Scottish engineer William J.M. Rankine. This is a thermodynamic cycle which
converts heat into mechanical energy—which usually gets transformed into electricity by electrical generation.
The pressure volume diagram of the Rankine cycle
The steps in the Rankine Cycle as shown in Figure 1 and the corresponding steps in the pressure volume
diagram (figure 2) are outlined below:




Pump: Compression of the fluid to high pressure using a pump (this takes work) (Figure 2: Steps 3
to 4)
Boiler: The compressed fluid is heated to the final temperature (which is at boiling point), therefore,
a phase change occurs—from liquid to vapor. (Figure 2: Steps 4 to 1)
Turbine: Expansion of the vapor in the turbine. (Figure 2: Steps 1 to 2)
Condenser: Condensation of the vapor in the condenser (where the waste heat goes to the final heat
sink (the atmosphere or a large body of water (ex. lake or river). (Figure 2: Steps 2 to 3)
The efficiency of the Rankine cycle is limited by the high heat of vaporization by the fluid. The fluid must be
cycled through and reused constantly, therefore, water is the most practical fluid for this cycle. This is not why
many power plants are located near a body of water—that's for the waste heat.
As the water condenses in the condenser, waste heat is given off in the form of water vapour—which can be
seen billowing from a plant's cooling towers. This waste heat is necessary in any thermodynamic cycle. Due to
this condensation step, the pressure at the turbine outlet is lowered. This means the pump requires less work to
compress the water—resulting in higher overall efficiencies.
SFEE EQUATION FOR BOILER:
SFEE EQUATION FOR TURBINE :
SFEE FOR CONDENSOR:
SFEE EQUATION FOR PUMP OR COMPRESSOR :
CONCLUSION:
Fundamental steam power plant components are Fuel handling plant, water treatment plant, ID fan, PA fan,
Chimney, Water treatment plant, Steam Boiler system, Turbine, Switch, Fusible Plug, Fluidized bed combustor,
APH, economizer, generators, ash handling plant, dust collector system, condenser, cooling tower, feed water
pump. Steam power plants are economical (initially) as compared to power generation plants. Plants required
less area to setup as compared to hydra power plants. Overall efficiency of power plants is low, which is 3540%.Thermal power station’s working principle is “Heat released by burning fuel which produces (working
fluid) (steam) from water. Generated steam runs the turbine coupled to a generator which produces electrical
energy in Thermal Power Plants. . In thermal power plants, the heat energy obtained from combustion of solid
fuel (mostly coal) is used to convert water into steam, this steam is at high pressure and temperature. This steam
is used to rotate the turbine blade turbine shaft is connected to the generator. The generator converts the kinetic
energy of the turbine impeller into electric energy. Both Steady flow energy equation and Bernoulli Equation
are based on energy conservation and Bernoulli Equation is limited form of steady flow energy equation .This is
also known as the first law of thermodynamics for open system. It is based on the law of conservation of mass .
REFERENCES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
https://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/16/16.unified/thermoF03/chapter_6.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdCMJfWQ_bw
https://www.thermodyneboilers.com/components-working-thermal-power-plant/
https://mechomotive.com/steady-flow-energy-equation-and-bernoulliequation/#:~:text=Conclusion%20%3A,of%20thermodynamics%20for%20open%20system.
5. https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Rankine_cycle#:~:text=The%20Rankine%20cycle%20or%20R
ankine,a%20turbine%20producing%20useful%20work.