1
1. Rafah border crossing between Gaza and Egypt ............................................................................................... 6
2. Vizhinjam port: The project and its significance ............................................................................................... 8
3. PM aims for Manned Moon Landing by 2040.................................................................................................... 11
4. Worst Draught in Amazon’s History .................................................................................................................. 13
5. India’s Role in Israel-Palestine Conflict ............................................................................................................ 15
6. SDG Summit 2023 ............................................................................................................................................... 17
7. Nobel Prize in Medicine 2023 ............................................................................................................................ 19
8. WIPO’s Global Innovation Index 2023 ............................................................................................................... 21
9. Dr M.S. Swaminathan passes away ................................................................................................................... 23
10. Delay in Supreme Court’s Appointments ........................................................................................................ 25
11. Jewar Airport gets ‘DXN’ code .......................................................................................................................... 27
12. Bihar Caste Census ........................................................................................................................................... 29
13. 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics .............................................................................................................................. 32
14. 2023 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry ................................................................................................................ 34
15. India and Argentina sign social security agreement for professionals .......................................................... 36
16. South China Sea: Asia’s Disputed Waters ....................................................................................................... 37
17. Nagorno-Karabakh’s 120,000 Armenians will leave for Armenia ................................................................. 39
18. Humans of Bombay vs People of India: Copyright Infringement Case ......................................................... 41
19. 2023 Nobel Prize for Literature ........................................................................................................................ 42
20. Global Net freedom 202 .................................................................................................................................... 44
21. Nobel Peace Prize 2023 ..................................................................................................................................... 46
22. Chabahar Port ................................................................................................................................................... 47
23. Israel-Hamas Conflict ...................................................................................................................................... 49
24. 2023 Nobel Prize in Economics......................................................................................................................... 51
25. Coral Reef Breakthrough initiative ................................................................................................................ 52
26. World Mental Health Day ................................................................................................................................ 54
27. Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal .................................................................................................................. 56
28. Geographical Indication (GI) tags for Arunachal Yak Churpi, Khaw Tai (Khamti rice), and Tangsa textile
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 57
29. 19th Asian Games ............................................................................................................................................. 58
30. SC pulls up Punjab govt for not constructing its part of SYL canal ............................................................. 59
31. Global Hunger Index 2023 ................................................................................................................................ 60
32. ST communities in India ................................................................................................................................... 62
33. Regulation of OTTs ........................................................................................................................................... 64
34. Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ...................................................................................................... 65
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35. IMF's World Economic Outlook Report 2023 .................................................................................................. 66
36. Large ozone hole detected over Antarctica ...................................................................................................... 68
37. India’s First CAR-T Cell Therapy Approval .................................................................................................... 69
38. Ken-Betwa river linking ................................................................................................................................... 70
39. Supreme Court’s verdict on Same Sex Marriage in India .............................................................................. 71
40. UN-approved Multinational Security Mission in Haiti .................................................................................. 73
41. Supreme Court on Designation of Bills as Money Bills .................................................................................. 74
42. Electoral Bonds Scheme .................................................................................................................................... 75
43. Sri-Lanka China Debt Agreement ................................................................................................................... 77
44. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP): ............................................................................. 79
45. Supreme Court Initiates Contempt of Court Proceedings .............................................................................. 81
46. Amendments to the Aircraft Rules, 1937 ........................................................................................................ 82
47. White Phosphorus Munitions ........................................................................................................................... 83
48. Revisions in MSP of Crops ................................................................................................................................ 85
49. ‘Cash for Query’ Row ......................................................................................................................................... 87
50. Compensation to Agniveers .............................................................................................................................. 88
51. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework ...................................................................................... 89
52. Global Tax Evasion Report 2024 ...................................................................................................................... 91
53. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 Bill ................................................................................................................. 92
54. International Migration Outlook 2023............................................................................................................. 93
55. Rashtriya Gokul Mission .................................................................................................................................. 94
56. Atal Bhujal Yojana ............................................................................................................................................ 96
57. India's Olympic Ambitions ................................................................................................................................ 97
58. Indians sentenced to death in Qatar ................................................................................................................ 99
59. Sikkim dam disaster ......................................................................................................................................... 100
60. G7 Trade Ministers Meeting in Osaka ............................................................................................................ 101
61. India-Bangladesh Development Project .......................................................................................................... 102
62. Kozhikode and Gwalior in UNESCO Creative Cities Network ...................................................................... 103
63. State Food Safety Index 2022- 2023................................................................................................................. 105
64. Annual Survey of India’s City-Systems (ASICS) 2023 ................................................................................... 107
65. Delimitation ....................................................................................................................................................... 108
66. Ladakh’s Demand of Sixth Schedule................................................................................................................ 110
67. Supreme Court on Freedom of Speech of Ministers ........................................................................................ 112
68. Right to Strike ................................................................................................................................................... 113
69. Supreme Court’s Verdict on Demonetisation .................................................................................................. 114
70. National Geospatial Policy 2022 ...................................................................................................................... 115
71. 17th Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas Convention ..................................................................................................... 117
72. 76th Foundation Day of BIS ............................................................................................................................. 118
73. National Green Hydrogen Mission ................................................................................................................... 119
74. Jallikattu............................................................................................................................................................ 121
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75. BIND Scheme .................................................................................................................................................... 122
76. The Indian Telegraph (Infrastructure Safety) Rules 2022 ............................................................................. 124
77. SMART Program for Ayurveda ........................................................................................................................ 126
78. Ganga Vilas Cruise ........................................................................................................................................... 127
79. International year of millets ............................................................................................................................. 129
80. Human Rights Watch’s World Report 2023 ..................................................................................................... 131
81. Forest (Conservation) Rules 2022 .................................................................................................................... 133
82. State of Indian Dams ........................................................................................................................................ 135
83. Global Risks Report 2023.................................................................................................................................. 137
84. Croatia becomes fully integrated EU member ................................................................................................ 138
85. Country’s Largest Liquid Waste Treatment Plant ......................................................................................... 140
86. Kerala to Provide Pension to MGNREGS Workers ........................................................................................ 141
87. 13th National Voters’ Day ................................................................................................................................ 143
88. National IPR Policy ........................................................................................................................................... 145
89. All India Survey on Higher Education 2020-2021 .......................................................................................... 146
90. PARAKH ............................................................................................................................................................ 147
91. 17th ASER 2022 ................................................................................................................................................ 148
92. Women Get Command Roles in The Indian Army .......................................................................................... 150
93. State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2022-23 .............................................................................................. 151
94. Startup India Innovation Week ........................................................................................................................ 152
95. Davos Summit 2023: WEF ................................................................................................................................ 153
96. Survival of the Richest Report: The India Story ............................................................................................. 154
97. China Builds New Dam in Tibet ...................................................................................................................... 155
98. Indus Waters Treaty ......................................................................................................................................... 157
99. UN World Social Report 2023 ........................................................................................................................... 158
100. India’s First Solar Mission .............................................................................................................................. 160
101. Global Risks Report 2023................................................................................................................................ 161
102. SC Eases Norms for Passive Euthanasia ...................................................................................................... 162
103. Himachal Pradesh Statehood Day ................................................................................................................. 163
104. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021 ........................................................................ 164
105. Windfall Tax .................................................................................................................................................... 165
106. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2023 ............................................................................................. 166
107. India and the Maldives ................................................................................................................................... 167
108. Shukrayaan I mission ..................................................................................................................................... 168
109. Forest and Tree Cover in India ...................................................................................................................... 169
110. National Girl Child Day Observance ............................................................................................................ 170
111. Statehood Day of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura .................................................................................... 171
112. Pankaj Kumar Singh as Deputy NSA ........................................................................................................... 172
113. 73rd Army Day ................................................................................................................................................ 173
114. Saudi and Iran agreeing to restore diplomatic ties ....................................................................................... 174
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115. International IP Index 2023 ........................................................................................................................... 175
116. Delhi HC rules Foreigners Cannot Be Legal Guardians .............................................................................. 176
117. Corrupt Practices Under RPA Act 1951 ........................................................................................................ 177
118. Special Category Status .................................................................................................................................. 178
119. Clarity on Speaker’s role on disqualification ................................................................................................. 179
120. Supreme Court on sealed cover suggestions.................................................................................................. 180
121. Vibrant Villages Programme .......................................................................................................................... 181
122. India to Contribute 15% of Global Growth in 2023: IMF ............................................................................. 182
123. Draft Geo-heritage Sites and Geo-relics Bill, 2022 ....................................................................................... 183
124. Vostro and Nostro Account ............................................................................................................................. 184
125. Singareni Thermal Power Plant ..................................................................................................................... 186
126. Russia's suspension of the New START treaty ............................................................................................. 187
127. Russia-Ukraine Conflict Anniversary ............................................................................................................ 188
128. Odisha’s Initiative to Curb Child Marriage ................................................................................................... 189
129. Mission Shakti ................................................................................................................................................ 190
130. National Science Day 2023 ............................................................................................................................. 191
131. James Webb Telescope spots 6 Monster Galaxies ......................................................................................... 192
132. One Rank One Pension (OROP) ..................................................................................................................... 193
133. Air India orders 470 Airbus, Boeing Planes .................................................................................................. 194
134. Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 .......................................................................................................................... 195
135. Limiting Warming Below 1.8°C...................................................................................................................... 197
136. Adi Ganga Revival ........................................................................................................................................... 198
137. LCA Tejas Mk2 ................................................................................................................................................ 200
138. No Bar on Contesting Two Seats in One Poll ................................................................................................ 201
139. Hate Crimes in India....................................................................................................................................... 203
140. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes .................................................................................................. 204
141. Amrit Sarovar Mission .................................................................................................................................... 205
142. Zero-Draft of Pandemic Treaty ....................................................................................................................... 207
143. India Energy Week 2023 ................................................................................................................................. 208
144. Startup India Seed Fund Scheme .................................................................................................................. 211
145. World Economic Outlook................................................................................................................................. 213
146. India, France, UAE Trilateral Initiative ....................................................................................................... 214
147. Multilateral Security Dialogue on Afghanistan ............................................................................................ 216
148. UNSC Reforms ................................................................................................................................................ 218
149. Paris Club ........................................................................................................................................................ 219
150. China Pakistan Economic Corridor................................................................................................................ 221
151. NAMASTE Scheme ......................................................................................................................................... 223
152. Increasing Cases of Suicides in Educational Hubs ....................................................................................... 224
153. Sickle Cell Disease .......................................................................................................................................... 225
154 NISAR Mission ................................................................................................................................................. 226
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155. Earthquake Preparedness in India ................................................................................................................ 228
156. Discovery of Lithium in Jammu & Kashmir ................................................................................................. 229
157. Uttarakhand’s Anti-Cheating Law ................................................................................................................ 231
158. Ukraine’s Odesa in UNESCO's World Heritage List .................................................................................... 232
159. Visakhapatnam as Andhra Pradesh's New Capital...................................................................................... 234
160. Nagorno-Karabakh Overview ......................................................................................................................... 235
161. Myanmar's Extended State of Emergency .................................................................................................... 237
162. Exercise Trishakti Prahar .............................................................................................................................. 238
163. Deep Ocean Mission ........................................................................................................................................ 239
164. Decline in World Food Prices.......................................................................................................................... 240
165. City Finance Rankings 2022: An Overview ................................................................................................... 241
166. PM MITRA Scheme and the Indian Textile Sector....................................................................................... 242
167. India's Ascent in Global Aviation by 2030 ..................................................................................................... 244
168. Overview of BIMSTEC .................................................................................................................................... 246
169. Insights from the World Happiness Report 2023 .......................................................................................... 248
170. 4th India-Maldives Defence Cooperation Dialogue ...................................................................................... 250
171. India-Australia Critical Minerals Investment Partnership (CMIP) Overview ........................................... 251
172. Understanding the ICC's Arrest Warrant for Vladimir Putin ..................................................................... 252
173. National Policy on Older Persons in India .................................................................................................... 254
174. World Tuberculosis Day 2023 ......................................................................................................................... 255
175. Right to Health ................................................................................................................................................ 257
176. Exclusion of ST Women from Hindu Succession Act .................................................................................... 258
177. World Athletics Bans Transgender Women .................................................................................................. 259
178. India Ranks Fifth in National Contribution to Warming ............................................................................ 260
179. IPCC AR6 Synthesis Report ........................................................................................................................... 261
180. International Day of Forests .......................................................................................................................... 262
181. State of India’s Environment Report 2023 .................................................................................................... 263
182. Global Terrorism Index 2023.......................................................................................................................... 264
183. Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign Law Firms in India, 2022 ........ 265
184. International Day of Action for Rivers .......................................................................................................... 266
185. National Green Tribunal on the Kerala government ................................................................................... 267
186. Riyadh joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization .............................................................................. 269
187. Abel Prize 2023 ................................................................................................................................................ 270
188. International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ................................................................. 271
189. World Water Day ............................................................................................................................................. 272
190. Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U) ...................................................................................................... 273
191. Reforms in the Lok Sabha .............................................................................................................................. 275
192. R21/Matrix-M Malaria Vaccine ...................................................................................................................... 276
193. Review of Maritime Transport 2023" by UNCTAD ...................................................................................... 278
194. Setu Bandhan Scheme under the Central Road and Infrastructure Fund (CRIF) .................................... 280
195. UNICEF's Passport to Earning (P2E) Initiative ........................................................................................... 281
196. Tamil writer Sivasankari will be awarded the Saraswati Samman 2022. ................................................. 282
197. Information Commissions in India for 2022-23 ............................................................................................ 283
198. 37th National Games ...................................................................................................................................... 284
199. Operation Ajay ................................................................................................................................................ 285
200. SAMPRITI- XI Exercise 2023 ......................................................................................................................... 286
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1.
Rafah border crossing between Gaza and Egypt
Rafah Border Crossing: Located in southern Gaza, the Rafah border crossing has recently
garnered international attention due to Palestinians trying to exit Gaza. This exodus is
in anticipation of a potential Israeli attack amidst the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Geographical Location: The Rafah crossing is the southernmost exit point from the Gaza
Strip. It borders Egypt's Sinai Peninsula.
Figure 1. Source: Aljazeera
Control of Rafah Crossing: Egypt has control over the Rafah border crossing.
Unique Exit Point: Unlike other exit points from Gaza, the Rafah crossing is the only one
that doesn't lead to Israeli territory.
Other Border Crossings: Gaza has two other border crossings:
o Erez: Located in the north, it is primarily used by people in Israel.
o Kerem Shalom: Situated in the south, it is designated exclusively for the transportation of
commercial goods. Both these crossings, controlled by Israel, are currently shut.
Significance of Rafah Crossing: The importance of the Rafah crossing surged after Hamas
attacked the Erez crossing, causing over 1,300 casualties in southern Israel. Following this,
Israel indefinitely closed both Erez and Kerem Shalom. This made Rafah the only
available entry and exit point for the people of Gaza and the primary crossing for humanitarian
aid.
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Sinai Peninsula: This is a triangular peninsula in Egypt, situated in the northeastern part
of the country. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea (north), the Red Sea (south), and
the Gulf of Aqaba (east).
Suez Canal: Located within the Sinai Peninsula, the Suez Canal is a man-made waterway
connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
Figure 2. Source: BBC News
Yom Kippur War: A historical note mentions the Yom Kippur War, which was fought between
Israel and Arab countries led primarily by Egypt and Syria.
Mediterranean Sea Borders: Several countries in South-West Asia, including Lebanon and
Syria, have coastlines along the Mediterranean Sea.
Countries without Mediterranean Access: Jordan is a South-West Asian country that does
not have access to the Mediterranean Sea.
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2.
Vizhinjam port: The project and its significance
The Vizhinjam International Seaport Project, India's premier deepwater transshipment port, has
recently come into the limelight with the docking of its inaugural cargo ship.
o The Rs 7,600 crore transshipment deepwater multipurpose seaport project is being built by
Adani Ports and SEZ Private Limited.
o It's India's first deepwater transshipment port.
Transshipment Deepwater Seaport: Such a port can accommodate large ships transporting
cargo between destinations. It features a deep water channel, expansive berth area for cargo
operations, and facilitates cargo transfer between ships.
Figure 3. Source: Swarajaya
Project Overview: Initiated by the Kerala Government, the Vizhinjam International
Transhipment Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport aims to serve primarily transshipment and
gateway container operations. It also plans to incorporate a cruise terminal, liquid bulk
berth, and additional terminal facilities.
Development Model: The port's development follows a Public Private Partnership (PPP)
model. Adani Ports Private Limited is overseeing its construction, design, financing,
operation, and transfer (DBFOT).
Strategic Location: Located near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, the port's southern
coastal position offers convenient access to global shipping lanes. It aims to rival major
transshipment hubs like Colombo, Singapore, and Dubai, thereby reducing container
movement expenses.
Port Depth: The port's natural depth exceeds 18 meters, which can potentially be increased
to 20 meters. This depth is pivotal for hosting large vessels and mother ships with significant
cargo capacities.
Capacity: The initial phase has a capacity of one million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units),
with prospects of expansion to 6.2 million TEUs.
Project Progress: The project is 65.46% complete and has faced delays due to natural disasters,
protests, and logistical issues.
o The first phase is projected to be operational by December 2024, and it is expected to create
5,000 direct jobs, promote an industrial corridor, and boost cruise tourism.
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Need for Deepwater Port in India: Despite having 12 major ports, India lacks the
infrastructure to accommodate ultra-large container ships.
o Around 75% of India's transshipment cargo is processed at foreign ports like Colombo,
Singapore, and Klang.
o A deepwater container transshipment port in India can capture a significant portion of this
traffic, offering benefits like forex savings, FDI, enhanced economic activity, employment
generation, and increased revenue.
Benefits of Transshipment Hub: Establishing a transshipment hub can lead to forex savings,
FDI influx, heightened economic activity at other Indian ports, logistics infrastructure
development, job creation, and operational/logistics efficiency improvements. It can also
stimulate related businesses such as ship services, logistics, and bunkering.
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Figure 4. Source: Indian Express
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3.
PM aims for Manned Moon Landing by 2040
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has outlined a vision for India's space endeavors, instructing the
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to establish an indigenous space station by
2035 and achieve a manned moon landing by 2040.
Figure 5. Source: Times of India
Gaganyaan Mission: This directive came after a review of the preparations for the Gaganyaan
mission, which is India's inaugural manned space mission, slated for 2025.
Recent Achievements: The Prime Minister emphasized the successes of Indian space missions,
notably Chandrayaan-3 and Aditya L-1. He proposed ambitious goals, including the
establishment of a "Bharatiya Antariksha Station" (Indian Space Station) by 2035.
Interplanetary Missions: Modi encouraged scientists to venture into interplanetary missions,
including sending a spacecraft to orbit Venus and another to land on Mars.
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Gaganyaan Progress Review: The Prime Minister chaired a meeting to evaluate the progress
of the Gaganyaan mission and to chart the course for India's future in space exploration.
Crew Escape System Test: A pivotal test of a module named the Crew Escape System Test
vehicle is planned.
TV-D1 Test Flight: ISRO announced the TV-D1 test flight, scheduled between 7 a.m. and 9
a.m. on October 21.
Moon Exploration Roadmap: The Department of Space (DoS) will devise a roadmap for moon
exploration, encompassing a series of Chandrayaan missions, the development of a new
generation launch vehicle, the construction of a new launch pad, and the establishment of
human-centric laboratories.
International Space Station (ISS): The ISS, a collaborative effort involving the U.S., Russia,
Canada, Japan, and European agencies, is the largest existing space station. However, it is
anticipated to be decommissioned by 2030.
About ISRO
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is India's premier space agency, dedicated to
harnessing the benefits of outer space for India and humanity.
Department Affiliation: ISRO operates under the Department of Space (DOS), Government
of India, and plays a pivotal role in executing the Indian Space Programme.
Origins: Originally known as the Indian National Committee for Space Research
(INCOSPAR), ISRO was established in 1962. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai envisioned its creation.
On August 15, 1969, ISRO was formally founded, superseding INCOSPAR.
Department of Space: In 1972, the Department of Space was instituted, and ISRO was
integrated under its purview.
Primary Objective: ISRO/DOS aims to develop and apply space technology to cater to various
national requirements. This includes communication, television broadcasting, meteorological
services, resource monitoring, and space-based navigation.
Launch Vehicles: ISRO has developed satellite launch vehicles, namely PSLV (Polar Satellite
Launch Vehicle) and GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle), to position satellites in
desired orbits.
Headquarters: ISRO's main office is located in Bengaluru, India.
Centers & Units: ISRO's activities span across multiple centers and units. For instance, launch
vehicles are constructed at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram,
while satellites are designed at the U R Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru.
Satish Dhawan Space Centre: Located in Sriharikota, this center is responsible for the
integration and launching of satellites and launch vehicles.
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre: Situated in Valiamala & Bengaluru, this center
focuses on the development of liquid stages, including cryogenic stages.
Space Applications Centre: Located in Ahmedabad, this center deals with sensors for
communication and remote sensing satellites.
National Remote Sensing Centre: Based in Hyderabad, this center handles the reception,
processing, and dissemination of data from remote sensing satellites.
Leadership: The activities and direction of ISRO are steered by its Chairman, who also serves
as the Secretary of DOS and Chairman of the Space Commission, responsible for formulating
policies for the Indian Space Programme. The present chairman of ISRO is Sreedhara
Panicker Somanath, commonly known as S Somanath.
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4.
Worst Draught in Amazon’s History
The Amazon rainforest is grappling with a severe drought, leading to dried-up rivers essential
for transportation.
Impact on Indigenous Communities: Indigenous villages are facing shortages of water, food,
and medicine due to the drought.
Rio Negro's Record Low: The Rio Negro river, one of the world's largest by discharge, has
plummeted to a historic low level of 13.59 meters near Manaus.
Governor's Statement: Wilson Lima, the governor of Amazonas, described the current
situation as the "worst drought in history."
Amazon's Significance: Often referred to as the planet's lungs, the Amazon spans nearly
seven million square kilometers and stores over 150 billion metric tonnes of carbon.
Consequences of the Drought: The drought, which began in June, has led to decreased
water levels, resulting in the death of numerous fish and river dolphins. The rotting carcasses
have polluted some water sources.
Stranded Boats and Wildfires: The drought has stranded boats and houseboats, disrupted a
major hydropower dam's operations, and made the rainforest more susceptible to wildfires.
Air Quality Concerns: Wildfire smoke has deteriorated air quality in Manaus, a city in the
Amazon's heart, affecting children and the elderly.
Causes of the Drought: The simultaneous occurrence of El Nino and high sea surface
temperatures has reduced cloud formation, leading to decreased rainfall in the region.
El Nino's Role: El Nino, characterized by abnormal warming of equatorial Pacific Ocean
waters, affects global temperature patterns and can trigger extreme heat.
High Water Temperatures: Elevated water temperatures in the northern tropical Atlantic
Ocean have caused warm air to rise and reach the Amazon, inhibiting cloud formation.
Future Predictions: Studies suggest that the Amazon will face longer and more frequent
droughts due to rising global temperatures. By 2060, major droughts could occur nine out
of every ten years.
Tipping Point: The Amazon is nearing a tipping point where it could transition from a dense
forest to a drier savanna, releasing vast amounts of stored carbon and intensifying global
warming.
Deforestation Concerns: In the last five decades, 17-20% of the Amazon has been
destroyed. Experts stress the need to reduce deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, and
promote reforestation.
Global Connection: The Amazon's fate is interconnected with the entire planet. As Elena
Shevliakova from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration stated, "Losing the
Amazon is going to affect everybody."
About Amazon Rainforest
The Amazon Rainforest is situated in northern South America, primarily within the Amazon
River's drainage basin.
Size: It spans a vast area of approximately 7 million square kilometers.
Significance: The Amazon houses the world's most extensive rainforest, representing over
half of the global rainforest volume.
Countries Covered: While it occupies nearly 40% of Brazil, the Amazon also extends into
Peru, Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Suriname, French Guiana, and Venezuela.
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Amazon River Basin: Recognized as the largest drainage system globally, the Amazon
River Basin plays a crucial role in the region's ecology.
Boundaries: The Amazon is bordered by the Guiana Highlands in the north, the Andes
Mountains to its west, Brazil's Central Plateau in the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to
its east.
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5.
India’s Role in Israel-Palestine Conflict
India's diplomatic approach to the Israel-Palestine conflict has transformed over time, balancing
its traditional support for Palestine with its burgeoning ties with Israel.
Initial Stance: Historically, India leaned towards Palestine due to factors like Mahatma
Gandhi's opposition to a Jewish state in Palestine, India's sizable Muslim demographic, and the
desire to foster good relations with Arab nations.
Figure 6. Source: India Today
International Alignments: India's stance was influenced by the Arab world's consensus, the
Non-Aligned Movement, and the United Nations. India voted against the partition of Palestine
at the UN and opposed Israel's UN admission.
Cold War Influence: India's pro-Palestine position was reinforced during the Cold War due to
its alignment with the Soviet Union, which backed the Arab states.
Policy Shift in 1992: India established full-fledged diplomatic relations with Israel in
1992, marking a notable policy shift. However, India's support for the Palestinian cause
persisted.
National Interest Driven Diplomacy: India's diplomatic decisions prioritize national
interests, striving to strike a balance between fostering ties with Israel, supporting Palestine,
and nurturing relations with the Arab world.
Strengthened Ties with Israel: India's relationship with Israel has deepened, spanning trade,
technology, defense, and counter-terrorism cooperation. India's backing of Israel is partly
attributed to its battle against cross-border terrorism.
Continued Support for Palestine: Despite closer ties with Israel, India has consistently voiced
support for Palestine, contributing USD 29.53 million to the UN Relief and Works Agency
for Palestinian refugees and dispatching medical aid and relief materials.
Balanced Diplomatic Visits: In 2017, the Indian Prime Minister visited Israel, followed by an
official visit to Palestine in 2018. India also voted against the U.S. and Israel regarding
Jerusalem's unilateral declaration as the Israeli capital.
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Official Position: India advocates a two-state solution, envisioning Israel and Palestine
coexisting peacefully as neighbors.
Defense Relations with Israel: India's defense ties with Israel are significant, with
collaborations in defense procurement and technology. Israel is a major military equipment
supplier to India.
Energy Security Concerns: India's reliance on Middle Eastern oil imports means that regional
escalations could influence energy prices and India's economic stability.
India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor: The Israel-Palestine conflict could impact
the stability of the Middle East, affecting India's interests, including the India-Middle EastEurope Economic Corridor infrastructure project.
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6.
SDG Summit 2023
World leaders convened at the SDG Summit in New York in September 2023, expressing
concern over the slow progress on various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Reaffirmation: Leaders reaffirmed their commitment to eradicating poverty and ending
hunger, despite the challenges faced in achieving the SDGs.
Achievement Status: It was recognized that only 15% of the 169 targets under the 17 SDGs
were on track to be met, with some even regressing.
SDG Stimulus: A commitment was made to provide an SDG stimulus of $500 billion annually
and establish an effective debt-relief mechanism for the economically poorest nations.
Investment Gap: A 2023 report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development highlighted an investment gap in SDGs for developing countries exceeding $4
trillion, a 70% increase from 2014 estimates.
Energy Transition: Of the investment gap, nearly $2 trillion is required for the energy
transition alone, emphasizing the magnitude of the challenge.
Synergies and Trade-offs: Academic research has explored the synergies and trade-offs in
pursuing specific SDGs. A study published in 2019 identified five types of (dis)synergies along
the SDG intervention value chain.
Barriers to Synergistic Action: A U.N. Expert Group Report highlighted barriers to
synergistic action, categorizing them into knowledge, political and institutional barriers, and
economic challenges.
Indian Renewable Energy: In India, the push for renewable energy considered energy security
and air pollution. However, the health benefits of reduced air pollution weren't fully leveraged to
advocate for more renewable incentives.
Interlink Recognition: Recognizing interlinks without understanding institutional barriers
won't yield desired outcomes. The U.N. report's barriers should be assessed and addressed in
India's context.
India's Progress: India has made strides in its climate and sustainable development goals but
faces challenges in achieving all SDG targets by 2030 and its net-zero promise by 2070.
Energy Investments: India continues to invest in high-carbon energy sources for security and
reliability, while renewable energy expansion matches the growing energy demand.
Clean Energy for Urban Transport: Investing in clean energy for urban transport can
significantly impact air pollution and health, enhancing the appeal of such interventions.
SDG Reporting: India could mandate entities engaged in SDG reporting to identify and develop
frameworks detailing the value derived from specific SDG interventions.
About Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global goals established by the
United Nations General Assembly in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development.
Duration: The SDGs are intended to be achieved by the year 2030, succeeding the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which spanned from 2000 to 2015.
Holistic Approach: Unlike the MDGs, the SDGs are universal and apply to all countries, rich
and poor alike. They address the global challenges we face, including poverty, inequality, climate
change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.
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List of Goals: The 17 SDGs are: No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Good Health and Well-being, Quality
Education, Gender Equality, Clean Water and Sanitation, Affordable and Clean Energy, Decent
Work and Economic Growth, Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, Reduced Inequality,
Sustainable Cities and Communities, Responsible Consumption and Production, Climate Action,
Life Below Water, Life on Land, Peace and Justice Strong Institutions, and Partnerships to
achieve the Goal.
Figure 7. Source: UNESCO
Interconnectedness: The goals are interconnected, meaning success in one often depends on
success in another. For instance, better health aids in reducing poverty, and clean water and
sanitation can advance educational opportunities.
Inclusivity: The SDGs emphasize the principle of "leaving no one behind", focusing on
reaching the most vulnerable and marginalized populations.
Stakeholder Involvement: Achieving the SDGs requires the partnership of governments, the
private sector, civil society, and citizens alike.
Monitoring & Review: The High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
(HLPF) is the central platform for reviewing progress on the SDGs at the global level, with inputs
from regional and national levels.
India & SDGs: India adopted the SDGs in 2015 and NITI Aayog has been entrusted with the
responsibility of coordinating efforts across ministries and states to achieve the goals.
Challenges: While progress has been made in certain areas, challenges remain in many SDGs,
including rising inequalities, climate change impacts, and sustaining economic growth.
SDG Index: The SDG Index assesses countries' progress in achieving the goals. India's rank
in the SDG Index has been fluctuating, indicating areas of progress and those needing attention.
Role of Technology: Technology and innovation play a crucial role in achieving the SDGs.
Digital solutions, clean energy technologies, and innovative financing models are some tools
aiding in SDG achievement.
Economic Implications: Achieving the SDGs can open up an estimated $12 trillion in
market opportunities in sectors like food, cities, energy, and health.
Localizing SDGs: Local governments play a pivotal role in achieving the SDGs. Localizing the
goals means considering urban and regional challenges, making strategies relevant at the local
level.
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7.
Nobel Prize in Medicine 2023
Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or
Medicine in 2023.
Figure 8: Source: News 18
Reason for Award: The prize was given for their discoveries related to nucleoside base
modification, which paved the way for the development of effective mRNA vaccines against
COVID-19.
Announcement Date: The Royal Swedish Academy of Science made the announcement on
October 2, 2023.
Significance of the Discovery: Their findings revolutionized our understanding of how mRNA
interacts with the immune system. This knowledge significantly accelerated vaccine
development during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Key Publication: Karikó and immunologist Drew Weissman published a pivotal paper in
2005, exploring nucleoside modification and its impact on the immune system.
Further Advancements: Subsequent research in 2008 and 2010 refined their initial discovery,
addressing challenges like inflammatory responses and enhancing protein production, crucial for
mRNA's clinical applications.
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Figure 9. Source: Hindustan Times
mRNA Vaccine Pioneers: The first vaccines utilizing mRNA technology were developed by
Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna to combat COVID-19.
Recognition: Both Karikó (from Hungary) and Weissman (from the U.S.), colleagues at
the University of Pennsylvania, have received numerous accolades, including the Lasker
Award in 2021, often viewed as a precursor to the Nobel Prize.
Previous Year's Winner: In 2022, the Nobel Prize for Physiology was awarded to
Swedish scientist Svante Pääbo for his work on the genomes of extinct hominins and insights
into human evolution.
Nobel Prize Schedule: The Nobel Prize announcements begin with Physiology or Medicine,
followed by Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences on subsequent days.
Prize Amount: Winners receive 10 million Swedish kronor (approximately $900,000). The
award ceremony takes place on December 10.
Origin of the Prize: The Nobel Prizes were established from a bequest by Swedish inventor
Alfred Nobel, who passed away in 1895.
Break from Tradition: The Nobel committee in Stockholm typically honors research conducted
decades ago. However, in recognizing Karikó and Weissman, they acknowledged more recent
groundbreaking work.
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8.
WIPO’s Global Innovation Index 2023
In the Global Innovation Index 2023, India retained its 40th position, showcasing consistent
improvement from its 81st spot in 2015.
About the Index: The Global Innovation Index is released by the World Intellectual
Property Organisation (WIPO) and evaluates the innovation ecosystem performance of 132
global economies.
o It is a self-funding agency of the United Nations, with 193 member states.
o Its mandate, governing bodies and procedures are set out in the WIPO Convention, which
established WIPO in 1967.
Switzerland's Dominance: Switzerland secured the top position in the index for the 13th
consecutive year.
Top Five Countries: Following Switzerland, the top five countries in the index are Sweden
(2nd), the United States (3rd), the United Kingdom (4th), and Singapore (5th).
Figure 10. Source: WIPO
China and Japan: China, being the only middle-income economy in the top 30, ranked 12th,
while Japan secured the 13th position.
Innovation Indicators: The index is based on 80 diverse indicators sourced from international
public and private entities, offering a comprehensive view of innovation beyond traditional
measures.
India's Outperformance: India is among the 21 economies that have consistently
outperformed in innovation relative to their level of development for 13 consecutive years.
Electric Vehicle Market: The global market share for electric vehicle sales rose from 4% in
2012 to 14% in 2022. Electric three-wheelers, especially in India, have seen significant growth,
with over half of the registrations in 2022 being electric.
Rising Economies: India, along with countries like Iran, Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia,
are among the economies that have climbed the fastest in the GII rankings over the past decade.
Unicorn Companies: As of April 2023, there were 1,206 unicorn companies globally. The
United States hosts 54% of them, followed by China (14%), India (6%), the UK (4%), and Germany
(2%).
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Unicorn Valuation: The total valuation of unicorns in 2023 was USD 3.8 trillion, with US
unicorns valued at USD 2 trillion, China at USD 736 billion, and India at USD 193 billion.
India's Strengths: India leads in the Central and Southern Asia region in various innovation
pillars, except for Infrastructure. It ranks high in Human capital and research (48th), Business
sophistication (57th), and Knowledge and technology outputs (22nd).
Figure 11. Source: Government of India
Notable Indicators: India's strong performance indicators include ICT services exports (5th),
Venture capital received (6th), Graduates in science and engineering (11th), and Global corporate
R&D investors (13th).
NITI Aayog's Statement: The consistent improvement in India's GII ranking is attributed to
its vast knowledge capital, dynamic start-up ecosystem, and commendable work by public and
private research organizations.
WIPO's Perspective: The definition of innovation has broadened over the years, and the GII
provides a comprehensive dataset that goes beyond traditional innovation measures.
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9.
Dr M.S. Swaminathan passes away
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, a distinguished agricultural scientist, passed away on September 28,
2023, at his residence in Chennai.
Age: He lived a long and impactful life, passing away at the age of 98.
Green Revolution: Recognized as the "Father of India’s Green Revolution," Dr.
Swaminathan played a pivotal role in the 1960s and 1970s, transforming India's agricultural
landscape.
Padma Vibhushan: For his immense contributions, Dr. Swaminathan was honored with the
Padma Vibhushan in 1989.
Figure 12. Source: News 18
Director General at ICAR: He served as the Director General of the Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR) from 1972 to 1979.
International Role: From 1982 to 1988, Dr. Swaminathan headed the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines.
Ramon Magsaysay Award (1971) and the Albert Einstein World Science Award (1986).
World Food Prize: In 1987, he became the first recipient of the World Food Prize,
acknowledging his contributions to global food security.
MSSRF Trust: Using the proceeds from the World Food Prize, Dr. Swaminathan established
the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) in 1988.
Legacy: His work, especially during the Green Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, ensured food
security for millions in India.
Global Tributes: After his demise in 2023, tributes poured in from all over the world, reflecting
his global impact.
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Publications: Following his passing in 2023, The Hindu newspaper commemorated Dr.
Swaminathan's life and achievements with a series of articles.
Innovations: Beyond the Green Revolution, his research throughout the 20th century
encompassed a wide range of agricultural innovations.
Vision: Throughout his career, spanning several decades, Dr. Swaminathan believed in
harnessing science and technology to address challenges like hunger and poverty.
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10.
Delay in Supreme Court’s Appointments
The Supreme Court highlighted that the judiciary is witnessing a loss of fresh talent due to
prolonged delays in decision-making by the government regarding judicial appointments.
High Court Appointments: Prospective candidates shortlisted for judgeships in High Courts
often withdraw their candidature after waiting for months without a decision.
Issue of Segregation: The government's practice of segregating names, preferring one
candidate over another without clear reasons, has led to the loss of many bright legal minds who
were willing to join the Bench.
Figure 13. Source: National Judicial Data Grid
Justice Kaul's Statement: Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul emphasized that the Bench lost
valuable talent due to the segregation practice. He mentioned that some promising candidates
withdrew their names, though he refrained from naming them.
Attorney General's Role: Justice Kaul addressed Attorney General R. Venkataramani, seeking
clarity on the government's stance and actions regarding the pending appointments.
Advocates Association of Bengaluru: Represented by senior advocate Arvind Datar and
advocate Amit Pai, the association expressed that the segregation of names is embarrassing.
Prashant Bhushan's View: Advocate Prashant Bhushan emphasized that the government
continues the segregation practice despite the Collegium's disapproval. He suggested that the
court should take stringent action against this ongoing issue.
Pending Recommendations: As of the article's date, 70 names recommended for High Court
judgeships have been pending with the government since November 2022.
Transfer Recommendations: The government has not acted upon 26 transfer
recommendations made by the Supreme Court Collegium.
New Appointments: Nine fresh recommendations for High Court appointments have neither
been approved nor returned to the Collegium by the government.
Reiterated Names: Seven names reiterated by the Collegium for High Court appointments
remain pending with the government. As per the Memorandum of Procedure, the government
should promptly appoint names reiterated by the Collegium.
Chief Justice Appointment: The recommendation for appointing Justice Siddharth Mridul of
the Delhi High Court as the Chief Justice of the Manipur High Court remains pending.
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Attorney General's Response: Attorney General R. Venkataramani requested a week's time
to inquire about the status of the pending recommendations.
Justice Kaul's Warning: Justice Kaul expressed his intent to monitor the issue closely, stating
that he would address the matter every 10 days until there's clarity on the pending names.
About Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on January 28, 1950, succeeding the Federal
Court of India.
Location: It is located in New Delhi, the capital city of India, on Tilak Marg.
Constitutional Role: The Supreme Court is the highest judicial institution in India, established
under Article 124 of the Indian Constitution.
Composition: The court consists of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and a maximum of 33
other judges.
Appointment: Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India on the
recommendation of the Collegium, which includes the Chief Justice of India and four seniormost judges of the court.
Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. Its
exclusive original jurisdiction extends to cases between the Government of India and one or more
states or between multiple states.
Guardian of the Constitution: The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, allowing
it to invalidate government actions and laws that are found to be unconstitutional.
Public Interest Litigation (PIL): The Supreme Court has been proactive in taking up issues
of public interest, allowing individuals and organizations to file petitions on behalf of those whose
rights are violated.
Landmark Judgments: The court has delivered several landmark judgments that have shaped
the interpretation of the Constitution, including the Kesavananda Bharati case, which
introduced the "Basic Structure" doctrine.
Language: The official language of the Supreme Court is English.
Retirement Age: The retirement age for Supreme Court judges is 65 years.
Court Proceedings: The Supreme Court proceedings are open to the public, and judgments are
made available on its official website.
Legal Aid: The Supreme Court provides free legal aid to indigent and weaker sections of society
to ensure that justice is not denied to any citizen due to economic constraints.
Chief Justices: The Chief Justice of India is the head of the judiciary and holds the
position for a tenure determined by their age of retirement. The current Chief Justice may change
based on the date of inquiry.
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11.
Jewar Airport gets ‘DXN’ code
The upcoming airport in Jewar has been assigned the unique international three-letter code
'DXN' by the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
Code Significance: The 'DXN' code represents Delhi-Noida connectivity. 'D' stands for Delhi,
'N' for Noida, and 'X' symbolizes connectivity within India and globally.
Operational Phase: The first phase of the NIA, located 65 km from Botanical Garden,
Noida, is set to be operational by the end of 2024.
Airport Capacity: In its initial phase, the airport will feature one terminal with a capacity to
handle 12 million passengers annually and a 3.9-km-long North Runway.
What are Airport Codes?: These are unique identifiers for each airport. While the public
mostly recognizes IATA codes, each airport also has a code from the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Figure 14. Source: Times of India
IATA vs. ICAO: IATA codes, which are three digits, appear on tickets and signages. ICAO
codes, which are four digits, are used by industry professionals. For example, Delhi's IATA code
is 'DEL', while its ICAO code is 'VIDP'.
History of Coding: Airport coding began in the 1930s. Initially, two-letter codes were used, but
with the growth in the number of airports, a three-letter system was standardized by IATA
in the 1960s.
Code's Importance: As stated by Kiran Jain, Chief Operating Officer, NIA, the code is a
significant milestone for an airport operator and remains unchanged as long as the airport exists.
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IATA Code Assignment: The assignment depends on how the airport wishes to identify itself,
the availability of the desired code, and certain conventions based on the country.
Examples of Codes: While some codes, like 'DEL' for Delhi or 'BOM' for Mumbai, are intuitive,
others like 'IXR' for Ranchi might seem random. 'IXR' is due to a convention in India where
military airports extended for civilian traffic have codes starting with 'IX'.
Conventions: In Canada, all airport codes start with 'Y', such as 'YYZ' for Toronto. In the US,
codes starting with 'N' are reserved for the US Navy.
Code Assignment Process: The assignment of IATA codes is governed by IATA Resolution
763 and is updated biannually in the IATA Airline Coding Directory.
Jewar Airport's Meaningful Code: The 'DXN' code for Jewar Airport, though seemingly
random, is filled with significance, representing its connection to Delhi and Noida.
Unique Identifiers: Airport codes are essential as they ensure that no two airports have the
same identifier, preventing confusion and ensuring smooth operations.
Jewar Airport's Location: The NIA in Jewar is strategically positioned to serve the DelhiNoida region, enhancing connectivity and catering to the growing demand for air travel in the
area.
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12.
Bihar Caste Census
The Bihar government, led by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, unveiled the results of its caste
survey on Gandhi Jayanti, indicating that the combined OBC population in the state stands at
63%.
Comparison with 1931 Census: This figure represents a 10% increase from the estimated
OBC share in the 1931 census, which was the last time a caste enumeration was conducted in
India.
Survey Conducted in Phases: The caste survey in Bihar was carried out in two phases. It had
to be temporarily halted in May due to a series of PILs but resumed in August.
Figure 15. Source: Bihar Caste Census
Population Data: As per the survey, Bihar's population is over 13.07 crore, an increase from
around 10 crore in the 2011 Census. EBCs (Extremely Backward Classes) constitute 36.01%,
OBCs 27.13%, and Yadavs, a significant vote base for the RJD, make up 14.27%.
Other Caste Data: Scheduled Castes (Dalits) account for 19.65%, Scheduled Tribes 1.68%, and
the "upper castes" or "unreserved" category make up 15.52% of the total population.
Muslim Population: Muslims, a crucial demographic in Bihar's politics, comprise 17.70% of the
state's population.
BJP's Stance: The BJP expressed concerns that the survey might not reflect the evolving social
and economic realities. The state BJP president, Samrat Choudhary, mentioned that the party
would assess the findings.
Survey's Inception: The idea for a caste survey was introduced by Nitish Kumar in February
2020. A unanimous resolution was passed in the Assembly, with all parties, including the BJP,
supporting it.
Delegation to PM: In August 2021, Nitish Kumar led a 10-party delegation, which included
the state BJP, to meet Prime Minister Narendra Modi, advocating for a caste census.
Survey's Commencement: The survey began on January 7, 2023, with an estimated budget
of Rs 500 crore.
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Legal Challenges: In May 2023, during the survey's final phase, five PILs were filed against it.
The Supreme Court directed the Patna High Court to review the matter. In August, the High
Court upheld the survey, distinguishing between a "survey" and a "census".
Figure 16. Source: Indian Express
Political Implications: The caste survey has rejuvenated the politics of Nitish Kumar and
other socialist parties like the RJD. It has also intensified the demand for revisiting the OBC
quota.
BJP's Dilemma: Some BJP leaders were skeptical about the release of the survey results due
to potential political repercussions. However, the focus on OBCs suggests that the JD(U) sees
more benefits than risks.
Survey's Significance: The caste survey is seen as a strategic move by Nitish Kumar to gain a
political edge, especially with the renewed emphasis on OBC representation.
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Census Overview:
The Census is a systematic procedure of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data about the
population.
Origin of Census in India:
o Colonial Beginnings: The practice of conducting a Census in India originated during the
colonial period, starting in 1881.
o Purpose Over Time: Over the years, the Census has been instrumental for the government,
researchers, and policymakers to understand the demographics of India, allocate resources,
track societal shifts, and carry out the delimitation process.
Introduction to SECC (Socio-Economic and Caste Census):
First Instance: The first caste-focused Census, known as SECC, was undertaken in 1931.
o Scope of SECC: This Census aims to cover every Indian household, both in rural and urban
regions.
o Key Data Points: SECC gathers information on a family's economic standing, helping
authorities identify indicators of deprivation. It also collects specific caste details to assess
the economic conditions of various caste groups.
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13.
2023 Nobel Prize in Physics
The award was shared by Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L’Huillier for their
pioneering "experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses to study electron
dynamics in matter."
Figure 17. Source: Nobel Prize Committee
Significance of the Prize: The laureates developed techniques allowing scientists to
produce ultra-short light pulses, enabling direct observation of the rapid movements of
electrons.
Understanding Electron Dynamics: Attosecond physics provides insights into mechanisms
governed by electrons, enhancing our understanding of their behavior.
Electron Observation Challenges: Historically, the swift movement of electrons appeared
blurred due to limitations in capturing their rapid dynamics.
Speed of Electron Dynamics: Electrons, being lighter than atoms, interact at incredibly fast
speeds, specifically in the attosecond realm. An attosecond is a billionth of a billionth of a second.
Light Wave Properties: Light consists of electric and magnetic energy waves. By the 1980s,
the shortest light pulses produced were a few femtoseconds in duration.
Creation of Shorter Pulses: In 1987, Anne L’Huillier's team passed an infrared laser beam
through a noble gas, producing overtones of light with shorter wavelengths. This discovery laid
the groundwork for producing even shorter light pulses.
Attosecond Pulse Production: By manipulating the overtones, scientists realized they could
create intense light pulses lasting only a few attoseconds.
Pulse Train Achievement: In 2001, Pierre Agostini's research group in France produced a
series of 250-attosecond light pulses, known as a pulse train.
Individual Pulse Extraction: Concurrently, Ferenc Krausz's team in Austria developed a
method to isolate a single 650-attosecond pulse from a pulse train, enabling precise energy
measurements of electrons.
Applications of Attosecond Physics: These ultra-short pulses allow scientists to capture
images of processes occurring in minuscule time spans, facilitating research in materials science,
electronics, and catalysis.
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Medical Diagnostics: Attosecond pulses can detect specific molecules based on their transient
signatures, offering potential advancements in medical diagnostics.
Technological Advancements: The ability to observe electron dynamics with attosecond
pulses could lead to the development of faster electronic devices, improved telecommunications,
enhanced imaging techniques, and advanced spectroscopy.
Electron Basics: Electrons are negatively charged particles of an atom that orbit the denser
nucleus. Their properties were previously understood through averages due to the challenges in
observing their rapid movements.
Figure 18. Illustration of the Findings for which this year's Nobel for Physics is awarded.
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14.
2023 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry
Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus, and Alexei Ekimov were awarded for their groundbreaking work
on the behavior of nanoparticles
Figure 19. Source: Nobel Prize Committee
Fundamental Chemistry Fact: Traditionally, every pure element, regardless of its size,
exhibits the same properties. For instance, all gold pieces, irrespective of size, have identical
properties.
Discovery of Nanoparticle Behavior: Around four decades ago, scientists observed that
nanoparticles (in the nanoscale range) behaved differently than larger particles of the
same element.
First Observations by Ekimov: Alexei Ekimov first noticed this unique behavior in
Copper Chloride nanoparticles around 1980. However, his findings, made in the USSR,
remained largely unknown globally.
Brus's Independent Discoveries: Louis Brus, working independently, observed similar
behavior in Cadmium Sulphide nanoparticles and was able to produce these nanoparticles
with altered properties.
Bawendi's Contribution: Moungi Bawendi, initially working with Brus, later devised more
efficient methods to produce nanoparticles exhibiting the desired unique behavior.
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Figure 20. Source: Times of India
Applications of Their Research: Due to their pioneering work, nanoparticles with specific
behaviors are now integral to modern devices like TV, computer screens, and LED lamps. They
also find applications in biochemistry and medicine.
Quantum Dots: The unique behavior of these nanoparticles arises from quantum effects,
leading them to be termed "quantum dots."
Quantum Theory & Nanoparticles: Quantum Theory, developed a century ago, describes the
unusual behavior of sub-atomic particles. When particle size is reduced to the nanoscale,
quantum effects emerge, primarily because electrons are constrained in a smaller space.
Interaction with Light: One significant property of these nanoparticles is their interaction
with light. The color of a material is determined by the wavelengths of light it absorbs or reflects.
Nanoparticles can absorb different wavelengths based on their size.
Ekimov's Observations with Copper Chloride: Ekimov noticed that smaller crystals of
Copper Chloride on glass displayed a different color than areas with larger crystals, indicating
different light absorption based on size.
Brus's Observations: Brus also found that nanoparticles, even within the nanometer range,
interacted with light differently based on their size.
Significance of Size: Both Ekimov and Brus concluded that apart from the number of electrons,
a material's properties were also influenced by its size.
Efficient Production by Bawendi: While Ekimov and Brus could produce these nanoparticles,
Bawendi later developed methods to produce them with precise desired properties efficiently.
Impact on Modern Science: The discoveries by these Nobel laureates have paved the way for
advancements in various scientific fields, emphasizing the importance of understanding particle
behavior at the nanoscale.
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15.
India and Argentina sign social security agreement for professionals
India and Argentina have inked an agreement to safeguard the legal rights of professionals
working in each other's countries, promoting risk-free international mobility.
Social Security Agreement (SSA): The SSA aims to protect the rights of the increasing
number of Indian nationals employed in Argentina and Argentine nationals working in India.
Benefits of the Agreement: The SSA ensures that professionals and workers don't lose benefits
or contributions made towards social security in either country, facilitating a more significant
movement of professionals and the labor force.
Signatories: The agreement was signed by Dinesh Bhatia, the Indian ambassador to
Argentina, and Santiago Cafiero, Argentina’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, International
Trade, and Worship.
Historical Context: Santiago Cafiero had visited India in the previous year, where India
supported Argentina's claims regarding the Falklands (Las Malvinas). 2022 marked the
40th anniversary of the Falklands war between Argentina and the UK.
Bilateral Meetings: External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar visited Buenos Aires in August
2022, meeting President Alberto Fernandez and discussing trade ties. President Fernandez also
visited New Delhi for the G20 summit, meeting Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Strategic Partnership: India and Argentina elevated their bilateral relationship to a
strategic partnership level during President Mauricio Macri's India visit in February
2019.
Growing Professional Exchanges: The rising number of Indian professionals in Argentina
and Argentine nationals in India necessitated a legal framework to protect their rights, especially
concerning social security contributions.
SSA Provisions: The SSA allows professionals to claim old age and survivor's pensions. It also
ensures permanent and total disability pension for employed individuals and adheres to national
laws of both countries regarding social security benefits.
Trade Relations: India-Argentina trade ties have expanded across sectors like IT, agriculture,
automobile, and pharmaceuticals.
Indian Companies in Argentina: Major Indian companies like TCS, Infosys, Bajaj
Motorcycles, Royal Enfield, and Glenmark are active in Argentina.
Trade Figures: India is Argentina's 4th largest trading partner, with bilateral trade
reaching $6.4 billion in 2022, marking a 12% growth from 2021.
Research and Startups Exchange: In July, India and Argentina decided to exchange
researchers and startups in biotechnology and agriculture fields.
Visit of Omar Angel Perotti: Discussions regarding biotechnology and agriculture exchanges
took place during the visit of Omar Angel Perotti, the Governor of Santa Fe province of Argentina,
in July.
Growing People-to-People Exchanges: The increasing number of exchanges between the two
nations led to the need for a legal framework to protect the rights of professionals, especially
concerning social security contributions.
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16.
South China Sea: Asia’s Disputed Waters
On September 25, the Philippines Coast Guard removed barriers placed by Chinese vessels
at the Scarborough Shoal's entrance in the South China Sea.
Backdrop: Chinese Coast Guard ships had earlier placed a 300-metre-long barrier to block
Philippine boats, highlighting ongoing tensions in the South China Sea.
Significance of South China Sea: The South China Sea is a strategic water body adjacent to
the Western Pacific, bordered by China, Taiwan, the Indo-Chinese peninsula, Indonesia, Brunei,
and the Philippines.
Trade Through South China Sea: Approximately $3.37 trillion worth of trade traversed the
South China Sea in 2016.
o It carries an estimated one-third of global shipping.
China's Dependence: 64% of China's trade passes through the South China Sea, making
it the highest for any country.
o In comparison, only 14% of U.S. trade passes through it.
Dispute's Core: The South China Sea dispute revolves around claims to islands, reefs, and
associated territorial waters. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) allows
states to establish territorial seas up to 12 nautical miles and an Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ) up to 200 nautical miles.
Figure 21. Source: Forbe
Disputed Features: Around 70 disputed reefs and islets are contested. China, Vietnam,
the Philippines, Malaysia, and Taiwan have established over 90 outposts on these features.
Land Reclamation: China, Vietnam, and other countries have reclaimed land to build outposts.
China's rapid reclamation activities have notably altered the dynamics of the dispute.
Code of Conduct (CoC): ASEAN and China have been discussing a CoC to manage the
South China Sea disputes, but it remains elusive due to internal ASEAN disputes.
2016 Arbitration: In 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) rejected China's
"nine-dash line" claim to the South China Sea's islands and features. The PCA ruled that
China's claims were inconsistent with UNCLOS.
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China's Response: China rejected the PCA's arbitration and issued a white paper asserting its
"historical rights" to the South China Sea's waters and islands.
India's Stake: At least 55% of India's trade passes through the South China Sea, making
the region's stability crucial for India.
Global Implications: Any disruption in the South China Sea could significantly impact global
trade and the world economy.
Continued Tensions: Despite efforts towards a CoC, tensions and territorial claims
enforcement continue, as seen in the recent Scarborough Shoal dispute.
About South China Sea
Geographical Location: The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific
Ocean, encompassing an area from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of
Taiwan.
Size and Significance: Covering about 3.5 million square kilometers, the South China Sea is
one of the world's largest seas. It's of immense strategic and economic importance due to its
location and abundant natural resources.
Bordering Countries: The South China Sea is bordered by several Asian countries, including
China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Singapore.
Major Islands and Archipelagos: The sea contains several island groups, notably the Spratly
Islands, Paracel Islands, Pratas Islands, and the Natuna Islands.
Economic Importance: A significant portion of the world's maritime trade passes through the
South China Sea, making it a critical shipping route. It's estimated that over $3 trillion worth of
global trade flows through this sea annually.
Natural Resources: The South China Sea is rich in natural resources, including oil, natural
gas, fish, and other marine life. It's believed to have vast untapped reserves of oil and natural
gas.
Fishing Grounds: The sea provides livelihoods for millions of people in the region due to its
abundant fish stocks. It's one of the most productive fishing grounds in the world.
Territorial Disputes: The South China Sea is a hotspot for territorial disputes among several
countries, especially concerning the ownership of its islands and the delineation of exclusive
economic zones.
China's Nine-Dash Line: China claims a significant portion of the South China Sea, marked
by the "nine-dash line" on its maps. This claim overlaps with the territorial claims of several
other countries.
Strategic Military Importance: Due to its location, the South China Sea is of strategic military
importance. Many countries, including the U.S. and China, frequently conduct naval exercises in
the region.
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17.
Nagorno-Karabakh’s 120,000 Armenians will leave for Armenia
The 120,000 ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh are planning to relocate to Armenia
due to fears of ethnic cleansing and their reluctance to live as part of Azerbaijan.
Figure 22. Source: Maps of India
Recent Developments: The leadership of Nagorno-Karabakh revealed this decision after
the region faced a defeat against Azerbaijan in a conflict that traces its origins to the
dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Armenia's Stance: Armenia's Prime Minister has expressed readiness to welcome the
Karabakh Armenians and has highlighted the potential danger of ethnic cleansing they face.
Ceasefire: A ceasefire was declared on September 20 after a swift 24-hour military operation by
Azerbaijan's significantly larger military force.
Azerbaijan's Assurance: Despite the Armenians' fears, Azerbaijan has promised to guarantee
their rights and integrate the region.
Historical Perspective: Nagorno-Karabakh, also known as Artsakh by Armenians, has
historically been influenced by various powers, including Persians, Turks, Russians, Ottomans,
and Soviets.
Soviet Era: During the Soviet period, Nagorno-Karabakh was recognized as an autonomous
region within Azerbaijan.
First Karabakh War: Between 1988-1994, the First Karabakh War resulted in around
30,000 casualties and displaced over a million people, primarily Azeris.
Second Karabakh War: In 2020, Azerbaijan, with Turkey's support, achieved a
significant victory in the 44-day Second Karabakh War, reclaiming territory in and around
Karabakh.
Russian Involvement: The 2020 war concluded with a peace deal brokered by Russia.
However, Armenians accuse Moscow of not ensuring its enforcement.
Humanitarian Aid: Approximately 150 tons of humanitarian cargo from Russia and 65 tons of
flour from the International Committee of the Red Cross have been delivered to the region.
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Russian Peacekeepers: Russia has deployed 2,000 peacekeepers in the region, and as per
the ceasefire terms, various weapons and ammunition have been surrendered.
Relocation Preparations: Armenia has prepared space to accommodate 40,000 people from
Karabakh.
Religious Differences: The majority of Azerbaijan's population is Muslim, while the
Armenians are predominantly Christian.
U.S. Support: U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken has reaffirmed the United States'
unwavering support for Armenia's sovereignty and territorial integrity.
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18.
Humans of Bombay vs People of India: Copyright Infringement Case
The Delhi High Court issued summons to the Instagram account "People of India" (POI) due
to a copyright infringement suit filed by "Humans of Bombay" (HOB).
Similarities: Both HOB and POI platforms share stories of common people. HOB has over 2.7
million followers on Instagram.
Court's Observation: The court noted a "substantial imitation" of HOB's storytelling by
POI. Some photographs or images used on both platforms were found to be "identical or
imitative".
HOB's Claim: HOB claims ownership of a storytelling platform where stories of individuals are
uploaded in various formats. They allege that POI replicated several of their images and videos.
HOB's Plea: HOB approached the Delhi High Court, asking for a directive for POI to remove all
content that directly or indirectly used HOB's works.
Inspiration: HOB, launched in 2014, is said to be inspired by "Humans of New York",
founded by photographer Brandon Stanton in 2010.
Definition of Copyright: Copyright is a legal right given to creators of literary, dramatic,
musical, and artistic works. It protects the creator's intellectual property.
Substantial Imitation: The term 'substantial' in copyright infringement varies case by case.
It often pertains to the quality of the copied content rather than its quantity.
Infringement Criteria: A work is considered "infringed" if a significant part of it is used
without authorization. The copyright owner can seek legal remedies against the infringer.
HOB's Legal Action: In the case "HOB Stories Pvt. Ltd. vs. POI Social Media", HOB sought an
injunction against the infringement of its copyrighted content.
Passing Off: This concept involves a form of deception or misrepresentation that harms the
goodwill and reputation of a brand or trademark owner.
Delhi HC's Order: On September 18, Justice Prathiba Singh issued summons to POI Social
Media Private Limited and directed HOB to clarify the jurisdiction of the Delhi HC in the case.
Significance: This case highlights the complexities of copyright infringement in the digital age,
especially concerning online content and storytelling platforms.
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19.
2023 Nobel Prize for Literature
Jon Fosse was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2023 for his ability to present
everyday situations that resonate with common human experiences.
Figure 23. Source: Network 18
Language: Fosse writes in Norwegian Nynorsk, one of the two official versions of
Norwegian. He views the Nobel as a recognition of this language and its promoting movement.
Early Life and Career: Born in 1959, Fosse began his writing career with novels and
transitioned to plays in his 30s.
Achievements: Fosse is one of Norway's most-performed dramatists and is among the top
living European dramatists. His works have been translated into over 40 languages.
Volume of Work: He has penned around 40 plays, in addition to novels, short stories, children's
books, poetry, and essays.
Notable Works: Some of his renowned works include "A New Name: Septology VI-VII", "I
Am the Wind", "Melancholy", "Boathouse", and "The Dead Dogs".
Writing Style: Fosse's style, marked by minimalistic and impactful dialogue, draws comparisons
to literary giants like Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter, both previous Nobel laureates.
Themes: His works delve into the human condition's absurdity, power, and futility. They
highlight everyday confusions, challenges in forming genuine connections, and the intricacies of
human conversation.
Previous Nobel Consideration: Fosse was a strong contender for the Nobel Prize a decade
ago. He expressed relief at not winning then, believing that the award is best received by older
writers.
Popularity in Europe: While Fosse enjoys significant acclaim in Europe, his popularity in
the English-speaking world, especially the UK and the US, has been limited.
Reason for Limited Popularity: Themes in Fosse's works might be challenging for the UK
and US audiences to relate to, leading to his lesser visibility in these regions.
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Changing Dynamics: In recent years, Fosse's popularity has been on the rise in Englishspeaking countries.
Comparison with Beckett: Fosse's play "Nokon kjem til å komme" has been likened to
Beckett's iconic "Waiting for Godot".
Impact of Winning: The Nobel Prize is expected to further boost Fosse's global visibility
and readership.
Unique Storytelling: Fosse's narratives often revolve around man's loss of orientation and how
it paradoxically offers a deeper, almost divine experience.
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20.
Global Net freedom 2023
Freedom House, a non-profit based in Washington DC, has reported a decline in global
Internet freedom for the 13th consecutive year.
Countries Affected: 29 countries witnessed a deterioration in their online human rights
environment, while 20 countries saw improvements.
Report Title: The study is titled ‘Freedom on the Net 2023: The Repressive Power of
Artificial Intelligence’. It highlights the growing use of AI by governments for censorship and
disinformation dissemination.
Coverage Period: The report covers events and developments from June 2022 to May 2023.
Countries Evaluated: It assesses Internet freedom in 70 countries, representing 88% of
global Internet users.
Figure 24. Source: Freedom House
Iran's Repression: Iran experienced a significant increase in digital repression, including
Internet shutdowns, blocking of apps like WhatsApp and Instagram, and heightened surveillance
to suppress protests.
Worst Offenders: China was ranked as the most repressive country for Internet freedom
for the ninth year in a row, followed by Myanmar.
Legal Repercussions: A record 55 countries saw individuals facing legal consequences for
online expression. The number of countries with widespread arrests and long-term
imprisonments for online activities has increased from 18 in 2014 to 31 in 2023.
Elections as a Trigger: The report emphasizes how elections often lead to increased digital
repression, with leaders criminalizing certain speech types, restricting access to independent
news, and manipulating information flow.
India's AI-Enabled Repression: India's legal framework has incorporated censorship,
including automated systems. The IT Rules mandate large social media platforms to use AIbased moderation tools for content that could potentially disrupt public order, decency, morality,
or national security.
Specific Indian Cases: The government ordered YouTube and Twitter to restrict access to a
BBC documentary about communal violence during Narendra Modi's tenure as Gujarat's Chief
Minister. This led to automated scanning tools being used to identify and remove any shared
content related to the documentary.
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Impact on Indian Democracy: The expanding censorship regime in India is creating an
uneven playing field, suppressing criticism and independent reporting on the ruling party,
especially as the 2024 general elections approach.
Censorship Methods: The report identifies five censorship methods. India has employed four
of these methods, excluding VPN blocking.
India's Digital Activities: India has blocked websites with political, social, or religious content,
disrupted ICT networks, manipulated online discussions using pro-government commentators,
and launched technical attacks against critics and human rights organizations.
Digital Freedom Score: On a scale of 1 (worst repression) to 100 (highest digital
freedom), India scored 50, while Iceland, scoring 94, was recognized as the country with
the highest Internet freedom.
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21.
Nobel Peace Prize 2023
The Royal Swedish Academy has awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 2023 to Iranian activist
Narges Mohammadi.
Recognition for Activism: The prize honors Narges Mohammadi's longstanding efforts to
challenge Iran's oppressive treatment of women and her advocacy for universal
human rights.
Profile of Narges Mohammadi
Background: Narges Mohammadi is recognized as a human rights defender and an advocate
for women's freedom in Iran.
Symbol of Protests: Her work embodies the spirit of the Iranian protest slogan “Woman – Life
– Freedom.”
Contributions and Advocacy
Anti-Death Penalty Stance: Mohammadi has been vocal against Iran's prevalent use of
capital punishment.
Early Activism: Her advocacy for women's rights traces back to her university years.
Initial Arrest: Her first arrest in 2011 was due to her support for political prisoners and their
families.
Fight for Human Rights
Opposition to Torture: Mohammadi has protested against the use of torture and sexual
violence in Iranian prisons, especially against female political prisoners.
Support During Protests: She showed solidarity with the Mahsa Amini Protests even while
incarcerated, organizing support actions with other inmates.
Recognitions
Awards: She has received the Alexander Langer Award in 2009, the UNESCO/Guillermo
Cano World Press Freedom Prize, and the Olof Palme Prize in 2023.
Literary Achievement: Her book 'White Torture: Interviews with Iranian Women Prisoners'
was recognized at the International Film Festival and Human Rights’ Forum.
Iranian Hijab Movement
Dress Code Enforcement: Iranian law mandates women to wear hijabs, with non-compliance
resulting in arrest or punishment.
Catalyst for Protests: The detention and subsequent death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini for
violating the dress code ignited widespread protests for women's freedom in Iran.
Global Solidarity: The movement has sparked global protests in major cities worldwide, uniting
people under the cause of “Women, life, liberty.”
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22.
Chabahar Port
Strategic Developments in India-Iran Relations
Decade-Long Pact Progress: India and Iran are on the verge of finalizing a 10-year operational
contract for Chabahar Port, with major issues close to resolution.
Trade Facilitation Efforts: Efforts are underway to replenish Iran's rupee reserves to facilitate
trade in key commodities.
Chabahar Port: A Strategic Asset
Geographical Advantage: Chabahar, Iran's sole oceanic port, is strategically located in
the Sistan and Baluchistan Province.
Port Infrastructure: The port comprises two significant docks, Shahid Kalantari and
Shahid Beheshti, with the latter being developed with India's assistance.
Historical Cooperation: An initial deal was inked in 2016 for India to develop and manage
Shahid Beheshti terminal.
Negotiation Dynamics
Arbitration Clause Negotiations: India and Iran are ironing out differences on the arbitration
clause, with potential agreement on a neutral arbitration location.
Operational Concerns: Discussions include tariffs, customs, and security measures to ensure
smooth port operations.
Strategic and Economic Significance
Trade Route Diversification: Chabahar provides an alternative to Pakistani transit routes,
enhancing India's trade connectivity with Afghanistan and Central Asia.
Economic Gateway: The port is pivotal for India's access to the International North-South
Transport Corridor, linking to Russia, Central Asia, and Europe.
Economic Opportunities: Chabahar's operation could spur Indian trade and investment in
Central Asia, fostering economic growth.
Humanitarian and Strategic Implications
Aid and Development: The port is envisioned as a hub for humanitarian aid and reconstruction
support for Afghanistan.
Strategic Leverage: India's involvement in Chabahar bolsters its strategic stance in the Indian
Ocean and the broader region.
Future Prospects
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Long-term Commitment: The 10-year pact signifies a long-term strategic commitment
between India and Iran.
Regional Connectivity: The port is a cornerstone for India's strategy to enhance connectivity
with Central Asia.
Bilateral Trade Relations
Commodity Exchange: Key commodities in the India-Iran trade include rice, tea, and
pharmaceuticals.
Economic Strategies: India aims to strengthen economic ties with Iran despite global sanctions
affecting trade dynamics.
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23.
Israel-Hamas Conflict
The recent attacks by Hamas on Israel signify a resurgence of the century-old Israel-Palestine
conflict, requiring global and regional intervention.
The Balfour Declaration of 1917 by Britain supported the idea of a Jewish "national home"
in Palestine, which sowed the seeds of the conflict.
Post WWII, the UN proposed a partition plan for independent Jewish and Arab states in
Palestine, which was rejected by Arab nations.
The 1948 Arab-Israeli War led to Israel controlling more territory than allocated by the UN,
exacerbating tensions.
The Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) was established in 1964, aiming to
liberate Palestine from Israeli control.
The Six-Day War of 1967 saw Israel's territorial gains, including the West Bank, East
Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip.
The 1978 Camp David Accords, mediated by the U.S., aimed for peace and a resolution to the
Palestinian issue, but were not fully realized.
Hamas emerged in 1987 as a violent faction from Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, later
winning Palestinian elections in 2006.
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The Oslo Accords of 1993 led to mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO, and the
formation of the Palestinian Authority.
Territorial disputes persist over the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights, with different
levels of Israeli control.
India initially opposed the UN partition plan in 1947 but recognized Israel in 1950 and the
statehood of Palestine in 1988.
India's policy has evolved from pro-Palestine to a balanced approach, recently perceived as proIsrael.
India supports a Two-State Solution, advocating the right to self-determination for both
nations.
The recent assault by Hamas aims to disrupt the normalization of Israel's ties with Saudi
Arabia and other countries.
The Abraham Accords of 2020 between Israel and several Arab countries are seen as positive
steps towards regional peace.
As a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council and a member of the Human Rights
Council, India could play a mediator role in the conflict
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24.
2023 Nobel Prize in Economics
Claudia Goldin, a Harvard University professor, received the 2023 Nobel Prize in
Economics for her research on the gender gap in the labor market.
Goldin is the third woman to receive this honor, following Elinor Ostrom in 2009 and
Esther Duflo in 2019.
Figure 25. Source: Network 18
The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was established by Sweden's central bank in 1968
in memory of Alfred Nobel.
This prize is not one of the original Nobel Prizes established by Nobel's will but honors
contributions to economics.
Claudia Goldin has authored key works on the economic history of American women and their
journey toward equity.
Goldin’s research provides the first comprehensive account of women’s earnings and
labor market participation through history.
Her work reveals the causes of change and the main sources of the persistent gender gap.
Goldin highlighted the labor market participation of women over the past 200 years and the
enduring pay gap.
Before industrialization, women were engaged in agriculture and cottage industries, but factory
work presented challenges for them.
The rise of the service sector in the early 20th century offered more opportunities for women's
higher education and employment.
"Marriage bars" legislation prevented married women from certain employments, such as
teaching or office work.
Women’s career decisions were often influenced by their mothers' experiences, impacting their
career longevity and choice.
The availability of contraceptive pills in the late 1960s enabled women to better plan their careers
and motherhood.
Despite improvements in education and employment for women, a significant gender-based pay
gap remains, especially after motherhood.
Parenthood is identified as a contributing factor to the widening pay gap between genders
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25.
Coral Reef Breakthrough initiative
The Coral Reef Breakthrough was launched during the 37th General Meeting of the
International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) in 2023.
This science-based initiative is a collective effort of state and non-state actors to conserve,
protect, and restore coral reefs, which are critical for the future of humanity.
The initiative's goal is to safeguard coral reefs covering an area of at least 125,000 square
kilometers, which is vital for the sustenance of over half a billion people worldwide.
The initiative plans to invest a minimum of USD 12 billion to enhance the resilience of these
ecosystems against the effects of climate change and human activity by the year 2030.
The Coral Reef Breakthrough focuses on four primary actions: reducing local causes of coral loss,
increasing protected reef areas, fostering innovative solutions for coral adaptation, and raising
the necessary funds for these efforts.
Figure 26. Source: Coral Reef Initiative
It underscores the significance of protecting at least 30% of the Earth's land and ocean
(30by30 initiative) to ensure the conservation and resilience of coral reefs.
High-Level Climate Champions are leaders endorsed by the UN to mobilize non-state actors like
businesses and cities to align with the objectives of the Paris Agreement on climate change.
The Global Fund for Coral Reefs combines grants and private capital to enact sustainable
practices for the protection and rehabilitation of coral reef ecosystems.
The Coral Reef Breakthrough initiative was launched by the International Coral Reef
Initiative (ICRI) in partnership with the Global Fund for Coral Reefs (GFCR) and the
High-Level Climate Champions (HLCC).
The initiative will support the resilience of over half a billion people globally.
Achieving its targets will contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly
SDG14 (Life Below Water).
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The ICRI is a global partnership between nations and organizations dedicated to preserving coral
reefs and related ecosystems.
The ICRI was founded in 1994 and now has 101 members, including 45 countries like
India.
High-Level Climate Champions (HLCC) are UN-appointed facilitators enhancing non-state actor
engagement in the Paris Agreement on climate change.
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26.
World Mental Health Day
World Mental Health Day is observed on October 10th annually, aiming to raise awareness
on mental health issues and mobilize efforts in support of mental health.
The 2023 theme for World Mental Health Day emphasizes that “Mental health is a universal
human right”.
In India, more than 80% of individuals do not access mental health care due to various
barriers including stigma, lack of knowledge, and high costs.
The economic impact of mental health conditions in India is projected to be USD 1.03 trillion
between 2012-2030.
Figure 27. Source: Pace Hospitals
India's government has initiated programs such as the National Mental Health Programme,
Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres, and National Tele Mental Health
Programme.
There is a critical shortage of mental health professionals in India, resulting in limited access to
care, especially in rural areas.
Adolescents in India are particularly vulnerable to mental health challenges, with a reported
7.3% prevalence of severe mental illness.
Gender disparities are evident in mental health, with Indian women facing higher rates of
depression and anxiety.
Economic inequality and poverty can worsen mental health conditions; financial stress and
limited opportunities contribute to mental distress.
Social media and the internet can impact mental health negatively through cyberbullying and
misinformation.
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India's aging population requires improved mental health support to address issues like
loneliness and depression.
Disasters such as floods and earthquakes can lead to long-lasting mental health issues like
PTSD.
There's a need to expand mental health infrastructure, train more professionals, and promote
telemedicine to increase accessibility.
Integrating mental health services with primary healthcare and expanding insurance coverage
for mental health are also recommended steps.
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27.
Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal
The Union Cabinet has revised the Terms of Reference for the Krishna Water Disputes
Tribunal-II (KWDT-II) to address water-sharing between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
The KWDT-II, established in 2004, adjudicates Krishna River water-sharing disputes
among Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
Figure 28. Source: ThePrint
The Krishna Water Dispute involves equitable distribution of river waters among the states it
traverses, with a history of disputes dating back to the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956.
The Srisailam reservoir on the Krishna River is a major contention point, especially
regarding its use for power generation by Telangana.
The second KWDT's 2010 report allocated water at 65% dependability: 81 TMC to
Maharashtra, 177 TMC to Karnataka, and 190 TMC to Andhra Pradesh.
Andhra Pradesh has challenged the KWDT allocations legally, including a petition in the
Supreme Court.
Post the creation of Telangana, there's a demand to reassess water allocations among the now
four states.
Article 262 of the Indian Constitution and the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956 provide
the legal framework for adjudicating such disputes.
The KWDT-II is set to allocate Krishna River water for future projects in both Telangana
and Andhra Pradesh.
The Krishna River, originating near Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra, is a major peninsular
river flowing through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.
Major tributaries include the Ghatprabha, Malprabha, Tungabhadra on the right bank, and the
Bhima, Musi, and Munneru on the left bank.
The river basin hosts several important hydropower stations like Koyna, Tungabhadra,
SriSailam, and Nagarjuna Sagar.
The Krishna River holds mythological significance, known variously as Krsnavena in the
Puranas and Kanhapenna in Jatakas.
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28.
Geographical Indication (GI) tags for Arunachal Yak Churpi, Khaw Tai
(Khamti rice), and Tangsa textile
Arunachal Pradesh has been granted Geographical Indication (GI) tags for Arunachal
Yak Churpi, Khaw Tai (Khamti rice), and Tangsa textile.
Arunachal Yak Churpi is a dairy product from the milk of yaks found in West Kameng and
Tawang districts and is known for its high protein content.
Khaw Tai is a distinctive sticky rice cultivated by the Khamti tribal farmers in the Namsai
region of Arunachal Pradesh.
Tangsa Textile is a traditional craft of the Tangsa tribe from Changlang district, noted for
its unique designs and vivid colors.
Figure 29. Source: Arunachal Government
GI tags recognize products with a specific geographical origin and qualities that are due to that
origin, such as Darjeeling Tea and Kanchipuram Silk.
GI is a type of intellectual property right under the Paris Convention and the TRIPS
Agreement, which India adheres to through its Geographical Indications of Goods Act, 1999.
A registered GI tag is valid for a period of 10 years in India and can be renewed subsequently.
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29.
19th Asian Games
19th Asian Games: The 19th edition of the Asian Games concluded at the Hangzhou Olympic
Sports Centre Stadium in China in 2023, originally scheduled for 2022.
India’s Flagbearer: Indian hockey player PR Sreejesh was the flagbearer for India during
the athletes' parade.
Next Venue: The 20th Asian Games are set to be held in Japan in 2027.
India’s Performance:
o India achieved a record-breaking medals tally with 107 medals (28 gold, 38 silver, and
41 bronze).
o This was a significant improvement from the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta where India
won 70 medals.
o India crossed the 100-medal mark for the first time in the history of the Asian
Games, joining China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea in this achievement.
Athletics: Athletics was the most successful sport for India, contributing 29 medals (6 gold,
14 silver, and 9 bronze).
Hockey: The Indian men's hockey team secured a gold medal and a berth at the Paris Olympics
with a 5-1 victory over Japan.
New Sports: The 2023 Games introduced e-Sports and Breakdancing as medal sports.
Additionally, Cricket, Go, Xiangqi, and Chess were reintroduced after being absent in the 2018
Games.
About the Asian Games:
o The Asian Games is the largest sports competition in Asia, occurring every four years.
o The symbol of the Asian Games is the rising sun with interlocking rings.
o The Games are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
History and Inauguration:
o The concept of the Asian Games was proposed post-World War II with the rise of newly
independent Asian nations.
o The inaugural Asian Games took place in New Delhi, India, in 1951.
Regulation:
o The Asian Games were initially regulated by the Asian Games Federation until 1978.
o Since 1982, the Olympic Council of Asia has been responsible for the Games.
India’s Role:
o India is a founding member of the Asian Games and hosted the first edition.
o India also hosted the 9th Asian Games in New Delhi in 1982.
o The first mascot of the Asian Games was Appu, the Indian elephant.
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30.
SC pulls up Punjab govt for not constructing its part of SYL canal
Supreme Court Order: The Supreme Court of India has directed the Punjab Government to
complete the SYL canal, emphasizing compliance with its orders.
Inter-State Dispute: The dispute originates from a 1981 water-sharing agreement following
the creation of Haryana from Punjab in 1966.
Indus Water Treaty Context: The dispute has its roots in the Indus Water Treaty of 1960,
which granted India the use of waters from the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi rivers.
SYL Canal Planning: The SYL Canal was planned to share the waters of the Sutlej and its
tributary Beas with Haryana, which Punjab opposed based on the riparian principle.
1981 Agreement: Punjab and Haryana mutually agreed to reallocate water shares.
Canal Construction and Controversy: Construction of the 214-km SYL Canal began in 1982
in Kapoori, Punjab, leading to protests and acts of terrorism in the region.
Eradi Tribunal (1985): A tribunal led by Justice V Balakrishna Eradi was established to
reassess water availability, which recommended increased shares for both Punjab and Haryana.
Legal Developments:
o In 1996, Haryana approached the Supreme Court to direct Punjab to complete the canal.
o The Supreme Court ordered Punjab in 2002 and 2004 to finish the canal work.
o In 2004, the Punjab Assembly passed an act to terminate water-sharing agreements, affecting
the SYL Canal's construction.
o The Supreme Court in 2016 declared the 2004 Punjab Act unconstitutional.
Recent Developments (2020): The Supreme Court urged both states to negotiate, mediated by
the Union Government. Punjab has called for a fresh tribunal to reassess water availability.
Punjab's Stance:
o Punjab opposes sharing additional water, citing a lack of surplus and declining water
allocations.
o The state anticipates potential water scarcity post-2029 and has over-exploited groundwater
for agriculture.
Haryana's Position:
o Haryana insists on the completion of the canal, facing a water crisis and claiming Punjab
uses its water share.
o Haryana struggles with irrigation and drinking water, with groundwater levels depleting
significantly.
Significance of SYL Canal:
o The canal is intended to enable equitable water sharing between Punjab and Haryana.
o It aims to resolve historical water disputes and enhance agricultural productivity.
o The canal is crucial for socio-economic development in both states.
Challenges in Water Sharing:
o Geographical variations, climate change, and unequal river distribution contribute to
disputes.
o Dams and reservoirs, population growth, and political dynamics further complicate water
sharing.
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31.
Global Hunger Index 2023
Global Ranking: India was ranked 111th out of 125 countries in the Global Hunger Index
2023, indicating a serious level of hunger.
Comparative Performance: Neighboring countries such as Pakistan (102nd), Bangladesh
(81st), Nepal (69th), and Sri Lanka (60th) scored better than India.
Global Hunger Index (GHI):
o The GHI is a peer-reviewed annual report by Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe.
o It measures and tracks hunger globally, regionally, and nationally, reflecting multiple
dimensions of hunger over time.
o The GHI score is on a 100-point scale, with 0 being no hunger and 100 being the worst.
Calculation of GHI Score:
o The GHI score is based on four indicators:
o Undernourishment: Insufficient caloric intake.
o Child Stunting: Low height for age, indicating chronic undernutrition.
o Child Wasting: Low weight for height, indicating acute undernutrition.
o Child Mortality: Children dying before age five, partly due to inadequate nutrition.
Alignment with SDGs:
o Undernourishment is an indicator for SDG 2.1, which focuses on access to sufficient food.
o Child stunting and wasting are indicators for SDG 2.2, aiming to end malnutrition.
o Child mortality reduction is a goal of SDG 3.2.
Figure 30. Source: Down to Earth
India's GHI Score:
o India's 2023 score is 28.7, categorized as "serious".
o This is a slight improvement from the 2015 score of 29.2.
o The score has significantly improved from 38.4 in 2000 and 35.5 in 2008.
Related Data for India:
o Child stunting: 35.5% (NFHS 2019-2021).
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Undernourishment: 16.6% (State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World report 2023).
Child wasting rate: 18.7% (NFHS 2019-21), the highest in the report.
Under-five mortality rate: 3.1% (UN Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation
January 2023).
Global Hunger Trends:
o Belarus, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Chile, China have low levels of hunger.
o Yemen, Madagascar, Central African Republic are at the bottom.
o The global GHI score is 18.3, considered moderate.
Indian Government's Response:
o Criticism of the GHI methodology, suggesting methodological issues and questioning the
intent.
o The government's Poshan Tracker shows a child wasting prevalence below 7.2%, contrary to
the GHI report.
o Concerns about the small sample size used for the "Proportion of Undernourished Population"
indicator.
o Stunting and wasting are outcomes of complex factors, not just hunger.
o Child mortality may not be solely due to hunger.
Factors Responsible for Hunger in India:
o Socioeconomic disparities and poverty.
o Hidden hunger or micronutrient deficiency.
o Inefficient agricultural practices and food distribution.
o Gender inequality and nutritional disparities.
o Climate change and environmental stressors.
o Lack of audit for nutritional programs.
o
o
o
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32.
ST communities in India
Scheduled Areas are specific regions designated under the Fifth Schedule of the Indian
Constitution, covering 11.3% of India's land area and home to 8.6% of the country's
population, predominantly Scheduled Tribes (STs).
States with Scheduled Areas: These areas are found in ten states under the Fifth Schedule:
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Himachal Pradesh. Additionally, four states under the Sixth
Schedule: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Kerala's Proposal: In 2015, Kerala sought to notify certain habitations as Scheduled Areas,
pending approval from the Union government.
Identification Criteria: The declaration of Scheduled Areas is based on significant tribal
population, compactness and reasonable size, administrative viability, and economic
backwardness relative to neighboring regions. The Bhuria Commission of 2002 suggested
areas with a 40% or more tribal population as per the 1951 Census to be considered as
Scheduled Areas.
Constitutional Provisions:
o Article 244(1) applies the Fifth Schedule to Scheduled Areas in states except Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
o Article 244(2) applies the Sixth Schedule to the four states mentioned above.
Governance and Advisory Council:
o The President of India notifies Scheduled Areas.
o States with Scheduled Areas must establish a Tribal Advisory Council consisting of up to 20
ST members to advise the Governor on ST welfare.
o The Governor is required to submit an annual report to the President on the administration
of these areas.
Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 (PESA): This act empowers gram
sabhas, granting them significant authority through direct democracy and prioritizing local selfgovernance.
Concerns:
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A significant portion (59%) of India's ST population lives outside the purview of
Article 244, missing out on rights under laws applicable to Scheduled Areas.
o The absence of viable ST-majority administrative units has led to bureaucratic challenges
and demands for the denotification of parts of Scheduled Areas.
Provisions Related to STs:
o The Constitution does not define STs but provides a process for their identification
under Article 342.
o Statutory provisions for ST protection include the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955, the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989, and
the Forest Rights Act 2006.
o
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33.
Regulation of OTTs
The Telecom Disputes Settlement Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) ruled that OTT platforms like
Hotstar are governed by the Information Technology Rules, 2021, not by the Telecom
Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI).
TRAI Act, 1997: TDSAT clarified that OTT platforms are outside the purview of the TRAI Act,
1997, as they do not require any permission or a license from the central government.
AIDCF vs. Star India: The ruling was in response to a petition by the All India Digital Cable
Federation (AIDCF) against Star India Pvt Ltd, which challenged Star’s free streaming of
World Cup matches on Hotstar.
Regulatory Conflict: There is a conflict between the Ministry of Communications (MoC) and
the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) over who should regulate OTT
platforms.
DoT’s Classification Attempt: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) sought to
classify OTT platforms as telecommunications services and regulate them like telecom operators.
TRAI’s Consultation Paper: TRAI has issued a consultation paper on how to regulate OTT
platforms, despite initially recommending against a specific regulatory framework for OTT
communication services.
Nature of OTT Platforms: OTT platforms are audio and video hosting and streaming services
that also produce and release their own content, including short movies, feature films,
documentaries, and web-series.
OTT Services: Most OTT platforms offer some content for free and charge a subscription fee for
premium content, which is often produced in collaboration with established production houses.
Examples of OTT Platforms: Notable platforms include Netflix, Disney+, Hulu, Amazon Prime
Video, Peacock, CuriosityStream, and Pluto TV.
Information Technology (IT) Rules, 2021:
o Mandate social media platforms to exercise greater diligence with respect to the content on
their platforms.
o Establish a soft-touch self-regulatory architecture with a Code of Ethics and a three-tier
grievance redressal mechanism for OTT platforms.
o Require publishers to become members of a self-regulating body registered with the Ministry
of Information and Broadcasting.
Grievance Redressal Mechanism: OTT platforms must have a grievance officer to address
complaints, acknowledging receipt within 24 hours and resolving them within 15 days.
Privacy Policies: Social media platforms must ensure their privacy policies educate users about
the legal implications of circulating copyrighted or objectionable material.
About TDSAT:
o Established by an amendment in the TRAI Act, 1997, in 2000.
o Adjudicates disputes between licensors, licensees, service providers, and consumers, and
hears appeals against TRAI orders.
o Composed of a Chairperson and two members, appointed by the Central Government
in consultation with the Chief Justice of India.
Powers and Jurisdiction of TDSAT:
o Has the powers of a civil court and is not bound by the procedure laid down by the Code of
Civil Procedure.
o Operates under the principles of natural justice.
o Jurisdiction includes Telecom, Broadcasting, IT, and Airport tariff matters.
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34.
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
The CTBT is a multilateral treaty that aims to ban all nuclear explosions for both military and
peaceful purposes.
Historical Context: The treaty's origins date back to the Cold War era, marked by extensive
nuclear testing by the United States and the Soviet Union.
Global Nuclear Tests: Between 1945 and 1996, over 2,000 nuclear tests were conducted
worldwide, with the U.S. and the Soviet Union being the most prolific testers.
Environmental and Health Concerns: The international community's concerns over the
environmental and health impacts of nuclear tests led to efforts to limit such testing.
Previous Treaties:
o The Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (LTBT) of 1963 banned nuclear tests in the
atmosphere, outer space, and underwater but allowed underground tests.
o The Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) of 1974 limited underground nuclear weapons
tests and established a nuclear "threshold," without completely banning all nuclear testing.
CTBT Negotiation and Adoption:
o The conducive post-Cold War environment led to the negotiation of the CTBT at the
Conference on Disarmament in Geneva in 1994.
o The United Nations adopted the CTBT in 1996, which then became open for signature,
representing a significant step toward global nuclear disarmament.
Entry into Force: The CTBT will become effective 180 days after being ratified by all 44 states
listed in Annex 2 of the treaty, which includes states with nuclear reactors or research
reactors at the time of the treaty's adoption.
Current Status:
o Signed by 187 nations and ratified by 178.
o Cannot formally enter into force until ratified by eight specific nations that have not yet done
so: China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, Iran, Egypt, and the United States.
Russia's Position: Russia has indicated intentions to revoke its ratification of the CTBT, which
could have significant implications for global nuclear non-proliferation efforts.
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35.
IMF's World Economic Outlook Report 2023
Titled "Navigating Global Divergence," the report updates the IMF's projections for global
economic growth.
Global Growth Forecasts:
o For 2023, the IMF projects global GDP growth to remain at 3%, consistent with its July
2023 forecast.
o The forecast for global GDP growth in 2024 has been revised down by 10 basis points
from the July forecast to 2.9%.
China's Economic Growth:
o The Chinese economy is expected to grow at 5% in 2023, up from 3% in 2022.
o The IMF's October forecast for China’s growth in 2023 and 2024 is 20 and 30 basis points
lower than its July projections, indicating a potential loss of momentum.
Inflation and Monetary Policy:
o Global inflation is projected to rise to 5.8% in 2024, which is faster than the 5.2% estimated
three months prior.
o These projections do not account for events of the weekend preceding the report's release and
their potential fallout.
Economic Concerns and Risks:
o Economic growth has been hampered by tight monetary policies as central banks have
restricted money supply to combat inflation, which rose to 8.7% in 2022.
o Recovery from the pandemic has been uneven, and supply chain disruptions due to Russia’s
invasion of Ukraine have further impacted growth.
Figure 31. Source: IMF
Investment and Economic Uncertainties:
o Investment remains below pre-pandemic levels, influenced by higher interest rates and
stricter lending conditions.
o The IMF advises countries to rebuild fiscal buffers to guard against future economic shocks.
o There is a 15% chance that growth could fall below 2% in 2024, with more downside
risks than upside potential.
India's Economic Outlook:
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India’s GDP for the fiscal year 2023-24 is projected to grow by 6.3%, which is a 20-basis
point increase from the July 2023 numbers.
o This projection aligns with the World Bank’s forecast in its India Development Update.
o India’s GDP growth forecast for 2024-25 remains unchanged at 6.3%.
o The IMF’s upward revision for India’s 2023-24 GDP growth follows a strong 7.8% growth
in the quarter ending June 2023, although the annual growth number is still lower than
the 6.5% projection by the Reserve Bank of India’s Monetary Policy Committee
(MPC).
IMF's Key Recommendations:
o Encourage business investment to stimulate economic growth, as evidenced by stronger
business investment in the U.S. contributing to an upgraded growth forecast.
o Monitor economic divergence across major economies, especially in the eurozone, and address
the factors causing contraction or slower growth in certain regions.
o Exercise caution in managing inflation and monetary policy, with globally synchronized
central bank tightening being essential for controlling inflation and maintaining economic
stability.
About the IMF:
o The International Monetary Fund is an international organization that promotes global
economic growth and financial stability, encourages international trade, and aims to reduce
poverty.
o It was established in 1945 following the Bretton Woods conference.
o Initially, the IMF's primary goal was to coordinate international economic policies to prevent
competitive currency devaluations.
o Over time, it has become a lender of last resort to governments facing severe currency crises.
IMF Reports:
o The IMF publishes the Global Financial Stability Report and the World Economic
Outlook.
o These reports are typically released twice a year, in April and October.
o
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36.
Large ozone hole detected over Antarctica
Satellite measurements have detected a substantial hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica,
measuring 26 million square kilometers, about three times the size of Brazil.
ESA's Role: The European Space Agency's Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite recorded this
data on September 16, 2023, as part of the EU’s environmental monitoring program.
Significance of the Ozone Hole: The ozone layer acts as a protective shield in the
stratosphere, absorbing ultraviolet radiation and reducing the risk of skin cancer caused
by UV exposure.
Figure 32. Source: Indian Express
Annual Phenomenon: The ozone hole over Antarctica is an annual occurrence, forming in
August and typically closing by November or December.
Formation Process: The rotation of the Earth generates special winds over Antarctica, creating
a mini climate that leads to the formation of the ozone hole. When the winds diminish, the hole
closes.
2023 Ozone Hole Factors: The large ozone hole in 2023 may be attributed to volcanic eruptions
at Hunga Tonga in Tonga during December 2022 and January 2023, which sent significant
water vapor into the stratosphere, affecting the ozone layer through chemical reactions.
Human Impact: While the 2023 ozone hole is linked to natural events, historically, human
activities, particularly the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have been known to create
substantial ozone holes.
Montreal Protocol: In response to the discovery of human-caused ozone depletion, the
Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to phase out the production of ozone-depleting
substances, leading to a reduction in ozone holes.
Climate Change Connection: Ozone depletion is not a primary driver of climate change, but
there are indications that rising global temperatures may impact the behavior of ozone holes.
Wildfires and Ozone: Large ozone holes in recent years, such as those in 2020 and 2021, have
been linked to significant wildfire events, suggesting that increased fire activity due to global
warming could affect ozone depletion.
Ozone and Climate Interactions: Ozone holes can have cooling effects by reducing the
greenhouse gas effect, but they may also alter the progression of seasons, potentially extending
the duration of the polar vortex and winter conditions.
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37.
India’s First CAR-T Cell Therapy Approval
Immuno Adoptive Cell Therapy, an IIT Bombay-incubated company, received approval
from the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) for NexCAR19, a humanized
CD19-targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) Therapy product.
NexCAR19: This therapy is intended for use in cases of relapsed/refractory B-cell Lymphomas
and Leukaemia in India.
Collaborative Effort: The development of NexCAR19 is the result of a decade-long
collaboration between IIT Bombay and Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), involving rigorous clinical
investigations and translational studies.
CAR T-cell Therapy: A significant advancement in cancer treatment, this therapy uses a
patient's own cells, which are modified in the laboratory to activate T-cells to target tumor
cells.
Approved Uses: CAR T-cell therapy has been approved for treating certain types of
leukaemias and lymphomas.
Procedure: T cells are extracted from a patient’s blood, and a gene for a special receptor that
binds to a protein on the patient’s cancer cells is added. These modified T cells are then infused
back into the patient.
Significance: CAR T-cell therapies are highly specific and stimulate the patient's immune
system to fight cancer, leading to potentially greater clinical efficacy. They are often referred to
as "living drugs."
Challenges:
o Preparation: The complexity of preparing CAR T-cell therapies has limited their widespread
use.
o Side Effects: While efficacy can be as high as 90% in certain cancers, potential side effects
include cytokine release syndrome and neurological symptoms.
o Affordability: The cost of CAR T-cell therapy may be prohibitive, raising concerns about its
affordability in India.
T Cells: These are a type of white blood cell crucial for the immune response, involved in cellmediated immunity, and come in two major types: helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Government Initiatives for Cancer Treatment:
o National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular
Diseases, and Stroke.
o National Cancer Grid.
o National Cancer Awareness Day.
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38.
Ken-Betwa river linking
The Ken-Betwa River Link Project is a pioneering initiative under India's ambitious river
interlinking plan, aiming to redistribute water from the surplus Ken River to the deficient Betwa
River.
Clearance Status: Recently, the project crossed a significant hurdle by obtaining forest
clearance. However, it awaits wildlife clearance from India's apex court.
Environmental Compliance: To comply with forest clearance mandates, the project must
adjust the canal route and relocate power generation facilities away from forested regions.
Figure 33. Source: Times of India
Project Details:
o Initial Phase: The first phase focuses on constructing the Daudhan Dam and associated
structures like tunnels and canals for water diversion.
o Subsequent Phase: The second phase plans to construct additional water management
structures, including the Lower Orr Dam and the Kotha Barrage.
Project Benefits:
o It's projected to generate hydroelectric power of around 103 megawatts.
o It aims to supply potable water to over six million people.
o The irrigation network is expected to cover over 630,000 hectares, traversing multiple
districts.
Conservation Challenges: The project's path through the Panna Tiger Reserve raises
significant ecological concerns, necessitating careful consideration and approval from
environmental authorities.
Geographical Context:
o The Ken and Betwa rivers both spring from Madhya Pradesh and contribute to the
Yamuna River system.
o Existing dams on the Betwa River include the Rajghat, Paricha, and Matatila, while the
Ken River is noted for flowing through Panna tiger reserve.
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39.
Supreme Court’s verdict on Same Sex Marriage in India
The Supreme Court of India, in a unanimous decision, declined to recognize same-sex marriage
under the current legal framework, specifically the Special Marriage Act.
Constitution Bench Ruling: A five-judge Constitution Bench, led by Chief Justice D Y
Chandrachud, concluded that the right to marry for non-heterosexual couples is not a
fundamental right under the current statutes.
Judicial Consensus: All members of the bench concurred that the legislature, not the
judiciary, should address the matter of same-sex marriage rights.
Civil Union Rights: While the bench denied marriage rights, Justice Sanjay Krishan Kaul
noted that same-sex couples have the right to civil unions under Part 3 of the
Constitution, which deals with fundamental rights.
Legislative Responsibility: Chief Justice Chandrachud emphasized that it is the Parliament's
responsibility to deliberate and decide on the issue of same-sex marriage.
Guidelines Issued: The Chief Justice issued directives to the Centre and police forces to
prevent discrimination against the LGBTQIA+ community.
Legal Implications of Marriage: The petitions argued that marriage confers numerous legal
rights and obligations that are protected by law, highlighting the significance of legal recognition
for same-sex unions.
Supreme Court's Stance on Marriage:
o In the case of Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M. (2018), the Supreme Court affirmed the right
to marry a person of one's choice as part of the fundamental right to life under Article 21 of
the Constitution.
o Article 16(2) of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on various grounds,
including sex, in matters of marriage.
o The Court has recognized the right to marry as central to individual liberty and the pursuit
of happiness, with personal beliefs being protected under constitutional liberty.
Rights of the LGBTQ Community:
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In the landmark judgment of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018), the Supreme
Court declared that the LGBTQ community is entitled to all constitutional rights, including
equal protection under the law.
Understanding the Special Marriage Act (SMA) 1954:
o The SMA provides a framework for civil marriage in India, applicable to all citizens
regardless of their religious or faith backgrounds.
o It is the judiciary's responsibility to safeguard the rights of spouses under this Act.
o The SMA governs marriages that are not solemnized under personal religious laws but under
its secular provisions.
Key Features of the SMA:
o The Act facilitates marriage between individuals from different religions.
o It outlines the procedures for solemnization and registration of such marriages.
o As a secular legislation, the SMA is instrumental in freeing individuals from the confines of
traditional marriage requirements.
Support and Opposition: The Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights (DCPCR)
supported the legal recognition of same-sex marriages, while the National Commission for
Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) and the Jamiat-Ulama-i-Hind, a body of Islamic scholars,
opposed it.
Societal Readiness: Opinions suggest that even if the judiciary were to sanction same-sex
marriages, societal acceptance in India might lag, indicating a need for a broader discussion on
societal readiness for such changes.
o
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40.
UN-approved Multinational Security Mission in Haiti
UNSC Resolution: The United Nations Security Council has sanctioned a Multinational
Security Mission (MSS) to address the severe security and humanitarian crisis in Haiti.
Kenya's Leadership: Kenya is spearheading the MSS, with additional support from
Caribbean nations such as the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Antigua and Barbuda.
Haiti's Crisis: Haiti has been grappling with rampant gang violence, particularly from a
coalition known as "G9 and Family," which has paralyzed the country's main fuel port and the
capital, Port-au-Prince.
Casualties and Displacement: The violence has resulted in approximately 2,800 deaths from
October 2022 to June 2023, and has forced around 200,000 people to flee their homes.
Humanitarian Situation: Nearly half of Haiti's population currently requires humanitarian
aid, with reports of increased sexual violence and widespread property destruction.
International Assistance Request: The Haitian Prime Minister has called for international
armed forces to help combat the gang violence and its sponsors.
Mission's Mandate: The MSS is tasked with supporting the Haitian National Police, bolstering
security, safeguarding critical infrastructure, and aiding in the organization of elections.
Operational Authority: The mission is authorized to conduct arrests in collaboration with local
law enforcement.
Geographical Context: Haiti is situated on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean,
sharing a border with the Dominican Republic and proximate to Jamaica and Cuba.
Cultural and Historical Highlights:
Official languages include French and Haitian Creole.
Notable mountain ranges are Massif de la Selle and Massif du Nord.
Haiti holds the distinction of being the world's first Black-led republic, following centuries of
Spanish and French colonial rule.
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41.
Supreme Court on Designation of Bills as Money Bills
Supreme Court's Bench: A seven-judge bench of the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice
D.Y. Chandrachud, has agreed to deliberate on prioritizing the hearing of a case concerning
the classification of certain amendments as Money Bills.
Petitioners' Request: Petitioners, including Congress leader Jairam Ramesh, have requested
the case be given priority due to its ongoing relevance and impact.
Centre's Stance: The Centre, represented by Solicitor General Tushar Mehta, argued against
prioritization based on political urgency, suggesting that cases should be heard based on their
order of seniority.
Figure 34. Source: Times of India
Legal Questions Involved: The case involves legal questions about amendments made to the
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) and the Finance Act of 2017, which were
passed as Money Bills, potentially bypassing the Rajya Sabha's authority.
PMLA Amendments: The amendments to the PMLA, passed as Money Bills, have given the
Enforcement Directorate extensive powers, including arrest and raid authority.
Finance Act of 2017: The Finance Act of 2017, also passed as a Money Bill, altered
appointments to 19 key judicial tribunals, which has been contested for potentially
extending executive control over these bodies.
Constitutional Provisions: The case raises questions about the constitutional validity of
passing such amendments as Money Bills, which is governed by Article 110 of the Constitution.
Money Bill Criteria: A Money Bill is supposed to contain provisions strictly confined to
financial matters as specified under clauses (a) to (g) of Article 110(1).
Previous Supreme Court Decisions: The issue of classifying laws as Money Bills was also
discussed in the Aadhaar case, with the Supreme Court upholding the Aadhaar Act's
certification as a Money Bill in a majority verdict.
Justice Chandrachud's Dissent: In the Aadhaar case, Justice Chandrachud had provided a
dissenting opinion, suggesting that the decision should be deferred until the larger questions on
Money Bills were settled.
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42.
Electoral Bonds Scheme
The Supreme Court has slated the Electoral Bonds Scheme for examination by a Constitution
Bench due to concerns over transparency and potential corruption.
Scheme Overview: Introduced in 2017 and implemented in 2018, electoral bonds allow
anonymous donations to political parties.
Operational Mechanics:
o Issued by the State Bank of India (SBI) in denominations ranging from Rs 1,000 to Rs 1
crore.
o Interest-free and bearer instruments, valid for 15 days from issuance.
o Available for purchase by Indian citizens and entities through digital means or cheque.
Eligibility for Political Parties: To receive funds via electoral bonds, parties must be
registered under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and have secured at least 1%
of votes in the last general or state assembly elections.
Figure 35. Source: Times of India
Transparency Measures:
o Political parties are required to disclose their bank account details to the Election
Commission of India (ECI).
o Donations are made through banking channels, and parties must account for the utilization
of these funds.
Advantages Touted:
o Claims of increased transparency and accountability in political funding.
o Reduction in cash transactions, aiming to curb black money in elections.
Criticism and Concerns:
o Contrary to its purpose, the scheme has been criticized for reducing transparency by allowing
anonymous donations.
o Potential for government misuse, as SBI could theoretically provide donor details to the
incumbent government, raising fears of extortion or victimization.
o Amendments to the Finance Act have exempted parties from disclosing bond donations,
obscuring the sources of political funding from the public.
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The scheme is argued to favor rich corporates by allowing unlimited donations with tax
exemptions, potentially leading to crony capitalism.
Constitutional Implications:
o Challenges to the scheme cite violations of the right to freedom of expression (Article 19) and
the right to information, as citizens cannot ascertain who is funding political parties.
o The scheme's anonymity does not extend to the government, which could access donor details,
potentially influencing free and fair elections.
o
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43.
Sri-Lanka China Debt Agreement
Sri Lanka has secured an agreement with China's Export-Import (EXIM) Bank to manage
approximately USD 4.2 billion of its outstanding debt.
Economic Crisis Background: In April 2022, Sri Lanka announced its inability to repay its
international debt, which exceeded USD 83 billion, with a significant portion owed to foreign
lenders.
Crisis Triggers: Contributing factors to Sri Lanka's economic downturn included substantial
tax reductions in 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic's toll on tourism, and fuel shortages exacerbated
by the conflict in Ukraine.
International Aid Sought: Amidst the crisis, Sri Lanka sought financial aid from China and
India, with India providing a USD 500 million credit line for fuel and a USD 1 billion credit
line for essential imports.
Debt Restructuring Efforts: Sri Lanka has been negotiating with bondholders and major
bilateral creditors, including China, Japan, and India, to restructure its debt, aiming to meet the
International Monetary Fund's (IMF) conditions for a USD 2.9 billion Extended Fund
Facility.
Paris Club's Role: The Paris Club has attempted to unify China and India in the debt
negotiation process to ensure equitable treatment among creditors.
China's Bilateral Approach: China traditionally prefers bilateral negotiations with
confidential terms, while India is cautious about joining a common platform that excludes
China, considering the strategic implications for the Indian Ocean Region.
China-Sri Lanka Relations:
China is Sri Lanka's largest bilateral creditor and has heavily invested in the island
nation's infrastructure, with approximately USD 12 billion invested between 2006 and
2019.
China's influence in the Indian Ocean is seen as a strategic counterbalance to its challenges
in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, where it faces opposition from Taiwan, territorial disputes,
and tensions with the US and Australia.
Sri Lanka's alignment with China could be further solidified due to its economic predicament.
India's Strategic Concerns:
India views China's "Forum on the Development of Indian Ocean Island Countries" as
a challenge to its SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) initiative.
China's control over Sri Lanka's Hambantota port through a 99-year lease and the
establishment of a Special Economic Zone around the Colombo port city, funded by
China, raises security concerns for India.
The leasing of strategic ports to China suggests a potential for a permanent Chinese
naval presence in the Indian Ocean, aligning with the "String of Pearls" strategy to encircle
India.
India-Sri Lanka Relations:
India and Sri Lanka share deep-rooted cultural, religious, and trade connections, with
Buddhism playing a significant role in their historical ties.
India has provided around USD 4 billion in aid during Sri Lanka's economic crisis and
was the first to support Sri Lanka's financing and debt restructuring efforts.
The two nations are exploring an Economic and Technology Cooperation Agreement (ETCA)
and have agreed on a multi-product petroleum pipeline project.
Sri Lanka has adopted India's UPI service, enhancing fintech connectivity and using the
Indian rupee for trade settlements, aiding in economic recovery.
India is a key export market for Sri Lanka and a major investor, with over 60% of Sri
Lankan exports benefiting from the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement.
The countries engage in joint military exercises, such as Mitra Shakti and SLINEX, and
participate in regional groupings like BIMSTEC and SAARC.
Cultural and Economic Connectivity:
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The resumption of the ferry service between Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu, India, and
Kankesanthurai in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, aims to strengthen cultural and economic ties. The
service, which was halted nearly four decades ago due to the civil war in Sri Lanka, will now
facilitate a 60-nautical mile journey in about 3.5 hours.
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44.
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP):
The RCEP is a major economic agreement between the ASEAN member states and their Free
Trade Agreement (FTA) partners.
Global Stature: It stands as the world's largest trading bloc, aiming to foster economic
integration, trade liberalization, and cooperation among its members.
Formation Timeline: The RCEP negotiations commenced in 2012, with the agreement being
signed in November 2020 and coming into effect on January 1, 2022.
Membership: The partnership comprises 15 countries, including China, Japan, New Zealand,
South Korea, Australia, and the ten ASEAN nations (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam).
Figure 36. Source: Global Logistics Associations
Negotiation Scope: The RCEP covers a wide range of areas including trade in goods and
services, investment, economic and technical cooperation, intellectual property, competition,
dispute settlement, e-commerce, and support for small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
Primary Goals: The RCEP seeks to facilitate trade and investment among member countries,
reduce or eliminate trade barriers, and bolster economic cooperation and regional supply chains.
Advantages: The partnership is designed to promote economic growth and regional stability,
streamline trade regulations, and attract foreign investment.
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Economic Significance: RCEP's member nations account for over 30% of the global GDP and
encompass about one-third of the world's population, marking a significant influence on global
trade dynamics.
Influence on Global Trade: The RCEP enhances the Asia-Pacific region's role in international
trade and could set a precedent for future trade agreements and regional collaborations.
India's Position: Initially a founding member, India withdrew from the RCEP
negotiations in 2019 due to concerns over the potential negative impact on its domestic
economy, such as the feared influx of Chinese goods, and issues related to service sector mobility
and reservations from the agriculture sector and small businesses.
Interest from Neighbors: Four years after India's exit, neighboring countries Sri
Lanka and Bangladesh are contemplating joining the RCEP.
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45.
Supreme Court Initiates Contempt of Court Proceedings
The Supreme Court initiated contempt proceedings against two members of the National
Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) for defying its directive to maintain the status quo
in the Finolex Cables case.
Case Background: The Supreme Court had instructed the scrutinizer to declare the results of
Finolex Cables' Annual General Meeting and directed the NCLAT to announce its judgment
post-declaration. However, NCLAT proceeded without adhering to the Supreme Court's
instructions.
Chief Justice's Concerns: The Chief Justice of India highlighted issues within the functioning
of the NCLT and NCLAT, using this case as an illustrative example.
Contempt of Court Defined:
o Purpose: It serves to shield judicial institutions from targeted attacks and undue criticism,
ensuring respect for their authority.
o Constitutional Basis: Article 19(2) of the Indian Constitution lists contempt of court as a
limitation on the freedom of speech and expression. Articles 129 and 215 grant the
Supreme Court and High Courts, respectively, the power to punish for contempt.
o Legislative Framework: The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 provides the statutory basis for
contempt proceedings.
Types of Contempt:
o Civil Contempt: Willful disobedience of court judgments, decrees, directions, orders, or
other judicial mandates, or breach of an undertaking given to the court.
o Criminal Contempt: Acts that scandalize or undermine the authority of the courts,
interfere with judicial proceedings, or obstruct justice in any manner.
Exemptions and Defenses:
o Accurate reporting of judicial proceedings and fair criticism of judicial orders postadjudication do not constitute contempt.
o The 2006 amendment to the Contempt of Courts Act introduced "truth and good faith"
as valid defenses.
Punishment: Contempt can result in imprisonment for up to six months, a fine of Rs 2,000, or
both. The court may only impose punishment if the contempt significantly disrupts the course of
justice.
Criticism of Contempt Proceedings:
o Perceived as a colonial legacy, with calls to abolish laws similar to those discarded in the UK.
o Advocacy for limiting contempt to "willful disobedience" and removing "scandalizing the
court" to prevent judicial overreach.
o The high volume of pending contempt cases could further delay an already overtaxed
judiciary.
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46.
Amendments to the Aircraft Rules, 1937
The Ministry of Civil Aviation has announced amendments to the Aircraft Rules, 1937, to
enhance safety and ease business operations within the aviation sector.
Alignment with International Standards: These amendments bring India's aviation
regulations in line with the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPs) and global best practices.
Key Amendments:
o License Validity Extension: The validity period for Airline Transport Pilot Licenses
(ATPL) and Commercial Pilot Licenses (CPL) has been increased from five to ten
years, streamlining the licensing process and reducing the administrative workload for pilots
and the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).
o Regulation of False Lights: The government's jurisdiction to control the display of lights
that could disrupt aircraft operations has been expanded from 5 kilometers to 5 nautical
miles around aerodromes. The amendment includes a broader definition of "light" and
authorizes government intervention against such disruptions, with the possibility of legal
action under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
o Obsolete Rule Removal: Rule 118, which dealt with the validation of foreign licenses, has
been eliminated to better meet the current demands of the aviation industry.
o Air Traffic Controller License Flexibility: The amendment introduces more adaptable
recency and competency requirements for Air Traffic Controller License holders,
including the use of simulated exercises and skill assessments to ensure ongoing proficiency,
especially during periods of reduced movement or watch hours.
Significance of the Amendments:
o Safety Enhancements: By addressing the issue of "false lights" near aerodromes, the
amendments aim to create a safer operational environment for aircraft, mitigating potential
risks and disturbances.
o Business Environment Improvement: The simplification of the licensing process and the
removal of outdated regulations are expected to create a more conducive environment for
business, potentially attracting more investment and promoting growth in the aviation
sector.
About ICAO:
o UN Specialized Agency: The ICAO is a United Nations specialized agency established in
1944 to promote safe, secure, and efficient international air transport.
o Standards Development: It develops international standards and recommended practices
covering various aspects of aviation, such as air navigation, communication, and airport
operations.
o Global Aviation Issues: The organization addresses worldwide aviation concerns, including
air traffic management, security, and environmental protection.
o Headquarters: ICAO is headquartered in Montreal, Canada.
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47.
White Phosphorus Munitions
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have charged the Israel Defense Forces
with employing white phosphorus munitions in Gaza and Lebanon, potentially breaching
International Humanitarian Law.
White Phosphorus Characteristics:
o It is a pyrophoric material that spontaneously ignites in oxygen, emitting dense smoke
and intense heat of 815 degrees Celsius.
o As a "Pyrophoric solid, category 1" under the Globally Harmonized System, it is highly
unstable and combusts spontaneously upon air exposure.
Figure 37. Source: Aljazeera
Military Applications:
o Utilized in artillery shells, bombs, and rockets, and can be dispersed using felt wedges soaked
in the substance.
o Serves primarily as a smokescreen to conceal troop movements and disrupt infrared optics
and weapons tracking systems.
o Also employed as an incendiary weapon, notably by US forces in the 2004 Second Battle
of Fallujah, Iraq.
Dangers of White Phosphorus:
o Exposure can cause severe burns, respiratory issues, and damage infrastructure, crops, and
livestock, particularly under windy conditions.
Globally Harmonized System (GHS):
o Established post-industrial accidents in the 1970s and 1980s to protect workers from
chemical hazards with harmonized labels and safety data sheets.
o The GHS was officially endorsed by the United Nations in 2003, following Agenda 21
from the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
Historical Use and Legal Status:
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First used by Irish nationalists in the late 19th century, known as “Fenian fire,” and
has since been deployed in various conflicts, including World War II and the NagornoKarabakh conflict.
o Not universally banned but regulated under International Humanitarian Law.
o Governed by the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), particularly Protocol
III on incendiary weapons, which restricts but does not entirely prohibit their use,
especially in civilian areas.
Protocol III on Incendiary Weapons:
o Limits the use of ground-launched incendiary weapons in civilian areas.
o The definition of incendiary weapons within the protocol suggests it does not cover
multipurpose munitions like white phosphorus, which are primarily designed for smoke
generation rather than burning.
o
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48.
Revisions in MSP of Crops
The Indian government has raised the MSP for wheat and five other rabi crops for the 202425 season, marking the most significant hike for wheat since 2007-08.
Definition of MSP: MSP is a pre-announced price at which the government purchases crops
from farmers, ensuring them a minimum profit for their harvest.
Determining Authority: The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP),
under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, recommends MSPs based on
multiple factors, including production costs and market trends.
Decision-Making Body: The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), led by the
Prime Minister, finalizes MSP levels.
Figure 38. Source: Indian Express
Objective of MSP: MSP aims to provide fair prices to farmers, thus promoting crop
diversification and economic security.
Scope of MSP: CACP suggests MSPs for 22 mandated crops and a fair and remunerative
price (FRP) for sugarcane.
Cost Considerations for MSP:
o 'A2' cost covers direct out-of-pocket expenses like seeds and labor.
o 'A2+FL' cost adds an imputed value for unpaid family labor to 'A2'.
o 'C2' cost is more comprehensive, including rentals and interest on owned land and capital, in
addition to 'A2+FL'.
CACP's Cost Analysis: While recommending MSP, CACP considers 'A2+FL' for returns and
uses 'C2' as a reference to ensure MSPs cover these costs in major producing states.
Necessity of MSP: MSP was crucial following the economic impacts of the 2014-15 droughts,
demonetization, GST rollout, and the pandemic, which affected farmers' incomes and increased
input costs.
MSP-Related Concerns:
o Limited Coverage: Officially announced for 23 crops, MSP is effectively implemented
mainly for rice and wheat under the National Food Security Act (NFSA).
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o
o
o
o
Ineffective Implementation: The Shanta Kumar Committee reported that only 6% of
farmers actually receive the MSP due to poor procurement infrastructure.
Crop Pattern Distortion: MSP's focus on rice and wheat encourages their overproduction,
leading to ecological and economic imbalances.
Dependence on Middlemen: Small farmers struggle to access MSP benefits due to reliance
on intermediaries in the procurement system.
Financial Burden: Government procurement and storage of MSP crops impose significant
costs, affecting funds for other agricultural initiatives.
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49.
‘Cash for Query’ Row
Trinamool Congress MP Mahua Moitra was involved in allegations of a 'cash for query' row,
which she addressed, expressing readiness to answer questions from the CBI and Lok Sabha
Ethics Committee.
Question Hour: The Lok Sabha starts with Question Hour when in session, where MPs can
question ministers for one hour to hold them accountable for their ministries' functioning.
Procedure for Raising Questions:
o MPs must submit a notice to the Lok Sabha Secretary-General to ask a question.
o The notice should include the question's text, the minister's designation, the desired answer
date, and preference order if multiple questions are tabled.
o An MP is limited to five notices of questions for any day.
Notice Submission Methods:
o MPs can submit questions online via the 'Member's Portal' using their ID and password.
o Alternatively, printed forms are available at the Parliamentary Notice Office.
Speaker's Role:
o The Lok Sabha Speaker reviews question notices to determine admissibility based on
established rules.
Admissibility Conditions:
o Questions should not exceed 150 words and must avoid arguments, defamatory statements,
or character references outside official capacities.
o Questions on policy issues are not admissible due to the complexity of policy enunciation in a
short answer.
o Inadmissible if the subject is under legal judgment, parliamentary committee consideration,
or could affect national unity and integrity.
Types of Questions:
o Starred Questions: Answered orally by the minister, allowing for supplementary questions.
Only one per MP per day and limited to 20 for oral answers.
o Unstarred Questions: Written replies without follow-up questions, with a cap of 230 per
day.
o Short Notice Questions: Address urgent matters with less than ten days' notice, answered
orally with supplementary questions.
o Questions to Private Members: Related to Bills, Resolutions, or House business under the
MP's charge, following similar procedures as ministerial questions.
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50.
Compensation to Agniveers
The recent passing of an Agniveer at Siachen raised questions about the financial support
provided to the families of Agniveers.
Agnipath Scheme Initiation: Launched in 2022, the scheme recruits young individuals,
known as Agniveers, into the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force for a four-year term.
Compensation for Agniveers' Kin:
o Financial Package: A comprehensive package includes a Rs 48 lakh insurance payout, Rs
44 lakh as compensation, and a share of the Seva Nidhi fund, which is matched by the
government and accumulates interest.
o Battle Casualty Fund: An additional sum from this fund and the remaining salary for the
service period, totaling more than Rs 13 lakh, is provided.
o Immediate Assistance: The Army Wives Welfare Association extends a sum of Rs 30,000
for immediate financial relief.
Scheme's Framework:
o Service Tenure: Youth enlist for a period of four years.
o Recruitment Goal: Targets the induction of 45,000 to 50,000 soldiers each year.
o Eligibility: Open to non-officer rank personnel aged between 17.5 and 21 years.
Scheme's Intent:
o Youth Engagement: To engage enthusiastic youth in national defense services.
o Age Reduction: Aims to lower the average age of armed forces personnel to 26 years over
the next 6-7 years.
Advantages for Participants:
o Seva Nidhi Benefit: A lump sum is provided post-service, including contributions and
interest.
o Insurance Coverage: A life insurance cover of Rs 48 lakh is maintained during service.
o Posthumous Compensation: Over Rs 1 crore is disbursed in case of death, factoring in the
unserved service period.
o Post-Service Support: Government aids in the reintegration of Agniveers into civilian life
after their tenure.
Scheme's Challenges:
o Employment Post-Service: Finding subsequent employment could be difficult for
Agniveers after their short-term contract.
o Lack of Pension: The scheme does not offer pension benefits.
o Underutilized Training: The risk of losing trained personnel after their service period is a
concern.
o Inclusion of Women: The scheme has not yet been opened to female candidates.
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51.
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
The 25th session of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice
(SBSTTA-25) in Nairobi concluded with strategies to put the Kunming-Montreal Global
Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) into practice, following its adoption in December 2022.
SBSTTA's Role: Established under Article 25 of the Convention on Biological Diversity,
SBSTTA is an intergovernmental panel providing scientific insights to aid the Convention's
implementation.
Key Discussions at SBSTTA-25:
o IPBES Reports: The session reviewed the IPBES reports on the threats of invasive species
to biodiversity and the valuation of nature's diverse benefits.
o IPCC AR6 Insights: The IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report's findings on the interplay
between biodiversity loss and climate change were a focal point, highlighting biodiversity's
role in climate adaptation and mitigation.
Interlinked Environmental Crises: The meeting acknowledged the interconnectedness of
various environmental crises, including biodiversity loss, climate change, ocean acidification,
land degradation, invasive species, and pollution.
Recommendations Made:
o Fifteen key recommendations were prepared for the upcoming 16th Conference of the
Parties (COP16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
o These recommendations are in line with the goals of the Convention, the KMGBF, the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development.
o The meeting stressed the importance of leveraging the expertise of other multilateral bodies
like the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization to
support the KMGBF's implementation.
Figure 39. Source: ToI
Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF):
o Origins: The GBF was established at COP-15 of the CBD after a four-year period of
consultations and negotiations.
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Vision: It aims for a world living in harmony with nature by 2050, contributing to the
Sustainable Development Goals and building on the Convention's previous strategic plans.
o '30 by 30' Target: A notable goal within the framework is to protect 30% of the Earth's
land and oceans by 2030.
o Framework Goals and Targets: It includes four main goals for 2050 and 23 targets
for 2030, focusing on sustainable use, equitable benefit sharing, and enabling transformative
change.
Kunming Biodiversity Fund:
o China's Commitment: China has committed USD 233 million to a new fund aimed at
supporting biodiversity in developing nations, named the Kunming Biodiversity Fund.
o Debate on Necessity: Some developed nations argue that this new fund is redundant, given
that the United Nations’ Global Environment Facility already finances environmental
projects in developing countries.
o
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52.
Global Tax Evasion Report 2024
The European Union Tax Observatory published the 'Global Tax Evasion Report 2024', which
scrutinizes tax evasion issues and the Global Minimum Tax (GMT) on billionaires.
Scope of the Report: The document evaluates the impact of international tax reforms over the
past decade, including the automatic exchange of bank information and the global minimum tax
agreement for multinational corporations (MNCs).
Definition of Tax Evasion: Tax evasion involves illegally avoiding tax payments by
underreporting income, overstating deductions, or concealing funds in offshore accounts.
Global Minimum Tax (GMT):
o Concept: GMT sets a uniform minimum tax rate on a specified corporate income base
globally.
o OECD Proposal: The OECD proposed a 15% corporate minimum tax on foreign profits
of large MNCs, potentially generating new annual tax revenues of USD 150 billion.
o International Agreement: In October 2021, 136 countries, including India, agreed on a
15% minimum global tax rate for MNCs to curb tax avoidance.
Automatic Exchange of Information: Implemented in 2017, this initiative aims to combat
offshore tax evasion by wealthy individuals through transparent information sharing.
Report's Key Findings:
o Reduction in Offshore Tax Evasion: The prevalence of offshore tax evasion has declined,
with only 25% of wealth in tax havens remaining untaxed, compared to 10% of the
world's GDP in 2013.
o Challenges Persist: Non-compliance by offshore financial institutions and limitations in
information exchange continue to hinder efforts against tax evasion.
Tax Rates for Billionaires: Billionaires often pay negligible tax rates, with U.S. billionaires
paying around 0.5% and French billionaires effectively paying 0%.
Profit Shifting by MNCs: MNCs have shifted approximately USD 1 trillion to tax havens
in 2022, amounting to 35% of their profits made outside their home countries.
Policy Implications: Tax evasion and profit shifting are influenced by policy decisions.
Evaluating and refining tax policies is crucial for creating sustainable tax systems.
Recommendations from the Report:
o Wealth Tax on Billionaires: A proposed global minimum wealth tax rate of 2% on
billionaires' wealth.
o Taxation of Wealthy Migrants: Tax individuals who relocate to low-tax countries after
being long-term residents elsewhere.
o Corporate Tax Reform: Suggests a 25% minimum corporate tax rate and closing
loopholes that encourage tax competition.
o Unilateral Measures: Encourages individual countries to recover tax deficits from MNCs
and billionaires if global agreements are ineffective.
o Global Asset Registry: Recommends establishing a registry to enhance the fight against
tax evasion.
o Strengthening Rules: Calls for enforcing economic substance and anti-abuse regulations
more effectively.
Wealth vs. Income Taxes: Wealth taxes are levied on the total net wealth of an individual,
while income taxes are imposed on income generated from that wealth.
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53.
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 Bill
The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 Bill has been reviewed by a Parliamentary Committee,
aiming to overhaul India's Criminal Justice System with significant amendments, including a
gender-neutral provision for criminalizing adultery.
Replacement of IPC: The BNS Bill, proposed by the Ministry of Home Affairs, is intended to
supersede the Indian Penal Code (IPC), a remnant of the colonial era.
Adultery and Gender Neutrality:
o The committee has suggested a gender-neutral approach to criminalize adultery, aligning
with the Supreme Court's 2018 decision that deemed Section 497 of the IPC
unconstitutional.
o The objective is to safeguard the sanctity of marriage without gender bias.
Inclusion of New Offenses:
o The bill considers clauses to penalize non-consensual sexual acts among men, women,
or transpersons, and criminalizes bestiality.
o These additions aim to address a broader spectrum of sexual offenses.
Clarification of Legal Terms:
o Recommendations include clearer definitions for "community service" and "life
imprisonment" within the bill.
Progressive Elements:
o The draft code proposes to eliminate Section 124A (Sedition) and includes provisions to
prosecute crimes committed abroad.
Debate on Adultery:
o Arguments for Legalization:
o Recognizes individual autonomy and privacy as upheld by the Supreme Court in Joseph
Shine vs. The Union of India, 2018.
o Rejects the outdated Doctrine of Coverture, which infringes on women's fundamental
rights.
o Emphasizes human liberty and the right to sexual choice.
o Could reduce the judicial burden by removing adultery cases from the courts.
o Arguments for Criminalization:
o Aims to protect the institution of marriage and the family unit.
o Seeks to safeguard women from economic vulnerability due to unfaithful spouses.
o Upholds traditional moral and societal values.
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54.
International Migration Outlook 2023
The "International Migration Outlook 2023" is a comprehensive analysis by the OECD,
detailing global migration patterns.
Figure 40. Source: OECD
India's Predominance in Migration:
In 2021 and 2022, India emerged as the leading country of origin for migrants to OECD
nations, outpacing China.
The figures show India with 0.41 million new migrants each year, while China had 0.23
million, and Romania followed with around 200,000.
Climate-Induced Displacement:
The report highlights the growing attention on policies to tackle displacement caused by
climate change.
Colombia is at the forefront, deliberating on a bill to acknowledge and aid individuals
displaced by climate, including measures for housing, healthcare, education, and a national
registry.
Surge in Refugees and Worker Migration:
The conflict between Russia and Ukraine led to unprecedented refugee movements in the
OECD region, with over 10 million people displaced.
Worker migration notably increased from India, Uzbekistan, and Turkey, positioning them
as significant source countries after Ukraine.
Migration Trends:
The top four destination countries (USA, Germany, UK, and Spain) saw substantial annual
increases in migration, ranging from 21% to 35%.
The United States alone welcomed 1.05 million new permanent-type migrants, with the other
four countries receiving between 440,000 and 650,000 each.
Categories of Permanent-Type Migration:
Family migration continues to be the dominant reason for permanent-type migration,
accounting for 40% of the total.
The proportion of labor migration has risen over time, making up 21% of permanent-type
migration in 2022, up from 16% in 2019.
Free movement migration within the EU-EFTA and between Australia and New Zealand has
seen a decline, representing 21% in 2022 compared to 28% in 2019.
About OECD: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an
international entity that publishes the International Migration Outlook to monitor and analyze
migration trends globally.
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55.
Rashtriya Gokul Mission
The Rashtriya Gokul Mission, initiated in December 2014, is a governmental effort aimed at
the development and conservation of indigenous bovine breeds.
Financial Allocation: Under the Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojna, the mission is set to
continue from 2021 to 2026 with an allocated budget of Rs. 2400 crore.
Gir Cow Focus: Although the mission was intended to enhance various indigenous cattle
breeds, it has predominantly favored the Gir cow, known for its milk production and
adaptability.
Figure 41. Source: BJP Twitter
Livestock Census Findings: The 2019 livestock census indicated a 70% increase in
purebred Gir cows since 2013, while other breeds like Sahiwal and Hariana have not shown
similar growth, with some numbers even declining.
Performance of Graded Gir Cows: Research has shown that graded Gir cows (crossbreeds
between Gir and other varieties) do not consistently outperform pure indigenous breeds in
terms of milk production across different states.
Regional Adaptation: The success of graded Gir cows varies with regional climates. For
instance, they perform better in western Rajasthan's favorable conditions but not as well in
other regions.
Herd Behavior and Farming Challenges: Gir cows are herd animals and may produce less
milk when isolated. Insufficient resources can turn these cows into liabilities for farmers, as seen
in Vidarbha.
Genetic Diversity and Breeding: Experts recommend focusing on genetically superior cows
from indigenous breeds rather than a few high-yielding varieties to preserve genetic diversity
and region-specific traits.
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Crossbreeding Concerns: Continuous crossbreeding could lead to the loss of unique regional
traits in cows, as seen with the crossbreeding of Badri cows with Gir cows, which may increase
milk yield but also alter their region-adapted physiology.
White Revolution Cautionary: The White Revolution's introduction of exotic breeds like
Jersey for crossbreeding increased milk production but also led to more disease-susceptible cows
requiring greater care, without significantly increasing income for livestock rearers.
Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying is
responsible for overseeing the Rashtriya Gokul Mission.
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56.
Atal Bhujal Yojana
A central government initiative with a budget of Rs. 6000 crore aimed at sustainable
groundwater management, particularly in water-stressed areas of specific states.
Funding and Implementation: The scheme is jointly funded by the Government of India
and the World Bank on a 50:50 basis, with the World Bank's loan component and central
assistance provided to states as grants.
Ministry Oversight: The Ministry of Jal Shakti is responsible for the execution of ATAL
JAL, which emphasizes community-led efforts and behavioral changes to manage groundwater
demand.
Groundwater Depletion Crisis: India faces significant groundwater depletion, being the
largest global user of groundwater, with unsustainable extraction rates in about 25% of the
country's total use.
Primary Depletion Causes: The main factors contributing to groundwater depletion include
over-extraction for irrigation (accounting for 80% of total water use), urbanization, and
climate change impacts.
Climate Change Effects: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, along with
disrupted monsoon events, are affecting groundwater aquifer recharge rates and increasing
vulnerability to depletion.
Inefficient Water Management: Groundwater depletion is exacerbated by inefficient water
usage, leakage in water distribution systems, and inadequate rainwater harvesting
infrastructure.
Natural Recharge Reduction: Deforestation and soil erosion are among the factors that
decrease the natural recharge of groundwater aquifers.
Consequences of Groundwater Depletion:
Water Scarcity: Falling groundwater levels can lead to shortages and conflicts over water
resources, with potential tripled depletion rates by 2080.
Land Subsidence: Over-extraction of groundwater can cause soil compaction and land
subsidence, damaging infrastructure and increasing flood risks.
Environmental and Economic Impacts: Environmental degradation, such as saltwater
intrusion, and economic challenges due to reduced agricultural output and higher water
treatment costs.
Data Gaps: The Indian government's notification of overexploited blocks is limited, with only
about 14% of such areas currently regulated.
Global Implications: Excessive groundwater pumping has been linked to shifts in the Earth's
axis and contributions to sea-level rise.
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57.
India's Olympic Ambitions
The Prime Minister of India has expressed the country's aspiration to host the Olympic Games,
with a preference for the year 2036, during the 141st International Olympic Committee session
in Mumbai.
Asian Hosts History: To date, only China, South Korea, and Japan have had the honor
of hosting the Olympics in Asia, with Japan having the distinction of hosting it twice,
in 1964 and 2020.
Selection Process - Traditional vs. New:
Traditional Method: Previously, cities interested in hosting the Olympics would submit a
letter of interest to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), initiating a comprehensive
multi-year, multi-step evaluation process, with the host city being chosen seven years prior
to the Games.
Challenges: This old method often resulted in excessive spending, substantial debt, and was
marred by corruption and scandals.
New Approach - Olympic Agenda 2020: Under the leadership of Thomas Bach, who
became IOC president in 2013, the Olympic Agenda 2020 was introduced and later
approved in 2014. This new approach, officially adopted in 2019, does away with the
rigid seven-year rule and instead emphasizes flexibility, sustainability, and costeffectiveness, encapsulated by the motto "The Games adapt to the region, the region
does not adapt to the Games."
Two-Stage Dialogue: The new selection process comprises two stages: continuous dialogue,
which allows for flexible planning without strict deadlines, and targeted dialogue, which
involves up to 12 months of in-depth discussions, necessary guarantees, and an advisory
report.
Environmental Commitment: All Olympic Games from 2030 onward are required to align
with the IOC’s climate positive commitment, which includes reducing the budget for bids.
Olympics Overview:
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Event Frequency and Purpose: The Olympics are a global sports event held every
four years, aiming to foster human development through sports and contribute to world
peace.
Variants: The Olympic Games encompass the Summer Games, Winter Games, and
Youth Olympics Games.
Historical Roots: The Olympics have a history that spans back approximately 3,000 years
to Ancient Greece, with 776 BC often cited as the starting point. The modern Olympics
were revived in Athens, Greece, in 1896, based on the vision of Pierre de Coubertin.
Symbolic Rings: The Olympic symbol features five interlocked rings of various colors
representing the world's five continents, signifying the unity and diversity of nations through
sports.
Future Olympic Venues:
2024 Summer Olympics: Paris, France
2026 Winter Olympics: Milan-Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
2028 Summer Olympics: Los Angeles, USA
2032 Summer Olympics: Brisbane, Australia
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58.
Indians sentenced to death in Qatar
In August 2022, eight ex-Indian Navy members were detained in Qatar on espionage charges,
accused of leaking sensitive information while working for Al Dahra in Doha, a company linked to
advanced Italian-origin submarine production.
Figure 42. Source: The Economics Times
Legal Proceedings: The case has undergone two trials in March and June 2023, with the
accused being granted consular access. Both Indian and Qatari authorities have kept details
confidential due to the case's sensitive nature.
India's Response: India has been shocked by the death sentences and is actively seeking legal
avenues for the release of its citizens, with the Ministry of External Affairs emphasizing the
case's priority and commitment to consular and legal support.
Diplomatic Stakes: The verdict risks straining India-Qatar relations, which have been stable
and feature strong economic and diplomatic ties, including over seven lakh Indians living in
Qatar and significant remittances sent back to India.
India-Qatar Relations: Historically, the relationship has been solid, with high-level visits and
meetings, including the Indian Prime Minister's visit to Doha in 2016. Qatar is a key
supplier of liquefied natural gas to India.
Diplomatic Measures: India could engage in direct negotiations with Qatar or apply diplomatic
pressure to resolve the case, potentially leveraging the 2015 prisoner transfer agreement
between the two nations.
Legal Strategies: India can support the sentenced individuals in appealing within Qatar's
judicial system and, if necessary, invoke the jurisdiction of the International Court of
Justice, especially if due process is lacking.
India's ICJ History: India has been involved with the ICJ in several cases, including the
Kulbhushan Jadhav case with Pakistan, and disputes over territory, aviation incidents, and
nuclear disarmament.
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59.
Sikkim dam disaster
A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in Sikkim led to the destruction of the 1200-MW
Teesta-III dam.
National Green Tribunal (NGT) Action: NGT has issued notices to involved parties,
including the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), which had previously
underestimated GLOF risks.
Concerns for Bhutan Projects: The dam's failure has raised safety and viability questions
about India's hydropower initiatives in Bhutan, crucial for the energy requirements of both
nations.
Figure 43. Source: Hindustan Times
NGT's Role and Structure: The NGT, established by the National Green Tribunal Act of
2010, is tasked with the swift resolution of environmental cases. It consists of a Chairperson,
Judicial, and Expert Members, with a tenure of five years or until the age of 70.
Teesta River Details: The Teesta River, a Brahmaputra tributary, originates in the
Himalayas near Chunthang, Sikkim, and has been a point of contention between India and
Bangladesh.
Teesta-III Dam Features: Situated in Chungthang, Sikkim, the Teesta-III was a 1200-MW
hydroelectric project and the highest dam in Sikkim before its destruction by the GLOF.
Impact on India-Bhutan Hydropower Projects: The disaster casts doubt on the completion
of the Punatsangchhu Stage-I and II projects in Bhutan, which are part of a bilateral
agreement to develop 10,000 MW of hydropower.
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60.
G7 Trade Ministers Meeting in Osaka
India's Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Shri Piyush Goyal, attended the G7
Trade Ministers Meeting in Osaka, Japan.
Supply Chain Resilience: India highlighted the fragility of global supply chains exposed by
the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical events, which led to increased commodity prices and
inflation worldwide.
Regulatory Collaboration: India called for international cooperation to develop a regulatory
framework that would facilitate smoother supply chain operations and cross-border trade.
Global Value Chains: The meeting referenced the Generic Framework for Mapping of Global
Value Chains from the G20 New Delhi Declaration, aiming to help countries identify trade
risks and bolster resilience.
Public-Private Partnerships: India advocated for partnerships between the public and private
sectors, investment in essential infrastructure, and the digitalization and innovation of supply
chains.
India-UK Free Trade Agreement: India and the UK are in the final stages of negotiating a
Free Trade Agreement, focusing on resolving differences in Rules of Origin and services sector
engagement.
Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement: Discussions were held with European Free
Trade Association (EFTA) members – Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein – on the
progress of the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA).
G7 Overview: The G7, formed in 1975, is a group of seven countries that meet annually to
discuss global economic governance, international security, and energy policy.
Member Countries: The G7 includes the UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the
US, all of which are also part of the larger G20.
Structure and Functioning: The G7 lacks a formal charter or secretariat. The rotating
presidency sets the agenda, with policy initiatives hammered out by sherpas, ministers, and
envoys.
Economic Influence: The G7 holds significant sway in global trade, with the US and Germany
being major export nations. As of 2022, the G7 accounted for 30% of global GDP, expected to
decrease slightly by 2027.
Free Trade Agreements: Defined as agreements between two or more countries to reduce trade
barriers, free trade agreements aim to facilitate the purchase and sale of goods and services
across borders with minimal governmental restrictions.
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61.
India-Bangladesh Development Projects
The Prime Ministers of India and Bangladesh have jointly launched three major
development projects with Indian assistance.
Project Funding: These initiatives have been executed with India's grant aid amounting to INR
392.52 crore to Bangladesh.
Rail Line Development: A 12.24 km rail line project includes a 6.78 km Dual Gauge line
within Bangladesh and a 5.46 km stretch in Tripura, India.
Khulna-Mongla Port Rail Line: This project, under India's concessional Line of Credit,
costs USD 388.92 million and establishes a 65 km broad gauge railway linking Mongla Port
to Khulna's rail network.
Maitree Super Thermal Power Project: With a loan from India's Concessional Financing
Scheme totaling USD 1.6 billion, this project features a 1320 MW (2x660) power plant in
Rampal, Khulna Division, Bangladesh.
Joint Venture: The power project is managed by the Bangladesh-India Friendship Power
Company (Private) Limited, a collaboration between India's NTPC Ltd and the
Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB).
Enhanced Connectivity: These projects aim to boost cross-border connectivity, facilitating
trade and interpersonal exchanges.
Energy Security: The power project is a strategic move to address energy needs and secure
long-term energy stability for Bangladesh.
Bilateral Ties: These developments underscore the strong partnership between India and
Bangladesh, reflecting joint endeavors towards shared growth and prosperity, aligning with
India's "Neighborhood First" policy.
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62.
Kozhikode and Gwalior in UNESCO Creative Cities Network
The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) has expanded to include 55 new cities, with
Kozhikode and Gwalior representing India.
Kozhikode's Literary Heritage: Kozhikode, now recognized as a 'City of Literature', is the
first Indian city to earn this title, highlighting its rich literary culture and history.
Literary Festivals and Libraries: The city is known for hosting significant literary events like
the Kerala Literature Festival and boasts over 500 libraries.
Literary Figures: Kozhikode has been the home of eminent writers such as S.K. Pottekkatt,
Thikkodiyan, and P. Valsala Sanjayan, contributing to the Malayalam literary scene.
Gwalior's Musical Legacy: Gwalior, designated as a 'City of Music', follows Varanasi to
become the second Indian city with this honor, celebrating its deep-rooted musical
traditions.
Tansen's Birthplace: Recognized as the birthplace of Tansen, a legendary musician in
Emperor Akbar's court, Gwalior holds a significant place in India's classical music history.
Gwalior Gharana: The city is the cradle of the Gwalior Gharana, the oldest school of
Hindustani classical music.
Tansen Music Festival: Gwalior hosts the Tansen Sangeet Samaroh, one of India's largest
annual music festivals, drawing artists and enthusiasts globally.
UCCN's Objective: Established in 2004, the UCCN fosters cooperation among cities that see
creativity as a key aspect of urban development.
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Indian Cities in UCCN: Other Indian cities in the network include Jaipur (Crafts and Folk
Arts), Varanasi (Music), Chennai (Music), Mumbai (Film), Hyderabad (Gastronomy), and
Srinagar (Crafts and Folk Art).
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63.
State Food Safety Index 2022- 2023
The SFSI 2022-2023, released by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
(FSSAI), includes a novel parameter titled 'Improvement in SFSI Rank' to gauge the progress
of states from the previous year. This addition necessitated a recalibration of the weights
assigned to other parameters.
Annual Evaluation: The SFSI is a yearly assessment tool that ranks states and union
territories based on their food safety performance. Launched in 2018-19, the Index aims to
foster a competitive spirit and positive enhancements within India's food safety ecosystem.
Decline in Food Safety Scores: A significant finding is that 19 out of 20 large states have
seen a reduction in their food safety scores over the last five years, with notable states like
Maharashtra, Bihar, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh experiencing declines.
Impact of Parameter Adjustment: Post-adjustment for the new parameter, 15 out of 20
states showed lower scores in the 2022-2023 SFSI compared to their 2019 scores.
Food Testing Infrastructure: This critical parameter, which assesses the adequacy of food
testing facilities and trained personnel, saw the most significant drop. The average score for large
states plummeted from 13 (out of 20) in 2019 to 7 (out of 17) in 2022-2023. Gujarat and Kerala
excelled in this area, while Andhra Pradesh lagged behind.
Compliance Scores: Compliance, which includes licensing, registration, inspections, and other
regulatory activities, also saw a decrease in scores. Punjab and Himachal Pradesh topped this
category, with Jharkhand at the bottom. The average compliance score for large states was 11
(out of 28) in 2022-2023, down from 16 (out of 30) in 2019.
Consumer Empowerment: This parameter reflects the effectiveness of consumer-centric
initiatives like Food Fortification, Eat Right Campus, and others. Tamil Nadu was the leading
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state, followed by Kerala and Madhya Pradesh. The average score improved slightly to 8 (out of
19) in 2022-2023 from 7.6 (out of 20) in 2019.
Human Resources and Institutional Data: The availability of food safety personnel and
institutional mechanisms saw a decline in scores, with the average dropping to 7 (out of 18) in
2022-2023 from 11 (out of 20) in 2019. Even previous top performers like Tamil Nadu and Uttar
Pradesh scored lower.
Training and Capacity Building: There was an improvement in this area, with the average
score rising from 3.5 (out of 10) in 2019 to 5 (out of 8) in 2022-2023.
Improvement in SFSI Rank: Punjab was the only state to show a notable advancement in the
newly introduced 'Improvement in SFSI Rank' parameter. This parameter had a 10% weightage,
yet 14 out of 20 large states scored zero in it.
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64.
Annual Survey of India’s City-Systems (ASICS) 2023
Eastern States' Urban Legislation: States in the eastern region, including Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal, have more effective urban laws compared
to other regions.
Transparency Issues: Public access to urban legislation is limited, with less than half of the
states and union territories making these laws available on their urban department websites.
Master Plan Availability: Nearly 39% of India's capital cities are operating without a
current master plan.
Financial Autonomy of Local Governments: Most local governments in cities depend
financially on state governments, which restricts their financial independence. For instance, only
Assam allows city governments to collect all principal taxes autonomously.
Disparities in City Categories: There's a noticeable difference in financial control and
influence among cities of varying sizes, with megacities having non-directly elected mayors
without a fixed five-year term, while smaller cities have directly elected mayors with limited
financial powers.
Staffing and Appointments: Mayors and city councils have restricted power in staffing
decisions, affecting accountability and administration efficiency.
Financial Transparency and Reporting: Indian cities struggle with financial transparency,
with only a small percentage publishing their annual audited financial statements, and even
fewer, especially megacities, publishing quarterly financial statements.
Staff Shortages: There is a significant shortage of staff in municipal corporations, with
vacancies increasing in smaller municipal bodies.
Global Comparison: Compared to global cities like New York and London, Indian cities
like Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Mumbai have far fewer city workers per lakh of population and
lack similar administrative powers.
Local Government Definition: Local Self Government in India refers to the administration
of local affairs by bodies elected by local people, encompassing both rural (Panchayati Raj
Institutions) and urban (Municipalities) areas.
Rural and Urban Local Governments: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments
have established Panchayati Raj Institutions and various types of urban local governments,
respectively, to promote grassroots democracy and urban decentralization.
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65.
Delimitation
Delimitation is the process of redrawing the boundaries of electoral constituencies to reflect
population changes.
The Delimitation Commission operates independently, without influence from the executive
branch of the government.
Figure 44. Times of India
The directives issued by the Delimitation Commission are legally binding and are not subject to
judicial review to prevent election delays.
The Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies cannot alter the final orders of the Delimitation
Commission once presented.
The objective of delimitation is to ensure equal representation for equal population segments and
uphold the principle of "One Vote One Value."
The President of India appoints the Delimitation Commission, which includes a retired
Supreme Court judge, the Chief Election Commissioner, and the respective State Election
Commissioners.
Delimitation is carried out through an Act of Parliament post-Census, as stipulated by Article 82,
and within states as per Article 170.
The first delimitation exercise in India was conducted in 1950-51 by the President with assistance
from the Election Commission.
Since its inception, there have been four Delimitation Commissions set up in 1952, 1963, 1973,
and 2002, following the respective Acts.
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Delimitation was not conducted after the 1981 and 1991 Censuses, leading to disparities in
representation.
The southern states of India, which implemented family planning measures, faced potential
reductions in parliamentary seats due to controlled population growth.
The 87th Amendment Act of 2003 mandated that delimitation be based on the 2001 Census,
without changing the number of Lok Sabha seats per state.
The Indian Constitution limits the Lok Sabha to 550 seats and the Rajya Sabha to 250 seats,
despite growing populations.
The recent approval by the Assam state Cabinet to merge four districts is a precursor to the
delimitation process based on the 2001 Census data.
Assam has 14 Lok Sabha constituencies and 126 Assembly constituencies, which are to be
delimited as per the new exercise.
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66.
Ladakh’s Demand of Sixth Schedule
Ladakh's push for the Sixth Schedule status is aimed at safeguarding its demographic and
cultural uniqueness post the abrogation of Article 370.
The Ministry of Home Affairs formed a high-level committee to address land and employment
protection for Ladakh's residents, yet local representatives find the measures insufficient.
The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes has backed Ladakh for the Sixth Schedule,
citing its predominantly tribal population and the need to preserve its distinct cultural heritage.
Ladakh's civil society has been vocal about protecting local rights and resources, fearing external
exploitation of land and job markets.
The central government has been hesitant to grant special status to Ladakh, suggesting that
existing measures suffice for its socio-economic development.
The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution allows for autonomous district councils with
legislative, administrative, and judicial powers, primarily in the northeastern states.
Figure 45. IANS Graphics
The government's stance is that the Sixth Schedule is specific to the northeast, while the
Fifth Schedule pertains to tribal areas in other parts of India.
Despite the central government's reservations, Ladakh has increased Scheduled Tribe
reservations in direct recruitment to 45%, aiding local tribal development.
Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) under the Sixth Schedule have the authority to
legislate on matters like land, forests, and water resources, subject to the governor's assent.
ADCs can establish village councils and courts to adjudicate local disputes, with certain limitations
on the jurisdiction of higher courts.
The district councils within the Sixth Schedule can manage primary schools, dispensaries, and
other local infrastructure, and have the power to levy taxes.
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The formation of ADCs is at the discretion of the state governor, who can reorganize the districts
as needed.
Each ADC consists of 30 members, with 26 elected and 4 appointed by the governor, all of
whom have a tenure of five years unless the council is dissolved sooner.
The Sixth Schedule currently applies to tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and
Mizoram, and its extension to Ladakh would require a constitutional amendment.
The debate over Ladakh's status continues, with the government's prerogative to amend the
Constitution being the key to any potential change.
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67.
Supreme Court on Freedom of Speech of Ministers.
The Supreme Court of India upheld that ministers' freedom of speech should not face
additional restrictions beyond those applicable to regular citizens.
The case in question revolved around comments made by a state minister regarding a 2016
incident, which were alleged to be a political conspiracy.
The Supreme Court clarified that ministers are subject to the same reasonable restrictions on
free speech as outlined in Article 19(2) of the Constitution.
The court emphasized that its role is to safeguard fundamental rights within lawful restrictions,
not to enforce restrictions that diminish these rights.
The majority opinion distinguished between individual ministerial responsibility and collective
responsibility, indicating that the latter does not extend to every public statement made by a
minister.
The court noted that a minister's statement, if inconsistent with citizens' fundamental rights,
could lead to a constitutional tort only if it results in actual harm or loss.
The minority opinion expressed concern over hate speech, emphasizing the need for public figures
to exercise restraint and responsibility in their discourse.
The minority judgement suggested that the government could be vicariously responsible for a
minister's statements if they reflect the government's stance and relate to state affairs.
There was a call for a legal framework to clearly define actions that constitute a constitutional
tort.
Article 19 of the Indian Constitution guarantees citizens the right to freedom of speech and
expression, subject to reasonable restrictions for various state interests.
The court's decision implies that existing legal provisions are sufficient to address speech that
incites violence or suppresses others' freedoms.
The judgement highlighted the issue of political will in addressing hate speech, especially when it
involves government officials.
It was pointed out that legal provisions intended to curb hate speech could be misused against
citizens expressing dissent.
The court discussed the balance between parliamentary privileges and fundamental rights,
stressing that privileges should not override the rights of citizens.
The essence of the judgement is that democracy's core aim to protect citizens' rights must not be
undermined by the misuse of parliamentary privileges.
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68.
Right to Strike
The right to strike is recognized internationally as a last-resort measure for workers to address
economic conditions or labor practices.
In India, the right to strike is not a fundamental right but a legal one, with restrictions outlined
in the Industrial Dispute Act, 1947.
The Kerala High Court stated that government employees participating in strikes that disrupt
public life and the Public Exchequer are not protected under Article 19(1)(c) of the
Constitution.
Strikes are a collective refusal by employees to work under the conditions set by employers, often
to improve wages, benefits, or working conditions.
The right to protest in India is protected as a fundamental right under Article 19 of the
Constitution, but the right to strike is not absolute and comes with statutory limitations.
The Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, which governs the right to strike, has been subsumed under
The Industrial Relations Code, 2020.
The Trade Union Act of 1926 was the first to provide a limited right to strike, legalizing certain
trade union activities in furtherance of a trade dispute.
The right to strike in India is recognized to the extent permitted by law and is considered a
legitimate tool of trade unions.
The right to form a union and the associated right to strike are subject to reasonable restrictions
imposed by the state.
The International Labour Organization (ILO), of which India is a founding member, also
recognizes the right to strike.
The Supreme Court of India has ruled that there is no fundamental right to strike and that
government employees are prohibited from striking under various conduct rules.
In the case of Delhi Police vs. Union of India (1986), the Supreme Court upheld restrictions on
forming associations by non-gazetted police force members.
The Supreme Court in T.K. Rangarajan vs. Government of Tamil Nadu (2003) held that
government employees do not have the fundamental right to strike.
The right to strike is considered a weapon of last resort and its misuse can lead to issues in
production and financial profit, ultimately affecting the country's economy.
The legal framework in India allows for strikes within the confines of the law, balancing the rights
of workers with the need to maintain public order and economic stability.
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69.
Supreme Court’s Verdict on Demonetisation
The Supreme Court of India upheld the legality of the demonetization policy enacted on
November 8, 2016, through a majority decision by a five-judge bench.
The ruling confirmed that the demonetization notification met the proportionality test, meaning
the government's action was deemed appropriate and necessary for its intended purposes.
Prior to the demonetization announcement, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian
government had been in discussions for six months, indicating a collaborative decision-making
process.
The court found no breach of the statutory procedure under Section 26(2) of the RBI Act, even
though the central government initiated the advice for demonetization.
The government's power to demonetize currency was affirmed, including the authority to withdraw
all series of banknotes from circulation.
The necessity for secrecy and swift action in matters of financial policy such as demonetization
was emphasized by the court to prevent catastrophic outcomes from premature disclosure.
The objectives behind the demonetization policy included the eradication of counterfeit currency,
the reduction of black money circulation, and the disruption of terror financing.
A dissenting opinion from the minority ruling suggested that the government should only proceed
with demonetization based on a recommendation from the RBI, and in the absence of such, through
an ordinance or parliamentary legislation.
The principle of proportionality used by the court is a legal method to balance conflicting rights,
ensuring that administrative actions are not more severe than necessary.
Demonetization refers to the act of withdrawing a currency's status as legal tender, which in this
case, involved the Rs 500 and Rs 1000 notes, the highest denominations at the time.
The policy aimed to reduce illegal transactions with high-denomination notes, promote digital
transactions, and bring more entities under the tax regime, thereby increasing government
revenues.
Following demonetization, the Operation Clean Money initiative was launched to examine
large cash deposits made during the demonetization period and enforce tax compliance.
The immediate aftermath of demonetization saw a significant reduction in currency circulation,
from Rs. 17.97 lakh crore to Rs 7.8 lakh crore, impacting demand, business operations, and
GDP growth.
The liquidity crisis post-demonetization highlighted the challenges businesses and financial
institutions faced in accessing cash for their operations and investments.
The bold move of demonetization was seen as a significant step in combating the shadow economy
and was noted for its impact on India's economic policy perception globally.
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70.
National Geospatial Policy 2022
The National Geospatial Policy (NGP) 2022 was established by India's Ministry of
Science and Technology with the ambition of positioning India as a global leader in the
geospatial sector.
Figure 46. Times of India
By 2025, India's geospatial economy is projected to surpass Rs 63,000 crore, growing at a rate of
12.8%, and is expected to generate employment for over a million individuals.
The NGP 2022 builds upon the 2021 liberalization guidelines for geospatial data, aiming to
create a comprehensive framework for the sector's growth.
The policy is designed to be citizen-centric, leveraging geospatial technology to bolster national
development, economic prosperity, and the information economy.
A key goal of the policy is to achieve high-resolution topographical surveying and mapping,
including a high-accuracy Digital Elevation Model (DEM) by 2030.
The vision of NGP 2022 is to foster an ecosystem conducive to innovation, making India a world
leader in the geospatial domain.
The policy outlines a plan to develop geospatial infrastructure, skills, standards, and businesses,
promoting innovation and enhancing geospatial information management.
The Geospatial Data Promotion and Development Committee (GDPDC) will serve as the
apex body for strategy formulation and implementation in the geospatial sector, replacing the
National Spatial Data Committee (NSDC).
The Department of Science & Technology is designated as the nodal department for the
government's geospatial activities, with GDPDC providing recommendations.
By 2025, the policy aims to have an enabling policy and legal framework in place to support the
geospatial sector's liberalization and data democratization.
By 2030, the policy envisions conducting high-resolution surveys and mapping across various
terrains, including urban, rural, forests, and wastelands.
By 2035, the policy aims to create high-resolution bathymetric geospatial data and a National
Digital Twin for major cities and towns to support decision-making.
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The NGP 2022 is significant for its potential to transform various sectors by achieving Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and fostering a startup culture with reduced foreign dependency.
Concerns associated with the policy include the complexity of geospatial data management,
national security implications, and the risk of data misuse and privacy violations.
Geospatial technology encompasses tools like GIS, GPS, and Remote Sensing, which are crucial
for geographic mapping, analysis, and intelligent decision-making based on spatial data.
The policy emphasizes the need for security measures to ensure geospatial data is shared on a
need-to-know basis, especially in scenarios like disaster preparation.
A clear roadmap and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are advocated within the NGP
2022 to address national security concerns related to critical infrastructure sectors.
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71.
17th Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas Convention
Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas (PBD) is observed annually on January 9th to honor the
contributions of the global Indian community towards India's development.
The 17th Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas Convention was inaugurated by the Prime Minister
in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, and included a digital exhibition highlighting the
diaspora's role in India's independence movement.
A special commemorative stamp titled 'Surakshit Jaayen, Prashikshit Jaayen' was released
during the event to mark the occasion.
PBD was established in 2003 and is celebrated to commemorate the return of Mahatma Gandhi
from South Africa to India on January 9, 1915, which was a turning point in India's struggle for
freedom.
The celebration of PBD was revised in 2015 to occur biennially, with theme-based conferences
organized during the intervening years.
The theme for PBD 2023 is "Diaspora: Reliable partners for India’s progress in Amrit Kaal,"
reflecting the role of the Indian diaspora in the nation's journey towards development.
The Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award is conferred on this day, representing the highest
honor bestowed upon overseas Indians who have significantly contributed to India's image and
supported Indian causes.
PBD serves as a platform for the overseas Indian community to engage with the government and
people of India, fostering connections and collaboration.
The biennial conventions facilitate networking among the Indian diaspora and provide a venue for
sharing experiences across various domains.
The Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY) is an initiative aimed at systematically enhancing
the skills of Indian emigrants.
The Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC) offers 100 annual scholarships to PIO
and NRI students for undergraduate courses.
The 'Know India Program' (KIP) is designed to acquaint Indian-origin youth aged 18-30 with
their heritage and contemporary India.
The E-migrate System is an online database of foreign employers that safeguards the welfare of
Indian emigrants and prevents their exploitation.
The VAJRA (Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty) Scheme enables top NRI
professionals to contribute their expertise to Indian public sector organizations temporarily.
These initiatives reflect the Indian government's commitment to engaging with its diaspora and
leveraging their expertise for national development.
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72.
76th Foundation Day of BIS
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) celebrated its 76th Foundation Day, marking its
establishment as the statutory body for standardization in India.
On this occasion, a portal was launched to map industrial units and laboratories nationwide,
facilitating entrepreneurs' access to testing facilities.
The Standards National Action Plan (SNAP) 2022-27 was introduced as a strategic document
to guide India's standardization efforts, addressing emerging technologies and sustainability.
SNAP 2022-27 aims to foster a "Quality Culture" in India, with its implementation being crucial
for the nation's economic growth.
BIS announced the initiation of a revision exercise for the National Building Code of India 2016
(NBC 2016), which is a recommendatory document for local building laws.
The revision of NBC 2016 will incorporate sustainable city planning, new building materials,
design concepts, construction technologies, and building and plumbing services.
The Revised National Electrical Code of India 2023 (NEC 2023) was also launched, providing
updated guidelines for electrical installation practices in India.
NEC 2023 includes new chapters on electrical installations in special locations such as hospitals,
community facilities, hotels, swimming pools, amusement parks, and provisions for electric
vehicles.
BIS, through its National Institute of Training for Standardization (NITS), has developed training
courses on NBC 2016 and NEC 2023 to build national capacity.
BIS has established over 4,000 Standards Clubs in schools to introduce students to quality and
standardization concepts, with a goal to increase this number to 10,000 by the end of 2022-23.
The BIS was established under the BIS Act, 1986, which came into effect in December 1986,
operating under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution.
The BIS Act of 2016, which came into force in October 2017, reaffirmed BIS as the National
Standards Body of India.
The BIS's role encompasses the harmonious development of standardization, marking, and quality
certification of goods.
The initiatives launched by BIS on its foundation day reflect its commitment to enhancing India's
industrial and technological capabilities through standardization.
The BIS's efforts are directed towards aligning Indian standards with international best practices
to support the country's trade and industry sectors.
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73.
National Green Hydrogen Mission
The Indian government has sanctioned the National Green Hydrogen Mission with a budget
of Rs 19,744 crore to establish India as a global hub for green hydrogen production and export.
The mission aims to incentivize the commercial production of green hydrogen, fostering its use,
production, utilization, and export.
The Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition Programme (SIGHT) under
the mission will support domestic manufacturing of electrolysers and the production of green
hydrogen.
Regions with the potential for large-scale green hydrogen production and utilization will be
developed into Green Hydrogen Hubs.
Figure 47. Source: Money Control
The mission's objective is to develop a green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 million
metric tonnes annually by 2030, alongside adding approximately 125 gigawatts of renewable
energy capacity in India.
The mission is expected to attract over Rs 8 lakh crore in investments, create six lakh jobs, and
reduce fossil fuel imports by over Rs 1 lakh crore, with a significant reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is the nodal agency for the mission, emphasizing the
decarbonization of various sectors and reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels.
India's geographical advantages, including abundant sunlight and wind, are conducive to the
production of green hydrogen.
Green hydrogen is considered for sectors where direct electrification is not feasible, such as heavyduty transport, certain industrial processes, and long-term power storage.
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The green hydrogen industry is still in its early stages globally, and India is poised to become a
significant producer despite the current lack of infrastructure.
Economic sustainability is a challenge for the commercial use of green hydrogen, which needs to
be cost-competitive with conventional fuels.
Green hydrogen is produced through electrolysis using renewable energy sources, making it a
clean energy source with minimal emissions.
Currently, green hydrogen constitutes less than 1% of global hydrogen production and is more
expensive to produce compared to other forms of hydrogen.
The global push for green hydrogen is driven by the need for energy security and the urgency to
reduce carbon emissions amid the energy crisis and climate change threats.
Other renewable energy initiatives in India include the Jawaharlal Nehru National
Solar Mission, International Solar Alliance, PM-KUSUM, National Wind-Solar Hybrid
Policy, and Rooftop Solar Scheme.
To advance the green hydrogen economy, India needs to develop supply chains, storage,
distribution networks, and a skilled workforce.
India's potential to reduce green hydrogen costs lies in leveraging low-cost renewable energy
plants and experience from solar and wind reverse auctions.
The burgeoning market potential due to India's young demography and growing economy will
benefit the government's push for hydrogen-based technologies.
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74.
Jallikattu
Jallikattu is a traditional bull-taming sport deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of Tamil
Nadu, celebrated during the Pongal harvest festival in January.
The Supreme Court of India reserved judgment on a batch of petitions challenging a Tamil Nadu
law that protects Jallikattu, citing it as a cultural heritage under Article 29(1) of the
Constitution.
Article 29(1) safeguards the cultural and educational rights of citizens, raising the question of
whether Jallikattu qualifies for constitutional protection as a collective cultural right.
The debate around Jallikattu also touches upon Article 48 of the Constitution, which
encourages the state to modernize agriculture and animal husbandry.
The legal discourse includes whether the laws supporting Jallikattu align with the objective of
preventing cruelty to animals as per the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act of 1960.
In 2011, the central government categorized bulls as animals whose training and exhibition could
be prohibited, leading to a ban on Jallikattu by the Supreme Court in 2014 due to concerns of
animal cruelty.
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act of 2017 and the
corresponding rules in 2017 reopened the gates for Jallikattu, despite the Supreme Court's
ban.
Proponents of Jallikattu argue that it is a centuries-old practice integral to Tamil Nadu's
identity, contributing to the conservation of indigenous breeds of livestock.
The Tamil Nadu government contends that Jallikattu does not contravene principles of
compassion and humanity, and its cultural significance is included in the high school curriculum.
Opponents of Jallikattu argue that the sport inflicts extreme cruelty on animals and poses risks
of injury and death to both humans and bulls.
Critics compare Jallikattu to outlawed cultural practices such as sati and dowry, challenging the
justification of animal cruelty in the name of culture.
Similar sports like Kambala in Karnataka have also been subject to legal scrutiny, with laws
passed to protect such cultural practices.
Outside Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, bull-taming and racing sports remain banned in states like
Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, and Maharashtra following the Supreme Court's 2014 ban.
The ongoing legal battle over Jallikattu reflects broader tensions between cultural preservation
and animal welfare, as well as the interpretation of constitutional rights.
The outcome of the Supreme Court's judgment on Jallikattu could set a precedent for how India
balances traditional practices with modern legal and ethical standards.
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75.
BIND Scheme
The Broadcasting Infrastructure and Network Development (BIND) Scheme is a central
sector initiative with an allocation of Rs. 2,539.61 crore, extending up to the fiscal year 2025-26.
BIND is designed to financially support Prasar Bharati, India's public broadcaster, in
expanding and upgrading its broadcasting infrastructure and content development.
Prasar Bharati operates through Doordarshan (DD) and All India Radio (AIR), serving as a
primary source of information, education, entertainment, and public engagement, especially in
India's remote regions.
Figure 48. Source: PIB
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Prasar Bharati played a crucial role in disseminating public
health messages and raising awareness among the population.
The scheme aims to enhance Prasar Bharati's reach, including areas affected by Left Wing
Extremism (LWE), as well as border and strategic locations, ensuring high-quality content
delivery.
Under the BIND Scheme, the coverage of AIR FM transmitters is set to increase to 66% by
geographical area and 80% by population, up from the current 59% and 68%, respectively.
The scheme also includes the free distribution of over 8 lakh DD Free Dish Set Top Boxes (STBs)
to residents in remote, tribal, LWE-affected, and border areas.
The expansion of public broadcasting envisioned by the BIND Scheme is expected to indirectly
create employment opportunities in manufacturing and service sectors related to broadcast
equipment supply and installation.
Content generation and innovation for AIR and DD under the scheme could lead to indirect
employment for professionals with diverse media experience, including TV/Radio production and
transmission services.
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The BIND Scheme reflects the government's commitment to improving the infrastructure for
public broadcasting and ensuring that its benefits reach the farthest corners of the country.
By focusing on content development, the scheme also aims to enrich the variety and quality of
programming available to the Indian audience.
The initiative is part of a broader effort to modernize India's broadcasting capabilities, keeping
pace with technological advancements and changing audience needs.
The scheme underscores the importance of public broadcasting in India's media landscape,
particularly for those in geographically and socially marginalized communities.
The BIND Scheme is expected to play a significant role in bridging the information gap for citizens
in India's most remote and sensitive areas.
The strategic implementation of the BIND Scheme will contribute to the government's vision of a
digitally and informationally inclusive society.
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76.
The Indian Telegraph (Infrastructure Safety) Rules 2022
The Indian Telegraph (Infrastructure Safety) Rules, 2022, were formulated by the
Department of Telecommunications under the Ministry of Communications to protect
telegraph infrastructure.
These rules mandate that any individual or entity planning to dig or excavate must notify the
telegraph authority to prevent damage to the telegraph infrastructure.
The rules require the person undertaking the excavation to adhere to the safety measures provided
by the telegraph authority to avoid any potential harm to the infrastructure.
Figure 49. Times of India
In the event of damage to telegraph infrastructure due to excavation, the responsible party is liable
to compensate the telegraph authority for the damages incurred.
The PM GatiShakti National Master Plan platform will be utilized to map assets with GIS
coordinates, allowing for the identification of underground utility assets before excavation begins.
The implementation of these rules is expected to save utilities from unnecessary damage and
reduce restoration costs, which could save businesses and the government thousands of crores.
By improving coordination between agencies, the rules aim to minimize the inconvenience caused
to citizens from frequent service breakdowns.
The PM Gati Shakti - National Master Plan for Multi-modal Connectivity aims to integrate
planning and expedite infrastructure projects, with a focus on job creation and cost savings.
The PM Gati Shakti plan is built on six pillars: Comprehensiveness, Prioritization, Optimization,
Synchronization, Analytical, and Dynamic, to improve project planning and execution.
The Gati Shakti Digital Platform is designed to facilitate real-time coordination between 16
ministries, including Railways and Roadways, for efficient infrastructure project
implementation.
The rules are part of a broader vision to establish a resilient, secure, accessible, and affordable
Digital Communications Infrastructure and Services in India.
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The Indian Telegraph (Infrastructure Safety) Rules, 2022, are a strategic move to ensure the safety
and integrity of India's critical telegraph infrastructure.
The rules are a proactive measure to prevent disruptions in telecommunication services, which are
vital for both everyday life and emergency situations.
The rules also align with the government's objectives of modernizing infrastructure and enhancing
the nation's digital communications capabilities.
The initiative reflects the government's commitment to safeguarding national assets while
fostering an environment conducive to the growth of digital infrastructure.
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77.
SMART Program for Ayurveda
The SMART (Scope for Mainstreaming Ayurveda Research in Teaching Professionals)
program is an initiative launched by the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine
(NCISM) and the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS).
The program is designed to harness the research potential of Ayurveda teachers, which has been
largely underutilized.
SMART aims to foster scientific research within Ayurveda colleges and hospitals, promoting
innovative research ideas in healthcare.
The program focuses on a range of healthcare research areas, including chronic conditions like
Osteoarthritis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
It also targets research in areas such as Iron Deficiency Anaemia, Chronic Bronchitis,
Dyslipidemia, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Obesity, Psoriasis, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder.
By encouraging teachers to undertake projects in these designated areas, SMART intends to create
a substantial database of healthcare research.
Ayush encompasses traditional and non-conventional systems of health care and healing,
including Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy.
The Indian systems of medicine are recognized for their diversity, flexibility, accessibility,
affordability, and acceptance by a significant portion of the public.
The government has taken several initiatives to develop Ayurveda, such as the National Ayush
Mission and the Aahaar Kranti Mission.
To support the Ayush sector, new portals like the ACCR Portal and the Ayush Sanjivani App
have been introduced.
The SMART program is expected to have a long-term rejuvenating impact on research in the field
of Ayurveda, contributing significantly to the nation.
The program is part of a broader effort to integrate Ayurveda more deeply into mainstream
healthcare through scientific validation and research.
The initiative reflects the government's commitment to enhancing the role of traditional medicine
in India's healthcare system.
By creating a large database of research, SMART will help in evidence-based policy-making and
the promotion of Ayurveda both nationally and internationally.
The program is a strategic step towards achieving self-reliance in healthcare and promoting the
global use of Ayurvedic practices.
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78.
Ganga Vilas Cruise
The MV Ganga Vilas, the world's longest river cruise, was inaugurated by the Prime
Minister of India in Varanasi.
The cruise will be operated by private entities, with support from the Inland Waterways
Authority of India (IWAI), under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
MV Ganga Vilas will navigate through 27 river systems and connect National Waterway 1
(NW-1) on the Ganga with National Waterway 2 (NW-2) on the Brahmaputra.
The Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly River system, spanning from Haldia (Sagar) to
Allahabad (1620 km), was designated as NW-1 in 1986.
Figure 50. Source: Times of India
The 51-day journey of the cruise includes stops at 50 tourist destinations, encompassing World
Heritage Sites, National Parks, and significant cities like Patna, Sahibganj, Kolkata, Dhaka, and
Guwahati.
The cruise will visit historical sites along the Ganga, such as the Mahabodhi Temple, Hazarduari
Palace, Katra Masjid, Bodh Gaya, Chandanagar Church, and the Char Bangla Temple.
The introduction of the Ganga Vilas Cruise is expected to create job opportunities in the hinterland
and boost river cruise tourism in India.
This initiative is aimed at presenting India's rich cultural tapestry, including art, history, and
spirituality, to international tourists.
The cruise experience is curated to provide an immersive journey through India and Bangladesh,
offering a deep dive into the regions' heritage.
The IWAI was established on 27th October 1986 to develop and regulate inland waterways for
shipping and navigation.
The IWAI is responsible for the development and maintenance of inland water transport
infrastructure on national waterways, supported by the Ministry of Shipping.
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Headquartered in Noida, the IWAI has regional offices in Patna, Kolkata, Guwahati, and Kochi,
with additional sub-offices across India.
The Ganga Vilas Cruise project aligns with the government's vision to promote a new era of
tourism in India by showcasing its diverse attractions.
The cruise's route through India and Bangladesh is a testament to the shared cultural and
historical ties between the two nations.
The launch of the Ganga Vilas Cruise is a significant step in enhancing the visibility and appeal
of river-based tourism on a global scale.
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79.
International year of millets
The United Nations General Assembly declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets,
following a proposal initiated by India and supported by over 70 nations.
The International Year of Millets aims to raise awareness about the benefits of millets for food
security and nutrition, and to encourage sustainable production and quality improvements.
Millets are small-seeded grains cultivated primarily in marginal lands across temperate,
subtropical, and tropical regions, with India being the world's largest producer.
Figure 51. Source: Times of India
Common millets in India include Ragi (Finger millet), Jowar (Sorghum), Sama (Little millet),
Bajra (Pearl millet), and Variga (Proso millet).
Millets have been a part of human diet since the Indus civilization and are a traditional food for
nearly 60 crore people in Asia and Africa.
Nutritionally, millets are superior to wheat and rice due to their higher protein, fiber, vitamins,
and minerals, particularly iron, calcium, and magnesium.
Millets are gluten-free and have a low glycemic index, making them beneficial for managing
obesity and diabetes.
These grains are resilient to climate change, can grow in poor soils without much input, and have
a low water and carbon footprint.
India, Nigeria, and China are the top global producers of millets, with India accounting
for 20% of the world's production and 80% of Asia's.
The Indian government has taken steps to promote millets, such as the Initiative for Nutritional
Security through Intensive Millet Promotion (INSIMP) and increasing the Minimum
Support Price (MSP).
Millets have been included in the public distribution system to ensure a steady market for farmers'
produce.
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The government provides seed kits and inputs to farmers, builds value chains through Farmer
Producer Organisations, and supports the marketability of millets.
The International Year of Millets 2023 is envisioned as a 'People's Movement' to position India
as the 'Global Hub for Millets'.
The celebration of the International Year of Millets is expected to catalyze increased production
and generate consumer demand for millet-based food products.
The focus on millets aligns with global efforts to combat nutritional deficiencies and promote
sustainable agriculture practices.
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80.
Human Rights Watch’s World Report 2023
The Human Rights Watch's World Report 2023, its 33rd edition, has criticized the Indian
government for intensifying its crackdown on activist groups and media in 2022.
The report accuses the current central ruling party in India of employing abusive and
discriminatory policies against minorities.
Human Rights are universally inherent rights, irrespective of any status, and include freedoms
such as the right to life, liberty, and freedom from torture.
The National Human Right Commission (NHRC) of India recognizes Human Rights as those
relating to life, liberty, equality, and dignity, as guaranteed by the Constitution or international
covenants.
Human Rights Watch, originally founded as Helsinki Watch in 1978, is an international
NGO that monitors rights abuses in around 100 countries and is headquartered in New York
City.
The Helsinki Accords, signed in 1975, were a major diplomatic effort to reduce tensions
between the Soviet and Western blocs, committing 35 nations to respect human rights and
fundamental freedoms.
The report highlights the Indian government's promotion of Hindu majoritarianism, leading to
discriminatory and sometimes violent actions against religious minorities.
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The release of convicts in the Bilkis Bano case is cited as an example of the government's
discriminatory stance toward minority communities in violence against women cases.
Despite the removal of Article 370 three years ago and the creation of two Union Territories,
Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh, the government continues to restrict free expression and
assembly in these regions.
The report mentions the use of the J&K Public Safety Act and the Unlawful Activities
Prevention Act (UAPA) to detain journalists and activists arbitrarily.
The report acknowledges the Supreme Court of India's progressive rulings, including the
suspension of the colonial-era sedition law and the extension of abortion rights to all women.
The Supreme Court of India has also expanded the definition of a family to include same-sex
couples and single parents, and banned the two-finger test to protect survivors of sexual assault.
India's Constitution includes provisions for human rights in the form of Fundamental Rights
(Articles 14 to 32) and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Statutory support for human rights in India is provided by the Protection of Human Rights
Act (PHRA), 1993, which established the NHRC.
India has been active in the international human rights arena, contributing to the drafting of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and ratifying key international covenants on
economic, social, cultural, civil, and political rights.
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81.
Forest (Conservation) Rules 2022
The Forest (Conservation) Rules 2022 have been a point of contention between the National
Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) and the Environment Ministry, with the former
asserting that the rules violate the Forest Rights Act, 2006.
The new rules propose to eliminate the requirement for obtaining consent from Gram Sabhas for
the diversion of forest land, which the NCST recommended should be immediately put on hold.
The Environment Ministry maintains that the Forest (Conservation) Rules 2022, framed
under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, do not legally conflict with the Forest Rights Act,
2006.
The Forest (Conservation) Rules 2022 establish several committees, including an Advisory
Committee, regional empowered committees, and screening committees at the state/union
territory level.
Figure 52. Source: Indian State of the Forest Reports
The rules introduce a provision for compensatory afforestation, allowing states with high forest
cover to undertake afforestation in states with less than 20% forest cover.
Private parties are now permitted to cultivate plantations and sell them to companies needing to
fulfill compensatory afforestation obligations.
Under the new rules, the Forest Advisory Committee's (FAC) approval of a project is sufficient
for state authorities to proceed with collecting compensatory funds and land for final clearance.
The rules also allow for the construction of structures for bona fide purposes, including forest
protection measures and residential units, within forests.
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India's Total Forest and Tree cover is 7,13,789 square kilometers, which is 21.71% of the
country's geographical area, as per the India State of Forest Report 2021.
The forest cover in India is categorized into Reserved Forests, Protected Forests, and Village
Forests, with Reserved Forests being the most protected.
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 transferred forests and wildlife protection from the state list
to the concurrent list, emphasizing the shared responsibility of the central and state governments.
The Indian Forest Policy of 1952 aimed to increase forest cover to one-third of the total land area,
a goal reiterated in the National Forest Policy of 1988.
The National Afforestation Programme, initiated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest
and Climate Change, focuses on afforestation of degraded forest lands.
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights)
Act, 2006, was enacted to recognize and vest forest rights in forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes and
other traditional forest dwellers.
The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, requires central approval for sustainable agro-forestry in
forest areas, with violations treated as criminal offenses.
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82.
State of Indian Dams
A United Nations study predicts that by 2050, around 3,700 dams in India will lose 26% of their
storage capacity due to sediment accumulation, impacting water security and energy production.
The United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment, and Health (UNUINWEH) conducted the study, serving as the UN's water-focused think tank.
Globally, approximately 50,000 large dams have lost 13 to 19% of their original storage capacity
due to trapped sediment.
The study indicates a global reduction in dam storage capacity from 6,316 billion cubic meters to
4,665 billion cubic meters by 2050, equating to the combined annual water usage of India, China,
Indonesia, France, and Canada.
The Asia-Pacific region, which houses 60% of the global population, has already experienced a 13%
loss in dam storage capacity, projected to reach 23% by mid-century.
China, the country with the highest number of dams, has lost about 10% of its storage capacity
and is expected to lose an additional 10% by 2050.
India ranks third globally in constructing large dams, with over 5,200 built to date, and
about 1,100 of these are over 50 years old, with some exceeding 120 years.
By 2050, 80% of India's large dams will be aged between 50 and over 150 years, raising concerns
about their obsolescence.
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The longevity of medium and minor dams is even more precarious than that of large dams, with
many facing a shorter shelf life.
Examples of aging dams include the Krishna Raja Sagar dam, built in 1931, and the Mettur
dam, constructed in 1934, both situated in the water-stressed Cauvery river basin.
Dams serve multiple purposes, such as providing freshwater, irrigation storage, hydroelectric
power, flood control, and aiding navigation.
Indian dams, constructed based on historical rainfall patterns, are now vulnerable due to erratic
rainfall, although the government is implementing emergency plans and information systems to
mitigate risks.
The storage capacity of Indian dams is diminishing faster than anticipated, with soil accumulation
replacing water in reservoirs.
Climate change has introduced increased variability and uncertainty in water availability,
affecting dam operations.
The construction of dams has led to environmental changes, community displacement,
socioeconomic disruptions, and financial strains, necessitating transparency and accountability in
dam safety and management.
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83.
Global Risks Report 2023
The World Economic Forum (WEF) released the 18th edition of the Global Risks Report
2023, highlighting the urgency of preparedness for natural disasters and extreme weather events
within the next two years.
The report was published in anticipation of the Davos 2023 Meeting, which carries the theme
"Cooperation in a Fragmented World."
The report identifies 'Failure to Mitigate Climate Change' and 'Failure of Climate Change
Adaptation' as the most severe risks for the next decade, followed by 'natural disasters and
extreme weather events' and 'Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse.'
Current atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are at their highest,
signaling a grim outlook for achieving the global ambition to limit warming to 1.5°C.
Despite three decades of global climate advocacy, the world has struggled to make significant
progress on climate change, with 'Failure on climate action' being a top risk since 2011.
Biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate in human history, yet 'Biodiversity loss and
ecosystem collapse' is not seen as an immediate concern but ranks as the 4th most severe risk over
the next ten years.
Short-term socio-economic crises, exacerbated by geopolitical tensions, are expected to hinder
climate mitigation efforts and have already reversed some progress in the short term.
The European Union's investment in fossil-fuel infrastructure and the reactivation of coal power
stations in several countries, including Austria and Italy, exemplify the setback in climate
change mitigation.
The report foresees a complex interplay between biodiversity loss, pollution, natural resource
consumption, climate change, and socioeconomic factors as a significant threat by 2033.
The current global pandemic and the war in Europe have contributed to energy, inflation, and food
crises, with the 'cost of living' emerging as the top short-term global risk.
The ineffectiveness of existing climate change prevention and preparation measures is
acknowledged by 70% of respondents in the WEF report.
Global risk is defined as an event or condition that could negatively impact a significant portion of
global GDP, population, or natural resources.
The WEF, established in 1971, is recognized by Swiss authorities for its role in public-private
cooperation and is committed to shaping global, regional, and industry agendas.
Klaus Schwab, the founder and Executive Chairman of the WEF, oversees the publication
of major reports such as the Energy Transition Index, Global Competitiveness Report, and Global
Gender Gap Report.
The Global Risks Report is an annual publication by the WEF, detailing year-to-year changes in
the global risks landscape, and is a key part of the Forum’s Annual Meeting in Davos.
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84.
Croatia becomes fully integrated EU member
Croatia has become the 27th member to join the Schengen Area, which is the world's
largest passport-free travel zone, as of January 1, 2023.
With the adoption of the Euro, Croatia has streamlined business and travel for its citizens by
eliminating the need for currency exchange within the Eurozone.
On 9 December 2011 leaders from the EU and Croatia signed the accession treaty. The country
became the 28th EU member country on 1 July 2013.
Croatia's accession to the Schengen Area involved the removal of numerous border checkpoints,
facilitating easier movement across European nations.
The country's integration as a full EU member required meeting stringent economic criteria,
including maintaining a stable exchange rate, controlling inflation, and ensuring prudent public
financial management.
Croatia's entry into the Eurozone is expected to bolster economic stability and increase its
attractiveness as a destination for tourism and business.
The transition to the Euro currency is part of Croatia's broader commitment since joining the
European Union in 2013.
The Schengen Area now encompasses 27 European countries, allowing for cross-border travel
without passport checks.
Figure 53. Source: Tourism Teachers
Croatia's adoption of the Euro is seen as a significant step in its deeper integration into European
economic structures.
The move is anticipated to have a positive impact on the Croatian economy by reducing transaction
costs and fostering closer ties with other EU economies.
Croatia's journey to full EU membership reflects the ongoing enlargement process of the European
Union, aiming to promote peace, stability, and economic prosperity in the region.
The country's alignment with EU economic policies is indicative of its commitment to European
standards and regulations.
Croatia's inclusion in the Schengen Area is a milestone that signifies the continuous expansion
and collaboration within the European community.
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The elimination of border checkpoints as a result of Croatia's Schengen membership is expected
to enhance the free flow of goods, services, and people.
Croatia's adoption of the Euro marks a culmination of a decade-long effort since its EU accession
to align with the Eurozone's monetary policies.
This development underscores the European Union's vision of fostering a more integrated and
unified European continent.
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85.
Country’s Largest Liquid Waste Treatment Plant
The Municipal Corporation of Tirupati (MCT) in Andhra Pradesh is advancing water
treatment by establishing what is claimed to be India's largest liquid waste treatment plant.
This plant will utilize phytorid technology, a sustainable wastewater treatment method
developed by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), part of the
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR).
Phytorid technology is a nature-based solution involving constructed wetlands specifically
designed to treat various types of biodegradable wastewater.
The technology operates without the need for electricity, requires minimal maintenance, demands
less manpower, and is self-sustainable.
The plant is part of a broader initiative to address water treatment across municipal, urban,
agricultural, and industrial sectors in India.
The implementation of this technology is a step towards eco-friendly and cost-effective wastewater
management in the country.
The Tirupati plant represents a significant scale-up in the application of phytorid technology,
which has been increasingly adopted in India for its efficiency and sustainability.
The establishment of such a large-scale treatment facility is indicative of India's growing
commitment to innovative and sustainable waste management solutions.
The phytorid system is expected to have a positive environmental impact by reducing the reliance
on conventional energy-intensive wastewater treatment methods.
This initiative is also a reflection of the increasing importance of sustainable urban planning and
infrastructure development in India's growing cities.
The plant's design is expected to be a model for future wastewater treatment projects in India and
potentially in other countries.
By adopting this technology, the MCT is contributing to the broader goals of water conservation
and pollution reduction in India.
The success of the Tirupati liquid waste treatment plant could pave the way for similar projects
across the nation, addressing the critical need for water treatment in rapidly urbanizing areas.
The project aligns with India's efforts to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development
Goals, particularly those related to clean water and sanitation.
The introduction of the largest liquid waste treatment plant using phytorid technology is a
landmark development in India's environmental engineering and water management sectors.
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86.
Kerala to Provide Pension to MGNREGS Workers
Kerala has initiated a pioneering welfare program for workers enrolled in the Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) and the state's Ayyankali
Urban Employment Guarantee Scheme.
The program involves the establishment of a welfare fund board that will provide a monthly
pension to these workers once they reach the age of 60.
Figure 54. Source: The Hindu
To be eligible for the pension, workers between the ages of 18 and 55 must become members of
the fund board and contribute a monthly premium, tentatively set at ₹50, until they reach 55.
A member must have contributed to the fund for a minimum of 10 years to qualify for the pension
benefits.
The Kerala government will match the workers' contributions to the fund, with the potential for
the contribution amount to be reviewed and adjusted every three years.
The 'Saharsh' scheme, introduced by the Tripura government, aims to foster social and emotional
learning among students in government and aided schools.
Initially launched in August 2022 in 40 schools, the 'Saharsh' program is now expanding to
include all government and aided schools across Tripura.
The scheme is designed to enhance the educational experience by promoting learning with joy and
is part of Tripura's commitment to education, as reflected in its Grade-I category ranking in the
Performance Grading Index.
The National Statistical Office (NSO) has released the first advance estimates of GDP for the
fiscal year 2022-23, projecting a growth rate of 7%, which is an increase from the 6.8% forecasted
by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC).
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India's economy expanded by 9.7% in the first half of FY 2022-23 but is expected to slow down to
4.5% growth in the second half, maintaining its status as one of the fastest-growing economies
globally.
The first advance estimates of GDP, introduced in the fiscal year 2016-17, serve as the initial
official projections for economic growth within the fiscal year.
These estimates provide insights into the economic momentum and are particularly relevant for
the formulation of the upcoming Union Budget.
The introduction of such welfare schemes and economic projections indicates the government's
efforts to support labor welfare and assess economic performance in preparation for budgetary
planning.
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87.
13th National Voters’ Day
India commemorated the 13th National Voters' Day (NVD) on January 25, 2023, with the
Election Commission of India at the helm of celebrations.
The theme for NVD 2023 was "Nothing Like Voting, I Vote for Sure," emphasizing the
importance of each vote and the commitment to participate in voting.
During the event, the Election Commission recognized outstanding electoral practices by
presenting National Awards to exemplary State and District level officers for their work in
2022.
Figure 55. Source: Odisha Bhaskar
National Voters' Day has been observed annually since 2011, with the dual aim of increasing
voter enrollment and encouraging more active electoral participation, especially among new
voters.
The date of January 25 was chosen to honour the foundation day of the Election Commission of
India, which was established on this day in 1950.
The celebration of NVD underscores the power of voting and the impact it has on shaping the
future leadership and direction of the country.
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an independent constitutional entity tasked with
overseeing the electoral process for both Union and State elections in India.
Since its inception on January 25, 1950, the ECI has been responsible for conducting elections to
the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the offices of the President and
Vice President.
The Election Commission started as a single-member body but was expanded to a multi-member
commission after the Election Commissioner Amendment Act of 1989.
The current structure of the Commission includes the Chief Election Commissioner and two
Election Commissioners.
The headquarters of the Election Commission's secretariat is situated in New Delhi,
serving as the central hub for its administrative functions.
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The article also touches upon the legal status of the right to vote in India, which is classified as a
constitutional right, not a fundamental or natural right.
It is highlighted that, under the Indian Constitution, the duty to vote is not listed as a
Fundamental Duty, distinguishing it from other civic responsibilities.
National Voters' Day serves as a reminder of the democratic right and responsibility that comes
with voting, aiming to foster a more engaged and informed electorate.
The observance of NVD is a reflection of India's commitment to maintaining a robust and vibrant
democracy through active voter participation.
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88.
National IPR Policy
India's National IPR Policy was instituted by the Department for Promotion of Industry
and Internal Trade (DPIIT) in 2016 to steer the country's future in intellectual property.
The policy's vision, "Creative India; Innovative India," aims to foster a culture of innovation
and creativity across various sectors.
This policy is comprehensive, encompassing all forms of intellectual property, and seeks to align
them with other sectors and agencies for better synergy.
The DPIIT, under the Ministry of Commerce, is the central department responsible for the
development of IPRs in India, with the Cell for IPR Promotion & Management (CIPAM)
acting as the policy's execution arm.
India's IPR framework is in accordance with the World Trade Organization's (WTO)
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
The policy's objectives include raising public awareness about IPRs, stimulating the generation of
IPRs, and ensuring a strong legal framework that balances rights owners' interests with the public
good.
It also focuses on modernizing IPR administration, promoting the commercialization of IPRs, and
strengthening enforcement and adjudication to combat infringements.
The policy emphasizes the development of human capital through education, training, research,
and skill-building in the field of IPRs
Intellectual Property Rights are exclusive rights granted to creators for their intellectual
inventions, typically for a limited time, to encourage innovation and creativity.
The recognition of IPRs as crucial rights began with the Paris Convention for the Protection of
Industrial Property (1883) and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works (1886), both managed by the World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO).
IPRs are categorized into copyrights, which protect authors' works for 50 years post-mortem, and
industrial property, which includes trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, and
trade secrets.
The significance of IPRs lies in their role in stimulating innovation, contributing to economic
growth, creating jobs, enhancing life quality, and protecting creators' rights.
India is a signatory to several international treaties and conventions related to IPRs, including
the Budapest Treaty, Paris Convention, WIPO Convention, Berne Convention, and Patent
Cooperation Treaty.
The Indian Patent Act of 1970, amended in 2005, is the primary legislation governing patents
in India, extending product patents to all technology fields, including food and drugs.
Current issues in India's IPR regime include a perceived emphasis on patent-friendliness
potentially at the expense of public health, the lack of a data exclusivity law, and the risk of anticompetitive market outcomes due to imbalanced enforcement of the Patents Act.
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89.
All India Survey on Higher Education 2020-2021
The AISHE report for 2020-2021, released by the Union Ministry of Education, indicated
a 7.5% increase in student enrolments from the previous year
The survey highlighted a 7% surge in distance education enrolments during the onset of the
Covid-19 pandemic
AISHE has been a yearly web-based survey since 2010-11, capturing data on various educational
parameters in India
The survey calculates key educational development indicators like Institution Density, Gross
Enrolment Ratio (GER), Pupil-teacher ratio, and Gender Parity Index
The GER for higher education rose to 27.3, marking an increase of over two percentage points
from the previous census
Undergraduate programs saw the highest enrolment, making up 78.9% of the total student
population in higher education
Female enrolment in higher education increased to 49% in 2020-21, up from 45% the previous year
Despite the rise in female enrolment, women's participation in STEM fields remained lower than
men's, with males accounting for over 56% of enrolments
The Gender Parity Index improved, with the ratio of female to male GER increasing from 1
to 1.05 in the span of three years
There was a decline in the number of students with disabilities enrolled in higher education, from
92,831 in 2019-20 to 79,035 in 2020-21
The proportion of Muslim students in higher education decreased to 4.6% in 2020-21 from 5.5%
in the previous year.
The states with the highest student enrolments were Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Rajasthan
The number of universities increased by 70, and colleges increased by 1,453 during the 2020-21
period.
Government colleges, which make up 21.4% of the total, accounted for 34.5% of enrolments,
while private institutions held the majority share.
The ratio of female faculty to male faculty improved, with 75 female faculty members for every 100
male faculty members in 2020-21.
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90.
PARAKH
PARAKH is India's inaugural national assessment regulator, established under the
National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, to standardize student assessment practices.
It functions as a part of the National Council for Education Research and Training (NCERT) and
aims to guide school boards on new assessment patterns and research.
The body is responsible for conducting periodic learning outcome evaluations, such as the
National Achievement Survey (NAS) and State Achievement Surveys.
PARAKH's mandate covers three key areas: large-scale assessments, school-based assessments,
and examination reforms.
Its primary objective is to set uniform norms and guidelines for student assessment across all
recognized school boards in India.
The regulator encourages school boards to evolve their assessment patterns to align with the skill
demands of the 21st century.
By standardizing evaluation criteria, PARAKH seeks to reduce disparities in student evaluations
across various state and central boards.
The benchmark assessment framework developed by PARAKH aims to diminish the focus on rote
learning, promoting a more comprehensive educational approach.
PARAKH's establishment is expected to level the playing field for students from different boards
during college admissions, ensuring fairness.
The body will develop technical standards for the design, administration, analysis, and reporting
of educational tests at all school levels.
It promotes an inclusive, participatory, and holistic educational approach, incorporating field
experiences, empirical research, and stakeholder feedback.
PARAKH represents a progressive shift towards a scientifically-backed educational methodology,
considering the cognitive, social, and physical development stages of children.
The initiative is part of the broader implementation of the NEP 2020, which seeks to overhaul
India's educational framework.
PARAKH is envisioned to facilitate a more equitable and consistent assessment system across the
country's diverse educational landscape.
The creation of PARAKH is a strategic move to ensure that educational assessments are reflective
of a student's all-round development rather than just academic memorization.
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91.
17th ASER 2022
The 17th ASER, conducted by the NGO Pratham, is a citizen-led household survey that assesses
the educational status of children in rural India.
ASER has been carried out since 2005 across all rural districts of India, making it the largest
survey of its kind in the country.
The survey provides data on school enrollment and learning levels of children aged 3-16, offering
insights at national, state, and district levels.
The 2022 report indicates a notable increase in the enrollment of children in government schools
compared to previous years.
Despite high enrollment rates, there has been a concerning decline in basic reading and arithmetic
skills among children in Class 3 and Class 5.
The report shows a positive trend in the reduction of out-of-school girls in the 11-14 age group,
with the percentage dropping from 4.1% in 2018 to 2% in 2022.
Overall enrollment for the 6-14 age group has improved, rising from 97.2% in 2018 to 98.4% in
2022.
Figure 56. Source: Hindustan Times
Enrollment in government schools for the 6-14 age group has increased from 65.6% in 2018 to
72.9% in 2022.
The proportion of children in standard I-VIII who are taking paid private tuition classes has
risen from 26.4% to 30.5%.
There has been a decline in the ability of children in standard III to read at a standard II level,
decreasing from 27.3% to 20.5%.
The percentage of children in standard III who can at least do subtraction has decreased from
28.2% to 25.9%.
The ability of children in standard V across India to do division has also seen a decline, from
27.9% to 25.6%.
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The fraction of government schools with less than 60 students enrolled has slightly increased from
29.4% to 29.9%.
Average teacher attendance in schools has shown a positive trend, increasing from 85.4% to
87.1%.
There have been improvements in school infrastructure, with the fraction of schools with usable
girls' toilets rising from 66.4% to 68.4%, and those with drinking water availability increasing
from 74.8% to 76%.
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92.
Women Get Command Roles in The Indian Army
The Indian Army has taken a historic step by allowing 108 women officers to take on command
roles within their respective arms and services.
This move is seen as a significant advancement for gender equality within the Indian military
forces.
The decision is expected to inspire more women to pursue careers in the Indian Army, enhancing
diversity and inclusivity.
In 2019, the Indian Army amended its rules to permit women officers in the Short Service
Commission (SSC) to opt for a permanent commission after 14 years of service, which was not
retrospective.
A landmark Supreme Court judgment in 2020 granted permanent commission to women officers
retrospectively, paving the way for their progression and promotions within the Army.
Women officers were first inducted into the Army as SSC officers in 1992, but were not
eligible for permanent commission until much later, with the exception of the Judge Advocate
General (JAG) and Army Education Corps since 2008.
Promotion to the rank of Colonel, which allows an officer to command units, typically requires 16
to 18 years of service, along with meeting certain criteria.
The role of a Colonel is highly regarded as it involves direct interaction and leadership of troops
on the ground, unlike higher ranks which are more removed from day-to-day troop management.
Women are still not permitted to serve in core combat arms such as Infantry, Mechanized Infantry,
and Armored Corps, but the Corps of Artillery has recently been opened to them.
The Indian Navy has inducted women officers into all branches, with the future prospect of women
commanding ships and air squadrons.
The Indian Air Force (IAF) has opened all branches to women officers, including the fighter stream
and the new weapon systems branch, with the possibility of commanding units in the future.
Globally, major countries like the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, and Israel permit
women in their armed forces to hold command positions.
The Indian Army is encouraged to provide adequate training and support for women in command
roles to ensure effective leadership.
Efforts should be made to recruit more women into the military to create a larger pool of qualified
women for command positions.
The Indian Army is advised to foster a more inclusive culture, address biases, and improve
facilities and support systems for women soldiers, including childcare and maternity leave
provisions.
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93.
State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2022-23
The Reserve Bank of India's report forecasts a reduction in the Gross Fiscal Deficit
(GFD) of states to 3.4% of GDP in 2022-23 from 4.1% in 2020-21.
This anticipated decrease in GFD is attributed to a broad-based economic recovery and improved
revenue collections.
The report is a detailed examination of the fiscal health of Indian states, analyzing revenue and
expenditure trends and challenges.
States' debt is projected to decline to 29.5% of GDP in 2022-23, down from 31.1% in 2020-21.
Despite the projected debt reduction, the figure remains above the 20% threshold recommended
by the FRBM Review Committee in 2018.
An increase in non-tax revenue is expected, driven by sectors like industries and general services.
The report anticipates a rise in revenue from State GST, excise taxes, and sales taxes for the fiscal
year 2022-23.
Debt consolidation is suggested as a priority for states, aiming to streamline multiple debts into a
single, manageable one.
The report advises states to allocate more resources to healthcare, education, infrastructure, and
green energy to foster economic growth.
Establishing a fund to buffer capital expenditure during times of strong revenue growth is
proposed to maintain consistent spending on capital projects.
States are encouraged to create a conducive environment for private investment to stimulate
economic growth.
The report recommends that states should enhance inter-state trade and commerce to benefit from
spillover effects of state capital expenditure.
GFD is a measure of a state's financial health, with a decrease indicating better balance between
revenue and expenditure.
Government deficit measures include Revenue Deficit, Fiscal Deficit, Primary Deficit, and
Effective Revenue Deficit, each reflecting different aspects of fiscal health.
The Effective Revenue Deficit, suggested by the Rangarajan Committee, is the difference
between revenue deficit and grants for the creation of capital assets.
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94.
Startup India Innovation Week
The Startup India Innovation Week concluded in conjunction with the National Startup
Awards 2022, which took place on National Startup Day, January 16th.
The National Startup Awards, presented by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry,
recognize the significant contributions of startups and their enablers to India's development
narrative
The startup ecosystem in India is the third-largest globally, following the United States
and China.
Since 2012, the number of startups in India has been increasing at a Compound Annual Growth
Rate (CAGR) of 17%, as reported by the India Venture Capital Report 2021.
India's large domestic market offers a substantial consumer base for technology-driven products
and services, benefiting startups.
Government initiatives like "Atma Nirbhar Bharat" (Self-reliant India) and "Digital India"
have been instrumental in fostering a supportive environment for startups.
Technological advancements and widespread internet access have allowed startups to expand
rapidly, leading to the emergence of numerous unicorns.
Bengaluru, Mumbai, and Delhi-NCR are the primary startup hubs in India, with Bengaluru
often referred to as the "Silicon Valley of India."
Startups face challenges due to stringent regulations that may not be well-suited to their unique
needs, creating compliance difficulties.
Inadequate infrastructure and logistics pose significant hurdles for startups, particularly in ecommerce, affecting their ability to deliver products efficiently.
There is a noticeable gap in mentorship and guidance for startups, which is crucial for navigating
the business landscape and making strategic decisions.
The Start-up India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS) offers financial aid to startups for concept proofing,
prototype development, product testing, and market entry.
The National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI) aims to
double the number of incubators and startups within five years.
The DPIIT has been conducting the Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems
(RSSSE) since 2018 to evaluate and promote state-level startup support.
The National Education Policy 2020 encourages student entrepreneurship through vocational
education and innovation at the school level, aiming to integrate entrepreneurial skills into the
curriculum.
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95.
Davos Summit 2023: WEF
The 53rd World Economic Forum (WEF) annual summit convened in Davos, Switzerland, with
the theme "Cooperation in a Fragmented World."
The summit saw the launch of the Coalition of Trade Ministers on Climate, uniting over 50
countries to enhance global cooperation on climate change, trade, and sustainable development.
Participants at the summit underscored the importance of maintaining a free trade system,
especially in a globally fragmented economic landscape, recognizing its contribution to economic
growth and freedom.
The Chief Economists Outlook report, introduced at the summit, projected a cautious economic
outlook, with a majority expecting a global recession in 2023.
The report from the summit emphasized the need for reskilling to prepare the workforce for the
green and digital transitions and future job markets.
A new initiative, Giving to Amplify Earth Action (GAEA), was launched to mobilize
philanthropic capital, aiming to contribute to the USD 3 trillion needed annually to address
climate change and nature loss.
Philanthropic giving in 2021 amounted to USD 810 billion, yet only 2% was directed towards
emission reduction efforts.
GAEA is a collaborative effort supported by over 45 philanthropic, public, and private sector
partners.
The WEF announced the development of the Global Collaboration Village, a metaverse
platform designed to facilitate more efficient collaboration among world leaders
India marked 36 years of collaboration with the Forum, represented by a high-level delegation
including Union Ministers, Chief Ministers, and business leaders
India's focus at the summit revolved around showcasing investment opportunities, infrastructural
developments, and its narrative of inclusive and sustainable growth.
Post-Covid-19, India has been recognized as the fastest-growing economy, with the World Bank's
update projecting a real GDP growth of 6.9% for FY22-23.
The report 'India@100: Realising the potential of a USD 26 trillion economy' was released,
forecasting India's economy to reach USD 26 trillion by 2047, the centennial of its independence.
The WEF, established in 1971, is a Swiss nonprofit foundation recognized for public-private
cooperation, with a mission to engage leaders across sectors to shape global, regional, and industry
agendas.
The WEF is known for publishing influential reports such as the Global Competitiveness Report,
Global Gender Gap Report, and Global Risk Report, contributing to international policy and
economic discourse.
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96.
Survival of the Richest Report: The India Story
The report by Oxfam International reveals that India's wealthiest 1% possess over 40% of
the nation's wealth, while the bottom half collectively holds a mere 3%.
The findings were released in conjunction with the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in
Davos, spotlighting the stark wealth disparity in India.
A proposed 5% tax on the ten richest Indians could potentially generate sufficient funds to
significantly improve educational access for children.
The report underscores a severe gender pay gap, with women earning only 63% of what men earn,
highlighting systemic gender inequality.
Disadvantaged social groups, including Scheduled Castes and rural workers, earn substantially
less than their counterparts from more privileged backgrounds.
Marginalized communities in India, such as Dalits, Adivasis, Muslims, and informal sector
workers, face ongoing challenges in an economy that favors the affluent.
The report criticizes the disproportionate tax burden on the poor compared to the wealthy,
exacerbating inequality.
Oxfam recommends the introduction of taxes on inheritance, property, and wealth to mitigate
inequality and fund social welfare programs.
The organization advocates for increasing the health sector budget to 2.5% of GDP by 2025,
aligning with the goals of the National Health Policy.
It also calls for raising the education budget to 6% of GDP, meeting international standards to
enhance educational outcomes.
Oxfam suggests imposing higher taxes on the rich, including one-time solidarity taxes, to address
the wealth gap.
The report supports windfall taxes on food companies profiting from inflation, arguing they should
contribute more to societal welfare.
Portugal's implementation of windfall taxes on energy and major food retailers serves as a cited
example of this approach.
Data for the report was sourced from Forbes, Credit Suisse, the National Sample Survey, Union
budget documents, and parliamentary questions.
Oxfam International, the organization behind the report, is a global network of 21 charities
working to alleviate poverty and injustice worldwide.
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97.
China Builds New Dam in Tibet
China has initiated the construction of a dam on the Mabja Zangbo river in Tibet, which is
situated near the convergence point of India, Nepal, and Tibet.
This development follows China's 2021 announcement to construct a colossal dam on the lower
Yarlung Zangbo river, projected to generate 70 GW of power, surpassing the Three Gorges
Dam's capacity.
The Brahmaputra River, originating from Mansarovar Lake, traverses 2,880 km across
Tibet, India, and Bangladesh, and is a critical freshwater source for these regions.
The proposed dam is approximately 16 km north of the tri-junction, facing the Kalapani region
in Uttarakhand, India.
Observations since May 2021 indicate active construction on the northern side of the Mabja
Zangbo river in Burang County, Tibet.
The Mabja Zangbo river, a tributary of the Ganga, flows into Nepal's Ghaghara or Karnali River
before merging with the Ganga in India.
Concerns arise from China's potential to exert control over water resources in the region through
the construction of an embankment-type dam with a reservoir.
The dam's proximity to strategic locations raises the possibility of China establishing military
infrastructure, similar to developments near the Yarlung Zangbo river in proximity to Arunachal
Pradesh.
The dam could enable China to manipulate water flow, potentially causing scarcity downstream
and affecting river levels in Nepal and India.
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China's construction of dams near disputed borders could serve to reinforce its territorial claims
in these areas.
China's strategy includes constructing numerous dams on rivers like the Indus, Brahmaputra, and
Mekong, positioning itself for hydro hegemony.
With Tibet under its control, China gains access to river sources flowing into 18 countries,
enhancing its geopolitical influence.
The construction of several thousand dams by China poses risks of ecological disruption and
human impact through controlled water release or retention.
India has expressed concerns over China's plans for multiple dams on the Brahmaputra, which
could affect the river's natural flow.
China's selective sharing of hydrographic data, withholding it from India while providing it to
Bangladesh, has led to unpreparedness for flood events in Assam.
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98.
Indus Waters Treaty
India has issued a notice to Pakistan for the re-evaluation and amendment of the Indus Waters
Treaty (IWT) due to disputes over the Kishanganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects.
The notice follows Pakistan's perceived reluctance to resolve disagreements through the dispute
resolution mechanisms outlined in the IWT.
The IWT, signed in 1960 after nine years of negotiations, involves the World Bank as a signatory
and outlines water-sharing between India and Pakistan.
The treaty allocates the waters of the Indus River System's six rivers, with India getting the
eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej) and Pakistan the western ones (Indus, Chenab, and
Jhelum).
The treaty allows Pakistan the majority share of the water, with India entitled to 20% for various
uses.
The Permanent Indus Commission, established by the treaty, mandates annual meetings
between the two nations to discuss water-sharing issues.
India is permitted certain agricultural uses and can construct 'run of the river' hydropower
projects, which do not require water storage.
A three-tier dispute resolution mechanism is provided by the treaty, allowing for resolution at the
commission level, inter-governmental negotiations, or World Bank intervention to appoint a
Neutral Expert.
The Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project in Jammu and Kashmir includes a dam and a
diversion of water to a power plant, with an installed capacity of 330 MW.
Pakistan's objections to the Kishanganga project were based on concerns that it would alter the
river's flow, which was addressed by The Hague's Court of Arbitration in 2013, allowing India
to proceed with conditions.
The IWT is often cited as a model for peaceful cooperation, despite the complex political dynamics
between India and Pakistan.
India's adherence to the treaty has been consistent, but ongoing political tensions with Pakistan
are putting pressure on this commitment.
The World Bank's role in the treaty includes the appointment of a Neutral Expert and a Chairman
for the Court of Arbitration when disputes escalate.
The treaty's provisions have been instrumental in managing the shared water resources of the
Indus River System, despite the changing political landscape.
The IWT stands as a testament to the potential for peaceful resource sharing and cooperation
between two nations with a history of conflict.
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99.
UN World Social Report 2023
The UN World Social Report 2023 highlights an expected doubling of the global population aged
65 years or older within the next 30 years.
By 2050, it is projected that the elderly population will constitute over 16% of the global
population, reaching 1.6 billion individuals.
The fastest growth in the elderly population is anticipated in regions such as North Africa, West
Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.
Europe and North America currently have the largest share of older persons, a demographic trend
that raises concerns about the sustainability of old-age support systems.
Figure 57. Source: UNGA
The report points out persistent gender inequality into old age, with women facing economic
insecurity due to lower earnings and less formal labor market participation during their working
years.
In India, the elderly population is expected to grow from approximately 9% in 2011 to 18% by
2036, as per the National Commission on Population.
Since India's independence, life expectancy has significantly increased from around 32 years to
approximately 70 years.
Ageing populations are likely to incur higher healthcare costs due to increased prevalence of
chronic health conditions and the need for more healthcare services
There is a potential imbalance in social security systems, with fewer working-age individuals
supporting a growing retired population, which could lead to tax increases or benefit reductions.
Mental health issues are prevalent among the elderly, with surveys indicating that 30% to 50%
show symptoms of depression, often stemming from loneliness and a sense of powerlessness.
The report also discusses other challenges faced by the elderly, such as neglect by children,
disillusionment post-retirement, and feelings of isolation.
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India has implemented several schemes for the elderly, including the Pradhan Mantri Vaya
Vandana Yojana (PMVVY) and the SACRED Portal for Elderly.
The World Health Organization and the UN have declared 2021-2030 as the Decade of Healthy
Aging, aiming to empower the elderly and build on the Madrid International Plan of Action on
Ageing.
The report suggests increasing healthcare funding and social security to support older citizens,
along with promoting healthy ageing and preventive healthcare.
It recommends enhancing financial security for the elderly through improved pension schemes and
encouraging private sector participation in elderly care through Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR).
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100. India’s First Solar Mission
Aditya-L1 is India's inaugural mission dedicated to observing the Sun, scheduled for
launch by ISRO around June or July 2023.
The mission's primary instrument, the Visible Line Emission Coronagraph (VLEC), was
developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) and handed over to ISRO.
Aditya-L1 will be propelled into space aboard the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and
will carry a total of seven payloads.
The mission's objective is to study the solar corona, solar emissions, and phenomena such as solar
winds, flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
Aditya-L1 will be positioned in the L1 Lagrange Point, approximately 1.5 million km from
Earth, allowing for continuous solar observation.
The L1 Lagrange Point is a strategic location in space where gravitational forces create a stable
region, minimizing fuel consumption for spacecraft.
The satellite's continuous view of the Sun from L1 will be unobstructed by eclipses or occultations.
The VELC payload is a highly precise instrument, representing one of the most sophisticated
technologies developed in India over 15 years
VELC's significance lies in its ability to measure the solar corona's temperature, velocity, and
density, contributing to our understanding of solar phenomena.
The instrument will also aid in studying the mechanisms behind the corona's heating, solar wind
acceleration, and the origins of coronal mass ejections.
NASA's Parker Solar Probe is another mission to the Sun, aiming to study the corona's energy
dynamics and the solar wind's origins.
The Helios 2 Solar Probe, a collaboration between NASA and West Germany's space agency,
previously approached within 43 million km of the Sun in 1976.
The Solar Orbiter, a joint mission by ESA and NASA, seeks to understand how the Sun influences
the solar system's space environment.
Other active spacecraft monitoring the Sun include the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE),
Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), and the Solar Dynamics Observatory.
Aditya-L1's mission aligns with India's achievements in space science and technology,
contributing to socio-economic development through advanced research and innovation.
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101. Global Risks Report 2023
The 18th edition of the Global Risks Report by the World Economic Forum (WEF) anticipates
'Natural disasters and extreme weather events' as imminent threats in the next two years.
Released prior to the Davos 2023 Meeting, the report is themed 'Cooperation in a Fragmented
World,' emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to tackle global challenges.
The report identifies 'Failure to Mitigate Climate Change' and 'Failure of Climate
Change Adaptation' as the most critical risks over the next decade.
Current atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are at their
highest, signaling a dire environmental situation.
The likelihood of achieving the global goal to limit warming to 1.5°C is diminishing due to
current emission trajectories.
Despite three decades of climate advocacy, the world has struggled to make significant progress
on climate change.
'Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse' is ranked as the fourth most severe risk for the next ten
years, despite not being a short-term concern.
Short-term socio-economic crises, fueled by geopolitical tensions, are expected to slow down climate
mitigation efforts and may even reverse some progress.
The European Union's investment in fossil-fuel infrastructure and the reactivation of coal power
stations in several countries exemplify the reversal of climate mitigation progress.
The report warns of a dangerous interplay between biodiversity loss, pollution, natural resource
consumption, climate change, and socioeconomic factors by 2033.
The ongoing global pandemic and conflict in Europe have been linked to energy, inflation, and food
crises, with 'cost of living' emerging as the most pressing short-term global risk.
The world is alarmingly unprepared for the risk of climate change, with 70% of respondents in the
WEF report criticizing current preventive measures as ineffective.
Global risk is defined as an event or condition that could negatively impact a significant portion of
global GDP, population, or natural resources
The Global Risks Report is an annual publication by the WEF, based on the Global Risk Network's
analysis, and it tracks changes in the global risks landscape annually.
The WEF, established in 1971, is known for its commitment to improving global conditions
through public-private cooperation and publishes several influential reports, including the Global
Gender Gap Report and the Global Competitiveness Report
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102. SC Eases Norms for Passive Euthanasia
The Supreme Court of India has revised the guidelines for passive euthanasia, aiming to
simplify the process and reduce the time required for its application.
A judicial magistrate's attestation is no longer necessary for a living will; instead, a notary or
gazetted officer's attestation is now adequate.
Living wills are to be stored in the National Health Digital Record, making them accessible to
hospitals and doctors nationwide.
If a hospital's medical board refuses to withdraw medical treatment, the patient's family can
appeal to the High Court, which will form a new medical board for review.
Passive euthanasia involves the withdrawal or withholding of medical treatment, allowing a
person to die naturally, as opposed to active euthanasia, which involves taking deliberate action
to cause death.
The Supreme Court's landmark judgment in 2018 legalized passive euthanasia in India,
recognizing it as a matter of 'living will'.
An adult with a sound mind has the right to refuse medical treatment or choose not to undergo
medical treatment to die naturally, under specific conditions.
The Supreme Court has emphasized that dignity in the process of dying is part of the right to life
under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium permit both euthanasia and assisted suicide for
individuals experiencing unbearable suffering with no prospect of improvement.
Switzerland prohibits euthanasia but allows assisted dying under a doctor's or physician's
supervision.
Canada announced plans to extend euthanasia and assisted dying to mentally ill patients by
March 2023, but this decision has faced significant criticism and may be postponed.
In the United States, euthanasia laws vary by state, with some states like Washington,
Oregon, and Montana allowing it.
The Supreme Court's decision to ease passive euthanasia norms reflects a broader understanding
of individual rights and dignity at the end of life.
The changes to the passive euthanasia guidelines are expected to facilitate a more humane
approach to end-of-life care and decision-making.
The move to integrate living wills into the National Health Digital Record is a step towards
digitizing health records and ensuring better accessibility and management of patient directives.
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103. Himachal Pradesh Statehood Day
Himachal Pradesh celebrated its Statehood Day on 25th January, marking the creation
of the state in 1971.
The region was under British rule and became part of the British Crown after Queen Victoria's
proclamation in 1858.
During the British era, the hill states of Chamba, Mandi, and Bilaspur saw significant
development in various fields.
The states in the region contributed to the British war effort during World War I (1914-1918)
with manpower and materials.
Post-independence, Himachal Pradesh was established as the Chief Commissioner’s province
on 15th April 1948.
On 26th January 1950, Himachal Pradesh became a Part C state with the enactment of
the Constitution of India.
The territory of Bilaspur was integrated into Himachal Pradesh on 1st July 1954.
Following the recommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission, it became a Union
Territory on 1st November 1956.
In 1966, Kangra and other hill areas from Punjab were merged into Himachal Pradesh,
which continued as a Union Territory.
The State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by the Indian Parliament on 18th
December 1970, leading to its statehood on 25th January 1971.
Since achieving statehood, Himachal Pradesh has seen significant progress towards economic selfreliance.
The State Reorganisation Commission was instrumental in restructuring India postindependence, aiming for administrative efficiency and development potential.
The Dhar Commission and JVP Committee initially suggested reorganization based on factors
other than language, but the Fazl Ali Commission's linguistic recommendations were eventually
accepted.
Himachal Pradesh's state animal is the Snow Leopard, the state bird is the Western
Tragopan, and the state flower is the Pink Rhododendron.
The state is known for its major rivers and dams, such as the Sutlej with the Bhakra Dam and
the Beas with the Pandoh Dam, and for its numerous lakes and national parks like the
Great Himalayan National Park.
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104. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act 2021
The MTP Amendment Act, 2021, is an update to the original MTP Act of 1971, reflecting
advancements in medical science for safer abortion procedures.
The amendment was a step towards ensuring universal access to comprehensive reproductive
health services in India.
It extends the permissible gestation period for abortions from 20 to 24 weeks for certain categories
of women, including rape survivors and minors.
The Act now allows unmarried women to terminate a pregnancy due to contraceptive failure, a
provision previously limited to married women.
For pregnancies up to 20 weeks, the opinion of one Registered Medical Practitioner (RMP) is
required for termination; for 20-24 weeks, the opinions of two RMPs are needed.
Beyond 24 weeks, termination is only permitted in cases of substantial fetal abnormalities, as
diagnosed by a State-level medical board.
The Act mandates the confidentiality of women undergoing abortions, barring disclosure of their
identities except under legally authorized circumstances.
The amendment aims to contribute to the reduction of preventable maternal mortality, aligning
with Sustainable Development Goals 3.1, 3.7, and 5.6.
It addresses the ethical debate between a woman's reproductive rights and the state's duty to
protect life, including that of the fetus.
The Act does not allow abortions beyond 24 weeks for pregnancies resulting from rape unless
ordered by a court.
The requirement that abortions be performed only by specialized doctors poses a challenge in rural
areas, where there is a significant shortage of such professionals
The Delhi High Court's ruling allowing the termination of a pregnancy at 22 weeks due to fetal
abnormalities set a precedent for the amendment.
The amendment is seen as a balance between India's diverse cultural and philosophical
perspectives on abortion.
The Supreme Court of India, in the case of K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India, recognized
reproductive choices as part of personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution.
The government is tasked with ensuring that health care institutions follow all norms and
standardized protocols for facilitating safe abortions.
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105. Windfall Tax
A windfall tax is a one-time levy imposed by governments on companies that have benefited from
something they did not cause, like a sudden price rise due to external events.
In July 2022, India's Ministry of Finance implemented a windfall tax on domestic crude
oil producers after consulting with the industry.
The tax targets profits that are not the result of the company's direct actions, such as investment
decisions or business expansion.
Windfall taxes are often applied retrospectively and are above the standard tax rates on profits.
The oil market is a common subject of windfall tax discussions due to its price volatility and the
industry's fluctuating profits.
Governments have various reasons for imposing windfall taxes, including redistributing
unanticipated gains, funding social welfare, and supplementing government revenue.
The recent global increase in energy prices has been attributed to the mismatch between supply
and demand during the post-Covid-19 economic recovery and the impact of the Russia-Ukraine
conflict.
The surge in energy prices has led to record profits for energy companies while consumers face
increased costs for gas and electricity.
Some countries have seen their refiners profit significantly from exporting fuel to regions like
Europe, which has cut off oil imports from Russia.
The United Nations Secretary-General has called on governments to tax these profits and support
vulnerable populations during tough economic times.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has also provided guidance on how governments
should implement windfall taxes.
Windfall taxes can create market uncertainty, as they are unexpected and applied retrospectively,
affecting investment confidence.
Critics argue that windfall taxes are populist measures that may benefit governments politically
in the short term.
The introduction of a windfall profit tax can deter future investments, as potential investors might
anticipate such taxes in their decision-making.
Defining what constitutes a windfall profit is challenging, as it's unclear what level of profit is
considered normal or excessive and which companies should be taxed.
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106. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2023
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The United Nations report anticipates a decline in global GDP growth to 1.9% in 2023, down from
3% in 2022.
Economic Shocks: The report attributes this slowdown to a series of shocks including the
COVID-19 pandemic, the conflict in Ukraine, food and energy crises, inflation, fiscal tightening,
and climate emergencies.
Inflation Trends: In 2022, the global inflation rate averaged 9%, imposing budgetary
constraints across various nations.
Recession Risks: The economic downturn has hindered recovery from the COVID-19 crisis, with
several countries facing the threat of recession in 2023.
Employment Recovery: Job recovery has been particularly slow in developing countries, with
women's employment not fully bouncing back to pre-pandemic levels.
Projected Growth Recovery: Global output growth might recover to 2.7% in 2024, depending
on the war situation and supply chain disruptions.
Country-Specific Projections:
China's growth is expected to be 4.8% in 2023 and 4.5% in 2024.
The US might see a growth of 0.4% in 2023 and 1.7% in 2024.
Russian Exports: Despite global sanctions, Russian exports increased in 2022, bolstered by trade
with China, India, and Turkey.
South Asia Outlook: The region's economic outlook has worsened due to high food and energy
prices, monetary tightening, and fiscal vulnerabilities, with GDP growth forecasted to slow from
5.6% in 2022 to 4.8% in 2023.
India's Economic Forecast:
India's growth is projected to be strong at 5.8% in 2023, down from 6.4% in 2022, with higher
interest rates and global slowdown impacting investment and exports.
India is expected to grow at 6.7% in 2024, potentially becoming the fastest-growing major
economy.
Inflation in India is estimated to slow down to 5.5% in 2023 from 7.1% in 2022.
Unemployment rates have returned to pre-pandemic levels, but youth employment, especially
among young women, remains a concern.
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107.
India and the Maldives
India and the Maldives have entered into agreements focusing on developmental projects within
the Maldives, reinforcing their maritime partnership in the Indian Ocean Region, aligned with
India's 'SAGAR' and 'Neighbourhood First' policies.
Grant Assistance Pact: The pact includes a grant of 100 million Maldivian Rufiyaa under
the High Impact Community Development Project (HICDP) scheme, aimed at socio-economic
development across the Maldives.
Infrastructure and Education: The agreement also encompasses the construction of a sports
complex in Gahdhoo and an academic partnership between Maldives National University and
Cochin University of Science and Technology.
Defence Cooperation: India and Maldives engage in joint military exercises such as
“Ekuverin”, “Dosti”, “Ekatha”, and “Operation Shield”. India fulfills approximately 70% of
the Maldivian National Defence Force's training needs.
Community Projects: India has contracted an $80 million project for Addu reclamation and
shore protection, including a drug detoxification and rehabilitation center, contributing to
healthcare, education, fisheries, tourism, sports, and cultural development.
Figure 58. Source: Maps of India
Economic Ties: Tourism is a vital sector of the Maldivian economy, with India being a significant
source of tourists and employment. Bilateral trade between the countries grew by 31% in
2021, with India becoming Maldives' second-largest trading partner.
Infrastructure Investments: India is investing in major infrastructure projects like the Greater
Male Connectivity Project and the development of Hanimaadhoo International Airport, which is
expected to handle 1.3 million passengers annually.
Challenges in Relations:
Political Instability: India is concerned about the effects of political unrest in the Maldives on
regional security and development, highlighted by the arrest of Maldivian opposition leader
Mohamed Nasheed in 2015.
Radicalization: An increase in Maldivians being drawn to groups like IS and Pakistan-based
jihadist groups poses security threats, with fears of these islands being used for attacks against
India.
China's Influence: China's growing strategic presence in the Maldives, part of its 'String of
Pearls' strategy, is a concern for India given the fluctuating Sino-Indian relations.
Strategic Response: India aims to maintain a significant role in Indo-Pacific security to
safeguard regional stability and counteract the influence of extra-regional powers, particularly
China.
Domestic Political Dynamics: The 'India Out' campaign in the Maldives, though currently
limited in support, requires careful handling by India to preserve the positive bilateral relationship
and address any domestic concerns in the Maldives.
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108. Shukrayaan I mission
ISRO's Shukrayaan I mission to Venus is likely to be delayed until 2031, previously aimed for
a December 2024 launch.
Global Venus Missions: The United States and European space agencies have Venus
missions (VERITAS and EnVision) planned for 2031. China is also expected to launch a
mission around 2026 or 2027.
Reasons for Delay: The original mid-2023 launch was rescheduled due to the pandemic. Other
ISRO missions have also faced delays. Launch windows for Venus occur every 19 months, with
more optimal windows, which require less fuel, appearing every eight years.
Mission Overview: Shukrayaan I is designed as an orbiter mission with instruments like a highresolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to penetrate Venus' cloudy atmosphere and analyze
its surface.
Scientific Objectives: The mission aims to investigate Venus's surface and subsurface geology,
atmospheric structure, composition, dynamics, and the interaction of solar wind with the Venusian
ionosphere.
Significance: Insights from Shukrayaan I could enhance our understanding of Earth-like
planets' evolution and serve as a model for Earth's climate, highlighting the potential for drastic
climate changes.
Launch Vehicle: The mission may launch aboard GSLV Mk II or GSLV Mk III, with the latter
allowing for additional instruments or fuel.
Venus Facts:
Venus is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty.
It is the second planet from the Sun and is similar in size, mass, and proximity to Earth, often
referred to as Earth's twin.
Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system with a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere causing an
intense greenhouse effect.
A Venusian day is longer than its year due to its slow rotation speed.
Historical Missions to Venus:
The U.S. sent Pioneer Venus 1 and 2 in 1978, and Magellan in 1989.
The Soviet Union's Venera series spanned from 1967 to 1983, with Vegas 1 and 2 in 1985.
Japan's Akatsuki was launched in 2015.
Europe's Venus Express was launched in 2005.
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109. Forest and Tree Cover in India
National Mission for a Green India (GIM) Goals: India is not on track with its goals to expand
tree and forest cover as outlined in the GIM. Notable states falling behind include Andhra Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Kerala.
Figure 59. Source: State of India Tree and Forest Cover
Tree Cover vs. Forest Cover: Tree cover encompasses all land areas with trees, while forest
cover is specific to land with a forest ecosystem, characterized by a canopy density over 10% and
spanning more than one hectare.
GIM Overview: Part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change, GIM's objective is to
enhance India’s forest cover, aiming for afforestation of 10 million hectares to bolster carbon
sequestration in response to climate change.
Forest Cover Status: The India State of Forest Report-2021 indicates an increase of 2,261
square kilometers in forest and tree cover since 2019. The total cover stands at 80.9 million
hectares, which is 24.62% of India's geographical area.
State Rankings in Forest Cover: Madhya Pradesh leads in forest cover, followed by Arunachal
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Maharashtra. Mizoram tops the list in forest cover percentage
relative to geographical area, with Arunachal Pradesh and other northeastern states following.
Challenges for Indian Forests: The National Forest Policy recommends a forest cover of 33%
for ecological balance, but India's cover is less at 24.62%. Conflicts over resource access and climate
change effects, including species migration and forest fires, pose significant threats.
Conservation Initiatives: The government has launched several initiatives like the National
Afforestation Programme and the Environment Protection Act of 1986. The Forest Rights
Act of 2006 aims to protect the rights of forest-dwelling communities.
Strategies for Forest Enhancement: Leveraging technology like remote sensing for forest
monitoring, establishing dedicated wildlife corridors, and promoting agroforestry to integrate
forest conservation with farming are suggested measures for improving forest cover.
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110. National Girl Child Day Observance
India commemorates National Girl Child Day annually on January 24th to highlight the
importance of girls' rights and address gender-based challenges.
Inception: The observance was initiated in 2008 by India's Ministry of Women and Child
Development to foster a positive societal attitude toward girls and combat female feticide,
contributing to the skewed sex ratio.
Awareness Initiatives: The National Commission for Women (NCW) organized a 'Save The
Girl Child' webinar to raise awareness on critical issues affecting girls, such as education, health,
and nutrition.
Recognition of Young Achievers: On this day, the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar2022 was awarded to 29 children for their outstanding contributions in various fields, including
innovation and bravery, with recipients receiving digital certificates and a cash prize.
Critical Issues:
Female Infanticide and Foeticide: India records one of the highest female foeticide rates
globally, driven by son preference, dowry practices, and the desire for a male heir.
Child Marriage Prevalence: India has the highest number of child brides worldwide, with a
significant percentage of adolescent girls being married before the age of 18.
Educational Disparities: Girls often face pressure to engage in household work and tend to drop
out of school early, increasing their risk of child marriage.
Health and Mortality: Girls in India experience discrimination, leading to unequal opportunities
and a higher under-five mortality rate compared to boys.
Government Initiatives:
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: A campaign launched to counter sex-selective abortions and improve
the declining child sex ratio.
Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana: A savings scheme aimed at securing the future education and
marriage expenses of girl children.
CBSE Udaan Scheme: An initiative to increase the enrollment of girl students in engineering
courses by bridging the gap between school education and entrance exams.
National Scheme of Incentive to Girls for Secondary Education (NSIGSE): A program
promoting the enrollment of girls aged 14-18 in secondary education, particularly after completing
Class VIII.
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111. Statehood Day of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura
The Statehood Day for Manipur, Meghalaya, and Tripura is celebrated on 21st January, marking
the day these states became full-fledged states under the North Eastern Region
(Reorganisation) Act, 1971.
Manipur's Integration:
Prior to Indian independence, princely states contiguous to India's new boundaries were integrated
through peaceful negotiations.
The Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, signed the Instrument of Accession,
ensuring Manipur's entry into the Union of India with the promise of maintaining its internal
autonomy.
Manipur conducted elections in June 1948, becoming the first Indian region to hold elections
based on universal adult suffrage.
Despite a democratically elected Legislative Assembly, the Maharaja of Manipur was coerced
into signing a Merger Agreement with India in September 1949 without the Assembly's
consent.
Tripura's Merger:
Tripura was a princely state until its merger with the Indian Union on 15th November 1949.
Following the death of the last ruling king, Bir Bikram, in May 1947, his widow Queen
Kanchan Prabha Devi assumed regency and played a pivotal role in Tripura's integration into
India.
Meghalaya's Formation:
The rulers of the Garo and Khasi regions in the Northeast acceded to India in 1947.
Meghalaya was initially an autonomous state within Assam, established on 2nd April 1970,
comprising the United Khasi, Jaintia Hills, and Garo Hills districts.
It became a full-fledged state in 1972, altering the political landscape of Northeast India
significantly.
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112.
Pankaj Kumar Singh as Deputy NSA
Pankaj Kumar Singh, the retired director general of the Border Security Force (BSF), has
been appointed as the Deputy National Security Adviser (NSA).
His tenure in the National Security Council Secretariat is set for a period of two years.
Singh is a 1988-batch Indian Police Service (IPS) officer from the Rajasthan cadre.
His appointment is on a re-employment contract following his retirement as the BSF chief on
December 31, 2022.
Singh has a distinguished service record, having served as Inspector General of the Central
Reserve Police Force (CRPF) in Chhattisgarh and IG (Operations) at CRPF headquarters in Delhi.
He has been recognized for significantly reducing cattle smuggling on the Indo-Bangladesh
border by 87% between 2015 and 2021.
As BSF DG, Singh dealt with the controversial expansion of BSF jurisdiction to 50km from the
border, facing opposition from several states.
He was a proponent of showcasing the skills of women soldiers in the BSF, including their
participation in motorcycle acrobatics during the Republic Day parade.
Singh's educational qualifications include an LLB, an MPhil, and an MBA from the Indian
Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad.
His career in law enforcement includes service in the Rajasthan Police and the Central Bureau of
Investigation (CBI), where he was involved in cracking a notable sex scandal in Jammu and
Kashmir and addressing several corruption cases.
His appointment as BSF DG marked a historic moment as he and his father, Prakash Singh, both
held the top post of a paramilitary force during their respective services.
Prakash Singh, Pankaj's father, is known for advocating police reforms in India and petitioning
the Supreme Court in 1996, which led to significant changes in the tenure policies for top positions
in Indian security and intelligence agencies.
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113. 73rd Army Day
Indian Army Day Celebration:
Celebrated annually on January 15 in India to honor the jawans and the Indian Army.
Historical Significance:
Marks the day when Field Marshal Kodandera M. Cariappa took over as the first Indian
Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army on January 15, 1949.
Cariappa succeeded General Sir Francis Butcher, the last British Commander-in-Chief.
He adopted 'Jai Hind' as the slogan, which translates to 'Victory of India'.
Cariappa is one of the two Indian Army officers to be conferred with the Five-star rank of Field
Marshal, the other being Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw.
Army Day Observance:
A day to honor the soldiers for their selfless service, brotherhood, and patriotism.
A parade is organized at the Cariappa Parade Ground in Delhi Cantonment as part of the
celebrations.
About the Indian Army:
Originated from the East India Company forces, which evolved into the 'British Indian Army'
and post-independence became the Indian Army.
The Indian Army was officially established by the British on April 1, 1895.
As per the Global Fire Power Index 2021, the Indian Army ranks as the world's fourth
strongest army.
The Global Fire Power Index assesses countries based on 50 parameters, including military
and natural resources, industrial capabilities, geographical features, and available manpower.
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114.
Saudi and Iran agreeing to restore diplomatic ties
Saudi Arabia and Iran agreed to restore diplomatic ties in 2023, with negotiations facilitated by
China in Beijing. This move aims to end the conflict in Yemen, where both nations are involved.
Key Outcomes:
Reopening of embassies in Tehran and Riyadh.
Commitment to respect sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs.
Reactivation of a security cooperation agreement from 2001 and an economic, trade, and
investment agreement from 1998.
Conflict Roots:
Religious Factor: Tensions escalated when Saudi Arabia severed ties with Iran in 2016
following the storming of Saudi diplomatic posts in Iran after the execution of a Shiite cleric by
Saudi Arabia.
Attacks on Saudi Arabia: Iran has been accused of attacks on Saudi soil, including a significant
strike on Saudi oil infrastructure in 2019, which Iran denies.
Regional Cold War: Both countries vie for regional dominance, with the situation exacerbated
by the Arab Spring uprisings and external influences from the US and Israel.
Proxy Wars: Iran and Saudi Arabia engage in proxy wars, supporting opposing factions in
regional conflicts, such as the Houthi rebels in Yemen.
Leadership of the Islamic World: The 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran challenged Saudi Arabia's
position as the leader of the Muslim world.
Global Implications:
Potential shift in US-led efforts to isolate Iran economically.
Possible Saudi investment in Iran.
Impact on the civil war in Yemen, with hopes for an end to Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia and
support for peace talks.
Implications for India:
Energy Security: Stability between these two major oil producers could stabilize global oil
prices and ensure a consistent oil supply to India.
Trade: Improved relations could lead to increased trade and economic opportunities for India.
Regional Stability: Peace between Iran and Saudi Arabia could contribute to stability in the
Middle East, benefiting India's strategic interests.
Geopolitics: India's relations with both countries could aid in regional peace efforts, but
increased Chinese influence poses a challenge.
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115. International IP Index 2023
India was ranked 42nd out of 55 global economies in the International Intellectual
Property Index of 2023, as per the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's report. This index
suggests India has the potential to lead emerging markets in economic transformation through
intellectual property (IP)-driven innovation.
Top Performers: The United States secured the first position in the International IP Index,
with the United Kingdom and France following suit.
Index Composition: The Index assesses the IP environment using 50 distinct indicators across
nine categories, including patents, copyrights, trademarks, design rights, trade secrets, IP asset
commercialization, enforcement, systemic efficiency, and international treaty adherence.
Understanding IP: Intellectual Property encompasses the creations of the mind, such as
inventions, literary/artistic works, symbols, names, and images in commerce. It is legally
protected by Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), which are recognized under Article 27 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
IPR Protection: These rights enable creators to control and prevent unauthorized use or
reproduction of their work.
Types of IP: The primary forms of IP are patents (for inventions), trademarks (for branding),
copyrights (for artistic/literary works), trade secrets (for business information), and industrial
designs (for product aesthetics).
India's IPR Framework: India is a World Trade Organization member and adheres to the
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement). It is also part of the World
Intellectual Property Organization, which promotes IP rights globally. The National
Intellectual Property Rights Policy of 2016 guides the country's future IPR development,
encapsulated by the slogan “Creative India; Innovative India”.
IPR Challenges in India:
Enforcement Issues: Despite efforts to bolster IP enforcement, piracy and counterfeiting
are prevalent, with enforcement agencies often lacking the necessary resources and expertise.
Patent Application Backlog: A significant backlog in patent applications leads to delays
and uncertainty for innovators.
IP Awareness Deficit: A general lack of IPR knowledge can result in unintentional
infringements and enforcement difficulties.
Strategies for Improvement:
Enhanced Enforcement: Strengthening IP enforcement mechanisms, better inter-agency
coordination, and streamlined legal processes for IP disputes are necessary.
Regulatory Streamlining: Simplifying the regulatory environment for IPR is essential,
including reducing administrative burdens and enhancing transparency.
Innovation Incentives: Encouraging innovation through tax benefits, research funding,
and fostering industry-academia-government collaborations is crucial.
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116. Delhi HC rules Foreigners Cannot Be Legal Guardians
The Delhi High Court has decreed that foreigners are not entitled to be appointed as legal
guardians for persons with disabilities in India, nor can they claim the protections under Part
III of the Indian Constitution, which are reserved for Indian citizens.
This ruling came after a foreign individual contested the rules set by the National Trust for
Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and Multiple Disabilities
Rules, 2001, which stipulate that only Indian nationals can become guardians.
The High Court acknowledged that the Act in question does not detail the qualifications required
for a guardian, leaving such criteria to be established by subsequent rules and regulations.
Despite this, the High Court instructed the Local Level Committee to assess the situation and
consider appointing an Indian citizen as a statutory guardian.
Fundamental rights that are exclusively available to Indian citizens include:
Article 15: Prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
Article 16: Ensures equality of opportunity in public employment without discrimination.
Article 19: Grants six freedoms, including speech and expression, assembly, association,
movement, residence, and profession.
Article 29: Safeguards the interests of minorities to preserve their language, script, and
culture.
Article 30: Allows minority communities to establish and manage their educational
institutions.
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117. Corrupt Practices Under RPA Act 1951
The Supreme Court of India has clarified that misrepresenting educational qualifications by an
electoral candidate does not constitute a corrupt practice under the RPA Act, 1951.
This decision came during the hearing of a petition against a 2017 Allahabad High Court verdict,
which stated that incorrect declarations about educational qualifications do not affect voters'
rights.
Figure 60. Source: Times of India
The petitioner had accused the candidate of corrupt practices under Section 123(2) for not
disclosing accurate educational qualifications and liabilities, and under Section 123(4) for
making false claims about personal character to influence election results.
The Supreme Court dismissed the petition, establishing that such misinformation does not fall
under the definition of corrupt practices as per the mentioned sections of the RPA Act, 1951.
Corrupt practices, as defined by Section 123 of the RPA Act, include bribery, undue influence,
spreading false information, and inciting hatred among different classes of citizens based on
religion, race, caste, community, or language for election benefits.
Section 123(2) of the Act describes 'undue influence' as any direct or indirect interference with
the free exercise of electoral rights, which could involve threats or social ostracism.
Section 123(4) expands corrupt practices to include the deliberate publication of false
statements that could affect the election outcome.
An elected official can be disqualified for certain offenses, corrupt practices, failure to declare
election expenses, or having interests in government contracts, as per the Act.
Past Supreme Court rulings have identified various actions as corrupt practices, such as seeking
votes on the basis of religion, race, caste, community, or language, as seen in the Abhiram Singh
v. C.D. Commachen case of 2017.
The Representation of the People Act, 1951, is crucial for the conduct of elections, outlining
qualifications, disqualifications, and procedures for resolving election disputes.
It aims to decriminalize politics by preventing individuals with criminal backgrounds from
entering representative bodies and requires candidates to declare assets and election expenses
for transparency.
The Act also ensures the legitimacy and fairness of elections by prohibiting practices like booth
capturing and bribery and is instrumental in regulating political funding through electoral
bonds.
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118. Special Category Status
The concept of Special Category Status was introduced to aid the development of states
facing geographical and socio-economic challenges. It is not mentioned in the Constitution but
was recommended by the Fifth Finance Commission in 1969.
Initial Beneficiaries: Initially, Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, and Nagaland were granted SCS
in 1969. Over time, a total of eleven states, including the newest state Telangana, received this
status.
Figure 61. Source: The Economics Times
14th Finance Commission's Stance: The 14th Finance Commission discontinued SCS
for most states, retaining it only for the Northeastern and three hill states. It
recommended compensating states by increasing their share of tax devolution from 32% to 42%.
SCS vs. Special Status: SCS, focused on economic support, differs from Special Status, which
provides certain political and legislative privileges. For example, Jammu & Kashmir had Special
Status under Article 370 before it was revoked.
Criteria for SCS (Gadgil Formula): The criteria include hilly terrain, low population density
or significant tribal population, strategic border location, economic and infrastructural
backwardness, and financially nonviable state finances.
Advantages of SCS: States with SCS receive a higher central contribution (90%) for
centrally-sponsored schemes compared to other states. They also benefit from the carryover of
unspent funds, tax concessions, and a guaranteed 30% of the central budget.
Challenges and Concerns: SCS puts additional financial pressure on the central government
and can lead to similar demands from other states, as seen with Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and
Bihar.
Current Approach: Following the recommendations of the 14th and 15th Finance
Commissions, the central government has increased tax devolution to states to bridge resource
gaps without extending SCS.
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119. Clarity on Speaker’s role on disqualification
The Indian Supreme Court, on February 15, 2023, upheld that Speakers should be the initial
adjudicators on disqualification matters within their legislative assemblies.
This stance contrasts with a 2016 Supreme Court ruling in the Nabam Rebia case, which
stated that a Speaker or Deputy Speaker facing a removal notice cannot preside over
disqualification proceedings against other legislators.
The All India Presiding Officer's Conference has been reassessing the Speaker's responsibilities
as outlined in the Constitution's Tenth Schedule, which addresses the disqualification of
Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs).
Figure 62. Source: Times of India
Discussions have centered on preserving the legislative speaker's respect while considering
alternative mechanisms for handling defection cases.
A suggestion under consideration is to delegate disqualification decisions to the political parties
that nominate MLAs, thereby limiting the Speaker's involvement.
The Tenth Schedule, known as the Anti-Defection Law, was incorporated into the
Constitution through the 52nd Amendment in 1985, aiming to curb the instability caused by
legislators switching parties, a phenomenon prevalent after the 1967 general elections.
The Schedule sets forth the criteria for disqualifying MPs and MLAs on defection grounds, with
certain exceptions, such as permitting a group of legislators to merge with another party without
facing disqualification.
The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act of 2003 revised the definition of a 'merger' from
one-third to at least two-thirds of party members' support.
The Speaker's or Chairman's decision on defection is subject to judicial review, although the law
does not specify a timeline for the presiding officer to resolve a defection case.
Grounds for disqualification include voluntarily relinquishing party membership, voting against
the party's directive, an independent member joining a party, or a nominated member joining a
party after six months.
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120. Supreme Court on sealed cover suggestions
Sealed Cover Jurisprudence (SCJ) involves submitting sensitive or confidential information to a
court in a sealed envelope, which is only to be opened by the presiding judge(s).
Legal Basis: There's no specific legislation defining SCJ; however, the Supreme Court of India
utilizes it under Rule 7 of Order XIII of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013, and Section 123
of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
Usage Conditions: The court may request sealed information during ongoing investigations or
when revealing personal/confidential details could infringe on privacy or trust.
Rule 7 of Order XIII: This rule allows for information to be kept confidential if its disclosure is
not in the public interest, accessible only if the Chief Justice permits.
Section 123 of the Indian Evidence Act: Protects unpublished state documents from being
disclosed by public officers.
Figure 63. Source: Bar and Bench
Transparency Concerns: SCJ can obscure the legal process, as the contents of the sealed cover
are not public, challenging the principle of an open court.
Equality in Legal Proceedings: The practice may give an edge to parties with access to the
sealed information, creating an imbalance.
Response Limitations: Parties unaware of the sealed contents cannot effectively counter or
challenge the information within, potentially weakening their case.
Potential for Misuse: There's a risk of SCJ being exploited to hide information that isn't
genuinely confidential or to gain an unfair legal advantage.
Fair Trial Implications: SCJ can disrupt the fairness of a trial if all parties don't have access
to the evidence or arguments influencing the outcome.
Arbitrary Application: The practice is seen as ad-hoc and arbitrary, relying on individual
judges' discretion rather than established procedure.
Supreme Court's Stance:
In the P. Gopalakrishnan vs The State of Kerala case (2019), the SC mandated the
disclosure of documents to the accused, even amidst ongoing investigations.
Criticism arose in the INX Media case (2019) when the SC disapproved of the Delhi High
Court's reliance on sealed cover documents from the Enforcement Directorate to deny bail.
The Cdr Amit Kumar Sharma v Union of India case (2022) highlighted the SC's concern
over non-disclosure to affected parties, calling it a "dangerous precedent" that clouds the
adjudication process.
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121. Vibrant Villages Programme
The Indian government has sanctioned the formation of seven new battalions for the IndoTibetan Border Police (ITBP) and allocated a budget of INR 4,800 crore to the Vibrant
Villages Programme (VVP) to enhance the socio-security infrastructure along the border with
China.
A strategic 4.1-km Shinku-La tunnel has been approved to ensure year-round connectivity to
Ladakh, which is part of the Manali-Darcha-Padum-Nimmu route.
Figure 64. Source: PIB
The Vibrant Villages Programme is a government initiative introduced in the 2022-23 Union
Budget, extending until 2025-26, focusing on the development of villages along India's northern
borders to improve the living standards of local communities.
The programme will impact 2,963 villages, with an initial focus on 663 villages in the first
phase, spanning across Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and
Ladakh.
District administrations, in collaboration with Gram Panchayats, will formulate Vibrant Village
Action Plans, ensuring no duplication of efforts with the Border Area Development Programme.
The VVP aims to harness local resources to drive economic growth in border villages, establish
growth centers based on a ‘hub and spoke model’, promote social entrepreneurship, and empower
youth and women through skill development.
It seeks to capitalize on tourism by promoting local culture and heritage, and to encourage
sustainable agricultural businesses with a focus on the ‘one village-one product’ concept,
involving community organizations, cooperatives, and NGOs.
The Shinku-La tunnel, slated for completion by December 2025, is critical for national
security and will facilitate the movement of security forces in the region.
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122. India to Contribute 15% of Global Growth in 2023: IMF
India is projected to contribute to 15% of global growth in 2023, standing out in the global
economy which is expected to slow down.
Growth Rate: The Indian economy's growth rate for the fiscal year 2023/24 is estimated at 6.1%,
surpassing the global average despite a general slowdown.
Digitalization: India's economic rise is partly attributed to leveraging digitalization to create
jobs and manage the pandemic's impact effectively.
Fiscal Policy: The country's fiscal policy has been adaptive, with a medium-term framework
providing a stable anchor for public finances.
Green Investments: Investments in the green economy, particularly in renewable energy, are
seen as a step towards a sustainable and clean energy future for India.
Capital Expenditure: Capital spending in India has risen to 3.3% of GDP, marking a
significant increase and supporting infrastructure development.
Demographics: India's young population and the addition of 15 million individuals to the
workforce annually present a demographic advantage for economic growth.
Geopolitical Challenges: Geopolitical risks, like the Russia-Ukraine War, have caused supply
chain disruptions and global food shortages, impacting emerging markets including India.
Figure 65. Source: Times of India
Employment Issues: Despite GDP growth, job creation has not kept pace, with an
unemployment rate around 8% as of December 2022.
Income Inequality: The 'World Inequality Report 2022' highlights a significant income gap
in India, with the top 10% holding 57% of the national income.
Trade Deficit: India's trade deficit hit a record $31 billion in July 2022, influenced by
recessionary trends in developed economies and high commodity prices.
Economic Goals: India's sustainable growth relies on setting clear economic development goals,
embracing modern technology, and preparing for future challenges.
Manufacturing Focus: Strengthening the 'Make in India' initiative and banking sector reforms
are essential to support both small and large-scale manufacturing.
Women's Empowerment: Bridging the gender gap in education and promoting financial and
digital inclusion for women are key priorities.
Special Economic Zones: Enhancing SEZs can attract more foreign investment, boost exports,
and support regional development, with recommendations to link them to MSME schemes.
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123. Draft Geo-heritage Sites and Geo-relics Bill, 2022
The Draft Geo-heritage Sites and Geo-relics Bill, 2022, is designed to facilitate the declaration,
preservation, protection, and maintenance of geo-heritage sites and geo-relics in India, which are
of national importance for geological studies, education, research, and raising public awareness.
Definition of Geoheritage Sites: These are areas that include geo-relics and phenomena,
stratigraphic type sections, geological structures, and geomorphic landforms such as caves and
natural rock sculptures that are of national and international interest.
Geo-relics Explained: Geo-relics are defined as objects or materials with geological
significance, such as sediments, rocks, minerals, meteorites, or fossils.
Authority of GSI: The Geological Survey of India (GSI) is empowered to acquire geo-relics
for their preservation and maintenance.
Central Government's Role: The bill empowers the Central Government to declare a
geoheritage site of national importance, in line with the Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (RFCTLARR Act).
Compensation for Land Occupiers: The bill includes provisions for compensating landowners
or occupiers for any loss or damage due to the exercise of powers under this Act, with the market
value determined as per the RFCTLARR Act.
Construction Restrictions: It prohibits construction, reconstruction, repair, or renovation
within geoheritage site areas, except for preservation and maintenance of the site or for essential
public works.
Penalties for Violation: The bill specifies penalties for destruction, removal, defacement, or
contravention of any direction issued by the Director General of GSI, including imprisonment,
fines, or both.
Concerns Raised: There are concerns regarding the distribution of power within the bill, the
authority of the GSI to acquire geological materials, and potential conflicts with local
communities over land acquisition.
About GSI: Established in 1851, the GSI's primary function was to locate coal deposits for the
Railways. It has evolved into a repository of geoscientific information and is considered a geoscientific organization of international repute.
GSI's Functions and Structure: The GSI is responsible for creating and updating national
geoscientific information and mineral resource assessment. It is headquartered in Kolkata, with
regional offices across India, and operates under the Ministry of Mines.
International Commitments: The need for specific legislation to protect geo-heritage sites is
also a result of India being a signatory to the UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of
the World Cultural and Natural Heritage since 1972.
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124. Vostro and Nostro Account
Introduction to Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVA):
o SRVA facilitates trade settlements in Indian Rupees (INR) between India and Russia.
o This mechanism was introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in July 2022 to
promote international trade with an emphasis on exports from India and to advance the INR
as an international currency.
o It is particularly beneficial for conducting trade with nations facing global sanctions, like
Russia.
Figure 66: Source: Investopedia
Mechanism Details:
o Partner country banks can open SRVA with authorized dealer banks in India, subject to RBI
approval.
o The SRVA is an addition to the existing trade settlement system, which typically involves
freely convertible currencies like the USD or GBP.
Operational Framework:
o All trade transactions are to be invoiced and settled in INR.
o The exchange rate between the trading partners’ currencies is determined by the market.
o Final settlement also occurs in INR.
Functioning of SRVA:
o Authorized Indian banks open SRVA for correspondent banks from the trading partner
country.
o Indian importers deposit INR into the SRVA against invoices from foreign sellers.
o Indian exporters receive payments in INR from the SRVA balances.
o Indian banks prioritize using available SRVA funds to meet existing payment obligations.
Regulatory Compliance:
o Transactions through SRVA must comply with the Foreign Exchange Management Act
(FEMA), 1999.
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Authorized Indian banks must ensure that the foreign correspondent bank is not from a
country listed by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) as high-risk or non-cooperative.
Purpose and Benefits:
o The SRVA arrangement aims to reduce the net demand for foreign exchange, potentially
stabilizing the INR.
o It is expected to make India less vulnerable to external economic shocks.
o The long-term goal is to establish the INR as a more prominent player in international
currency markets.
o The SRVA mechanism has eased payment issues with Russia post-sanctions, facilitating
continued trade.
Understanding Nostro Accounts:
o A Nostro account is held by a bank in a foreign bank, often used when the first bank has no
branches in the foreign country.
o It allows for the deposit and transfer of funds across borders, with "Nostro" meaning "ours"
in Latin, indicating ownership by the holding bank.
o
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125. Singareni Thermal Power Plant
Located in Telangana, STPP is poised to be the first public sector coal-based power
generating station in Southern India and among state PSUs across the country to implement
a flu gas desulphurization (FGD) plant.
Fly Ash Utilization: STPP has achieved 100% utilization of the fly ash produced, earning
it the best fly ash utilization award twice.
Flu Gas Desulphurization (FGD) Plant:
o Purpose: The FGD plant at STPP is designed to process sulfur and nitrogen oxides produced
during coal combustion for power generation.
o Environmental Benefit: It removes sulfur dioxide from flue gas before release into the
atmosphere, reducing environmental impact.
o Types of FGD Systems: There are wet and dry FGD systems, with variations like Wet FGD
systems using liquid absorbents, Spray Dry Absorbers (SDA), Circulating Dry Scrubbers
(CDS), and Dry Sorbent Injection (DSI).
Ministry Guidelines: The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC)
has set deadlines for installing FGD plants in coal-based power plants by December
2026 for non-retiring plants and December 2027 for retiring plants, with exemptions possible for
plants retiring by December 2027.
Gypsum Production: Gypsum produced by FGD plants can be used in various industries
like fertilizer, cement, paper, textile, and construction, contributing to the maintenance costs of
the FGD plant.
Thermal Power Sector in India:
o Contribution: Thermal power is a significant source of electricity in India, accounting for
about 75% of the total installed power capacity.
o Capacity: As of May 2022, India's thermal installed capacity is 236.1 GW, with 58.6%
derived from coal.
Challenges for Thermal Power Plants:
o Environmental Impact: Emissions from thermal plants include carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxide, contributing to air pollution and health issues.
o Water Consumption: High water usage leads to scarcity issues in some regions.
o Coal Supply: Dependence on imported coal can cause supply disruptions and price volatility.
o Financial Health: Government-owned thermal plants often face financial losses due to
various factors, leading to shutdowns or reduced operations.
o Aging Infrastructure: Many plants require modernization to meet current environmental
standards, which can be costly.
o Renewable Energy Competition: Cheaper renewable energy sources are decreasing the
demand for thermal power.
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126. Russia's suspension of the New START treaty
Background of New START:
o The term START refers to the "Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty" known as START-I,
established between the US and the former USSR in 1991, effective from 1994.
o START-I set limits on nuclear warheads and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) at
6,000 and 1,600, respectively. It expired in 2009 and was succeeded by SORT (Treaty of
Moscow) and then by New START.
About New START:
o Officially titled "Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on
Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms," it was
enacted on February 5, 2011.
o The treaty established new, verifiable constraints on nuclear weapons with intercontinental
range.
o The US and Russia were required to adhere to the treaty's central limits on strategic offensive
arms by February 2018 and maintain those limits until the treaty's expiration in February
2026.
Consequences of Suspension:
o Russia's suspension of the treaty complicates the US's ability to verify compliance.
o Russia had already halted mutual inspections and participation in a bilateral consultative
commission. A further step to cease routine reporting and data exchanges on nuclear arsenal
movements would be detrimental.
o The suspension is seen as a symbolic gesture by Russia, potentially aimed at coercing the US
into negotiations to end the war on terms favorable to Russia.
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127. Russia-Ukraine Conflict Anniversary
A year after the onset of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the situation shows signs of escalation
rather than resolution.
New START Treaty Withdrawal: The conflict's anniversary is marked by Russia's withdrawal
from the New START treaty, a pivotal nuclear arms control pact.
War Status: The West has increased its involvement by supplying advanced weapons to
Ukraine, while Russia has fortified its positions along a 1,000-km frontline.
Territorial Control: Russia's initial objectives have not been fully achieved. Although it has
captured significant territories like Mariupol, its control has reduced from 22% to around 17% of
Ukraine after Ukrainian counteroffensives.
Western Response: The West has aimed to weaken Russia's war capabilities through economic
sanctions and military aid to Ukraine, with the U.S. and EU being the largest aid providers.
Figure 67: Encyclopedia Britannica
Economic Impact: Sanctions have had a mixed impact, with global economic repercussions,
particularly in Europe. Russia has managed to redirect its energy exports to Asia, lessening the
sanctions' intended effects.
Negotiation Prospects: Early peace talks were hindered by opposition from the U.S. and U.K.
While there have been some agreements, such as the Black Sea Food Grain Initiative, a
comprehensive peace settlement remains elusive.
Geopolitical Shifts: The conflict has revitalized the Europe-US security alliance, with NATO
expanding to include Sweden and Finland. The trust deficit between Russia and the West has
deepened, and China's role remains cautious and balanced.
India's Position: India has practiced strategic autonomy, maintaining relations with Moscow
and supporting global peace while increasing its oil imports from Russia amidst Western
sanctions.
Global Stance: The prolongation of the conflict pressures nations like India to align with the
Western stance, yet India hopes to leverage its G-20 presidency to foster peace.
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128. Odisha’s Initiative to Curb Child Marriage
Odisha has been proactively working to reduce child marriage for the past 4-5 years, resulting in
a decline in child marriage rates from 21.3% to 20.5%, according to NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 surveys.
Strategies Implemented:
Multi-Pronged Approach: The state employs various strategies, including monitoring
school attendance, counseling, and integrating schemes for girls aged 10 to 19 through a
platform named "Advika".
Village Declarations: Guidelines have been issued to certify villages as child-marriage-free,
with financial incentives for particularly vulnerable tribal groups.
District-Specific Tactics: Districts maintain databases of adolescent girls and require
Aadhaar numbers for all marriages to prevent child marriages.
Cultural Integration: Awareness about child marriage is raised through local cultural
performances, such as Kathak dances during festivals.
Community Engagement:
Education Retention: Special focus on retaining girls aged 15 to 18, especially school
dropouts, in educational institutions.
Police Involvement: Monthly community meetings are held by the police to discuss school
dropouts and child marriages, with police stations made more child-friendly.
Leadership Engagement: Community leaders across castes, tribes, and religions are
engaged to spread awareness about the consequences of child marriages.
Historical Context of Marriageable Age in India:
Post-Independence: Initially, the minimum marriageable age was 15 for females and 18
for males.
1978 Amendment: The age was increased to 18 for females and 21 for males.
Law Commission Report 2008: Recommended a uniform marriageable age of 18 for both
genders.
2021 Proposal: The Prevention of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill 2021 aims to raise
the marriageable age for women to 21 years, applicable to all communities.
Challenges Associated with Child Marriage:
Health Risks: Child brides face higher health risks during childbirth due to physical
immaturity.
Education Disruption: Marriage often halts the education of young girls, limiting their
future prospects.
Economic Dependency: Child brides are more likely to be financially dependent on their
spouses, increasing vulnerability to abuse.
Domestic Violence: Higher likelihood of experiencing domestic violence and mental health
issues like depression and low self-esteem.
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129. Mission Shakti
Mission Shakti is an initiative by the Ministry of Women and Child Development focused
on the safety, security, and empowerment of women. It aims to foster "women-led development"
by addressing women's issues throughout their life cycle and integrating them as equal partners
in nation-building.
Supreme Court Inquiry: The Supreme Court has requested additional details from the
government regarding Mission Shakti, particularly in response to concerns about a potential lack
of protection officers for domestic violence cases.
Domestic Violence Concerns: A government report revealed that approximately 440,000
cases of domestic violence are pending in 801 districts. While one-stop centres exist to aid
victims under Mission Shakti, the number of appointed protection officers, who are crucial for
effective support, is unclear.
Role of Protection Officers: As mandated by Section 8 of the Protection of Women from
Domestic Violence Act, 2005, protection officers are essential. They are ideally women who
assist victims in filing complaints, liaising with the police, providing immediate support,
informing them of their legal rights, and aiding them through legal proceedings.
Sub-Schemes of Mission Shakti:
Sambal: This sub-scheme focuses on the safety and security of women, incorporating
previous initiatives like One Stop Centre (OSC), Women Helpline (WHL), Beti Bachao Beti
Padhao (BBBP), and introduces Nari Adalats for alternative dispute resolution and
promoting gender justice.
Samarthya: This sub-scheme is dedicated to women's empowerment, modifying and
including former schemes like Ujjwala, Swadhar Greh, and Working Women Hostel. It also
encompasses the National Creche Scheme for working mothers and Pradhan Mantri Matru
Vandana Yojana, with a new addition of Gap Funding for Economic Empowerment.
Mission Shakti's Impact: The scheme is designed to create a comprehensive approach to
women's issues, ensuring their well-being and active participation in societal development.
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130. National Science Day 2023
National Science Day is celebrated in India on February 28 to honor the discovery of the
Raman Effect by physicist CV Raman in 1928.
The celebration in 2023 is themed "Global Science for Global Wellbeing," aligning with
India's G20 presidency.
The Raman Effect involves the inelastic scattering of light by matter, leading to a change in the
frequency of the scattered light.
Raman spectroscopy, based on the Raman Effect, is a tool for chemists and physicists to analyze
material properties.
India's contributions to mathematics include the development of the zero, the decimal system,
algebra, and trigonometry, with notable mathematicians like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and
Ramanujan.
In astronomy, Aryabhatta's work included calculating the Earth's circumference and developing
a heliocentric model of the solar system. The Jyotisa Vedanga is an ancient Vedic text that
records astronomical data dating back to 4000 BCE.
Ayurveda represents India's ancient medical system, with texts like Charaka Samhita and
Sushruta Samhita detailing medical conditions and treatments.
Technological advancements in India's history are evident in metallurgy, shipbuilding, and
textile production, with the Indus Valley Civilization's Mohenjo-Daro showcasing an
advanced sewage system over 4,500 years ago.
India's recent strides in space exploration include the Mars Orbiter Mission in 2014, the
Chandrayaan missions, and the upcoming Gaganyaan mission, which is India's first crewed
spaceflight, planned for 2024.
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131. James Webb Telescope spots 6 Monster Galaxies
The James Webb Space Telescope has identified six massive galaxies, termed "Monster
galaxies," which are believed to have formed between 500-700 million years following the Big
Bang.
Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Program: These galaxies were detected through
the JWST's program dedicated to studying the formation of the earliest galaxies when the
universe was less than 5% of its current age.
Location of Observation: The JWST focused on a region near the Big Dipper, an asterism in
the Ursa Major constellation, previously observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in the 1990s.
Big Dipper Details: The Big Dipper consists of seven bright stars, with four forming a "bowl"
and three forming a "handle," serving as a navigational aid and a stargazing reference.
Galaxy Characteristics: One of the galaxies, despite having a mass similar to the Milky Way,
is 30 times smaller, indicating that these galaxies are densely packed with stars and more
mature than previously thought possible at such an early stage in the universe.
Challenge to Current Theories: The existence of these large, mature galaxies dating back to
540-770 million years after the Big Bang, when the universe was about 3% of its current
age, poses a challenge to existing theories of galaxy formation.
About JWST: The JWST is a collaborative project between NASA, the European Space Agency
(ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency, launched in December 2021. It is stationed at the
Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, about 1.5 million km from Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Lagrange Points: These are positions in space where the gravitational forces of a two-body
system, such as the Sun and Earth, create regions of attraction and repulsion.
Telescope's Capabilities: As the largest and most powerful infrared space telescope ever built,
JWST is considered the successor to the Hubble Telescope. It has the unique ability to look
back in time to just after the Big Bang by observing galaxies so distant that their light has taken
billions of years to reach us.
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132. One Rank One Pension (OROP)
The Supreme Court of India has directed the government to settle OROP dues for approximately
10-11 lakh pensioners by the end of February next year in three equal installments.
The court has also set deadlines for the Ministry of Defence to clear pending arrears to six lakh
family pensioners and gallantry award winners by April 30, and for retired servicemen aged 70
and above by June 30.
OROP was implemented by the Narendra Modi government in 2015, ensuring that Armed
Forces personnel and family pensioners' pensions would be revised every five years, with the last
revision effective from July 1, 2019.
The revision is based on the average of minimum and maximum pensions of 2018 retirees of
the same rank and service length, covering over 25.13 lakh pensioners, including family
pensioners and gallantry award winners.
The government initially planned to pay arrears in four half-yearly installments, with family
pensioners receiving a single installment.
Arrears accumulated from July 2019 to December 2022, during which the revised OROP was
not implemented, amounting to Rs 28,138 crore, which was budgeted for the 2023-24 defense
pensions.
A group of ex-servicemen petitioned the Supreme Court for a single installment payment, citing
a March 2022 order that required arrears to be paid within three months.
The Supreme Court criticized the government's January 2023 order for four installments as
contrary to its previous verdict and demanded its withdrawal.
The government's reluctance to pay in one installment stems from budgetary constraints, as the
allocated budget does not imply availability for lump-sum payment, and additional borrowing
may be required.
The Supreme Court's phased deadlines offer the government time to manage finances for
disbursing OROP arrears, with the first installment due by April 30 and an extended 1.5 months
for the first payment.
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133. Air India orders 470 Airbus, Boeing Planes
Air India has struck deals to purchase 470 passenger planes, valued at approximately USD
100 billion, from Airbus (France) and Boeing (United States).
This purchase marks Air India's first major order in 17 years, with the first A350 aircraft
expected to be delivered by the end of 2023.
The deal signifies India's ambition to become a leading force in the global aviation industry,
which anticipates a demand for over 2,000 new aircraft within the next 15 years.
India's aviation market is one of the fastest-growing worldwide, aiming to support the country's
goal of becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by 2024.
The current forecast suggests India's airplane fleet will expand to around 2,500 aircraft by
2038.
Figure 68. Source: PIB
The National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP) 2016 was introduced to make flying more
affordable and accessible, enhancing connectivity and promoting ease of doing business.
The Regional Connectivity Scheme, also known as UDAN ('Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik'), is a
key part of NCAP 2016, aiming to integrate and optimize agricultural harvesting with air
transportation.
UDAN 2.0 focuses on improving value realization and contributing to the sustainability and
resilience of the agricultural value chain.
The government plans to monetize 25 airport assets through Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
mode between 2022 and 2025, as part of the National Monetization Pipeline.
Challenges facing India's aviation sector include high operating costs due to fuel prices, airport
charges, and taxes; infrastructure constraints; and a complex regulatory framework.
To progress, the sector could leverage modern technology like AI, robotics, and big data to
improve operations and passenger experience.
Sustainable practices are encouraged, such as using alternative fuels and reducing carbon
emissions, to lessen aviation's environmental impact.
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134. Mental Healthcare Act, 2017
Background of Mental Healthcare Act, 2017:
Replaced the Mental Healthcare Act of 1987, which was more focused on
institutionalization without granting patient rights.
The 1987 Act allowed for long-stay admissions without informed consent, often against the
individual's wishes.
It was influenced by the Indian Lunacy Act of 1912, which associated mental illness with
criminality and was focused on isolating individuals from society.
Key Aspects of Mental Healthcare Act, 2017:
Defines mental illness as a significant disorder affecting judgment, behavior, and the ability
to cope with ordinary life.
Ensures the right to access mental healthcare facilities, including rehabilitation services in
various settings.
Regulates research on persons with mental illness and the application of neurosurgical
treatments.
Figure 69: Source: Times of India
Rights Under the Act:
Right to make an Advance Directive regarding preferred treatment methods during a mental
health situation.
Right to access healthcare services and to receive free healthcare.
Right to community living and protection from inhumane treatment.
Right against prohibited treatment, equality, non-discrimination, and access to information.
Right to legal aid and the ability to lodge complaints.
Decriminalization of Suicide Attempts:
The Act presumes that a person attempting suicide is under severe stress and exempts them
from investigation or prosecution.
Establishment of Authorities:
The Act calls for the creation of Central and State Mental Health Authorities.
Challenges in Implementation:
Many states have not established the required State Mental Health Authority and Mental
Health Review Boards (MHRBs).
MHRBs are crucial for setting standards for mental healthcare institutes and ensuring
compliance with the Act.
Insufficient budget allocation leads to poorly equipped shelter homes, understaffing, and
inadequate training for mental healthcare providers.
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Stigma and gender discrimination often result in families refusing to reclaim individuals from
mental health establishments.
Lack of community-based services hinders the integration of individuals into society, despite
their right to not be segregated.
Global Initiatives:
The World Health Organization's Comprehensive Mental Action Plan 2013-2020 is a key
global initiative related to mental health.
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135. Limiting Warming Below 1.8°C
A study in Nature Communications indicates that the Paris Agreement target of a 2°C rise
may not prevent accelerated sea level rise.
Irreversible Ice Sheet Loss: Temperatures above 1.8°C could lead to irreversible loss of the
West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, causing rapid sea level increases.
Thwaites Glacier Monitoring: The Thwaites Glacier, also known as the Doomsday
Glacier, is being monitored for melting using underwater robots and sensors.
Net-Zero Carbon Emissions: Achieving net-zero carbon emissions before 2060 is crucial to
prevent catastrophic sea level rise.
Figure 70. Source: Extinction Rebellion
Sea Level Projections: By 2150, sea levels could rise by approximately 1.4 meters under
high emission scenarios.
Melting Ice Caps and Glaciers: Accelerated melting of ice caps and glaciers due to rising
temperatures contributes to sea level rise.
Greenhouse Gas Concentrations: Record high levels of CO2, CH4, and N2O were recorded in
2021, with methane emissions increasing rapidly.
Global Temperature Increase: The average global temperature in 2022 was about 1.15°C
above the pre-industrial average.
Sea Level Rise Data: The global mean sea level has risen by about 3.4 mm per year over the
past 30 years.
Ocean Heat and Marine Heatwaves: In 2022, 55% of the ocean surface experienced at least
one marine heatwave.
Extreme Weather Events: East Africa experienced its longest drought in 40 years, while
India and Pakistan faced extreme heatwaves in 2022.
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): India's NAPCC includes missions like
the National Solar Mission and National Water Mission to combat climate change.
India Cooling Action Plan: Aims to reduce cooling demand and emissions, thereby combating
global warming.
International Agreements and Initiatives:
Paris Agreement: Seeks to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C, with efforts to
keep it to 1.5°C.
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Goal 13 focuses on climate action.
Glasgow Pact: Adopted at COP26, emphasizes stronger action this decade to meet the 1.5degree target.
Sharm-El-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda: Aims to enhance resilience for 4 billion people in
vulnerable communities by 2030.
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136. Adi Ganga Revival
The National Mission for Clean Ganga has earmarked approximately Rs 650 crore to rejuvenate
Adi Ganga, the original channel of the River Ganga through Kolkata, as part of a multicountry South Asian project to combat river pollution.
Historical Significance: Adi Ganga, once the main channel of the Ganga until the 17th
century, has faced neglect, resulting in pollution and encroachment. It was a thriving river until
the 1970s but has since deteriorated into a sewer.
Figure 71. Source: Times of India
Legal Interventions: The Calcutta High Court in 1998 ordered the removal of
encroachments within a month, but encroachments persisted nearly two decades later.
Current Condition: The river is now considered practically dead, with pollution levels so high
that the faecal bacteria count exceeds 17 million per 100 millilitres of water, and the dissolved
oxygen level is zero.
Rejuvenation Efforts: The West Bengal government has been instructed by the National Green
Tribunal to complete the river's rejuvenation by September 30, 2025. The river was also selected
for a pollution study during an international water conference.
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Adi Ganga's Evolution: Also known as Gobindapur creek, Surman’s Canal, and Tolly’s Canal,
Adi Ganga was the main flow of the Hooghly River from the 15th to the 17th century. A canal
dug around 1750 altered the river's course, making Hooghly the main river and Adi Ganga a
tributary.
National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG):
o Establishment: NMCG was registered as a society on August 12, 2011, under the Societies
Registration Act, 1860.
o Objective: Its primary goal is to reduce pollution and ensure the Ganga's rejuvenation by
promoting coordination across sectors for comprehensive planning and management.
o Structure: The NMCG operates under a five-tier structure at the national, state, and
district levels, with the National Ganga Council chaired by the Prime Minister of India.
Other Ganga Initiatives:
o Namami Gange Programme: Launched in June 2014 as a flagship program for the
abatement of pollution and the conservation and rejuvenation of the Ganga, declared India's
National River in 2008.
o Ganga Action Plan: Initiated in 1985 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change to intercept, divert, and treat domestic sewage and improve water quality.
o Bhuvan-Ganga Web App: A public engagement tool for monitoring pollution in the Ganga.
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137. LCA Tejas Mk2
The Tejas Mk2, an indigenous Indian fighter aircraft, is set to be equipped with advanced
standoff weapons like the SCALP missile, which is an air-to-ground, long-range deep strike
missile. This aircraft is unique in its ability to integrate specialized weaponry from various
countries.
LCA Tejas Mk2 Overview: The Tejas Mk2 is an advanced version of the original LCA Tejas
Mk1, featuring enhancements in range and mission endurance. It can carry eight BeyondVisual-Range (BVR) missiles and is compatible with both native and international advanced
weapons.
Figure 72. Source: Times of India
Performance Improvements: The Mk2 variant boasts a mission endurance of 120 minutes,
more than double that of the Mk1's 57 minutes, indicating a significant improvement in its
combat sustainability.
Future Role: The LCA Mk2 is being considered as a potential replacement for older fighter jets
in the Indian Air Force, such as the Jaguars, MiG-29s, and Mirage 2000s, which are expected to
be phased out over the next decade.
Design and Production: The critical design review of the LCA Mk2 has been completed,
manufacturing has begun, and the rollout of the aircraft is anticipated by 2024. It will have a
payload capacity of 6.5 tonnes and will be powered by the General Electric GE-414 engine.
LCA Program Background: The LCA program was initiated by the Indian government in 1984
with the establishment of the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) to oversee the
development of the aircraft.
LCA Features: The LCA is designed to be versatile, capable of carrying a variety of air-to-air
and air-to-surface precision-guided weapons. It also has air-to-air refueling capabilities.
Variants of Tejas: The Tejas family includes the Tejas Trainer, a two-seater variant for
pilot training, and the LCA Navy, which comes in twin- and single-seat versions that are carriercapable for the Indian Navy.
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138. No Bar on Contesting Two Seats in One Poll
The Supreme Court has rejected a petition to bar candidates from contesting from more than one
constituency in elections, maintaining the status quo as per the Representation of the People
Act, 1951.
The petition challenged the constitutionality of Section 33(7) of the Representation of the People
Act, 1951, due to the financial burden of by-elections when a candidate wins multiple
seats and vacates one.
The court stated that the issue of candidates contesting from multiple constituencies is a matter
for the legislature to decide, not the judiciary.
The Parliament had amended the law in 1996, limiting candidates to contest from a maximum
of two constituencies; previously, there was no such limit.
Section 33(7) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, allows a candidate to contest
from two constituencies in the same election.
The practice of contesting from multiple seats has been used by politicians for strategic reasons
such as vote splitting and demonstrating party dominance.
Contesting in multiple constituencies can lead to the wastage of resources and necessitate byelections, increasing the financial burden on the government.
An example cited is the 2014 general election, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi won from
both Vadodara and Varanasi but vacated the Vadodara seat, leading to a by-election.
Running in multiple constituencies may create conflicts of interest and voter confusion regarding
representation.
Section 33(7) of the RPA is seen as contradictory to Section 70 of the same act, which bars a
person from representing more than one constituency at the same time.
The Election Commission of India has recommended amending Section 33(7) to allow a
candidate to contest from only one seat on multiple occasions (2004, 2010, 2016, and 2018).
The Commission has suggested that candidates who win from two seats should finance the
by-election for the vacated seat, with proposed penalties of Rs 5 lakh for state assembly
elections and Rs 10 lakh for national elections.
Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1950:
The RPA, 1950, was enacted to provide a legal framework for the conduct of elections in
India, in line with the constitutional provisions of Part XV (Articles 324-329).
The Act lays down the procedures for the delimitation of constituencies, allocation of seats,
and preparation of electoral rolls.
It specifies the qualifications required for voters and the manner of filling seats in the House
of the People (Lok Sabha) and state legislatures.
The President of India has the authority to amend orders delimiting constituencies after
consulting the Election Commission of India (ECI).
The Act ensures the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in
the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies.
The Delimitation Commission, constituted by the Central Government, is responsible for
demarcating the boundaries of constituencies based on the Delimitation Act.
The current delimitation of constituencies is based on the 2001 census and will remain effective
until the first census after 2026, due to a constitutional amendment.
Representation in the Lok Sabha for each state is proportional to its population as per the latest
census figures.
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Electoral rolls include residents of a constituency and persons with service qualifications, such
as members of the armed forces, state armed police serving outside their state, and central
government employees posted abroad.
The Act proposes to make provisions gender-neutral by replacing the term 'wife' with 'spouse'
for the registration of service voters.
A Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) is appointed for each state by the ECI to oversee election
work, with the District Election Officer (DEO) working under the CEO's supervision.
The Electoral Registration Officer (ERO) is tasked with preparing the electoral rolls for
each constituency.
The Returning Officer (RO) is responsible for conducting elections in a constituency and
declaring the elected candidate.
The Central Government has the power to make rules under the Act in consultation with the
ECI, and civil courts are barred from questioning the legality of actions taken by the ERO
concerning electoral rolls.
In 2010, voting rights were extended to overseas Indian citizens.
The Act includes four schedules detailing the allocation of seats in the House of the People, the
total number of seats in Legislative Assemblies, allocation of seats in Legislative Councils, and
local authorities for election to Legislative Councils.
Representation of People Act, 1951:
The RPA, 1951, governs the actual conduct of elections in India.
It addresses issues of corruption and illegal activities associated with elections.
The Act provides mechanisms for dispute resolution in matters related to elections.
It sets forth the qualifications and disqualification criteria for Members of Parliament
(MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs).
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139. Hate Crimes in India
The Supreme Court of India has recently emphasized that hate crimes, particularly on the basis
of religion, have no place in a secular country like India.
Hate crimes are defined as violent or abusive acts against individuals or groups based on their
identity, including religion, caste, ethnicity, sexual orientation, etc.
Such crimes often involve violence, intimidation, or threats, targeting marginalized or different
individuals or groups.
The Indian Constitution guarantees equality and prohibits discrimination, as stated in Article
14, yet hate crimes persist.
Indian law does not have a clear definition of hate crimes, but hate speech is addressed under
IPC Sections 153A, 153B, 295A, 298, 505(1), and 505(2).
These sections of the IPC make it punishable to promote disharmony, hatred, or insults through
spoken or written words based on various identities.
Major factors contributing to hate crimes in India include religious and ethnic tensions, and
caste-based discrimination.
The historical context of caste in India has led to marginalization and hate crimes against certain
groups.
A significant challenge in combating hate crimes is the lack of political will to enforce existing
laws effectively.
The spread of misinformation and hate speech on social media platforms exacerbates tensions
and can lead to hate crimes.
To address hate crimes, awareness campaigns are crucial to educate the public about their
harmful effects on society.
Mass media and community outreach programs are suggested to encourage reporting of hate
crimes and to educate about their consequences.
Community engagement is vital, with the creation of spaces for open discussions to bridge divides
and foster understanding between different groups.
Technology can aid in improving the reporting and tracking of hate crimes through online
systems and data analytics.
Restorative justice programs are recommended to promote healing and reconciliation by
repairing harm and building relationships between victims, offenders, and the community.
Imposing stiffer penalties for hate crimes could act as a deterrent and signal a zero-tolerance
policy towards such behaviour.
Article 14:
Article 14 is part of India's Fundamental Rights, specifically the Right to Equality.
It ensures equality before the law and equal protection of the laws to all individuals.
The right extends to everyone within Indian territory, including citizens and foreigners.
Article 14 embodies two principles:
o No person or group is above the law.
o Equal law treatment for people in equal circumstances.
It allows for reasonable classification for law application but forbids discrimination.
The classification must be rational, relating to the law's objective.
Exceptions to Article 14 include immunities for the President, Governor, and foreign
diplomats.
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140. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
NCST was established in 2004 through the 89th Constitution Amendment Act, inserting
Article 338A into the Constitution, making it a constitutional body.
The amendment led to the bifurcation of the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes into the National Commission for Scheduled Castes
(NCSC) and NCST.
NCST's objective is to oversee the implementation and effectiveness of safeguards
provided to Scheduled Tribes under the Constitution and other laws.
The Commission's composition includes a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, and three other
Members appointed by the President of India.
The Chairperson is ranked as a Union Cabinet Minister, the Vice-Chairperson as a
Minister of State, and the other Members have the rank of Secretary to the Government
of India.
Members of NCST serve a term of three years and are not eligible for more than two terms,
with at least one member required to be a woman.
NCST's duties include investigating and monitoring matters related to ST safeguards, inquiring
into complaints about deprivation of ST rights, and advising on ST socio-economic development.
The Commission reports annually to the President on the operation of ST safeguards and can
recommend measures for their effective implementation.
The President can assign additional functions to the NCST concerning the protection, welfare,
development, and advancement of STs, as per parliamentary law.
The Constitution does not define STs but allows for their specification by the President after
consultation with the Governor of the state.
Article 366(25) outlines the process to designate certain tribes or tribal communities as
Scheduled Tribes for constitutional purposes.
Article 342(1) empowers the President to specify STs in states or union territories in
consultation with the Governor.
The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration and control of
Scheduled Areas and STs in states outside the Sixth Schedule.
The Sixth Schedule addresses the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya,
Tripura, and Mizoram.
Statutory provisions for STs include the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
The article concludes by emphasizing the urgency to fill NCST vacancies to avoid hindrances in
performing its functions effectively.
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141. Amrit Sarovar Mission
Mission Amrit Sarovar was launched on April 24, 2022, as part of the "Azadi Ka Amrit
Mahotsav" to commemorate 75 years of India's independence.
The mission's objective is to construct or rejuvenate at least 75 water bodies, termed 'Amrit
Sarovars', in each district of India to address the rural water crisis.
The initiative is a step towards water sustainability at the local level, ensuring water security
for rural areas.
Eight Central Ministries/Departments collaborate on this mission, including the Ministry
of Rural Development and the Ministry of Water Resources.
The Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Application and Geo-informatics
(BISAG-N) serves as the technical partner for the mission.
BISAG-N, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, utilizes
geospatial data and technology for the mission.
As of the report, over 81,000 Amrit Sarovars have been initiated, with more than 66,000
constructed or rejuvenated, surpassing the national target of 50,000.
States like West Bengal, Punjab, Telangana, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Bihar, and
Rajasthan are actively working towards the goal of 75 Amrit Sarovars per district.
The mission integrates resources from various existing schemes and financial grants, including
the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).
It also utilizes sub-schemes of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana and state-specific
initiatives to fund and support the mission's activities.
Mission Amrit Sarovar promotes citizen engagement and collaboration with non-governmental
resources to empower local participation.
Community involvement is a key aspect, aiming to harness additional support and ensure the
sustainability of the water bodies.
The mission's collaborative approach involves government departments, technical partners, and
local communities to address water security comprehensively.
The overarching goal of Mission Amrit Sarovar is to transform the water landscape of India,
enhance livelihoods, and secure water availability for future generations.
The mission reflects a multi-faceted strategy to combat water scarcity and promote the
conservation and effective management of water resources in rural India.
Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav:
"Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav" is a Government of India initiative to celebrate 75 years of
independence, highlighting the nation's history, culture, and achievements.
The celebration commenced on March 12, 2021, marking a 75-week countdown to the 75th
anniversary of independence and will extend until August 15, 2023.
The date also commemorates the historic Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi on March 12,
1930, symbolizing self-reliance and self-respect.
The Mahotsav is envisioned as a festival of the people, celebrating the awakening of the nation,
good governance, and global peace and development.
The aim is to create a vision for India in 2047, focusing on five pillars: struggle for
independence, ideas, achievements, actions, and resolutions over the past 75 years.
It serves as a tribute to freedom fighters and the Indian freedom struggle, inspiring the
younger generation about the history and struggle for independence.
The celebration includes social, cultural, technological, and scientific programs, emphasizing 'Jan
Bhagidari' or public participation in national development.
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Themes for the Mahotsav are developed into sub-themes, such as the freedom struggle, ideas
at 75, revolve at 75, actions at 75, and achievements at 75.
The freedom struggle theme commemorates historical milestones, unsung heroes, and
movements that led to independence.
Ideas@75 celebrates the ideals that have shaped India, with sub-themes like Vasudhaiva
Kutumbakam (the world is one family) and sustainability.
Revolve@75 reinforces commitments to specific goals and targets, involving all sections of
society, with a vision for India in 2047.
Actions@75 highlights steps to implement policies and actualize commitments, driven by
inclusive development and collective effort.
Achievement@75 showcases progress across sectors, marking milestones as a 75-year-old
independent nation with an ancient history.
The initiative also aims to re-establish India as a 'Vishwa Guru' (world leader), honoring its
rich history and knowledge contributions.
Public participation is encouraged through various activities, including rallies, competitions, and
cultural presentations.
A dedicated website, www.india75.nic.in, has been launched to discuss developments and
project India's image on the world stage.
"Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav" is a call to rediscover India's strengths and synergize efforts to
regain its prominent place among nations.
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142. Zero-Draft of Pandemic Treaty
The World Health Organization (WHO) published the Zero Draft of the Pandemic Treaty
to enhance global and national pandemic preparedness.
The treaty addresses challenges posed by pandemics and global health emergencies,
acknowledging the failures in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.
It advocates for increased global coordination and cooperation in pandemic preparation and
response.
The draft emphasizes strengthening health systems, especially in low- and middle-income
countries, for better preparedness against global health emergencies.
It calls for improved access to essential health technologies like vaccines, diagnostics, and
treatments during pandemics.
There is a push for increased investment in research and development for health technologies,
particularly for diseases with significant global health threats.
The draft demands increased transparency and sharing of information about pandemics,
including disease spread and intervention effectiveness.
A Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing system (PABS) under WHO has been proposed for
equitable sharing of genomic sequences of pathogens with pandemic potential.
PABS aims to ensure responsible use of pathogens in medicine and vaccine development,
recognizing provider countries' and communities' rights.
The draft addresses gender disparities in healthcare, aiming for equal representation and
empowerment of all health workers, with attention to barriers faced by women.
The International Health Regulations (IHR) is the current legal framework for global health
cooperation, binding on 196 countries, including India.
IHR facilitates international collaboration to prevent and respond to the international spread of
diseases and defines a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).
Global health challenges include lack of access to healthcare, increasing demand for long-term
care, and expensive services not covered by insurance.
Healthcare infrastructure is fragmented, with concerns about the quality and reliability of
systems and a significant portion of hospital expenditures going to preventable medical errors.
There is a global shortage of trained and qualified health workers, with India having a
government doctor ratio far below WHO recommendations.
Non-communicable diseases are on the rise, placing a heavy burden on healthcare systems
worldwide.
World Health Organization (WHO):
WHO was established on April 7, 1948, which is commemorated as World Health Day.
It is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
The WHO's primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the
United Nations system.
Its headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
The organization has 194 member states and two associate members.
The World Health Assembly, the agency's decision-making body, is composed of
representatives from all member states.
The main functions of WHO include directing and coordinating authority on international health
work, establishing and maintaining effective collaboration with the United Nations, and
assisting governments in strengthening health services.
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143. India Energy Week 2023
India Energy Week (IEW) 2023 was inaugurated by the Indian Prime Minister on
February 6, 2023, in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
During IEW 2023, the Prime Minister launched E20 fuel across 84 retail outlets of Oil
Marketing Companies in 11 States/Union Territories.
E20 fuel is a blend of 20% ethanol with petrol, part of the government's Ethanol Blending
Programme aimed at achieving energy self-reliance.
The government's target is to achieve 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025, with HPCL and
other companies establishing 2G-3G ethanol plants to support this.
Since 2013-14, India's ethanol production capacity has increased sixfold due to government
efforts.
The Ethanol Blending Program and Biofuels Program have enhanced India's energy
security, reduced CO2 emissions by 318 lakh metric tonnes, and saved approximately Rs
54,000 crore in foreign exchange.
The Green Mobility Rally, organized by HPCL, aimed to promote public awareness of green
fuels, featuring 57 vehicles powered by sustainable energy sources like E20, E85, flex fuels,
hydrogen, and electricity.
Green mobility encompasses the use of environmentally friendly and sustainable transportation
options to lower carbon emissions and conserve resources.
With supportive policies, industry action, market creation, investor interest, and public
acceptance, India aspires to become a low-cost, zero-carbon manufacturing hub for green
mobility.
The 'Unbottled' initiative by Indian Oil was also launched, introducing uniforms made from
recycled PET bottles.
The Prime Minister dedicated the twin-cooktop model of Indian Oil’s Indoor Solar
Cooking System and announced its commercial rollout.
IEW 2023 reflects India's commitment to sustainable energy practices and reducing reliance on
fossil fuels.
The initiatives launched during IEW 2023 are steps towards India's broader goals of economic
development, job creation, and improved public health through sustainable practices.
The Ethanol Blending Programme is a significant move towards reducing the import of crude oil
and promoting domestic agriculture sectors.
The events and launches during IEW 2023 are indicative of India's proactive approach to tackling
climate change and promoting renewable energy sources.
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Production Linked Incentive (PLI) and India’s Growth Ecosystem
Figure 73. Source: Times of India
The PLI scheme was introduced by the Indian government to boost manufacturing in 14 key
sectors.
With a budget of ₹1.97 lakh crore, the scheme aims to encourage growth and sustainability in
the targeted industries.
Initially launched in March 2020, the PLI targeted three industries: Mobile and allied
Component Manufacturing, Electrical Component Manufacturing, and Medical
Devices.
The 14 targeted sectors include mobile manufacturing, medical devices, automobiles and
auto components, pharmaceuticals, drugs, specialty steel, telecom & networking
products, electronic products, white goods (ACs and LEDs), food products, textile
products, solar PV modules, advanced chemistry cell (ACC) battery, and drones and
drone components.
Incentives under the scheme are calculated based on incremental sales and, in some sectors,
on sales performance and local value addition over five years.
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The scheme emphasizes R&D investment to help the industry keep up with global trends and
remain competitive internationally.
It aims to reduce India's dependency on imports, diversifying the sources of production.
Increased production volumes under the PLI scheme are meeting consumer demand, especially
in telecom and networking sectors, with faster adoption of 4G and 5G products.
The PLI scheme for large-scale electronics manufacturing (LSEM) has been successful, with
97% of mobile phones sold in India now being made domestically.
As of September 2022, the PLI scheme for LSEM attracted investments of ₹4,784 crore and
generated 41,000 additional jobs.
The scheme's focus on green technologies is expected to reduce the carbon footprint and position
India as a leader in green policy implementation.
Improved productivity under the PLI scheme is enhancing India's free trade agreements for
better market access.
The government is promoting rural industries and artisans to become part of India's growth story
through initiatives like "one-district-one-product" and "SFURTI" to support local businesses
and improve traditional industries.
The PLI scheme is seen as a strategic opportunity for India to establish itself as a key player in
global value chains post-Covid-19.
The scheme is designed to upgrade the labour force's skills, replace old machinery, enhance
production volumes, and make logistics and operations efficient.
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144. Startup India Seed Fund Scheme
The Ministry of Commerce and Industry approved ₹477.25 crore under the SISFS, a
flagship scheme under the Startup India Initiative.
Seed funding is an early stage of investment in a startup to help it reach a point where it can
secure more funding or become self-sustaining.
The Startup India initiative, launched in January 2016, aims to build a robust startup
ecosystem in India for nurturing innovation and providing opportunities to budding
entrepreneurs.
The initiative includes an Action Plan of 19 points, laying down a roadmap for creating a
conducive ecosystem for startups in India.
SISFS was announced at the Startup India International Summit on January 16, 2021.
The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) approved an
outlay of Rs. 945 Crore over four years starting from 2021-22 for the scheme.
The scheme provides financial assistance to startups for Proof of Concept, prototype
development, product trials, market entry, and commercialization.
An Experts Advisory Committee (EAC) constituted by DPIIT oversees the execution and
monitoring of the scheme.
Eligible startups must be recognized by DPIIT, incorporated not more than 2 years ago, and
should not have received more than ₹10 lakhs under any other government scheme.
Preference is given to startups with innovative solutions in sectors like social impact, waste
management, water management, financial inclusion, and others.
The scheme aims to support approximately 3,600 entrepreneurs through 300 incubators over
the next four years.
Eligible incubators can receive grants of up to ₹5 crores, and startups can receive up to ₹20
lakhs for validation of proof of concept or prototype development.
Startups can also receive investments of up to ₹50 lakhs for market entry or scaling up through
convertible debentures or debt-linked instruments.
The Indian startup ecosystem suffers from capital inadequacy, particularly at the seed and
‘Proof of Concept’ development stage.
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The SISFS aims to provide the critical capital required at an early stage to prevent the failure of
startups with promising business ideas.
Other initiatives related to startups include Startup Innovation Challenges, National
Startup Awards, and the Ranking of States on Support to Startup Ecosystems.
The SCO Startup Forum and the ‘Prarambh’ Summit are platforms aimed at improving
startup ecosystems and fostering innovation and invention.
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145. World Economic Outlook
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) released the World Economic Outlook 2023
titled "Navigating Global Divergence," highlighting the Indian economy's growth.
The IMF projects global GDP growth to be 3% in 2023, consistent with its July 2023 forecast.
Global GDP growth for 2024 is revised down by 10 basis points from the July forecast to 2.9%.
China's economy is expected to grow at 5% in 2023, up from 3% in 2022, though the forecast
is lower than previous projections, indicating a potential loss of momentum.
Global inflation is projected to rise to 5.8% in 2024, higher than the 5.2% estimated three
months earlier.
Growth has been affected by tight monetary policies as central banks combat inflation, which
reached 8.7% in 2022.
The recovery from the pandemic has been uneven, and supply chain disruptions have been
exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
Investment remains lower than pre-pandemic levels due to higher interest rates and stricter
lending conditions.
The IMF advises countries to rebuild fiscal buffers to protect against future shocks.
There is a 15% chance that growth could fall below 2%, with more downside risks than upside
for 2024.
India’s GDP for 2023-24 is forecasted to grow by 6.3%, a 20-basis point increase from
July 2023 figures.
The IMF’s growth forecast for India in 2023-24 matches the World Bank's projections in its
India Development Update.
India’s 2024-25 GDP growth forecast remains unchanged at 6.3%.
The IMF's upward revision of India’s growth is influenced by a strong 7.8% growth in the
quarter ending June 2023, although it's still lower than the 6.5% projection by the RBI’s
Monetary Policy Committee.
The IMF recommends encouraging business investment to boost economic growth, as
demonstrated by stronger business investment in the US.
Economic divergence across major economies, especially in the eurozone, should be monitored,
with necessary actions taken to address contraction or slower growth.
Globally synchronized central bank tightening is crucial to control inflation and maintain
economic stability, as emphasized by the IMF.
International Monetary Fund:
The IMF is an international organization established in 1945 to promote global economic
growth, financial stability, and reduce poverty.
It originally aimed to prevent competing currency devaluation and has evolved into a
lender of last resort for countries facing severe currency crises.
The IMF publishes its World Economic Outlook report twice a year, in April and October.
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146. India, France, UAE Trilateral Initiative
India, France, and the UAE have formed a trilateral partnership to collaborate in nuclear
and solar energy, climate change, and biodiversity, especially in the Indian Ocean
region.
The partnership was first discussed during the United Nations General Assembly in New
York in September 2022.
The initiative will serve as a forum for designing and executing cooperative projects in energy,
focusing on solar and nuclear energy.
The countries will combat climate change and protect biodiversity, with particular attention to
the Indian Ocean region's ecosystem.
The trilateral agreement includes cooperation in defense and countering infectious diseases.
They will promote cooperation within global health organizations such as the World Health
Organization, Gavi-the Vaccine Alliance, the Global Fund, and Unitaid.
The initiative will support the “One Health” approach and develop local capacities in biomedical
innovation and production in developing countries.
The partnership will also work through initiatives like the Mangrove Alliance for Climate led
by the UAE and the Indo-Pacific Parks Partnership led by India and France.
India and France have a history of defense cooperation with regular exercises such as
Exercise Shakti (Army), Exercise Varuna (Navy), and Exercise Garuda (Air Force).
India contracted with a French firm in 2005 to build six Scorpene submarines in India’s
Malegaon dockyards through technology transfer.
In 2016, India and France signed an inter-government agreement for France to supply 36 Rafale
fighter jets to India.
India and France jointly work on climate change initiatives and the development of the
International Solar Alliance.
France is collaborating with India on its Venus mission, scheduled for 2025, and has codeveloped ISRO’s Venus instrument, VIRAL (Venus Infrared Atmospheric Gases
Linker), with Russian agencies.
India and the UAE are members of the I2U2 Grouping and signed a Comprehensive
Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in 2022 to increase bilateral trade to USD 100
billion within five years.
The two countries are exploring ways to boost non-oil commerce in rupees to promote the
internationalization of the rupee.
The UAE is India's second-largest export destination, with over US$ 28 billion in 202122, and for the UAE, India is the second-largest trading partner with around USD 45
billion in non-oil trade for 2021.
India and the UAE are enhancing security cooperation to counter terrorist threats and combat
radicalization, with joint air combat exercises like ‘Desert Eagle II’.
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance:
Gavi, founded in 2000, aims for equitable vaccine access for the world's poorest children.
It's a public-private partnership with WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank, and the Gates
Foundation.
'Gavi 5.0', launched in June 2019, focuses on leaving no one behind in immunization.
CEPI, started in 2017, develops vaccines to prevent epidemics, founded by Norway, India, Gates
Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and the World Economic Forum.
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I2U2 Initiative:
The I2U2 Initiative is a quadrilateral grouping consisting of India, Israel, the USA, and the
UAE.
It was formed in October 2021 following the Abraham Accords between Israel and the UAE.
Initially known as the ‘International Forum for Economic Cooperation,’ it is also referred
to as the ‘West Asian Quad.’
The grouping aims to address regional issues like maritime security, infrastructure, and
transport.
I2U2 stands for India and Israel ('I2') and the USA and the UAE ('U2').
Rafale:
The Indian Air Force (IAF) received its first batch of five Rafale aircraft at Ambala Air Base
in July 2020.
France has delivered 35 Rafale jets to India till July 2022.
Rafale is a French twin-engine, multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault
Aviation.
India signed a deal for 36 Rafale jets in 2016, worth ₹59,000 crore, after a previous deal for
126 jets was not finalized.
India is the fourth country to operate Rafale after France, Egypt, and Qatar.
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147. Multilateral Security Dialogue on Afghanistan
India's National Security Advisor (NSA) participated in a Multilateral Security Dialogue on
Afghanistan held in Moscow.
The dialogue addressed security and humanitarian challenges in Afghanistan with
representatives from Russia, China, and Iran, among others.
The NSA stressed that Afghan territory should not be used for exporting terrorism.
Emphasis was placed on the importance of UN Security Council resolution 2593, which calls
for denying sanctuary to terrorist outfits in the region.
India and Afghanistan share a long history of close historical, cultural, and economic ties.
Post-9/11, India has been actively involved in Afghanistan's reconstruction and
development.
India supports Afghan democracy and has advocated for a stable, peaceful, and prosperous
Afghanistan but has not recognized the Taliban regime.
India re-established its diplomatic presence in Kabul in June 2022.
India has provided humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, including wheat, medicines, COVID-19
vaccines, clothing, and disaster relief.
Over the past two years, India has granted scholarships to 2,260 Afghan students, including
300 girls.
India has completed over 400 infrastructure projects across all 34 Afghan provinces and
invested USD 4 billion from 2002 to 2021.
Projects include highways, hospitals, the Afghan parliament building, rural schools, and
electricity transmission lines.
India aims to enhance regional connectivity with Afghanistan through the development of the
Chabahar port.
Afghanistan's location at the crossroads of Central and South Asia impacts India's
regional interests.
Afghanistan's stability is critical for India's pursuit of regional connectivity and economic
integration.
Afghanistan's strategic location on the historic Silk Road is significant to India's broader
strategic interests, helping to counterbalance the influence of Pakistan and China.
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UNSC Resolution 2593:
Adopted on September 2, 2021, during India's UNSC leadership.
France, the UK, and the US sponsored it; 13 votes in favor, Russia and China abstained.
The resolution emphasizes combating terrorism and calls for the Taliban to ensure safe
passage and uphold human rights.
Russia and China sought more specifics, including naming ISIS and ETIM.
India has focused on the safe return of its nationals and preventing anti-India terrorism from
Afghanistan.
The resolution raises questions about Afghanistan's representation in SAARC and other
international bodies.
India will chair the Taliban Sanctions Committee and influence the UNAMA mandate.
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148. UNSC Reforms
The UN General Assembly president highlighted that the UNSC has become dysfunctional,
especially since the Russia-Ukraine war began.
The General Assembly is divided among five negotiating groups, which often neutralize each
other's efforts, hindering reform.
The UNSC's permanent members historically have shown little enthusiasm for reform, despite
agreeing on its necessity.
The UNSC, established in 1945, is one of the six principal organs of the UN, with 15
members: 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent.
UNSC and UNGA jointly elect judges to the International Court of Justice.
The permanent members (P5) are the United States, Russian Federation, France,
China, and the United Kingdom.
India has served as a non-permanent member seven times and began its eighth term
in January 2021.
The UNSC's effectiveness is compromised by its lack of representation, notably the absence of
African nations, which comprise 54 countries.
Global issues are complex and interconnected, requiring representation from geopolitically and
economically significant countries like India, Germany, Brazil, and South Africa.
The veto power of the P5 is criticized for being undemocratic and often hinders the Council's
decision-making.
Geopolitical rivalries among the P5 members prevent the UNSC from effectively addressing
global issues.
The UNSC's binding decisions can encroach on state sovereignty, such as imposing sanctions.
Democratizing the UNSC and addressing the power imbalance is urgent to enhance its
legitimacy in international peace and security governance.
Expanding the UNSC's permanent and non-permanent seats is necessary to meet the evolving
challenges to international peace and security.
Equitable regional representation in the UNSC is crucial for decentralizing its power and
transforming it into a participatory body.
India, as a non-permanent member, can lead reform efforts by drafting comprehensive proposals
and engaging with the Global South to articulate their security concerns.
In September 2022, India pushed for UNSC reform by hosting meetings of the G-4 and
L-69 groupings on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly.
India has been advocating a permanent seat in UNSC.
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149. Paris Club
The Paris Club is an informal group of creditor nations that will provide financial assurances
to the IMF for Sri Lanka's debt restructuring.
Sri Lanka requires assurances from the Paris Club and other creditors to secure a USD 2.9
billion bailout from the IMF following its economic crisis in 2022.
Founded in 1956, the Paris Club is a forum where official creditors meet to resolve
payment difficulties of debtor countries.
The club's objective is to find sustainable debt-relief solutions for countries unable to repay their
bilateral loans.
The Paris Club consists of 22 member countries, all part of the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD).
The members include nations like Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, South Korea,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the US.
The Paris Club has reached 478 agreements with 102 different debtor countries since its
inception.
It has managed USD 614 billion in debt through these agreements.
The influence of the Paris Club has decreased with China becoming the world's largest
bilateral lender.
In Sri Lanka's debt structure, China holds 52% of the bilateral debt, followed by Japan
with 19.5%, and India with 12%.
India initiated bilateral negotiations with Sri Lanka in January 2023.
The Indian External Affairs Minister confirmed India's financial assurances to the IMF,
reflecting India's "neighborhood first" policy.
India's decision is a commitment to not leave a regional partner to manage alone.
The Paris Club's role is evolving due to the changing dynamics of global bilateral lending.
The club's approach to debt relief has been crucial for maintaining global financial stability.
OECD:
The OECD, established in 1961, is an international organization promoting economic and
social well-being.
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It has 38 member countries, primarily high-income developed economies.
Headquartered in Paris, it evolved from the OEEC, which managed post-WWII European
reconstruction.
The OECD fosters policy dialogue, compares experiences, and sets international standards.
It analyzes global economic data to predict trends and publishes influential reports like the
OECD Economic Outlook.
Known for research and assessments such as PISA, which evaluates global education systems.
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150. China Pakistan Economic Corridor
Pakistan inaugurated a USD 2.7 billion nuclear reactor under the CPEC, aiming to alleviate
the country's energy crisis with a 1,100 megawatts capacity power plant.
Background of Pakistan's Energy Crisis: Pakistan has been experiencing nationwide power
outages and is in talks with the IMF for a bailout, as it faces surging energy costs and low foreignexchange reserves.
CPEC Overview: A 3,000-km long route of infrastructure projects connecting China's
Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Gwadar Port, CPEC is part of China's Belt and Road
Initiative (BRI) launched in 2013 to enhance connectivity and cooperation across Asia,
Europe, and Africa.
Challenges for Pakistan:
o Regional Imbalances: Development focused on specific areas, raising concerns about
uneven regional growth.
o Debt Trap: Increasing debt levels due to Chinese loans, with China being Pakistan's largest
creditor.
o Environmental Concerns: Potential negative impacts from infrastructure projects,
including deforestation and pollution.
o Social Implications: Displacement of local communities and increased migration pressures.
o Sovereignty Issues: Fears over China's growing influence and potential compromise of
Pakistan's independence.
Challenges for China:
o Security: Protection of Chinese workers and regional stability.
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o Political Opposition: Concerns over transparency and sovereignty implications.
Implications for India:
o Sovereignty: India opposes CPEC as it passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir,
challenging India's territorial claims.
o Trade Control: CPEC could shift trade dynamics, potentially allowing China to influence
international trade routes.
o String of Pearls: CPEC enhances China's presence in the Indian Ocean, raising strategic
concerns for India.
Strategic Response:
o Asia-Africa Growth Corridor: India could counter China's influence by partnering with
Japan in this economic cooperation agreement.
o Blue Dot Network: A US-promoted initiative for global infrastructure development,
focusing on the Indo-Pacific region, could be a strategic move for India.
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151. NAMASTE Scheme
NAMASTE Scheme Introduction:
Launched in 2022 as a Central Sector Scheme.
Joint initiative by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and the Ministry of
Social Justice & Empowerment.
Aimed at eradicating unsafe sewer and septic tank cleaning practices.
Objectives of NAMASTE:
Achieve zero fatalities in sanitation work across India.
Ensure all sanitation work is performed by skilled workers.
Prevent direct contact of sanitation workers with human fecal matter.
Organize sanitation workers into Self Help Groups (SHGs) for running sanitation
enterprises.
Strengthen supervisory and monitoring systems at National, State, and ULB levels.
Increase awareness among sanitation service seekers to use registered and skilled sanitation
workers.
Key Features for Implementation in ULBs:
Identification and registration of Sewer/Septic Tank Workers (SSWs).
Occupational training and distribution of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Kits to SSWs.
Assistance for Safety Devices to Sanitation Response Units (SRUs).
Health insurance benefits under Ayushman Bharat- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana for
SSWs and their families.
Livelihood Assistance: Funding support and subsidies for sanitation workers to procure
sanitation-related equipment.
Information Education and Communication (IEC) Campaigns for awareness.
Manual Scavenging Definition:
Defined as the manual removal of human excrement from public streets, dry latrines,
cleaning septic tanks, gutters, and sewers.
Banned under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation
Act, 2013.
Legislative and Judicial Measures:
The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation (Amendment)
Bill, 2020, awaiting cabinet approval, aims to mechanize sewer cleaning and provide
compensation for sewer deaths.
The 2013 Act outlaws all manual excrement cleaning and hazardous cleaning of
sewers and septic tanks.
The Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989, protects sanitation workers, the majority of whom
belong to the Scheduled Caste.
A 2014 Supreme Court order mandates identification of sewage work fatalities since 1993
and compensation for their families.
Budget Allocation:
Union Budget 2023-2024 allocated nearly Rs 100 crore for NAMASTE.
The goal is to enable 100% mechanical desludging of septic tanks and sewers in all
cities and towns.
Campaigns and Movements:
Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan, launched in 2001, is a national campaign for dignity and
eradication of manual scavenging.
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152. Increasing Cases of Suicides in Educational Hubs
The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reported an increase in student suicides during the
Covid-19 pandemic, with a steady rise over the last five years.
Statistics: Over 13,000 student suicides in 2021, averaging over 35 per day, marking a 4.5%
increase from 2020. The highest number since 1995, with nearly 200,000 student suicides
in the past 25 years.
Regional Data: Maharashtra recorded the highest number of student suicides in 2021,
followed by Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Gender Disparity: A decline in the percentage of female student suicides to 43.49%, with
male student suicides accounting for 56.51%.
Educational Institutions: From 2014-2021, 122 suicides were reported among students from
IITs, NITs, central universities, and other central institutions, with a significant number from
SC, ST, and OBC categories.
Kota's Concern: Kota, known for its coaching centers, has seen 22 student suicides since 2022
and about 121 since 2011.
Suicide Risk Factors:
Academic Pressure: High expectations and the pressure to excel in exams.
Mental Health Issues: Conditions like depression and anxiety, worsened by stress and lack
of support.
Isolation: Loneliness due to being away from home in competitive environments.
Financial Strain: Stress from tuition and living expenses.
Cyberbullying: Online harassment contributing to stress and anxiety.
Substance Abuse: Leading to mental health issues and financial/legal troubles.
Relationship Problems: Difficulties with break-ups, family conflicts, and friendships.
Support Deficit: Reluctance to seek help due to stigma and fear of judgment.
Preventive Measures:
Mental Health Services: Access to counseling, support groups, and psychiatric services.
Positive Mental Health Attitude: Open discussions and reduced stigma.
Personality Development: Holistic approaches for a supportive educational environment.
Sports Participation: As a positive outlet for stress.
Socio-economic Solutions: Addressing poverty, homelessness, and unemployment.
Cyberbullying Policies: Stricter enforcement and education.
Substance Abuse Programs: Education and support for addiction.
Relationship Support: Encouraging positive relationships and counseling.
Family Involvement: Resources and encouragement for family support.
Global Initiatives:
World Suicide Prevention Day: Observed on September 10th annually since 2003,
focusing on prevention and reducing stigma.
World Mental Health Day: Celebrated on October 10th, aiming to raise awareness and
support for mental health.
Indian Initiatives:
Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: Provision of mental healthcare services for those with mental
illness.
KIRAN Helpline: A 24/7 toll-free helpline for mental health support.
Manodarpan Initiative: Psychosocial support for students, families, and teachers during
Covid-19.
National Suicide Prevention Strategy: Aims to reduce suicide mortality by 10% by 2030,
with multi-sectoral collaboration and action plans.
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153. Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Overview:
SCD is a chronic, inherited blood disorder characterized by anemia, pain, organ damage, and
reduced life expectancy.
It is caused by a single gene mutation that affects hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Symptoms of SCD:
Chronic anemia leads to symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and paleness.
Painful episodes, or sickle cell crises, cause sudden, intense pain in various body parts.
It can also result in delayed growth and puberty in affected individuals.
Treatment Options:
Regular blood transfusions can alleviate anemia and lower the risk of pain crises.
Hydroxyurea is a medication that reduces the frequency of pain episodes and helps prevent
long-term complications.
Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation offers a potential cure for some patients.
Government Initiatives in India:
The National Health Mission supports state efforts to prevent and manage SCD.
In the Union Budget 2023-24, the Indian government announced a mission to eliminate Sickle
Cell Anemia by 2047.
Technical operational guidelines for the prevention and control of hemoglobinopathies,
including SCD, were released in 2016.
Integrated centers for SCD treatment and diagnosis have been established in 22 tribal
districts.
Madhya Pradesh has initiated the State Haemoglobinopathy Mission to enhance screening
and management of SCD.
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154. NISAR Mission
NISAR Mission Overview:
NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint mission between NASA and
ISRO.
It is designed to systematically map Earth with high precision, using dual-frequency
radars.
The mission is set for launch in January 2024 from India's Satish Dhawan Space
Centre.
Mission Objectives and Design:
The satellite will be placed in a near-polar orbit and is expected to operate for at least three
years.
NISAR will complete a global map every 12 days, operating in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
It weighs 2,800 kilograms and carries both L-band and S-band Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR) instruments.
Technical Contributions:
NASA has provided the L-band radar, GPS, data storage, and payload data subsystem.
ISRO has contributed the S-band radar and the launch vehicle, GSLV.
S-band radars are less prone to attenuation, making them effective for various observation
ranges.
Innovative Features:
The satellite boasts a 39-foot antenna reflector made of gold-plated wire mesh.
This reflector focuses radar signals for high-resolution imaging.
SAR technology allows for cloud penetration and data collection in all weather conditions,
day or night.
Operational Duration:
NASA plans to use the L-band radar for global science operations for a minimum of three
years.
ISRO intends to utilize the S-band radar for at least five years.
Anticipated Benefits:
Earth Science: NISAR will enhance understanding of Earth's surface changes, natural
hazards, and ecosystem disturbances.
Disaster Management: The mission will provide data to manage natural disasters,
improving response times and risk assessments.
Agriculture: The data will support agriculture management and food security through
insights into crop growth and soil moisture.
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Infrastructure Monitoring: NISAR will monitor infrastructure changes, including oil
spills, urbanization, and deforestation.
Climate Change: The mission will monitor climate change effects, such as melting glaciers,
sea-level rise, and carbon storage shifts.
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155. Earthquake Preparedness in India
The recent earthquake in Turkey and Syria highlights the need to review India's earthquake
preparedness.
o India's enforcement of zoning and construction rules is often weak, necessitating a
reassessment.
India's Earthquake Vulnerability:
o India is prone to significant earthquakes, especially along the Himalayan plate boundary.
o Earthquakes in India are mainly due to the Indian Plate colliding with the Eurasian
Plate, which also formed the Himalayas.
Seismic Zones and Risks:
o There are identifiable seismic gaps along the Himalayan axis, indicating potential regions for
future large earthquakes.
o The Central Himalaya is notably deficient in historical earthquake activity, suggesting it
could generate a large earthquake in the future.
Notable Earthquakes Affecting India:
o The 2015 Nepal Earthquake (magnitude 7.8) also impacted northern India.
o The 2016 Imphal Earthquake in Northeast India (magnitude 6.7) caused extensive
damage.
o The 2017 Uttarakhand Earthquake (magnitude 6.7) struck the northern state of
Uttarakhand.
Strategies for Earthquake Preparedness:
o Building Codes and Standards: India has codes for earthquake-resistant construction that
need strict enforcement.
o Retrofitting and Reinforcement: Many older buildings require retrofitting to meet
current seismic performance standards.
o Emergency Response Planning: Effective planning, including evacuation strategies and
emergency shelter establishment, is crucial.
o Research and Monitoring: Enhanced research and monitoring can improve earthquake
understanding and prediction.
o Land-Use Planning: Development should be limited in earthquake-prone areas, with new
constructions designed to minimize risk.
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156. Discovery of Lithium in Jammu & Kashmir
Discovery of Lithium in Jammu & Kashmir:
The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has identified 'inferred' lithium resources of 5.9
million tonnes in the Salal-Haimana area of Jammu & Kashmir.
Inferred Resources Explained:
'Inferred' resources are estimated with low confidence based on limited geological evidence.
This classification follows the United Nations International Framework Classification for
Reserves/Resources – Solid Fuels and Mineral Commodities of 1997 (UNFC-1997).
Figure 74. Source: Money Control
UNFC-1997 Classification System:
Developed by the UN Economic Commission for Europe for standardized reporting of mineral
and energy reserves and resources.
It ensures consistent use of geological, engineering, and economic information across
countries.
Lithium Fundamentals:
Lithium, often called 'White gold', is a soft, silvery-white metal crucial for rechargeable
batteries.
It can be extracted from brine pools or hard-rock ore.
Uses of Lithium:
Vital for electrochemical cells in batteries for electric vehicles (EVs), laptops, mobiles, etc.
Utilized in thermonuclear reactions and to create strong, lightweight alloys for armor plating,
aircraft, bicycle frames, and high-speed trains.
Global Lithium Reserves:
The 'Lithium Triangle' in South America comprises Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia, which
are major global lithium reserves.
Lithium Reserves in India:
A preliminary survey estimated 14,100 tonnes of lithium in Mandya district, Karnataka.
Potential lithium sites include mica belts in Rajasthan, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, pegmatite
belts in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.
India's Lithium Demand and Supply:
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India relies on imports for lithium cells and batteries, with significant imports between FY17
and FY20.
Efforts are underway to secure sourcing agreements to reduce dependence on imports,
particularly from China.
Significance of the Lithium Discovery:
The discovery aids India's commitment to reducing emissions towards net-zero by 2070,
crucial for the EV battery industry.
The Central Electricity Authority of India estimates a need for 27 GW of grid-scale
battery storage by 2030, necessitating substantial lithium resources.
The discovery is timely as the World Economic Forum (WEF) warns of global lithium
shortages, and the International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts potential shortages by 2025.
About Geological Survey of India (GSI):
GSI, under the Ministry of Mines, was established in 1851 to locate coal deposits.
It has evolved into a repository of geoscience information and is recognized internationally.
Headquartered in Kolkata, it has six regional offices and a state unit in every state.
The Central Geological Programming Board (CGPB) of GSI facilitates discussion to ensure
synergy and avoid work duplication.
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157. Uttarakhand’s Anti-Cheating Law
Background of Uttarakhand’s Anti-Cheating Law:
o Protests erupted in Dehradun on February 11, 2023, due to paper leaks and scams in
government recruitment tests.
o Subsequently, the Uttarakhand Governor assented to the Uttarakhand Competitive
Examination (Measures for Control and Prevention of Unfair Means in
Recruitment) Ordinance, 2023.
Key Provisions of the Ordinance:
o The ordinance imposes fines up to Rs 10 crore and life imprisonment for those found
guilty of cheating.
o It aims to prevent offenses related to exam integrity, including the use of unfair means,
question paper leaks, and other irregularities.
o The law applies to public examinations for recruitment to state government posts,
government-run autonomous bodies, and state-funded authorities, corporations, and
institutions.
o Offenses under this ordinance are cognizable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable,
ensuring strict enforcement.
Concerns Over Unfair Practices in Examinations:
o The rise of technology use in cheating, such as impersonation, hacking, and electronic devices
during exams, is a growing concern.
o The emergence of generative AI, which can create fake identities, images, and written
content, poses new challenges for maintaining exam integrity.
o Generative AI uses algorithms to generate content that mimics human output, which, while
having legitimate applications, can also be exploited for cheating.
Adapting to Technological Advancements:
o As technology evolves, it is crucial for authorities to stay updated and counteract its misuse.
o This includes investing in new technologies and training personnel to detect and prevent
cheating in exams and similar settings.
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158. Ukraine’s Odesa in UNESCO's World Heritage List
UNESCO Designation for Odesa:
UNESCO designated the historic center of Odesa, Ukraine, as a World Heritage in
Danger site.
The designation aims to protect Odesa's cultural heritage amid threats from the ongoing
Russian invasion.
Russia's Response:
Russia criticized the designation, attributing the threat to Odesa to the "nationalist regime
in Ukraine."
Russia specifically mentioned the dismantling of a monument to Empress Catherine the
Great by Ukrainian authorities.
Odesa's Cultural Significance:
Odesa is recognized for its contributions to cinema, literature, and the arts.
UNESCO Director General Audrey Azoulay emphasized the global commitment to
protecting Odesa from further destruction.
Ukrainian President's Remarks:
President Volodymyr Zelenskiy welcomed the decision, stating it would aid in protecting
Odesa from Russian aggression.
Historical Background:
Odesa was founded in the late 18th century near a former Ottoman fortress.
Its strategic location on the Black Sea coast facilitated its rise as a major port in the Russian
empire.
The city's wealth and status as a trading hub made it a cosmopolitan center in Eastern
Europe.
Iconic Landmarks:
Notable sites include the Odesa Opera House and the Potemkin Stairs, featured in the 1925
film "Battleship Potemkin."
Despite damage in World War II, Odesa's historic 19th-century architecture largely remains
intact.
Impact of the War:
The war with Russia transformed Odesa from a tourist destination to a conflict zone.
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The Black Sea's militarization has led to sea mines washing up near Odesa's shores.
UNESCO's Role:
The decision by UNESCO enables Odesa to access international financial and technical aid
for preservation.
The debate over Odesa's status at UNESCO lasted hours, with Russia attempting to postpone
the vote.
Other Sites Listed as World Heritage in Danger:
Alongside Odesa, UNESCO also inscribed landmarks from Yemen and Lebanon to its
World Heritage in Danger list.
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159. Visakhapatnam as Andhra Pradesh's New Capital
Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy confirmed Visakhapatnam will soon
be the state's new capital.
o The Chief Minister plans to move to Visakhapatnam in the coming months and has invited
investors to the Global Investors Summit there.
Decentralized Development Plan:
o In 2019, CM Jagan Mohan Reddy proposed a decentralized development model with three
capitals for the state.
o Amaravati is to be the Legislative capital, Visakhapatnam the Executive capital,
and Kurnool the Judicial capital.
o The Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act was passed in 2020 but
repealed in November 2021.
High Court and Supreme Court Involvement:
o The Andhra Pradesh High Court directed the state government to develop Amaravati as per
the Capital Region Development Authority (CRDA) Act.
o The High Court also ordered the development of plots allocated to farmers who surrendered
land for Amaravati's development.
o The Jagan Mohan Reddy government challenged the High Court's order in the Supreme
Court.
Supreme Court's Stay and Pending Decision:
o The Supreme Court stayed the High Court's directions until January 31, 2023, and requested
responses from various stakeholders.
o The case was listed for hearing but was postponed, with a new date to be issued.
Public Support and Opposition:
o The YSR Congress party has held public meetings to garner support for the decentralization
plan.
o Farmers organized under the Rajdhani Rythu Parirakshana Samithi have opposed the
government's decision, leading to legal challenges.
Development of Amaravati:
o The High Court's order included the development of nine theme cities in Amaravati, such as
knowledge city, health city, and finance city, among others.
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160. Nagorno-Karabakh Overview:
o
o
o
Nagorno-Karabakh, also known as Artsakh by Armenians, is a landlocked region in the South
Caucasus.
It is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but is predominantly inhabited by ethnic
Armenians.
The region has its own government, which is closely linked to Armenia but not officially
recognized by it or other U.N. member states.
Ethnic and Historical Claims:
o Armenians, predominantly Christians, claim historical dominance in the area dating back
centuries before Christ.
o Azerbaijan, primarily Muslim, also asserts historical ties to the territory and accuses
Armenians of displacing Azeris in the 1990s.
Soviet Era and Autonomy:
o Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Nagorno-Karabakh came under Bolshevik control,
leading to the Sovietization of the Caucasus.
o The region was part of the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic but had autonomy as the
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.
First Karabakh War (1988-1994):
o The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the First Karabakh War between Armenians and
Azeris.
o Approximately 30,000 people died, and over a million were displaced.
o Armenians gained control of most of Karabakh and additional surrounding territories.
Second Karabakh War (2020):
o In 2020, Azerbaijan launched a military operation, regaining parts of Karabakh after a 44day war.
o Azerbaijan's victory was attributed partly to the use of drones from Turkey and Israel.
o Russia brokered a ceasefire, resulting in Azerbaijan gaining control of territories around
Karabakh and the deployment of Russian peacekeepers.
Post-Ceasefire Tensions:
o Despite the ceasefire, skirmishes continued, and in December 2022, Azeri civilians blockaded
the Lachin corridor, a vital link to Karabakh.
o Azerbaijan established a checkpoint at the start of the Lachin corridor, raising tensions and
accusations of violating the 2020 truce.
International Reactions:
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The United States expressed deep concern over the checkpoint and called for free movement
along the corridor.
o The Kremlin emphasized the 2020 ceasefire agreement's importance and is facilitating talks
between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
Current Situation:
o Armenia has urged Russia to enforce the ceasefire and ensure the Lachin corridor's opening.
o Russia has indicated that Armenia is refusing peace talks with Azerbaijan, complicating the
enforcement of the ceasefire.
o
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161. Myanmar's Extended State of Emergency
Myanmar's military government has extended the state of emergency that was initially imposed
when it took power two years ago.
o The extension is expected to delay the planned elections, which were anticipated to occur in
August.
Election Delays Explained:
o The military government, led by Commander-in-Chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, cited
the lack of an 'accurate' voter list and security issues in nearly half of the more than 300
townships as reasons for not being ready to hold elections.
Public Response and Protests:
o In major cities across Myanmar, streets were emptied as people stayed home to protest
against a rally in Yangon, which was organized by about 100 supporters of the military.
o Filipino activists have also staged protests in solidarity with Myanmar citizens.
Military Justification for the Coup:
o Min Aung Hlaing submitted a report to council members reflecting on two years of military
rule, as required by the army-drafted 2008 Constitution, which he used to justify his claim
to power during the coup on February 1, 2021.
Duration of the State of Emergency:
o The state of emergency was declared for a year following the 2021 coup and has been extended
twice since then, each time for six months, with the latest extension expiring on the day of
the announcement.
Humanitarian Crisis:
o The coup has led to a severe humanitarian crisis, with thousands of deaths due to civil conflict
and many more displaced from their homes.
Peace Prospects and Resistance:
o Experts suggest that the prospects for peace in Myanmar are dim two years after the military
seized power from the elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi.
o The three-finger salute has emerged as a symbol of resistance among the anti-coup
demonstrators.
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162. Exercise Trishakti Prahar
The Indian military conducted a joint training exercise named Trishakti Prahar in North
Bengal. The exercise began on January 21 and concluded with an Integrated Fire Power
Exercise at the Teesta Field Firing Ranges.
Objectives:
The primary aim was to enhance battle preparedness using the latest weapons and
equipment in a networked, integrated environment.
It involved coordination among the Army, the Indian Air Force (IAF), and Central Armed
Police Forces (CAPFs).
Mobilization and Deployment:
Swift mobilization and deployment practices were executed across various locations in North
Bengal.
Coordination efforts included civil administration, civil defense organizations, police, and
CAPFs for efficient movement and quick mobilization.
Integrated Fire Power Exercise:
The exercise aimed to synergize the firepower assets of the Indian Armed Forces and CAPFs
to conduct an integrated battle.
It featured joint application of ground and aerial assets, including fighter aircraft, helicopters,
tanks, infantry combat vehicles, artillery guns, infantry mortars, and new generation
infantry weapons and equipment.
Indigenous Equipment Showcase:
The exercise displayed newly inducted weapons and equipment made in India as part of the
'Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan' (Self-Reliant India Campaign).
Review and Demonstration:
Lieutenant General R P Kalita, Army Commander of the Eastern Command, reviewed the
fire power exercise.
A display of major weapons and equipment was organized after the fire power demonstration.
Outcome of the Exercise:
Conducting Trishakti Prahar enabled rehearsal and coordination among various agencies for
the rapid movement and employment of forces across North Bengal.
It demonstrated the Indian Armed Forces' capability in the synergized application of assets
in a networked environment.
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163. Deep Ocean Mission
Launched by India's Ministry of Earth Sciences, the Deep Ocean Mission is a project aimed
at supporting the Blue Economy initiatives of the Government of India.
o The mission aligns with the draft Blue Economy Policy, focusing on the sustainable use of
ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, jobs, and ocean ecosystem health.
Major Components of DOM:
o Development of Manned Submersible Vehicle: A manned submersible capable of
carrying three people to a depth of 6,000 meters will be developed, equipped with scientific
sensors and tools.
o Deep Sea Mining Technologies: An Integrated Mining System will be created for mining
polymetallic nodules from the seabed in the central Indian Ocean.
o Ocean Climate Change Advisory Services: The mission includes developing observations
and models to understand and project climate variables on seasonal to decadal time scales.
o Exploration and Conservation of Deep-sea Biodiversity: There will be a focus on bioprospecting of deep-sea flora and fauna, including microbes, and sustainable utilization of
these bio-resources.
o Deep Ocean Survey and Exploration: Potential sites for multi-metal Hydrothermal
Sulphides mineralization along the Indian Ocean's mid-oceanic ridges will be explored.
o Energy and Freshwater from the Ocean: The mission plans to design offshore Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) powered desalination plants.
o Advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology: This component aims to develop human
capacity in ocean biology and engineering, with on-site business incubator facilities for
translating research into industrial applications.
Significance of DOM:
o Leveraging Ocean Resources: With oceans covering 70% of the Earth and about 95% of
the deep ocean unexplored, the mission is significant for India, surrounded by oceans on three
sides and with a large coastal population.
o UN Decade of Ocean Science: The mission contributes to the UN's Decade of Ocean
Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030).
o India's Maritime Position: India's long coastline and maritime position underscore the
importance of the Blue Economy for the country's growth.
India's Technological Advancement:
o With this mission, India joins an elite group of countries with the technology and expertise
for deep-sea missions, becoming the sixth nation to have such capabilities.
Other Blue Economy Initiatives:
o Sagarmala Project: A strategic initiative for port-led development through modernization
of ports.
o O-SMART: An umbrella scheme for regulated use of oceans and marine resources for
sustainable development.
o National Fisheries Policy: A policy promoting the 'Blue Growth Initiative' for sustainable
utilization of fisheries wealth.
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164. Decline in World Food Prices
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) food price index fell for the
12th consecutive month in March.
o The index, which averaged 126.9 points in March, is down 20.5% from the record high set
a year ago following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
Factors Contributing to Price Fall:
o The decrease in the FAO price index is attributed to ample supplies, subdued import demand,
and the extension of a Black Sea deal for the safe export of Ukrainian grain.
o The index's decline reflects lower prices for cereals, vegetable oils, and dairy products, which
offset increases in sugar and meat prices.
Economic Challenges Despite Global Price Drop:
o While global prices have dropped, domestic market prices remain high, posing challenges to
food security, especially in net food-importing developing countries.
o These challenges are exacerbated by currency depreciation against the U.S. dollar or euro
and mounting debt burdens.
Specific Commodity Price Changes:
o The FAO cereal price index decreased by 5.6% in March, with wheat prices dropping
by 7.1%, maize by 4.6%, and rice by 3.2%.
o Vegetable oil prices fell by 3.0%, now 47.7% lower than the index level in March 2022, while
the dairy index decreased by 0.8%.
o In contrast, sugar prices rose by 1.5%, reaching the highest level since October 2016 due to
declining production prospects in India, Thailand, and China. Meat prices increased by 0.8%.
Cereal Production and Forecast:
o The FAO raised its forecast for world wheat production in 2023 to 786 million tonnes, which
is 1.3% below the 2022 level but still the second-largest output on record.
o World cereal production in 2022 was revised to 2.777 billion tonnes, only 1.2% less than the
previous year.
o The 2022/23 world rice production is estimated at 516 million tonnes, 1.6% below the record
2021/22 harvest.
Cereal Utilization and Stocks:
o World cereal utilization for the 2022/23 period is projected at 2.779 billion tonnes, a 0.7%
decrease from 2021/22.
o World cereal stocks are expected to slightly decrease by 0.3% from their opening levels to 850
million tonnes by the end of the 2022/23 seasons.
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165. City Finance Rankings 2022: An Overview
Introduction to the Rankings: The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in India has
initiated the 'City Finance Rankings 2022', aiming to assess the financial health of Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs) across the nation.
Evaluation Criteria: ULBs are evaluated based on 15 distinct indicators that fall under three
primary categories of municipal finance assessment: Resource Mobilization, Expenditure
Performance, and Fiscal Governance.
Population Categories for Ranking: Cities are classified and ranked within four population
brackets: above 4 million; between 1-4 million; 100,000 to 1 million; and less than 100,000.
Recognition and Rewards: The top-performing cities in each population category will receive
national recognition and rewards, as well as state or state cluster level acknowledgment.
Purpose of the Rankings: The rankings are designed to pinpoint areas where cities can
enhance their financial performance.
Motivation for Improvement: By identifying financial performance metrics, the rankings
encourage city and state officials to pursue municipal finance reforms.
Quality of Life Impact: The initiative is also aimed at enabling cities to provide better
infrastructure and services, thereby improving the quality of life for citizens.
Policy Insights: At the state and national levels, the rankings offer valuable insights into the
financial status of ULBs, which is crucial for policymakers.
Encouraging Fiscal Governance: The rankings emphasize the importance of fiscal
governance, urging cities to adopt transparent and accountable financial practices.
Expenditure Performance Analysis: The rankings assess how effectively cities manage their
expenditures, which is essential for sustainable urban development.
Resource Mobilization Focus: A key aspect of the rankings is the evaluation of how well cities
can mobilize resources, an indicator of financial autonomy and efficiency.
National and State-Level Comparisons: The rankings facilitate comparisons across cities
and states, fostering a competitive spirit aimed at financial improvement.
Data-Driven Decision Making: The initiative supports data-driven decision-making by
providing objective metrics on municipal finance.
Incentivizing Reforms: By offering recognition, the rankings act as an incentive for cities to
implement and sustain financial reforms.
Comprehensive Financial Health Check: The City Finance Rankings provide a
comprehensive overview of the financial health of cities, covering various aspects of municipal
finance.
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166. PM MITRA Scheme and the Indian Textile Sector
Scheme Launch: The Indian government has pinpointed locations in Tamil Nadu, Telangana,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh for establishing textile
parks under the PM MITRA scheme.
Timeline and Budget: These textile parks are projected to be operational by the fiscal year
2026-27 with a total budget allocation of Rs 4,445 crore, although the initial budget for 2023-24
is Rs 200 crore.
Figure 75. Source: Times of India
PM MITRA Park Development: Each PM MITRA Park will be developed through a Special
Purpose Vehicle (SPV), jointly owned by the central and state governments, under a PublicPrivate Partnership (PPP) model.
Facilities in MITRA Parks: The parks will feature incubation centers, a common processing
house, a common effluent treatment plant, and other textile-related amenities like design and
testing centers.
Financial Support: The Ministry of Textiles will provide Development Capital Support of up
to Rs 500 crore for each park, alongside Competitive Incentive Support (CIS) of up to Rs 300 crore
to promote rapid implementation.
Scheme Integration: The PM MITRA scheme will be integrated with other government
schemes to offer additional incentives to master developers and investing units.
Logistics Cost Reduction: The scheme aims to lower logistics costs, thereby enhancing the
entire value chain of the textile sector for global competitiveness.
Employment Generation: An estimated Rs 70,000 crore investment in these parks is expected
to create employment opportunities for approximately 20 lakh individuals.
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FDI Attraction: The establishment of these parks is crucial for attracting Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) into the Indian textile sector.
Sector Competitiveness: The cluster-based approach of the scheme is designed to reduce
wastage and logistical expenses, improving the competitiveness of India's textiles.
Textile Sector Overview: The textile sector contributes over 2% to India's GDP and more than
12% to the manufacturing sector's GDP, employing around 4.5 crore workers.
Export Potential: India is the 6th largest global exporter of textiles and apparel, with a 4%
share in global trade, and saw a 41% year-on-year increase in exports in FY22.
Challenges Faced: The sector has been facing a decline in production, a surge in imports, and
competitive disadvantages due to duties imposed by importing countries.
Inverted Duty Structure: The textile industry is grappling with an Inverted Duty Structure,
where input taxes are higher than output taxes, leading to a blockage of working capital.
Strategic Measures: Recommendations include imposing Anti-Dumping Duty on imports and
organizing the sector with mega apparel parks and modern infrastructure.
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167. India's Ascent in Global Aviation by 2030
Ambitious Growth: India is on track to become the world's premier aviation market by
2030, overtaking giants like the United States and China.
Strategic Announcements: During the CAPA India Aviation Summit, the Civil Aviation
Secretary of India unveiled plans to enhance air connectivity, aiming to make air travel more
accessible to the Indian populace.
Figure 76. Source: Mint
Current Aviation Landscape: India stands as the third-largest civil aviation market
globally and is a key driver in the nation's pursuit of a $5 trillion economy by 2024.
Impressive Growth Rates: The Indian aviation sector has witnessed a robust growth rate, with
domestic passenger traffic increasing at a 14.5% CAGR and international traffic at 6.5% over
the past six years.
Projected Traffic Increase: Forecasts suggest a surge in India's domestic passenger traffic to
160 million in the 2023-24 fiscal year, potentially reaching 350 million by 2029-30.
Government Initiatives: The Indian government is focused on transforming six major
metropolitan cities into international air travel hubs, supported by policies like the National
Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP) 2016 and the UDAN Scheme.
Operational Cost Hurdles: High operating costs, fueled by expensive fuel, airport charges, and
taxes, pose a significant challenge to the sector.
Fuel Price Impact: The rise in jet fuel prices is particularly problematic, constituting 20%-25%
of an airline's total operational costs.
Infrastructure Bottlenecks: The sector is also grappling with infrastructure limitations,
including constrained airport capacity, outdated air traffic control systems, and insufficient
ground handling services.
Regulatory Complexities: A heavily regulated environment adds to the challenges, with
airlines navigating through a maze of rules and regulations that can be intricate and
burdensome.
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Economic and Social Opportunities: Despite these challenges, India's aggressive expansion
plans in aviation are poised to unlock substantial economic and social benefits.
Global Positioning: With a commitment to bolstering aviation infrastructure and advancing
manufacturing capabilities, India is well-positioned to emerge as a dominant force in the global
aviation landscape by the decade's end.
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168. Overview of BIMSTEC
Inaugural Event: The first-ever Foreign Ministers' meeting of BIMSTEC was held in Bangkok,
Thailand, focusing on regional challenges such as food, health, and energy security.
BIMSTEC Composition: BIMSTEC, established on June 6, 1997, through the Bangkok
Declaration, is a regional organization with seven Member States from South Asia (Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand).
Secretariat Location: The BIMSTEC Secretariat is headquartered in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Organizational Structure: BIMSTEC's institutional mechanisms include the BIMSTEC
Summit, Ministerial Meeting, Senior Officials’ Meeting, BIMSTEC Working Group, and
Business & Economic Forums.
Sectoral Expansion: Initially focusing on six sectors in 1997, BIMSTEC expanded its
cooperation to additional areas in 2008, with a reorganization in 2021 assigning specific sectors
to different Member States.
Figure 77. Source: Times of India
India's Role: India leads in sectors such as security, counterterrorism, transnational crime,
disaster management, and energy within BIMSTEC.
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Global Impact: The BIMSTEC region, home to 22% of the world's population and a combined
GDP of nearly USD 2.7 trillion, sees a significant portion of global trade passing through the Bay
of Bengal.
Strategic Advantages: Member countries view BIMSTEC as a strategic platform for elevating
their regional status, connecting with Southeast Asia, and accessing new markets.
India's Perspective: India regards BIMSTEC as a pivotal platform that aligns with its
"Neighbourhood First" and "Act East" foreign policy objectives.
Counter to SAARC: BIMSTEC gained prominence when member countries supported India's
boycott of the SAARC summit in Islamabad, which was seen as a strategic move against
Pakistan.
China's Presence: The Bay of Bengal's strategic importance is amplified by China's assertive
stance and its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) investments in the region.
Navigational Freedom: BIMSTEC aims to promote freedom of navigation and peaceful
cooperation, contrasting with China's approach in the South China Sea.
Comparison with SAARC: BIMSTEC differs from SAARC in its interregional scope, friendly
member relations, and focus on economic cooperation, among other aspects.
Future Directions: BIMSTEC should intensify cooperation in various sectors, implement
agreements, and consider a free trade agreement to enhance regional integration.
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169. Insights from the World Happiness Report 2023
Release and Relevance: The World Happiness Report 2023 was released by the UN
Sustainable Development Solutions Network, coinciding with the International Day of
Happiness on March 20th.
Annual Tradition: Since 2012, the report has been a yearly publication, assessing the
state of global happiness.
Scope of Survey: The 2023 edition ranked 136 countries based on survey data from individuals
across more than 150 countries.
Happiness Criteria: Happiness levels were gauged using six key variables: social support,
income, healthy life expectancy, freedom to make life choices, generosity, and perceptions of
corruption.
Figure 78. Visual Capatalist
Global Overview: The report provides not only rankings but also an analysis of the world's
happiness in 2023.
Leading Nations: Finland topped the happiness chart for the sixth consecutive year, with
Denmark and Iceland following closely behind.
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New Entry: Lithuania made its first appearance in the top 20 happiest countries, securing
the 20th position.
Struggling Countries: Afghanistan was listed as the least happy country, with Lebanon,
Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe also ranking low on the list.
India's Ranking: India was positioned at 126th out of 136 countries, indicating a low
happiness level compared to global standards.
Comparative Performance: India's rank saw a slight improvement from the previous year,
where it was 136th out of 146 countries.
Regional Context: In the South Asian neighbourhood, India trails behind countries like
Nepal, China, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
About SDSN: The UN SDSN, established in 2012, works to promote multi-disciplinary
approaches to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris
Agreement on Climate Change.
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170. 4th India-Maldives Defence Cooperation Dialogue
High-Level Engagement: The 4th Defence Cooperation Dialogue (DCD) between India and the
Maldives signifies the highest level of institutionalized interaction between the two nations'
armed forces.
Strategic Planning: This dialogue is instrumental in shaping the trajectory of military
relations between India and the Maldives.
Economic Interactions: Tourism is a critical sector for the Maldives, with India contributing
significantly through tourism and employment.
Infrastructure Development: The Greater Male Connectivity Project (GMCP), the Maldives'
largest infrastructure initiative, is underway with the involvement of Afcons, an Indian firm.
Joint Military Exercises: Defence cooperation includes joint exercises such as “Ekuverin”,
“Dosti”, “Ekatha”, and “Operation Shield”, which began in 2021.
Training and Education: India fulfills approximately 70% of the Maldivian National Defence
Force's (MNDF) training needs, showcasing a strong security partnership.
Environmental and Coastal Projects: The signing of an $80 million contract for the Addu
reclamation and shore protection project marks a significant environmental and infrastructural
collaboration.
Capacity Building: The inauguration of the National College for Policing and Law Enforcement
(NCPLE) in 2022, the largest grant project by India in the Maldives, highlights the commitment
to capacity building.
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171. India-Australia Critical Minerals Investment Partnership (CMIP)
Overview
Bilateral Milestone: India and Australia have achieved a significant milestone by working
towards investment in critical minerals projects to strengthen supply chains between the two
nations.
Critical Minerals Defined: These minerals are essential for modern technologies and are at
risk of supply disruption. They include copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements,
which are vital for clean energy technologies.
India's Strategy: The Indian government's Critical Minerals Strategy, formulated in 2016,
identifies 49 minerals crucial for India's economic growth until 2030.
Target Projects: CMIP has selected two lithium and three cobalt projects for
comprehensive due diligence.
Australia's Production: Australia is a leading producer of critical minerals, generating nearly
half of the world's lithium, ranking second in cobalt production, and fourth in rare earth
elements.
Investment Goals: The partnership aims to establish new supply chains for essential minerals
processed in Australia, aiding India's emission reduction and manufacturing capabilities,
including electric vehicles.
Emission Reduction and Energy Security: Both countries are committed to reducing
emissions, ensuring energy security, and expanding markets for essential minerals and clean
technologies.
Bilateral Relations: India and Australia share a strong relationship, with recent years seeing
a transformational evolution into a comprehensive partnership.
Strategic Partnership: The India-Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, initiated in
2020, serves as the foundation for bilateral relations.
Trade Figures: Bilateral trade between India and Australia reached USD 27.5 billion in 2021,
primarily comprising raw materials, minerals, and intermediate goods.
Supply Chain Resilience: India and Australia participate in the trilateral Supply Chain
Resilience Initiative (SCRI) with Japan to enhance supply chain resilience in the Indo-Pacific
Region.
QUAD Engagement: Both nations are members of the QUAD grouping, which includes the US
and Japan, focusing on cooperation and partnership on common concerns.
Global Efforts on Critical Minerals: The US, Canada, and Australia have launched initiatives
to map critical mineral deposits, while the UK has developed a strategy to improve the resilience
of critical mineral supply chains.
India's Domestic Measures: India has established KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Limited) to
secure a consistent supply of critical and strategic minerals for the domestic market.
Collaborative Potential: The CMIP holds the potential to transform the critical minerals
industry and bolster economic growth for both India and Australia through proper
implementation and collaborative R&D efforts.
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172. Understanding the ICC's Arrest Warrant for Vladimir Putin
Historic ICC Action: The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued an arrest warrant
for Russian President Vladimir Putin, marking the first instance of such action against
a leader from one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security
Council.
War Crimes Allegations: Putin is accused of the war crime of unlawfully deporting and
transferring children from occupied areas of Ukraine to Russia.
Figure 79. Source: SCC Blogs
The ICC's Foundation: The ICC was established under the Rome Statute on July 1, 2002,
with the mandate to prosecute individuals for the most serious offenses of international concern,
namely genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.
Global Justice Mission: As the world's first permanent international criminal court, the
ICC's mission is to end impunity for the perpetrators of these serious crimes and contribute to
their prevention.
Membership and Jurisdiction: Currently, 123 countries are parties to the Rome Statute.
Notably, India, the United States, and China are not among them.
ICC vs. ICJ: The ICC operates independently from the United Nations, unlike the
International Court of Justice (ICJ), which is a principal organ of the UN and addresses
disputes between states.
Jurisdictional Limitations: Although Russia is not a party to the Rome Statute, the ICC
can still prosecute individuals for crimes committed on the territory of a state that is a party to
the Statute.
Ukraine's Acceptance of ICC Jurisdiction: Ukraine, while not a State Party to the Rome
Statute, has accepted the ICC's jurisdiction over alleged crimes occurring on its territory
through Article 12(3) of the Statute.
Article 12(3) Explanation: This provision allows a non-party state to accept the court's
jurisdiction over a particular crime by making a declaration to the Registrar and cooperating
with the court.
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Legal Mechanisms: The ICC's jurisdiction is activated when national courts are unable or
unwilling to prosecute criminals or when the United Nations Security Council or individual
states refer situations to the Court.
For Preliminary Understanding: The ICC and ICJ are important international institutions,
with the former prosecuting individuals and the latter resolving state disputes.
For In-depth Analysis: The issuance of an arrest warrant against a high-profile leader like
Putin by the ICC is significant for international law and relations, and it raises questions about
the enforcement of international justice.
Enforcement Challenges: The effectiveness of the ICC's warrant against Putin is uncertain,
given the limitations in enforcing such warrants against leaders of powerful, non-member states.
Political Implications: The warrant may have far-reaching political implications, potentially
affecting international relations and the dynamics within the United Nations Security Council.
Precedent Setting: This action by the ICC could set a precedent for international
accountability, signaling a bold stance against impunity for alleged war crimes.
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173. National Policy on Older Persons in India
Policy Inception: The National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP) was established in 1999,
reflecting India's commitment to the well-being of its senior citizens.
Policy Objectives: NPOP aims to provide State support for financial security, healthcare,
shelter, and other needs to ensure an equitable share in development and protection against
abuse and exploitation for the elderly.
Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY): This Central Sector Scheme, funded by the Senior
Citizens’ Welfare Fund, provides aids and assistive devices to BPL senior citizens or those
earning less than INR 15,000 per month, aiding in disabilities like low vision and hearing
impairment.
Elderline Initiative: Launched in 2021, the National Helpline for Senior Citizens (14567)Elderline addresses grievances and offers services through a toll-free number.
Seniorcare Ageing Growth Engine (SAGE): Initiated in 2021, SAGE supports innovative
startups developing products and services for the elderly, with equity support of up to INR 1
crore per project.
Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana: This scheme includes programs for awareness generation and
sensitization among students to strengthen inter-generational bonding, providing educational
material on the aging process.
Integrated Programme for Senior Citizens (IPSrC): Implemented by the Ministry of Social
Justice and Empowerment, IPSrC is a Central Sector Scheme aimed at the welfare of senior
citizens.
Quality of Life Focus: The initiatives aim to improve the quality of life for older persons by
ensuring their participation in society and protecting their rights and dignity.
Financial and Food Security: The policy emphasizes the importance of ensuring that older
persons have adequate financial resources and access to food.
Healthcare Access: Ensuring that senior citizens have access to necessary healthcare services
is a key component of the policy.
Shelter and Comfort: Providing comfortable and secure living conditions for the elderly is
another focus area of the policy.
Protection Measures: The policy includes measures to protect older persons from various forms
of abuse and exploitation.
Service Availability: It also ensures that services to improve the lives of the elderly are readily
available.
Government Equity in Startups: For SAGE-supported startups, the government ensures its
equity does not exceed 49% to maintain a balance in public-private partnership.
Educational Outreach: The Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana also aims to provide information to
individuals and families to foster a better understanding of the needs and challenges faced by
the elderly.
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174. World Tuberculosis Day 2023
Annual Observance: World Tuberculosis (TB) Day is commemorated on March 24th each year
to raise public awareness about the devastating health, social, and economic impacts of TB and
to step up efforts to end the global TB epidemic.
Historical Significance: The date marks the day in 1882 when Dr. Robert Koch announced
his discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB, which paved the
way for diagnosing and treating this disease.
2023 Theme: The theme for World TB Day 2023 is "Yes! We can end TB!", emphasizing the
global commitment to combating this disease.
Global Health Challenge: TB remains one of the world's deadliest infectious killers, with WHO
reporting over 4100 people dying daily from TB and around 28,000 new infections per
day.
Rising Death Toll: For the first time in over a decade, TB deaths increased in 2020,
highlighting the disease's persistent threat.
India's Burden: India carries approximately 28% of the global TB burden, as per the
Global TB Report 2022.
TB Overview: Tuberculosis is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the
lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
Transmission: TB is an airborne disease, spread when people with lung TB cough, sneeze, or
spit, propelling the TB germs into the air.
Symptoms: Symptoms of active lung TB include coughing with sputum and blood, chest pains,
weakness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
Treatment: TB is curable with a standard 6-month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs, with support
and supervision from health workers.
Drug Resistance: Multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB
(XDR-TB) are forms of TB that are resistant to the most effective anti-TB drugs, posing
significant treatment challenges.
Global Initiatives: The WHO has launched the "Find. Treat. All. #EndTB" initiative, along
with the Global Fund and Stop TB Partnership, to combat TB worldwide.
India's Efforts: India's National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Elimination (2017-2025),
the Nikshay Ecosystem, and the Nikshay Poshan Yojana are key initiatives to eliminate TB.
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Financial Support for Patients: The Nikshay Poshan Yojna, launched in 2018, provides
financial support to TB patients for their nutritional needs through Direct Benefit Transfer
(DBT).
Vaccine Development: Two vaccines, VPM 1002 and MIP (Mycobacterium Indicus
Pranii), are under Phase-3 clinical trials, representing significant progress in TB prevention
efforts.
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175. Right to Health
Introduction to the Right to Health: The concept of the right to health is not merely about
access to healthcare services but encompasses the highest attainable standard of health as a
fundamental human right.
Historical Context: The inception of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1946
marked the formal recognition of health as a human right, laying the groundwork for global
health standards.
Constitutional Mandate in India: India's Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
enshrined in Part IV of the Constitution, advocate for the state's role in ensuring social and
economic justice, which includes aspects of public health.
International Commitments: India's ratification of Article 25 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (1948) commits it to uphold a standard of living adequate for
health and well-being, including medical care and necessary social services.
Fundamental Rights and Health: Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right
to life and personal liberty, which has been interpreted to include the right to health.
Directive Principles and Health: Articles 38, 39, 42, 43, and 47 of the Indian Constitution
place an obligation on the state to realize the right to health effectively.
Judicial Interpretations: Landmark judgments by the Supreme Court of India, such as the
Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity and Parmanand Katara cases, have reinforced the
government's duty to provide adequate medical facilities.
The Essence of Right-Based Healthcare: The right to health creates a legal obligation for
governments to ensure access to quality healthcare services for all citizens.
Access and Quality of Healthcare: The right to health aims to provide widespread access to
healthcare services and ensure that the quality of these services is sufficient to improve health
outcomes.
Financial Protection in Healthcare: It also aims to shield individuals from the financial
burdens of healthcare expenses, thereby preventing poverty due to healthcare costs.
Challenges in Realizing the Right to Health in India
Healthcare Infrastructure Gaps: Despite improvements, India's healthcare infrastructure is
uneven, with a significant urban-rural divide and a shortage of beds, doctors, and nurses.
Disease Burden: India grapples with a high prevalence of both communicable and noncommunicable diseases, necessitating considerable healthcare investments.
Gender Health Disparities: Women in India face substantial health challenges, including
limited healthcare access, high maternal mortality rates, and gender-based violence.
Health Financing Shortfalls: Public expenditure on healthcare in India is low compared to
other Lower- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), affecting the government's ability to
enhance healthcare services.
Proposed Strategies for Improvement
Enhanced Healthcare Investment: Increasing public spending and encouraging private
sector participation are crucial for expanding healthcare infrastructure and resources.
Eliminating Access Barriers: Addressing financial, logistical, and discriminatory barriers to
healthcare is vital for improving healthcare accessibility.
Establishing a Health Agency: Forming an autonomous body for disease surveillance, health
statistics maintenance, and public health regulation enforcement is recommended.
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176. Exclusion of ST Women from Hindu Succession Act
Parliamentary Advocacy: A Member of Parliament has called for the inclusion of Scheduled
Tribe (ST) women in the inheritance rights under the Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005.
Current Legal Exclusion: The Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005, currently excludes ST
women from equal inheritance rights, specifically in Section 2(2) of the Act.
Equality Under Law: The exclusion of ST women from the Act contradicts Article 14 of the
Indian Constitution, which ensures equality before the law.
Disadvantaged Status of ST Women: ST women face compounded disadvantages due to
historical oppression and limited access to education, employment, and property rights.
Government Intervention Sought: The government has been urged to issue a notification to
rectify this exclusion, except in cases where tribal customs already favor women's inheritance
rights.
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956: Initially, the Act recognized only males as legal heirs
according to the Mitakshara school of Hindu law.
Applicability of the Act: The Act applies to Hindus, which includes Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains,
and followers of Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj, excluding Muslims, Christians, Parsis, and
Jews.
Joint Hindu Family Concept: Traditionally, the joint Hindu family included male
descendants, their mothers, wives, and unmarried daughters, with property held jointly.
2005 Amendment for Gender Parity: The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, marked
a significant shift by recognizing daughters as coparceners, granting them equal rights to
property.
Rights and Liabilities of Daughters: Amended Section 6 ensures that daughters have the
same rights and liabilities in the coparcenary property as if they were sons.
Scope of the Law: The amendment pertains to ancestral property and intestate succession in
personal property, where inheritance follows the law rather than a will.
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177. World Athletics Bans Transgender Women
New Ban Implemented: World Athletics has instituted a ban on transgender women from
participating in elite female competitions if they have undergone male puberty.
Stricter DSD Regulations: The governing body has also tightened regulations for athletes with
Differences in Sex Development (DSD), halving the permissible plasma testosterone levels from
5 to 2.5 nanomoles per liter.
Impact on Prominent Athletes: The revised rules affect DSD athletes like Caster Semenya,
Christine Mboma, and Francine Niyonsaba, who have been at the center of the debate on gender
and athletic performance.
Olympic Repercussions: At the Tokyo 2020 Olympics, Semenya and Niyonsaba were ineligible
for the 800m due to the regulations, prompting them to compete in the 5,000m, while Mboma
secured a silver medal in the 200m.
Swimming's Stance: World Aquatics, the global governing body for swimming, has similarly
prohibited transgender women from elite competition if they have gone through any stage of male
puberty.
Understanding DSD: DSD encompasses conditions where an individual's sexual development
does not conform to typical male or female patterns, including differences in chromosomes,
hormone levels, or anatomy.
Athletic Controversy: In athletics, DSD athletes often have elevated natural testosterone
levels, leading to debates over fairness and competitive advantage in women's sports.
Biological Specifics: Some DSD athletes possess male testes but lack sufficient
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hormone crucial for developing male external genitalia.
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178. India Ranks Fifth in National Contribution to Warming
Recent Ranking: India has been ranked as the fifth-largest contributor to global warming,
according to a study published in the journal "Scientific Data".
Historical Emission Data: The study assesses contributions to global warming by tracking
emissions from the 1850s through 2021.
India's Climbing Rank: India has risen in rank from tenth to fifth since 2005 in terms of its
contribution to global warming.
Contribution to Temperature Rise: India's emissions have led to a 0.08°C increase in global
temperatures since the pre-industrial era.
Breakdown of Emissions: India's CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions have contributed 0.04°C,
0.03°C, and 0.006°C to global warming, respectively.
Sectoral Contributions: The land-use and forestry sector is a major contributor to warming in
half of the countries studied, with significant emissions from Brazil due to land-use changes.
Impact of Land Use and Forestry: The LULUCF sector is responsible for 38% of CH4
emissions and 72% of N2O emissions' contribution to warming.
Historical Deforestation and Agriculture: The report emphasizes the role of historical
deforestation and agricultural expansion in global warming.
Dominance of Fossil Fuels: Despite the impact of land-use changes, fossil fuel emissions
remain the largest contributor to additional global warming since 1992.
Understanding Greenhouse Gases: Greenhouse gases, which include CO2, CH4, N2O, water
vapor, and ozone, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect.
Global Emissions Leaders: The United States leads the list of contributors to global warming,
followed by China and Russia.
Policy Implications: These findings have significant implications for climate policy and the
global effort to mitigate climate change.
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179. IPCC AR6 Synthesis Report
Final Installment of AR6: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has
released the fourth and final part of its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), highlighting increased
evidence of maladaptation.
Integration of Findings: The Synthesis Report consolidates the findings from the contributions
of three Working Groups and three Special Reports.
Unprecedented Changes: Human-induced warming of 1.1°C has led to unparalleled changes
in the Earth's climate, affecting every region with phenomena like rising sea levels and extreme
weather events.
Widespread Climate Impact: The impact of climate change on people and ecosystems is more
extensive and severe than previously understood, with risks escalating with each incremental
rise in temperature.
Adaptation Efforts: While adaptation measures are recognized in climate policies of over 170
countries, many have not moved from planning to action, and current adaptation finance is
inadequate, particularly in developing countries.
Temperature Rise Projections: There is a significant probability that global temperature rise
will reach or exceed 1.5°C between 2021 and 2040, with a high-emissions pathway potentially
reaching this threshold even earlier.
Maladaptation Concerns: In India, maladaptation has led to increased vulnerability for
communities, particularly in regions like Odisha, which faces rapid sea-level rise and frequent
cyclones.
Definition of Maladaptation: Maladaptation refers to actions that inadvertently increase
vulnerability to climate change rather than reducing it.
Strategic Shift Required: The report recommends a swift transition away from fossil fuels, the
primary cause of the climate crisis, through a combination of strategies including retiring and
retrofitting fossil fuel infrastructure and expanding renewable energy.
Systemwide Transformations: Urgent and comprehensive changes across society are
necessary to achieve a net-zero, climate-resilient future.
Role of the IPCC: The IPCC is a United Nations body established to assess scientific research
on climate change and provide guidance to policymakers.
Mitigation Necessity: To combat the climate crisis effectively, deep emission cuts are essential
across all sectors of society.
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180. International Day of Forests
Annual Celebration: The International Day of Forests is observed globally on March 21st to
promote awareness about the importance of forests and trees.
2023 Theme: The theme for the year 2023 is 'Forests and Health,' emphasizing the critical role
of forests in public health and ecosystem sustainability.
Origins of the Day: The concept originated in 1971 with the establishment of World Forestry
Day by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
UN Recognition: The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the International Day of
Forests in 2012, furthering global awareness and action.
Decade of Forests: The period from 2011 to 2020 was declared the International Decade of
Forests by the UN, aiming to promote sustainable forest management.
India's Forest Coverage: According to the India State of Forest Report-2021, India's forest and
tree cover has increased, now accounting for 24.62% of the country's geographical area.
State-wise Forest Cover: Madhya Pradesh leads Indian states in forest cover, followed by
Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Maharashtra.
Ecosystem Services: Forests are vital for maintaining the hydrological cycle, climate
regulation, and biodiversity conservation.
Biodiversity Hotspots: Indian forests, like the Sundarbans, are rich in biodiversity and home
to iconic species such as the Royal Bengal tiger.
Economic and Social Role: Forests contribute to poverty alleviation by providing over 86
million green jobs and are integral to the livelihoods of tribal communities.
Industrial Resources: Forests supply raw materials to various industries and produce both
major (timber, charcoal) and minor (bamboo, spices) forest products.
Biodiversity Loss: Deforestation and habitat destruction lead to biodiversity loss, affecting
ecosystems and dependent communities.
Forest Cover Goal: The National Forest Policy of India envisions a forest cover of 33% for
ecological stability, a target yet to be achieved.
Climate Change Effects: Climate change is predicted to impact 45-64% of Indian forests by
2030, altering forest productivity and species distribution.
Resource Conflicts: Conflicts arise between local community interests and commercial entities
over forest resource access and utilization.
Conservation Strategies: Effective forest management, dedicated forest corridors, resource
mapping, and engaging tribal communities as forest entrepreneurs are suggested ways forward.
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181. State of India’s Environment Report 2023
Annual Publication: This report is an annual document that also delves into biodiversity,
forests, wildlife, energy, industry, habitat, pollution, waste, agriculture, and rural development.
Water Body Encroachment: The report highlights that over 30,000 water bodies in India have
been encroached upon, reflecting a critical issue of habitat and ecosystem loss.
Municipal Solid Waste Challenge: India generates approximately 150,000 tonnes of
Municipal Solid Waste daily, with over half of it ending up in landfills or left unattended.
Air Pollution's Toll on Life: On average, air pollution shortens the life span of individuals in
India by nearly five years, with rural areas being more affected than urban.
Healthcare Disparity: There is a 35% deficit in community health centers in rural India,
indicating a significant gap in healthcare infrastructure.
Environmental Crime Backlog: The legal system is burdened with environmental crimes,
requiring courts to decide on 245 cases daily to clear the backlog.
Prevalence of Extreme Weather: India experienced extreme weather events on 271 days from
January to October 2022, leading to over 2,900 fatalities.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): India's rank in meeting the SDGs has dropped by
nine places over five years, standing at 121 in 2022, with challenges in 11 out of 17 goals.
Plastic Waste Management: Despite the enormity of the plastic waste problem, there is
progress in policies and practices for waste segregation, minimization, and conversion into
wealth.
Agricultural Practices: The report acknowledges the effectiveness of traditional and
regenerative farming methods in sustainable agriculture.
Forest and Biodiversity: There is a concerning loss of forests, yet a positive movement towards
community rights over forest areas is noted.
Global Cooperation: The report recommends a common minimum program for global
cooperation to address the existential environmental crisis and to foster a just and inclusive
world order.
Pandemic Treaty: It mentions the pandemic treaty as a positive step towards international
collaboration on pressing human survival issues.
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182. Global Terrorism Index 2023
India's Ranking: India is positioned 13th on the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2023, indicating
its challenges with terrorism.
Afghanistan's Predicament: Afghanistan remains the most impacted by terrorism for the
fourth consecutive year, despite a decline in attacks and deaths.
Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP): The GTI report is produced by the IEP, utilizing data
from Terrorism Tracker and other sources.
Terrorism Tracker Database: This database has recorded almost 66,000 terrorist incidents
from 2007 to 2022.
Global Decrease in Deaths: There has been a 9% global reduction in deaths from terrorism,
totalling 6,701, which is a 38% decrease from the peak in 2015.
Pakistan's Surge in Deaths: Pakistan experienced the second-largest increase in terrorrelated deaths in 2022, with the number rising to 643.
South Asia's Score: South Asia maintains the region with the worst average GTI score,
recording 1,354 deaths from terrorism in 2022.
Islamic State's (IS) Impact: IS and its affiliates remain the deadliest terror group for the
eighth year in a row, leading in both attacks and deaths in 2022.
Challenges in Terror Financing: The IMF and World Bank estimate that up to four trillion
dollars a year are laundered by criminals, with terrorists concealing fund movements through
charities and alternative remittance methods.
Politicization in Counter-Terrorism: The veto power exercised by the P5 members of the
United Nations Security Council has varied when identifying terrorists, compounded by the lack
of universally accepted definitions of terrorism.
Emerging Technology and Terrorism: Advances in technology, such as internet access,
encryption, and VPNs, have enabled new operations for radicalized individuals, increasing the
global threat.
Way Forward - Counter Terrorism Agenda: A revitalized global counter-terrorism agenda
is needed, emphasizing unity and checking the veto power of P5 in identifying terrorists.
Universal Definition of Terrorism: There's a call for a universal terrorism definition so that
UNGA members can incorporate it into their criminal laws, making cross-border terrorism an
extraditable offense.
India's Initiative: India proposed the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism
(CCIT) in 1986 at the UN, which has not yet been adopted by the UNGA.
Curbing Terror Funding: Stronger laws for banks to perform due diligence on clients and
report suspicious transactions are necessary to prevent terrorism funding.
Regulating Cryptocurrency: India is suggested to move towards regulating cryptocurrency to
curb its use in terror financing.
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183. Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign
Law Firms in India, 2022
The Bar Council of India (BCI) has introduced the Rules for Registration and Regulation
of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign Law Firms in India, 2022.
These rules permit foreign lawyers and law firms to practice in India, but they are not
allowed to appear before courts, tribunals, or other statutory or regulatory authorities.
The BCI's decision is a shift from its previous stance of over a decade against the presence of
foreign law firms in India.
This move is aimed at enhancing Foreign Direct Investment and establishing India as a
center for International Commercial Arbitration.
Foreign lawyers and law firms can now register with the BCI to practice in India, provided they
are qualified to practice law in their home countries.
The practice is limited to non-litigious work such as corporate work, joint ventures, mergers and
acquisitions, Intellectual Property matters, and drafting of contracts.
They are prohibited from engaging in activities related to property conveyancing, title
investigation, or similar tasks.
Indian lawyers employed by foreign law firms are also restricted to non-litigious practice.
The entry of foreign law firms is expected to lead to consolidation in the legal sector, particularly
in cross-border mergers and acquisitions.
The BCI is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act, 1961, responsible for
regulating and representing the Indian bar.
It sets professional standards, disciplines members of the bar, and sets educational standards for
legal education and recognition of law degrees.
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184. International Day of Action for Rivers
The International Day of Action for Rivers (IDAR) is commemorated annually on March
14 to raise awareness about the significance of rivers on Earth.
25th Anniversary: In 2023, the 25th anniversary of IDAR was celebrated, highlighting a
milestone in the advocacy for river conservation.
Original Name: Initially known as the International Day against Dams, for Rivers, Water,
and Life, the day emphasizes the importance of preserving natural water bodies.
2023 Theme: The theme for the year was "Rights of Rivers," advocating for the recognition of
rivers as national treasures.
Historical Background: IDAR was established during the First International Meeting of
People Affected by Dams in March 1997 in Curitiba, Brazil, where representatives from
20 countries participated.
Brazilian Roots: The date of March 14 was chosen to align with Brazil's Day of Action
Against Large Dams.
Significance: The day underscores the vital role rivers play in human survival, providing
essential clean water for agriculture and consumption, and draws attention to the threats of
pollution and contamination.
Focus on Pollution: IDAR aims to bring to light the issues of unequal access to clean water and
the increasing pollution of freshwater due to human activities.
Indian Initiatives Related to River Conservation:
Namami Gange Programme: Launched as a flagship initiative by the Indian government in
June 2014, this program aims to reduce pollution and rejuvenate the Ganga River, which was
declared India's National River in 2008.
Ganga Action Plan: Initiated in 1985 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change, this was the first river action plan aimed at improving the Ganga's water
quality through sewage treatment strategies.
National River Conservation Plan (NRCP): This centrally sponsored scheme, excluding the
Ganga basin, provides financial and technical assistance to states and union territories for
pollution abatement in identified river stretches.
National River Rejuvenation Mechanism: Directed by the National Green Tribunal (NGT),
this mechanism is tasked with monitoring anti-pollution measures and rejuvenating polluted
river stretches across India.
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185. National Green Tribunal on the Kerala government
The National Green Tribunal's Principal Bench in New Delhi has fined the Kerala government
₹10 crore.
The fine is for failing to prevent pollution in the Vembanad and Ashtamudi lakes, which are
recognized as Ramsar sites.
The order, issued on March 22 by the bench led by Chairperson Adarsh Kumar Goel, follows
the 'polluter pays principle.'
The Kerala government is directed to deposit the fine in a dedicated account under the Chief
Secretary's authority within one month.
This decision was made in response to a petition highlighting the authorities' inaction against
the degradation of these lakes due to illegal waste dumping.
The funds from the fine are designated for the conservation and restoration of the lakes, with an
action plan to be executed preferably within six months.
The Chief Secretary is authorized to recover the amount from those responsible for the pollution,
including officers, departments, industries, and individuals, within three months.
The tribunal's order also allows for departmental accountability or prosecution of the officers
involved and action against other polluting entities.
A report presented to the tribunal by the Additional Chief Secretary of the Environment
Department revealed that 1,176 notices had been issued to various violators and 1,939 illegal
waste outlets had been closed.
The report also stated that ₹1.7 crore in compensation had already been levied on the violators.
The tribunal expressed dissatisfaction with the state's efforts to protect the wetlands, citing
mandatory duties and previous Supreme Court orders.
The tribunal criticized the state's inadequate actions and stated that the state cannot claim
helplessness in enforcing citizens' rights or in taking strict environmental protection measures.
Previously, the tribunal had imposed a ₹100 crore penalty on the Kochi Corporation for
neglecting waste management duties, which led to a major fire at the Brahmapuram dump
site on March 2.
About the National Green Tribunal (NGT):
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) was established in 2010 under the National Green
Tribunal Act.
It is a specialized body equipped with the necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes
involving multi-disciplinary issues.
The Tribunal's dedicated jurisdiction in environmental matters provides speedy environmental
justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts.
The NGT is mandated to make and endeavor for disposal of applications or appeals finally within
6 months of filing the same.
The Principal Bench of the NGT is located in New Delhi, with regional benches in Pune,
Kolkata, Bhopal, and Chennai.
It has the power to hear all civil cases relating to environmental issues and questions that are
linked to the implementation of laws listed in Schedule I of the NGT Act.
The NGT has the same powers as a civil court and its orders are enforceable as a decree of a
civil court.
The NGT is not bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908, but shall be guided by principles of natural justice.
The NGT has the power to provide relief and compensation to victims of pollution and other
environmental damage, including accidents involving hazardous substances.
It also has the power to order restitution of property damaged and restitution of the environment
for such areas as determined by it.
Polluter Pays Principle:
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The Polluter Pays Principle is a globally recognized environmental law principle which states
that those who produce pollution should bear the costs of managing it to prevent damage to
human health or the environment.
This principle was implemented as part of the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development in 1992.
It is designed to deter businesses and individuals from polluting by making it less expensive to
prevent pollution than to pay for it after it has occurred.
The principle forms the basis for most of the fines and pollution taxes in countries around the
world.
It is also a fundamental feature in international environmental law and has been incorporated
into many environmental agreements and national laws.
In the context of the NGT, the principle is applied to hold the responsible parties financially
accountable for the harm they've caused to the environment.
The principle not only applies to the costs of preventing pollution but also covers the costs of
restoring the environment after damage has been done.
The principle is not punitive; it is compensatory and restorative, aiming to restore the
environment to its original state before the damage occurred.
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186. Riyadh joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Saudi Arabia's cabinet has approved the country's decision to join the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO).
The SCO is a significant political and security alliance that spans much of Eurasia and includes
Russia, China, India, and Pakistan.
The organization was established in 2001 by Russia, China, and the former Soviet states
in Central Asia. It has since expanded to include other members like India and Pakistan.
Iran also signed documents to become a full member of the SCO last year.
Saudi Arabia's move to join the SCO was discussed during Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit
to the country in December of the previous year.
Initially, Saudi Arabia will have the status of a dialogue partner, which is considered a
preliminary step before obtaining full membership in the mid-term.
This decision comes after Saudi Aramco, the kingdom's state-owned oil company,
increased its investments in China through a joint venture in northeastern China and the
acquisition of a stake in a privately controlled petrochemical group.
Riyadh's strengthening relationship with Beijing has caused security concerns for Washington,
which has been a traditional ally of Saudi Arabia.
Despite Chinese efforts to expand its influence, the United States has stated that its policy
towards the Middle East will remain unchanged.
The Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia, have expressed concerns about what they perceive as
the United States' diminishing presence in the region and are looking to diversify their
international partnerships.
The SCO member countries are planning a joint "counter-terrorism exercise" to be held in
Russia's Chelyabinsk region in August of the same year.
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187. Abel Prize 2023
Luis Caffarelli, an Argentine-American mathematician, was awarded the Abel Prize for his
work in mathematics, specifically in "partial differential equations."
Partial differential equations are mathematical equations that describe various phenomena such
as fluid flow and population growth.
Caffarelli is a professor at the University of Texas and is recognized for his "seminal
contributions to regularity theory for nonlinear partial differential equations."
His work in regularity theory has spanned over 40 years, significantly impacting the field with
his geometric insights and analytical methods.
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters highlighted his innovative contributions to
the field of regularity theory.
The Abel Prize is named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel and
includes a monetary award of 7.5 million Norwegian kroner (approximately $710,000).
The prize was previously won by U.S. mathematician Dennis Sullivan for his research in
topology and chaos theory.
Caffarelli will receive his prize in a ceremony in Oslo on May 23.
About Abel Prize
The Abel Prize is an international prize presented annually by the King of Norway to one or more
outstanding mathematicians.
Named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel, the prize was established by the
Norwegian government in 2001 on the 200th anniversary of Abel's birth.
It is often described as the mathematician's "Nobel Prize" and is among the most prestigious
awards in mathematics.
The prize aims to recognize contributions of extraordinary depth and influence to the
mathematical sciences and has been awarded since 2003.
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters selects the laureates based on recommendations
from the Abel Committee, which consists of five internationally recognized mathematicians.
The Abel Prize carries a cash award of 7.5 million Norwegian kroner (approximately $710,000 as
of 2023).
It covers all branches of mathematics, and unlike the fields covered by the Nobel Prizes, the Abel
Prize acknowledges achievements in mathematics over the course of a career.
Past laureates include Jean-Pierre Serre, Andrew Wiles, and John Nash, reflecting the prize's
recognition of both foundational work and recent breakthroughs.
The award ceremony takes place in Oslo, Norway, where the laureate(s) receive the prize from
the King of Norway.
In addition to the prize, the laureates are also involved in a series of events designed to promote
mathematics among children and young researchers.
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188. International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
The International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination is observed annually
on March 21st.
Historical Significance: The date commemorates the 1960 Sharpeville massacre in South
Africa, where police killed 69 people at a peaceful demonstration against apartheid pass laws.
Apartheid: A policy of racial segregation and economic and political discrimination against nonwhites in South Africa.
UN Proclamation: The United Nations General Assembly declared the day in October
1966, marking the international community's commitment to eradicating apartheid.
2023 Theme: The theme for 203
was: “urgently combatting racism and racial
discrimination”.
Racism Defined: Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, often resulting
in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.
Xenophobia vs. Racism: While both involve discrimination, xenophobia is directed against
individuals perceived to be foreign or from another nation, whereas racism is based on physical
characteristics.
Online Racism: The anonymity of the internet has facilitated the spread of racist stereotypes
and misinformation, with a notable increase in hate speech during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Techno-Racism: The use of new technologies and artificial intelligence in security has raised
concerns about 'techno-racism', where facial recognition programs may misidentify and target
racialized communities.
COVID-19 and Racism: The pandemic has disproportionately affected ethnic minorities, with
studies highlighting the social vulnerabilities and health impacts on these communities.
UNESCO Initiatives: UNESCO combats racism through education, science, culture, and
communication, including the International Coalition of Inclusive and Sustainable Cities and the
Global Forum against Racism and Discrimination.
Global Movements: The 'Black Lives Matter' movement has gained global attention, prompting
individuals and governments worldwide to address racial discrimination.
Indian Context: India's legal framework against racial discrimination includes Section 153A of
the Indian Penal Code and the ratification of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) in 1968.
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189. World Water Day
World Water Day 2023 was observed on March 22. The theme for 2023 was "Accelerating change
to solve the water and sanitation crisis". The goal was to achieve sustainable water and sanitation
for all by 2030.
UN World Water Development Report 2023: Reveals that 26% of the global population
does not have access to safe drinking water, and 46% lack basic sanitation facilities.
UN Conference on Water: The report was launched on the eve of the first major UN
conference on water in over 45 years, highlighting critical water and sanitation issues.
Investment Requirements: To achieve UN goals for clean water and sanitation by 2030, an
estimated $600 billion to $1 trillion per year is needed.
Partnerships for Goals: Emphasizes the importance of partnerships with investors, financiers,
governments, and climate communities to invest sustainably and meet the needs of the
underserved population.
Global Water Use: Water use has increased globally by about 1% per year for the past 40
years, driven by population growth, socio-economic development, and changing consumption
patterns.
Urban Demand: The demand for water is particularly rising in urban areas of developing
countries and emerging economies, attributed to industrial growth and urban population surges.
Agricultural Consumption: Agriculture accounts for 70% of global water usage, with a push
for more efficient irrigation methods like drip irrigation to conserve water.
Climate Change Impact: Climate change is expected to exacerbate seasonal water scarcity,
even in regions currently abundant in water, and intensify shortages in already water-stressed
areas.
Water Stress: Approximately 10% of the global population lives in countries with high or
critical water stress, with up to 3.5 billion people experiencing water stress at least one month
per year.
Floods and Droughts: Since 2000, floods in tropical regions have quadrupled, and those in
north mid-latitudes have increased 2.5 times. Droughts are expected to become more intense or
frequent due to climate change.
Water Pollution: The primary source of water pollution is untreated wastewater, with 80% of
global wastewater released without treatment, rising to 99% in many developing
countries.
UN Water Conference Agenda: The conference will address issues such as aquatic ecosystem
protection, water resource management, water reuse, and cross-border water cooperation.
Global Participation: The conference will see participation from 171 countries, including over
100 ministers, and will feature interactive dialogues and side events.
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190. Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U)
SBM-U was initiated on October 2, 2014, by India's Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs to
promote cleanliness, sanitation, and waste management in urban areas
Initial Aim: The primary goal was to make Indian cities and towns clean and free from
open defecation.
SBM-Urban 1.0: The first phase focused on making urban India Open Defecation Free (ODF)
by providing toilet access and encouraging behavioral change, successfully declaring 100% of
urban India ODF.
SBM-Urban 2.0 (2021-2026): This phase extends beyond ODF, targeting ODF+ and ODF++
statuses, emphasizing sustainable sanitation, waste management, and promoting a circular
economy.
Achievements: Over 12 crore toilets built in nine years, leading to a significant reduction
in open defecation. 75% of villages have achieved ODF Plus status, and all 4,715 Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs) are ODF.
ODF+ and ODF++ Status: 3,547 ULBs have achieved ODF+ status with functional and
hygienic community/public toilets, and 1,191 ULBs have reached ODF++ with complete faecal
sludge management.
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Water+ Cities: 14 cities have been certified as Water+, indicating effective treatment and
reuse of wastewater.
Challenges in Toilet Usage: Despite initial success, there's a noted decline in regular toilet
usage in rural areas, particularly among Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) groups.
Sustainability Concerns: The decline in toilet usage raises questions about the long-term
sustainability and impact of SBM.
Spatial Variation: National-level data shows an increase in regular toilet use across socioeconomic groups, but recent years have seen a reversal in these gains, especially among SC and
ST populations.
Performance in Richer States: Wealthier states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, and Gujarat have shown smaller gains in regular toilet use, indicating the
need for tailored strategies.
Defining ODF Statuses: ODF status means no open defecation at any time, ODF+ includes
maintained community/public toilets, and ODF++ involves safe management of faecal sludge and
sewage.
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191. Reforms in the Lok Sabha
Reforms Pending: Two significant reforms are pending in the Lok Sabha to foster ethical
conduct and transparency among its members: a Code of Conduct and a Declaration of Members’
Business Interests.
Code of Conduct Background: Initially adopted for Union ministers, this code is now
applicable to both Union and State ministers.
Parliamentary Committees on Ethics: Established in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha,
these committees oversee the moral and ethical conduct of Members.
Lok Sabha Ethics Committee: Constituted in 2000, it has been deliberating on a Code of
Conduct for over eight years.
Rajya Sabha's Code of Conduct: This has been in place for its members, highlighting a
disparity with the Lok Sabha.
Purpose of the Code: The Code aims to guide and ensure appropriate behavior among MPs,
enhancing the integrity of parliamentary proceedings.
Code of Ethics vs. Code of Conduct: The Code of Ethics is aspirational and focuses on values,
while the Code of Conduct is more specific, focusing on compliance and rules.
Declaration of Members’ Business Interests: A practice in place for Rajya Sabha members,
it aims to disclose personal interests that could create conflicts of interest.
Historical Concerns: Issues regarding conflicts of interest for MPs date back to 1925.
Register of Members’ Interests: Suggested by the Lok Sabha Ethics Committee in 2012,
this register would provide information about MPs' financial and personal interests.
Rule 293 in Rajya Sabha: This rule mandates the register, which is accessible to MPs and
citizens through the RTI Act.
Recommendations by Second ARC: It suggests a Code of Ethics for Ministers, monitoring
units in PM and CM offices, and annual reports on observance of these codes.
Public Domain: The Code of Ethics, Code of Conduct, and annual reports should be made
publicly available.
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192. R21/Matrix-M Malaria Vaccine
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the use of the R21/Matrix-M malaria
vaccine, co-developed by the University of Oxford and the Serum Institute of India.
Matrix-M Component: This is a proprietary saponin-based adjuvant developed by Novavax
and licensed to the Serum Institute for use in endemic countries.
Current Licensing: The vaccine has been licensed for use in Ghana, Nigeria, and Burkina
Faso.
Adjuvant Role: An adjuvant in a vaccine enhances the immune system’s response, helping it
recognize and remember the vaccine's contents for longer protection.
Matrix-M Source: The Matrix-M adjuvant is derived from saponins found in the bark of the
Quillaja saponaria tree in Chile, known for their medicinal use.
Malaria Overview: Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite,
transmitted through bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Plasmodium Species: The most threatening species are P. falciparum, prevalent in Africa,
and P. vivax, dominant outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Other species include P. malariae, P.
ovale, and P. knowlesi.
Symptoms: Malaria symptoms range from mild (fever, chills, headache) to severe (fatigue,
confusion, seizures, difficulty breathing).
Global Prevalence: In 2021, there were 247 million cases of malaria worldwide, with four
African countries (Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, United Republic of
Tanzania, and Niger) accounting for over half of all malaria deaths.
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Other Vaccines: Besides R21/Matrix-M, WHO also recommends the RTS,S/AS01 malaria
vaccine for children in areas with moderate to high P. falciparum transmission.
Global Elimination Strategy: The WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030
aims to reduce malaria case incidence and mortality rates by at least 90% by 2030 and eliminate
malaria in at least 35 countries.
India's Efforts: India has implemented the National Framework for Malaria Elimination
(2016-2030) and the Malaria Elimination Research Alliance-India (MERA-India).
Vaccine Development Challenges: Developing an effective malaria vaccine is challenging due
to multiple Plasmodium species and the lack of natural immunity in humans.
Vaccine's Impact: The R21/Matrix-M vaccine represents a significant advancement in the fight
against malaria, especially in regions with high transmission rates.
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193. Review of Maritime Transport 2023" by UNCTAD
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) released the
Review of Maritime Transport 2023, focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from
international shipping and decarbonization challenges.
Increased Emissions: GHG emissions from international shipping were 20% higher in 2023
compared to a decade ago.
Shipping's Global Role: The shipping industry accounts for over 80% of the world’s trade
volume and nearly 3% of global GHG emissions.
Shipping Volume Fluctuations: Global maritime shipping volumes dropped by 0.4% in 2022
due to COVID-19 disruptions but are projected to grow by 2.4% in 2023.
Containerized Trade Growth: Containerized trade is expected to grow by 1.2% in 2023 and
further by 3% between 2024-2028.
Oil and Gas Trade Increase: Oil and gas trade volumes showed robust growth in 2022.
Fleet Age and Alternative Fuels: The average age of commercial ships is increasing, raising
concerns about the non-availability and higher costs of alternative fuels and ships that can use
them.
Transitioning Challenges: Ship owners face difficulties in renewing fleets due to unclear
technology and regulatory regimes, with similar challenges for port terminals regarding
investment decisions.
Current Fuel Usage: 98.8% of the global fleet uses conventional fuels, with only 1.2% using
alternative fuels like LNG, LPG, methanol, and battery/hybrid.
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Future Fleet Orders: 21% of vessels currently on order are designed to run on alternative
fuels, notably LNG, LPG, battery/hybrid, and methanol.
Cost of Decarbonization: Decarbonizing the world's fleet by 2050 could require annual
investments ranging from USD 8 billion to USD 90 billion, potentially doubling yearly fuel
costs.
IMO Targets: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) aims for net-zero GHG
emissions by around 2050, with a 5-10% uptake of zero or near-zero GHG fuels by 2030.
UNCTAD's Recommendations: UNCTAD advocates for system-wide collaboration, swift
regulatory intervention, and stronger investments in green technologies and fleets, along with
economic incentives for alternative fuels.
Digital Solutions: The shipping industry is encouraged to adopt digital solutions like AI and
blockchain for improved efficiency and sustainability.
International Initiatives: Initiatives include the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index
(EEXI), IMO’s Mid-Term Measures, the Green Voyage 2050 Project, and the International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Convention).
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194. Setu Bandhan Scheme under the Central Road and Infrastructure Fund
(CRIF)
The Ministry of Road Transport & Highways recently approved seven critical bridge projects
in Arunachal Pradesh under the Setu Bandhan Scheme.
Project Cost and Timeline: These projects have a combined cost of Rs 118.50 Crores and are
slated for implementation during the fiscal year 2023-24.
CRIF Origin: The Central Road and Infrastructure Fund (CRIF), originally known as the
Central Road Fund, was established in 2000 under the Central Road Fund Act, 2000.
Funding Source: CRIF is funded through a cess imposed along with excise duty on petrol and
diesel.
Administrative Control: Initially under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways,
the administrative control of CRIF now falls under the Ministry of Finance.
2018 Amendment: The Central Road Fund Act was amended in 2018, renaming it as the
Central Road and Infrastructure Fund (CRIF).
Expanded Use of Funds: The amendment allowed the use of CRIF proceeds to finance other
infrastructure projects, including waterways, railway infrastructure, and social infrastructure
like educational institutions and medical colleges.
Setu Bandhan Scheme Objective: The scheme, initiated by the Ministry of Road Transport &
Highways, focuses on constructing Rail Over Bridges (ROBs), Rail Under Bridges (RUBs), and
Bridges on State Roads.
Enhancing Road Safety: The primary goal is to replace existing level crossings with bridges to
reduce accidents at these locations.
Strategic Importance: The scheme is particularly significant in regions like Arunachal
Pradesh, where improved connectivity can have a substantial impact on socio-economic
development.
Infrastructure Development: The scheme is part of broader efforts to develop and modernize
India's infrastructure, particularly in remote and strategic areas.
Economic Impact: Improved road connectivity is expected to boost trade, tourism, and
economic activities in the regions benefiting from the scheme.
Safety and Efficiency: By eliminating level crossings, the scheme aims to enhance the safety
and efficiency of road and rail transport.
Regional Connectivity: The scheme is crucial for enhancing connectivity in India's
northeastern region, known for its challenging terrain and strategic importance.
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195. UNICEF's Passport to Earning (P2E) Initiative
The P2E initiative, an e-learning solution, was launched in 2022 by UNICEF India,
YuWaah, and partners.
Objective: The initiative aims to empower 5 million youth between the ages of 14-29 with
skills by 2024, connecting them to job and self-employment opportunities for financial
independence.
Significant Milestone: P2E has certified over one million young people in India in areas of
financial literacy and digital productivity.
Focus on Girls and Women: 62% of all young learners who benefited from P2E courses in
India are adolescent girls and young women.
Alignment with National Policy: The initiative aligns with the National Education Policy
and offers free access to certificate courses in relevant skills.
Celebration of Achievement: The success of the initiative was celebrated on the UN
International Day of the Girl Child (11th October).
Skill Development Emphasis: P2E focuses on enhancing skills that are crucial in the modern
economy, such as digital productivity.
Financial Literacy: The initiative places a strong emphasis on teaching financial literacy, a
key component for economic empowerment.
Youth Empowerment: P2E is designed to equip young people with the necessary skills to
navigate the job market effectively.
Accessibility: The initiative provides free and accessible education resources, making it
inclusive for a wide range of learners.
Partnership Approach: The collaboration between UNICEF, YuWaah, and other partners
highlights the importance of joint efforts in educational initiatives.
Target Demographic: Focusing on the age group of 14-29, P2E addresses the needs of both
school-going adolescents and young adults.
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196. Tamil writer Sivasankari will be awarded the Saraswati Samman 2022.
Work Recognized: The award is for her 2019 memoir titled ‘Surya Vamsam’.
Saraswati Samman: This is one of the three literary awards instituted by the KK Birla
Foundation in 1991.
Award Significance: The Saraswati Samman is the highest recognition in the field of Indian
literature in the country.
Prize Details: The award carries a cash prize of ₹15 lakh, a plaque, and a citation.
Sivasankari’s Literary Career: Her literary career spans over five decades.
Volume of Work: She is the author of 36 novels, 48 novellas, 150 short stories, 15
travelogues, seven collections of essays, and three biographies.
Notable Biography: Among her biographies is one on former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
Memoir’s Uniqueness: ‘Surya Vamsam’ is unique among all of Sivasankari’s works,
establishing an intimate and emotional bond with readers.
Other Major Work: Her four-volume ‘Knit India Through Literature’ is one of her greatest
contributions, presenting the outlook of literary legends in 18 languages.
Translations and Adaptations: Many of her works have been translated into several Indian
languages, as well as English, Japanese, and Ukrainian.
Films Based on Novels: Eight of her novels have been made into films by renowned directors.
National Recognition: Her novel ‘Kutti’ on girl child labor, filmed by director Janaki
Viswanathan, won national and regional ‘Best Mega Serial’ awards.
International Recognition: In 1986, she was invited under the International Writers
Program and the International Visitors Program by Iowa University in the US.
US Library of Congress: She is among four writers whose works were recorded in their own
voices for the Archives of the US Library of Congress to mark its bicentennial celebrations.
Selection Process: The recipient of the Saraswati Samman is chosen by the Chayan Parishad,
chaired by former Supreme Court judge Arjan Kumar Sikri, comprising outstanding scholars and
writers.
Other KK Birla Foundation Awards: Besides the Saraswati Samman, the Bihari
Puraskar and the Vyas Samman are other literary awards instituted by the foundation.
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197. Information Commissions in India for 2022-23
A report card on the performance of Information Commissions in India for 2022-23 was released
by Satark Nagrik Sangathan (SNS), highlighting issues with the Right to Information
(RTI) Act, 2005.
Maharashtra's Backlog: Maharashtra had the highest number of pending appeals under RTI,
with 1,15,524 cases.
Other States with High Backlogs: Karnataka had the second-highest number of pending
appeals (41,047), while Tamil Nadu declined to provide data.
Overall Pending Appeals: Across 27 State Information Commissions in India, a total of
3,21,537 appeals and complaints were pending in 2023.
Increasing Backlog Trend: The backlog of appeals/complaints has been steadily increasing
from 2,18,347 in 2019 to over three lakh in 2022.
Defunct Commissions: Four Information Commissions (Jharkhand, Telangana, Mizoram,
and Tripura) were defunct due to the absence of new appointments.
Headless Commissions: Six Information Commissions, including the Central Information
Commission, were without heads.
Disposal Rate Issues: West Bengal's State Information Commission had the worst
disposal rate, estimated to take over 24 years to dispose of a matter.
Central Information Commission (CIC): Established in 2005, the CIC consists of a Chief
Information Commissioner and up to ten Information Commissioners, appointed by the
President.
State Information Commission: Constituted by State Governments, each has one Chief
Information Commissioner and up to ten State Information Commissioners.
RTI Act Genesis: The RTI law originated from a 1986 Supreme Court judgment in the Mr.
Kulwal v/s Jaipur Municipal Corporation case.
RTI Act's Objective: The act aims to empower Indian citizens to seek information from
government authorities, promoting transparency and accountability.
Amendments to RTI Act: The Act was amended in 2019, affecting the tenure and service
conditions of CIC and Information Commissioners at both central and state levels.
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198. 37th National Games
The 37th National Games were held in Goa, with Haryana achieving significant success in
various sports.
Shooting Success: On the first day of shooting, Sagar Bhargava won a gold medal for
Haryana, while Sarabjot Singh, who secured an Olympic quota, won a silver medal.
Gatka Achievement: Haryana's Gatka team made history by winning two bronze medals for
the first time in the National Games. Jaswinder Singh and Sunidhi Chauhan both won bronze
medals.
Sepak Takraw: The Haryana Sepak Takraw women's team secured a silver medal.
Hockey Victory: Haryana's hockey team defeated Odisha with a score of 7-2, marking their
third consecutive win in the games.
Archery Excellence: All three teams from Haryana in Archery reached the finals.
Wrestling Gold Medals: In wrestling, Nitesh won gold in the 97 kg category, Vikas in the 77
kg category, and Arju in the 68 kg category.
Wrestling Silver Medal: Sumit Malik secured a silver medal in the 125 kg weight category.
Bronze Medals in Wrestling: Rohit Boora (97 kg), Rakesh (86 kg), Deepak Punia (76 kg), Swati
Berwal (68 kg), and Sweety (50 kg) won bronze medals.
Javelin Throw: Shilpa Rani won a gold medal and Priyanka Singh won a silver medal in javelin
throw.
Shot Put: Manpreet won a silver medal in shot put.
Athletics: Vikram Panchal won a silver medal in the 400 meters race, Ajay in hammer throw,
and Tanu in heptathlon.
Race Walking: Hardeep won a bronze medal in the 20 km race walk.
800m Race: Pooja secured a bronze medal in the 800 m race.
Overall Performance: Haryana showcased a strong performance across multiple disciplines,
particularly in athletics, shooting, and wrestling.
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199. Operation Ajay
India launched Operation Ajay to evacuate its citizens from conflict-hit Israel.
Announcement by External Affairs Minister: The initiative was announced by External
Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar.
Special Chartered Flights: The operation involves arranging special chartered flights for the
evacuation.
Second Evacuation in 2023: This is the second major evacuation by India in 2023,
following Operation Kaveri, which evacuated Indian citizens from Sudan.
Israel-Palestine Conflict: The evacuation is in response to the escalating conflict between
Israel and Palestine, including attacks by Hamas and military strikes by Israel.
Embassy's Role: The Indian Embassy in Tel Aviv is coordinating the evacuation, starting with
emailing registered Indian citizens for the first special flight.
Air India's Service Suspension: Air India suspended its Delhi-Tel Aviv service following
the conflict, which included a crippling attack by Hamas on Israel.
Risky Airspace: The conflict has made the airspace above Israel risky, leading to the
cancellation of many international flights.
Scale of Operation: The scale of Operation Ajay will depend on demand, with the government
ready to augment capacities as needed.
MEA's Control Room: The Ministry of External Affairs set up a 24-hour control room operating
from New Delhi, Tel Aviv, and Ramallah.
Indian Nationals in Israel: There are at least 900 Indian students in Israeli universities, along
with traders, IT professionals, and domestic workers.
Indian-Origin Jews in Israel: A significant part of Israel's population consists of Indian-origin
Jews from Kochi, Kolkata, and Mumbai.
Recruitment Agreement: Earlier in May, India sealed an agreement to allow the recruitment
of 42,000 caregivers and workers for Israel.
Pilgrims from Meghalaya: Meghalaya Chief Minister Conrad Sangma sought assistance for
pilgrims from his state stuck in Bethlehem, Palestinian territories.
Government's Commitment: The Indian government is fully committed to the safety and wellbeing of its nationals abroad, as emphasized by the External Affairs Minister.
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200. SAMPRITI- XI Exercise 2023
SAMPRITI-XI is the 11th edition of the annual joint military exercise between India and
Bangladesh.
Location: The exercise commenced on October 3, 2023, in Umroi, Meghalaya.
History: The first edition of SAMPRITI was held in Jorhat, Assam, in 2009, and there have
been ten successful editions till 2022.
Duration: SAMPRITI-XI is scheduled to last for 14 days.
Participation: Approximately 350 personnel from both countries are engaged in the exercise.
Bangladesh Contingent: The Bangladesh contingent includes 170 personnel, led by Brigadier
General Mohammed Mafizul Islam Rashed, Commander of 52 Bangladesh Infantry Brigade.
Indian Contingent: The Indian contingent mainly comprises troops from a battalion of the
RAJPUT Regiment, led by Brigadier SK Anand, Commander of a Mountain Brigade.
Diverse Participation: The exercise includes personnel from various units such as artillery,
engineers, and other supporting arms and services from both sides.
Focus: The exercise centers on the conduct of Sub-Conventional Operations as per Chapter VII
of the UN mandate.
Command Post Exercise (CPX): 20 officers from each contingent will participate in the CPX,
focusing on decision-making after thorough deliberations.
Field Training Exercise (FTX): The FTX will validate grassroots-level operations and include
joint tactical drills for counter-terrorist operations.
Validation Exercise: Scheduled for October 14th and 15th, 2023, in Darranga Field Firing
Range, Assam, the Validation Exercise will culminate the training.
Counter-Terrorist Operations: The FTX will cover operations like hostage rescue, crowd
control measures, and the use of helicopters in counter-terrorist operations.
Atmanirbhar Bharat Equipment Display: Participants will witness the display of equipment
under the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative.
Objective: SAMPRITI-XI aims to enhance defence cooperation, foster deeper bilateral relations,
cultural understanding, and mutual benefits from shared experiences in Sub Conventional
Operations.
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