Personal Development, 1st Quarter Reviewer Lesson 1: Knowing Oneself Self and Personality: Psychological Perspective of Self - According to Carl Jung, the self is a complete collection of both concious and unconcious. Philosophical Perspective of Self - Plato, Kant, and Religious thinkers claim that the self is an immortal soul that transcends the physical body. o Self-Awareness – the ability to know yourself extensively, not only regarding your traits and characteristics but also knowing how you think. How does one become Self-Aware? 1. Delay gratification 2. Take feedback constructively 3. Reflect by asking, “Why?” The Johari Window, a Model for SelfAwareness and Interpersonal Relations: Approaches to Understanding the Self: o Self-concept – refers to your perception of yourself and how you define and understand yourself as a multi-dimensional (physical, spiritual, emotional, social, and moral) human being. o Self-esteem – refers to a positive or negative self-evaluation of the selfconcept. o Self-worth – refers to how much you value yourself. o Self-efficacy – refers to your belief and confidence that you can accomplish your tasks and control your environment. o Self-complexity – varying ways in which you can think about yourself. Personality – encompasses the qualities that form an individual’s way of living life. This includes major traits or characteristics, interests, drives, etc. Nature vs Nurture: Nature – Primarily pertains to genetics - Inherent, are the genes we inherit and other hereditary elements that shape us and our development from childhood to adulthood. Nurture – factors that shape our identity - May be early childhood experiences, peers and family, social interactions, and cultural contexts. Trait – is a personality quality that fulfills 3 criteria: it is consistent, enduring, and differ from person to person. - It is a relatively constant quality that leads individuals to behave in specific manners. (E.G Black or White, Good or Bad, etc.) Concept of Holism & Gestalt: Trait Theories - Concept proposes that individuals have fundamental traits, and it’s power and strengths explain - differences in personalities. 4 Trait Theories o Allport’s Trait Theory o Cattell’s 16-Factor Personality Model o Eyseneck’s Three-Dimensional Model o Five-Factor Model of Personality Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits: 1. Openness to experience – curious, interested to new ideas, imaginative, creative 2. Conscientiousness – planning, organized, hardworking, controlling, persevering and puctual 3. Extraversion – sociable, talkative, active, outgoing, fun-loving 4. Agreeableness – friendly, warm, trusting, generous, kind-hearted 5. Neuroticism – calm, relaxed, and comfortable Lesson 2: Developing the Whole Person Holistic Development - Overall development and complete aspect of a person – “Whole Person” Mind and Body Dualism of Descartes - Duality is one that regards opposites as rigidly the negation of the other. Holism – introduced by General Jan C Smuts - Tendency in nature to form wholes which are greater than the sum of the parts through creative evolutions Gestalt – introduced by Christian von Ehrehfels - Something is made of many parts, and is somehow more than/different from the combination of its parts; general/broad quality of character of something 5 Aspects of Holistic Development 1. Physiological – Physical attributes and the five senses 2. Cognitive – Intellectual functioning of the person 3. Psychological – Mental processes of an individual 4. Social – Manner by which an individual interacts with another 5. Spiritual – attribute of a person’s consciousness and beliefs Feelings and Emotions o Feelings – arises from the brain, an interpretation of emotion o Emotions – caused by physical sensation, reaction to external stimulus. Emotion – means “to move” or “be upset/agitated” - Defined by Smith (1973) as a descriptive term reffering to variations in level of arousal, affective state/mood, expressive movements, and attitudes. Attitudes vs Behavior Attitudes – composed of a person’s thoughts, feelings, and emotions about another person, object, idea, behavior or situation. - Result of a person’s evaluation of an experience with another person based on their values. Behavior – manifestation/acting out attitudes of an individual Values vs Behaviour Values – system of beliefs that adheres to the highesst ideals of human existence. This create meaning and purpose in a person’s life. Virtues – perpective of the Catholic church, defined as “habitual and firm disposition to do the good”, allows the person to not only do good deeds, but be the best version of themselves Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Erik Erikson, proponent of psychosocial theory suggested that an individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan. He emphasized that the social relationships are important at each stage of the personality development. The development of a healthy personality and a sense of competence depend on the successful completion of each task. (Check PPT for different stages) Developmental Stages in Middle and Late Adolescence Hormonal Changes – adolescence is fuled by hormonal changes, characterized by adolescent being pushed towards sexual maturation. Cognitive Growth – adolescent’s ability to comprehend abstract concepts (e.g human rights, morality, religion, and politics Questions the Status Quo – challenging the question, “why not?” Being self-concious and egocentric – idealism often leads to reckless behavior Lesson 3: Developmental Stages in Middle and Late Adolescence: Experimentation & Sexual Experimentation – adolescence often engage into experimentation, they mimic negative behaviors and engage in social groups that validate their chosen identity. Lesson 4: Coping with Stress Stress – mind and body’s response to a stimulus that disrupts an individual’s sense of well-being, state of calmness, or equilibrium. Stress as Stimulus, Response, and Relational Stimulus – caused by situation, may be lifethreatening or life-changing. These are called stressors. - Stimulus = Triggers Response – response of the body, interaction between the hormones, glands and nervous system. - Adrenal gland -> production of cortisol (stress hormone) -> pushes body to gear toward action - Adrenal gland -> production of nerepinephrine -> pushes body to increase heartrate, bloodpressure, and respiration -> triggers action Relational – one is able to determine its roots by doing self-assessment. Way of assessing encompasses the act of prevailing reason over emotions and weighing the relevance of the situation. Healthy Stress – short and sporadic stress can push a person to a necessary action as this motivates, energizes, and spurs individual to do a fruitful action (e.g competing in sports) 2 types of Stressors: External – outside, may be situations, people, and experiences. Internal – within, may be thoughs, expectations, lack of control over situations, etc.
