10
10 b. Dipole moment is the product of electric charge and distance between the positive and
negative species present in the molecule.
Dipole moment is useful in predicting the shapes of molecules. Dipole moment is useful in
calculating the percent ionic character of polar covalent bonds
11. a. the hybridization of methane, the central atom carbon is sp3 hybridized. This is because
one 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals in the valence shell of carbon combine to form four sp3 hybrid
orbitals which are of equal energy and shape.
11.b
11. C
Hybridization is de ned as the intermixing of atomic orbitals with the same energy levels to give
the same number of a new type of hybrid orbitals.
12. a. Atomic hydrogen is relatively more stable than nascent hydrogen.
12. b.
Nascent hydrogen is a highly reactive form of hydrogen that is generated and exists momentarily
during certain chemical reactions.
Atomic hydrogen, also known as monatomic hydrogen or simply H(•), refers to individual hydrogen
atoms existing in a state where they are not paired with other hydrogen atoms.
12.c. nascent hydrogen, being highly reactive, readily donates electrons to reduce metal ions to
their elemental form. This reactivity is attributed to the presence of highly reactive hydrogen atoms
or ions. In contrast, dihydrogen (H₂) molecules need activation energy to break the H-H bond
before they can participate in reduction reactions. Therefore, reactions involving nascent hydrogen
often proceed more ef ciently in terms of reduction compared to reactions involving dihydrogen.
13. a. an allotrope is one or more forms of a chemical element that can exist in the same physical
state.
13.b. i
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13.b. ii
13.b.iii
13.b.iv.
14. a.
14.b. Ammonia is used in production of chemical fertilizer…It can cause Skin and Eye
Irritation..and also environmental pollution.
14.c.i
14.c.ii
OPTION QUESTION
a.
b. The passivity of iron is the formation of a thin lm of ferroso-ferric oxide, Fe3O4 on the surface
of iron.
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c. concentrated acids are not stable, in light or heat will decompose and release gases.so to
prevent them from decompositions concentrated acids are kept in brown bottle.