The Feasibility of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Kernel with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Mucilage as an Eco-Paper
Jarenz Ace P. Cule
Ma. Albe Rose A. Juanillo
Mary Winmae C. Ramirez
Bais City National Science High School
Bais City
October 6, 2023
Carmelo A. Jamito Jr.
Research Adviser
2
The Feasibility of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Kernel with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Mucilage as an Eco-Paper
Abstract
In many countries around the world, paper products are widely used for various purposes,
such as writing, recording information, and mathematical computations. However, with the
increasing demand for paper products, there is a hastening loss of trees and a rise in waste
production. This study was conducted to explore the production of paper from alternative sources.
Coconut kernel was chosen as the main component because it contains fibers and other
carbohydrates like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which are primary source in paper
production. To evaluate the formulated paper, the tensile strength and folding resistance tests,
along with a survey, were conducted to evaluate the formulated paper’s tensile strength, pliability,
permanence of ink, and texture. A commercialized paper also underwent the same test to compare
its results with the results from the formulated paper. The statistical tools, t-test and U test were
utilized in analyzing the results. For the tensile strength test, the p-value from the t-test is 0.162911,
while the folding resistance test has a p-value of 0.00749. The p-value from the U test from the
survey is 0.01208. All tests had a significance level of 0.05 and showed a significant difference
except for the tensile strength test, where the commercialized paper was more efficient in the
folding resistance test and the survey. Based on the results, the researchers have concluded that
coconut kernel can be utilized in making paper but may differ compared to a commercialized paper
depending on the qualities looked for.
Keywords: Paper, coconut, kernel, fibers, carbohydrates, tensile strength test, folding resistance
test
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the following individuals and
organizations for their invaluable support and contributions to this research study: First and
foremost, we are immensely grateful to our supervisor, Sir Carmelo Jamito Jr., for his guidance,
expertise, and continuous support throughout the research process. His valuable insights and
constructive feedback have greatly shaped the direction and quality of this study.
We would also like to acknowledge our parents for their financial support that made this
study possible. Their investment in our work allowed us to conduct experiments, gather data, and
analyze the results effectively. We would also like to thank Mr. and Mrs. Ramirez along with our
school, Bais City National Science High School for providing the necessary resources and facilities
to carry out this study. Their support enabled us to conduct the experiments and collect the data
required for this study.
We extend our heartfelt appreciation to the participants who willingly volunteered their
time and actively participated in this research. Their cooperation and willingness to share their
experiences have been instrumental in obtaining valuable data and insights. We also wish to thank
our families for their unwavering support and understanding during the entire research period.
Their love, patience, and belief in our abilities have been a constant source of inspiration. Without
the contributions of these individuals and organizations, this study would not have been possible.
We are deeply grateful for their support and assistance. Although we have made every
effort to include everyone who has contributed to this research, we apologize if we have
inadvertently missed anyone.
4
Lastly, we want to thank the Almighty God for giving us many blessings during our
experiments, as that has allowed us to be successful in our study while being safe.
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page1
Abstract2
Acknowledgement3-4
Table of Contents5-7
INTRODUCTION
A.1 Rationale8-9
A.2 Statement of the Problem10
B. Goals/Expected Outcome/Hypothesis10
Review of Related Literature11-13
METHODOLOGY
C.1 Location and Duration of the Study14
C.2 Research Design14
C.3 Flowchart of the General Procedure 15
D. General Procedure
D.1 Gathering of Materials and Equipment15
D.2 Preparation of Materials and Equipment15
D.3 Pulping of Recycled Paper16
D.4 Extraction of Okra Mucilage16
6
D.5 Mixing of Raw Materials17
Table 1. Measurements of Each Component17
D.6 Molding of Paper17
D.7 Drying of Paper17
D.8 Tensile Strength Test18
D.9 Folding Resistance Test18
D.10 Survey for the Permanence of Ink and Texture18
D.11 Statistical Analysis Tool19
D.12 Risk Assessment and Proper Disposal19
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2. The Tensile Strengths of the Formulated Paper and Commercialized Paper20
Table 3. t-Test Results of the Tensile Strength Test between the Formulated Paper and
Commercialized Paper20
Table 4. Folding Resistance Test of the Formulated Paper and Commercialized Paper21
Table 5. t-Test Results of the Folding Resistance Test between the Formulated Paper and
Commercialized Paper21
Table 6. Survey Results for the Permanence of Ink and Texture 22
Table 7. Mann-Whitney U test Results of the Survey for the Permanence of Ink and
Texture23
7
CONCLUSION24-25
RECOMMENDATIONS25
REFERENCES26
APPENDICES
E.1 Process of Making the Formulated Paper27-29
E.2 Evaluation of the Formulated Paper and Commercialized Paper30-31
E.3 Sample Survey Questionnaire32
E.4 ISEF Forms33-39
8
INTRODUCTION
A.1 Rationale
The world's issues are exacerbated by the production of paper. Deforestation, air pollution,
and water pollution are all caused by it. Paper accounts for 34% of municipal waste, and 35% of
harvested trees go into paper manufacture (Mace, 2015). In the past 40 years, there has been a
400% growth in global paper use. In terms of energy consumption, the pulp and paper industry
ranks fifth globally, accounting for 4% of all global energy use (Toner Buzz, 2021). In the
Philippines, deforestation is a huge problem. The country is experiencing a fast rate of tree loss.
In 2021, the country lost over 37.7kha of natural forest. From 2002 to 2021, the country lost over
158kha of humid primary forest or 12% of its total tree cover loss (Vizzuality [V.], n.d.)
Since paper production contributes to many global problems like deforestation and global
warming, the researchers were inspired to make paper that would help solve these problems. The
researchers also aim to make paper that is cheap to produce so that people in faraway areas can
have access to affordable paper. The researchers are also eager to make paper that is more efficient
than commercialized paper. Along with other organic materials like cellulose, fiber is utilized in
the production of paper. During the process of making paper, fiber and cellulose obtained from
wood are compressed and dried. In order to determine the quality of the paper, fiber is crucial in
creating paper. Ink will spread on paper that has been written or printed on if the paper is thin and
poor in fiber content (World Paper Mill, 2019).
The researchers also used coconut (Cocos nucifera) kernel as the main ingredient in making
the alternative paper since it is rich in fiber and other carbohydrates, which are found in paper. The
fruit has a hard shell on the outside, enclosing the kernel and liquid inside of it. It is typically grown
9
in tropical countries like the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia (The Editors of Encyclopedia
Britannica, 1999). The kernel inside the shell is rich in fat, calories, fiber, and other carbohydrates
like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. It contains about 10–15% of carbohydrates on a wet
matter basis and will increase as the kernel thickens when the fruit matures (Coconut Handbook,
2017). Since coconut kernel is rich in fibers and other carbohydrates like cellulose, hemicellulose,
and lignin, it is suitable for use as an ingredient to make paper.
Another variable to be used is Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), a green finger-shaped fruit
grown in tropical countries like the Philippines, Nigeria, India, and Mexico. The plant contains
mucilage, which can be used in recycling paper. Okra mucilage contains 80% carbohydrates, of
which are polymeric carbohydrates, which are found in a glycoprotein. In addition, because of the
sugar's hydroxyl group, okra mucilage has a significant ability to bind water (Chawra et al., 2021).
Using okra mucilage instead of commercialized glue for paper binding is better, more efficient,
and less expensive when mixed with other substances like flour, water, and cornstarch (JKws,
2015).
The researchers can assure that there are no similar studies to this one. Paper that is already
on the market that is somewhat similar to this study is one that is produced commercially. The
researchers expect that the alternative paper will help solve many global problems, like
deforestation and global warming.
10
A.2 Statement of the Problem
This study was conducted to measure the tensile strength, pliability, permanence of ink,
and texture of the paper made from coconut kernel to determine if it has a significant difference
from a commercialized paper.
B. Goals/Expected Outcomes/Hypotheses
● Create paper that is cheap to produce and buy;
● Test the quality of the alternative paper in terms of:
a) Tensile strength;
b) Pliability;
c) Permanence of ink;
d) Texture; and
● Create paper that will help solve global problems like deforestation and global warming.
● H0: µF = µC: There is no significant difference between the formulated and commercialized
paper in terms of the following: tensile strength, pliability, permanence of ink and texture.
● Ha: µF ≠ µC: There is a significant difference between the formulated and commercialized
paper in terms of the following: tensile strength, pliability, permanence of ink and texture.
11
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Paper Production and Cellulose
The primary ingredient used to create paper is fiber. The only method for making paper
was with the use of wood and certain types of trees. It has been easy to get paper fiber, which
comes from timber and paper products. To create a thin piece of paper, the cellulose pulp and wet
fiber obtained from wood or other plants are compressed together and dried. Fiber and other
substances like carbohydrates and aluminum sulphate contribute significantly to paper making.
The quality of the paper is also important when making paper because some papers have low
stability and have a shorter lifespan. Papers with little fiber content and that are thinner than
necessary start to spread ink when printed or written on. Two characteristics of high-quality paper
are its thickness and the substance used to produce it. The thickness of the paper is determined by
its weight in grams per square meter (g/m2). Low-quality copier paper weighs roughly 80g/m2,
while good letterhead weighs about 120g/m2. Therefore, the gram per square meter is used to
assess the paper's quality. Every paper has a unique characteristic that can be helpful for particular
kinds of work (World Paper Mill, 2019).
A lot of plants are possible sources of paper because they contain cellulose fiber, which is
a significant component of plant stems; several of these have been turned into pulp in experiments.
Cellulose fibers have high strength and high durability. A sizable number of plant sources have
been employed for commercial use, albeit only on a small scale, in a variety of settings. In fact,
the tradition of using cereal straws for paper dates back to the use of wood pulp and is still prevalent
today in all countries, albeit on a limited scale. Due to the lack of forests in many places of the
world, the growth of the paper industry in countries lacking forests appears to be heavily dependent
12
on the use of annual plants and agricultural fibers. Non-woody plant stems are different from wood
because they include more other substances and less overall cellulose and lignin. As a result, pulps
with a high cellulose concentration have a low yield, while pulps with a high yield contain a large
proportion of other components. Papers created from these pulps without the addition of any
additional fibers are stiff and dense with poor opacity and tear resistance (Britt, 1999).
Coconut and Carbohydrates
The coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a fruit that is typically only grown in tropical regions. It
is a fruit with a hard shell on the outside with a husk in between the kernel and shell along with a
clear water inside. As the coconut matures, its weight and kernel composition change along with
it. The kernel inside is rich in fat, calories, fiber, and other carbohydrates while also containing a
variety of minerals, vitamins, and proteins. According to the Coconut Handbook (2017), the kernel
inside the coconut shell is also rich in carbohydrates, containing about 10-15% of carbohydrates
(both soluble and insoluble carbohydrates) on a wet matter basis. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and
lignin, which are insoluble carbohydrates, can be found inside the kernel. Those carbohydrates
increase as the kernel thickens when it matures. Since the coconut kernel is rich in fibers and other
carbohydrates like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, it is suitable for making paper. One
category of substances is carbohydrates. It is present in almost all plant species. Additionally, it is
necessary for all plant life. Carbohydrates include substances such as fibers, cellulose, starch, and
lignin (Davidson, 2022). Fiber is separated, cleaned, and decontaminated during the papermaking
process. The entire procedure is known as pulping (US Environmental Protection Agency, n.d.).
To produce high-quality paper, long fibers that are purely made of cellulose are needed during
papermaking. Which is why lignin is removed during the process, as lignin is the natural glue that
holds cellulose fibers together in plants.
13
Okra
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a green finger-shaped fruit plant that is grown in warm,
tropical, and subtropical countries like the Philippines and is one of the plants that contains
mucilage. One nation with a rising interest in okra farming is the Philippines. The mucilage from
okra can be used as a component in the recycling of paper. Approximately 80% of the
carbohydrates in okra mucilage are polymeric carbohydrates, which are found in a glycoprotein.
Additionally, because of the sugar's hydroxyl group, okra mucilage has a significant ability to bind
water (Chawra et al., 2021). The okra mucilage combined with other ingredients such as flour,
water, and cornstarch creates a better, more effective, and cheaper alternative than using
commercial glue for paper binding (JKws, 2015). A binding component called okra gum enhances
the hardness, friability, and rate of dissolution of numerous tablet formulations. On the other hand,
this natural binder inhibits the breakdown of some medications that are just slightly soluble,
making it a possible option for formulations that require binding. The binding ability of okra fruit
polymer is noticeably greater. Okra gum in varying percentages (3%, 4%, and 5%) and three
different grades of Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in concentrations of 30%, 60%, and
90% can be used to make compression coated tablets. Despite being a hydrophilic polymer, the
new polymer okra may be used successfully in sustained release formulations due to its swelling
characteristics, as can be shown in the characterization. If the reaction is in zero order, drug release
can be successfully postponed. The study sheds light on the utilization of okra gum as a polymer
that is rate retardant and may be used well as a binder in table compression (Chawra et al., 2021).
14
METHODOLOGY
C.1 Location and Duration of the Study
This study was conducted at one of the researchers’ residence located at Obrero St., Bais
City and at the Science Laboratory of Bais City National Science High School. The study was
conducted over the span of two months.
C.2 Research Design
Two group design was used in this study in comparing the quality between the paper made
commercially and the paper made with coconut (Cocos nucifera) kernel in terms of tensile
strength, pliability, permanence of ink and texture. In determining the quality of the alternative
paper and commercialized paper, the researchers observed and evaluated their tensile strength,
pliability, permanence of ink and texture based on tests and a survey conducted.
15
C.3 Flowchart of the General Procedure
Figure 1. The flowchart above shows the summary of the general procedure of the study.
D. GENERAL PROCEDURE
D.1 Gathering of Materials and Equipment
The researchers gathered all the equipment needed for the experiment that were all found
at one of the researchers’ own residence. The researcher also bought the materials needed for the
experiment at the Bais City Satellite Market located at the Western Nautical Highway.
D.2 Preparation of Materials and Equipment
Before starting the experiment, the researchers prepared all the materials and equipment
that were going to be used in the experiment.
16
PRODUCTION OF PAPER
D.3 Pulping of Recycled Paper
After preparing the materials and equipment, the researchers took several sheets of recycled
paper and tore them into several pieces. The researchers then placed it inside a blender along with
water and proceeded to blend until they got a smooth mixture.
D.4 Extraction of Okra Mucilage
After blending the recycled paper, the researchers proceeded to cut several pieces of okra
into small pieces, which were then boiled inside a pot filled with water to extract the mucilage of
the okra. The researchers then proceeded to strain the contents of the pot to separate the boiled
pieces of okra from its mucilage.
17
D.5 Mixing of Raw Materials
After preparing the okra mucilage and recycled paper pulp, the researchers placed 160 mL
of the coconut kernel into a blender along with 160 mL of recycled paper pulp and 120 mL of okra
mucilage and blended it until the consistency of the mixture was smooth and viscous. The
researchers used the same amounts of coconut kernel, recycled paper, and okra mucilage for each
trial.
Table 1. Measurements of Each Component
The table below shows the amount of each component used in making the formulated paper.
Formulation 1 (COCONUT
KERNEL BASED PAPER)
1st trial
2nd trial
3rd trial
Coconut
Kernel
Okra Mucilage
Recycled
Paper
160
160
160
120
120
120
160
160
160
D.6 Molding of Paper
After mixing the raw materials, the researchers poured the mixture into a container filled
with water and stirred the mixture to ensure that the mixture was evenly dispersed inside the
container. The researchers then placed a deckle and mold inside the container and collected the
solid pieces of the mixture, which contained the fibers of the coconut kernel until the deckle was
filled.
D.7 Drying of Paper
After molding the paper, the researchers separated the deckle from the mold and placed the
deckle on a cloth sitting on a flat surface, with the side containing the molded paper facing the
cloth. The researchers then used a sponge on the other side of the deckle to extract excess moisture.
They then let it sit for at least 24 hours to dry the molded paper.
18
EVALUATION OF PAPER
D.8 Tensile Strength Test
In evaluating the tensile strengths of the formulated and commercialized paper, there were
1
three trials. The paper samples were cut into 2 × 12 inch rectangles. Each paper was labeled A –
C. Afterwards, the samples were hooked on the spring scale to measure their tensile strength. The
samples were then subjected to increasing force in pulling to determine their tensile strength. The
data was then collected by the researchers.
D.9 Folding Resistance Test
In evaluating the pliability of the formulated and commercialized paper, there were three
1
1
trials. The paper samples were cut into 32 × 22 inch rectangles. Each paper was labeled A – C. To
determine their pliability, each sample was subjected to continuous folding until the researchers
were unable to continue. The data was then collected by the researchers.
D.10 Survey for the Permanence of Ink and Texture
In evaluating the permanence of ink and texture of the formulated and commercialized
paper, surveys were conducted to determine and compare the data. 15 respondents were instructed
to answer questions based on how they felt as they wrote on both the formulated and
commercialized papers. The data was then collected by the researchers.
19
D.11 Statistical Analysis Tool
The data of the study was recorded and analyzed using the following statistical tools:
● t-Test which was used to determine if there is a significant difference between the
formulated and commercialized paper in terms of tensile strength.
● t-Test which was used to determine if there is a significant difference between the
formulated and commercialized paper in terms of pliability.
● Mann-Whitney U test which was used to determine if there is a significant difference
between the formulated and commercialized paper in terms of the permanence of ink and
texture.
D.12 Risk Assessment and Proper Disposal
While experimenting, the researchers followed strict safety measures to ensure their safety.
After experimenting, the researchers disposed the materials and cleaned the equipment used in the
experiment. They also cleaned and inspected the area where the experiment took place to ensure
the safety of the researchers and the people around the area.
20
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2. The Tensile Strengths of the Formulated Paper and Commercialized Paper
The table below shows the tensile strengths of the formulated and commercialized paper
in newtons (N), each with 3 trials. The means of the tensile strengths of the formulated and
commercialized paper were calculated. This explains that the commercialized paper is more
efficient in terms of tensile strength because it has a mean of 2.84 and a standard deviation of ±0.51
which is greater than the formulated paper where its mean is 2.55 and a standard deviation of ±0.1.
TRIALS/SAMPLES
A
B
C
𝑥
s
FORMULATED PAPER
2.55
2.45
2.65
2.55
±0.1
COMMERCIALIZED PAPER
3.43
2.55
2.55
2.84
±0.51
Table 3. t-Test Results of the Tensile Strength Test between the Formulated and
Commercialized Paper
The table below shows the t-test result between the formulated and commercialized paper.
The computed p-value is 0.162911 that resulted with no significant difference at a level of
significance of 0.05. This means that there is no significant difference between the formulated and
commercialized paper in terms of tensile strength.
p-value
Formulated Paper
0.162911
Commercialized Paper
Level of significance = 0.05
Decision
Remarks
Accept H0
Not Significant
21
Table 4. Folding Resistance Test of the Formulated and Commercialized Paper with the
Number of Times It Can Be Folded
The table below shows the number of folds applicable to the formulated and
commercialized paper, each with 3 trials. The means of the number of folds of the formulated and
commercialized paper were calculated. This explains that the commercialized paper is more
efficient in terms of pliability because its mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 0 which is greater
than the formulated paper where its mean is 3.33 and a standard deviation of ±0.58.
Formulated
Paper
Commercialized
Paper
Trial A
Trial B
Trial C
𝑥
S
3
4
3
3.33
±0.58
5
5
5
5
0
Table 5. t-Test Results of the Folding Resistance Test between the Formulated and
Commercialized Paper
The table below shows the t-test results between the formulated paper and commercialized
paper. The computed p-value is 0.00749 that resulted with a significant difference at a level of
significance of 0.05. This means that there is a significant difference between the formulated paper
and commercialized paper, where the commercialized paper is more efficient in terms of pliability.
p-value
Formulated Paper
0.00749
Commercialized Paper
Level of significance = 0.05
Decision
Remarks
Reject H0
Significant
22
Table 6. Survey Results for the Permanence of Ink and Texture
The table below shows the results of the survey using the Likert Scale. The means of the
results of the survey of the formulated and commercialized paper were calculated. This explains
that the commercialized paper is efficient in terms of permanence of ink and texture because it has
a mean of 4.24 and a standard deviation ±0.77 which is greater than the formulated paper where
its mean is 3.1 and a standard deviation of ±0.962.
Statements
1. The paper is smooth for
writing.
2. The color of the ink is
visible.
3. The ink can’t be easily
smeared by hand.
4. The texture is appropriate
for writing.
5. The texture is soft.
𝑥
Legend
Formulated Paper
𝑥
s
VD
Commercialized Paper
𝑥
s
VD
2.8
±0.98
Neutral
4.47
±0.62
Strongly Agree
3.6
±0.61
Agree
4.4
±0.71
Strongly Agree
3.53
±1.02
Agree
3.93
±1
Agree
2.67
±1.19
Neutral
4.2
±0.75
Strongly Agree
2.67
±1.01
Neutral
4.2
3.1
±0.962 Neutral
4.24
VD = Verbal Description
s = Sample Standard Deviation
±0.75 Strongly Agree
±0.77 Strongly Agree
𝑥 = Sample Mean
23
Table 7. Mann-Whitney U test Results of the Survey for the Permanence of Ink and
Texture
The table below shows the Mann-Whitney U test results between the formulated paper and
commercialized paper. The computed p-value is 0.01208 that resulted with a significant difference
at a level of significance of 0.05. This means that there is a significant difference between the
formulated paper and commercialized paper, where the commercialized paper is more efficient in
terms of permanence of ink and texture.
𝑥
s
Formulated
3.1
±0.962
Paper
Commercialized
4.24
±0.77
Paper
Level of significance = 0.05
VD
p-value
Decision
Remarks
0.01208
Reject
H0
Significant
Neutral
Strongly
Agree
24
CONCLUSION
The researchers were able to conduct the study "The Feasibility of Coconut (Cocous
nucifera) with Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Mucilage as an Eco-Paper". The researchers
concluded that the formulated and commercialized paper are different in terms of their tensile
strength, pliability, permanence of ink and texture, according to the results of each test.
While comparing both papers in terms of their tensile strengths, there is no significant
difference between the formulated and commercialized paper, as shown in the results of Table 3.
t-Test Results of the Tensile Strength Test between the Formulated and Commercialized Paper.
The commercialized paper has a mean of 2.84, which is greater than the mean of the formulated
paper, which is 2.55, and according to the t-test results, there is no significant difference at p < .05.
This explains why there is no significant difference between the formulated and commercialized
paper in terms of tensile strength. In terms of their pliability, as shown in the results of the folding
resistance test, the commercialized paper has a mean of 5, while the formulated paper has a mean
of 3.33. According to the t-test results, there is a significant difference at p < .05 where the
commercialized paper is more efficient in terms of pliability. As for their permanence of ink and
texture, the survey results show that the respondents are more in favor of the commercialized paper
than the formulated paper. According to the results of the U test, there is a significant difference
at p < .05 where the commercialized paper is more efficient in terms of permanence of ink and
texture.
The researchers therefore conclude that there is a significant difference between the
formulated paper and commercialized paper in terms of pliability, permanence of ink and texture,
25
where the commercialized paper is more efficient in terms of pliability, permanence of ink and
texture. But there is no significant difference between the formulated paper and commercialized
paper in terms of tensile strength. Therefore, coconut kernel can be utilized in making paper but
may differ in its qualities compared to commercialized papers depending on the qualities that are
looked for.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend that future researcher/s to experiment with other kinds of
binders to measure the formulated paper's tensile strength and pliability and to also determine if it
is better than a commercialized paper in terms of tensile strength and pliability.
Furthermore, the researchers recommend to future researcher/s that they try other
formulations and add other variables to the formulation to see if there are any changes in the
formulated paper in terms of tensile strength, pliability, permanence of ink and texture; and to also
determine if there is a significant difference between the formulated and commercialized paper in
terms of tensile strength, pliability, permanence of ink and texture.
Additionally, the researchers would also like to recommend to future researcher/s that they
try to make the formulated paper thin by either compressing it or through other methods to see if
there are any changes in its brittleness and texture.
26
References
Britt, K. W. (1999). Papermaking | Process, History, & Facts. In Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/papermaking
Chawra, H., Mishra, A., Singh, S. K., Sonawane, G., & Pansare, K. (2021, December 17). Okra
Mucilage: Potential Role in Drug Delivery. Suresh Gyan Vihar University.
https://www.gyanvihar.org/journals/index.php/2021/12/13/okra-mucilage-potential-rolein-drug-delivery/
Coconut
Handbook.
(2017,
March
13).
Composition
https://coconuthandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/composition
Davidson, E. A. (2022). Carbohydrate | Definition, Classification, & Examples. In Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/carbohydrate
JKws, H. (2015, February 23). EFFICACY OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus) MUCILAGE AS
COMPONENT
FOR
PAPER
RECYCLING.
Prezi.
https://prezi.com/whqlu31io4ml/efficacy-of-okra-abelmoschus-esculentus-mucilage-ascompon/
Mace, R. (2015, September 25). The Impact of Paper Production on the Environment.
eFileCabinet.
https://www.efilecabinet.com/impact-of-paper-production-environment-
paperless-office/.
Toner Buzz. (2021, June 3). Facts About Paper: How Paper Affects the Environment.
https://www.tonerbuzz.com/facts-about-paper/
Vizzuality [V.]. (n.d.). Philippines Deforestation Rates & Statistics | GFW. Global Forest Watch.
Retrieved
September
20,
2022,
from
https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/PHL/?category=forest-change.
World Paper Mill. (2019, January 30). What is a Paper? https://worldpapermill.com/what-is-apaper/
27
APPENDICES
E.1 Process of Making the Formulated Paper
Raw Materials Used in Making the Formulated Paper
Pulping of Recycled Paper
28
Extraction of Okra Mucilage
Mixing of Raw Materials
Molding of the Formulated Paper
29
Drying of the Formulated Paper
Formulated Paper after Drying
30
E.2 Evaluation of the Formulated Paper and Commercialized Paper
Tensile Strength Test
Folding Resistance Test
31
Survey on the Permanence of Ink and Texture
32
E.3 Sample Survey Questionnaire
33
E.4 ISEF Forms
Salvacion A. Adana
July 2, 2023
34
Salvacion A. Adana
July 2, 2023
35
Salvacion A. Adana
July 2, 2023
36
37
38
39
40
41
E.3 Survey Questionnaire Sample
42
M
i
43
Drying of Formulated Paper
Formulated Paper after Drying
44