Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Materials Engineering
Departments
Chemistry for Engineering
(CHEM102)
Tutorial 7
Materials Chemistry
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this session, the student should be able to:
1. Identify different types of engineering materials.
2. Use periodic table to identify the possible type of materials.
3. How is chemistry used to manufacture materials from their ores.
4. Understand the difference between compounds, composites, and
alloys
5. Understand how to categorize any materials based of their physical
properties.
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
2
Elements and materials
• Materials may be defined as any substance which has an application, sequentially, helping in
human development.
• Materials can be found in the earth crust (Si, Fe) and atmosphere (N, O).
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
3
Materials classification
Metalloids
Advanced
material
Classical
materials
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
4
Metals
Properties:
1. Lustrous (shiny)
2. Good conductors of heat and
electricity
3. High melting point
4. High density (heavy for their size)
5. Malleable (can be hammered)
6. Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
7. Usually solid at room temperature
8. Opaque as a thin sheet
9. Metals are sonorous
(bell-like sound when hammered)
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
5
Metals
Occurrence:
Metals exists in Earth’s surface (Al, Fe, Si), sea water (Na, Ca, Mg), ocean floor (Cu, Co, Mn)
Most metals comes from minerals:
1. A mineral: is a naturally occurring substance with a range of chemical compositions.
2. An Ore : is a mineral concentrated enough to allow economical recovery of the desired metal.
Inert and exist in native
state (low reactivity and
no affinity to water).
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
6
Metals
The ore contains unwanted earthly impurities in metal minerals,
known as gangue.
Metallurgy: the science and technology of separating metals from
their ores. This process is illustrated in few steps:
1. Crushing and grinding the ore.
2. Concentration of the ore (remove gangue).
3. Extraction of the metal;
i. Conversion of concentrated ore to its oxide (oxidation) or
roasting process:
FeCO3
FeO + CO2
ii. Conversion of metal oxide to metal (reduction):
FeO + CO
Fe + CO2
4. Purification of the metal
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
7
Metals
Alloys is a solid solution of metal + metal or non-metal.
Steel is an alloy of Fe and carbon, manufactured from cast iron (pig iron) by minimizing its carbon
content to about 0.5%.
Pig iron contains high percentage of C, Si, P. Si can be removed in the form of slags.
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
8
Metals
Alloys can be:
Ferrous alloys: in which Fe is the main constituent
Non-ferrous alloys: in which Fe is NOT the main constituent
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
9
Ceramics and glasses
Glass is amorphous and
transparent.
Ceramic is crystalline and opaque.
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
10
Polymers
(Poly
many) & (mer
part)
Polymer is a long chain molecule consisting
of many small units (monomers) joined
together by covalent chemical bonds.
Poly
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
11
Composites
Distinguishing features
1.
Composed of two or more different materials (e.g., metal/ceramic, polymer/metal, etc.)
2.
Improved properties more desirable than possible with any individual material.
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
12
Questions
iron
• Hematite is an ore of ____________
aluminum
• Bauxite is an ore of ______________
gangue
• Rocky impurities present in the minerals are called _____________
• The most abundant element in the earth’s crust is
silicon
_________________
Fe, Cr, Ni, C
• Stainless steel is an alloy of _____________
polymeric
• LCDs and LEDs are ________________
materials.
platinum are two metals which exist native in nature.
Gold and _________
• ________
• ________
Sodium and ___________
magnesium are two metals which are obtained from
sea water.
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
13
Questions
• Crystallization of glassy materials produces ________
ceramics
• Polymers are composed of molecules called ___________
monomers
• Semiconductors are made from elements categorized as
_______________
metalloid
• The lightest metal known is ____________
lithium
pure
• Wrought is the most ___________
iron form.
volatile
• Roasting is an oxidation process to remove the ___________
elements.
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
14
Questions
mineral
• Ore is a ___________
of metal.
reduction process.
• Conversion of metal oxide to metal is __________
solid-solution of two or more materials.
• Composites are ______________
• Compounds are materials that includes two different elements
chemical bonds
bounded via ________________
• Ceramics are used for teeth implant because it can be made
______________
biocompatible
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
15
Test Yourself
• Name two ores of iron?
• Define the term gangue?
• Write down the chemical formula of Hematite?
• Write the names and formulae of any two ores of aluminum?
• Name two metals which exist native in nature?
• Name two metals obtained from sea water?
• Comment on the statement 'every ore is a mineral but every mineral
is not an ore'?
• Write down two chemical reactions showing how to extract Fe metal
from Fe2O3.2H2O
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
16
Presentation:
Chemistry of materials in automotive industry:
You may present concise information about chemistry of only one type of the following materials
used in car industry:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
•
•
•
•
steel,
plastics,
aluminum,
glass,
ceramics,
rubber.
Deadline week Dec 23rd
Weight : 10%
Instructions on how to prepare your presentation on CMS.
Use of AI in the presentation will result in 5% deduction for all team members.
WS 2023/2024
CHEM 102
17