Q1.
There are different groups of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum.
(a)
Figure 1 shows the position of three groups of the waves.
Figure 1
A
Microwaves
B
Visible
light
C
D
Gamma
rays
Which letter shows the position of infrared?
Tick (✓) one box.
A
B
C
D
(1)
A student investigated how the colour of a surface affects the amount of infrared the
surface absorbs.
Figure 2 shows the equipment used.
Figure 2
(b)
Complete the sentence.
Page 1 of 20
Choose the answer from the box.
a control
the dependent
the independent
In this investigation the distance between each flask and the infrared heater
is ____________________ variable.
(1)
(c)
The student wrote the hypothesis:
‘Surface colour of the flask affects the amount of infrared
absorbed when the heater is switched on for five minutes.’
Describe how the equipment in Figure 2 could be used to test this hypothesis.
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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(4)
The table below shows the results.
Colour of
flask
Temperature increase in °C
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Black
19
17
27
Silver
10
12
11
(d)
Which one of the results for the black flask is anomalous?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e)
The anomalous result was caused by reading the thermometer incorrectly.
Page 2 of 20
What should the student do with the anomalous result?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(f)
Calculate the mean temperature increase for the silver flask.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Mean temperature increase = ____________________ °C
(1)
(g)
What conclusion can be made from the table above?
Tick (✓) one box.
Both flasks absorbed the same amount of infrared during the
five minutes.
The black flask absorbed the most infrared during the five
minutes.
The silver flask absorbed the most infrared during the five
minutes.
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q2.
(a)
The diagram below shows the position of three types of wave in the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Which letter represents the position of X-rays in the electromagnetic spectrum?
Tick (✓) one box.
A
B
C
D
(1)
A doctor needs to obtain an image of a bone in a patient’s injured arm.
The doctor takes an X-ray of the arm.
(b)
Give one possible harmful consequence of receiving a dose of X-ray radiation.
Page 3 of 20
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
The table below gives information about two methods of bone imaging.
Method
Radiation dose in
millisieverts
X-ray of arm
0.1
CT scan of arm
6.0
(c)
Compare the risk of harm to the patient of having an X-ray rather than a CT scan.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d)
Which of the following is the same as 6.0 millisieverts?
Tick (✓) one box.
0.60 sieverts
0.060 sieverts
0.0060 sieverts
0.00060 sieverts
(1)
(e)
The patient received a total radiation dose of 2.5 millisieverts during one year.
Calculate the percentage of this dose that came from one X-ray of the arm.
Use the data in the table above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Percentage = _______________ %
Page 4 of 20
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q3.
(a)
Figure 1 shows the position of three types of wave in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Figure 1
A
Microwaves
B
Visible light
C
D
Gamma
rays
Which letter represents infrared in the electromagnetic spectrum?
Tick (✓) one box.
A
B
C
D
(1)
(b)
What is infrared used for?
Tick (✓) one box.
Electrical heating
Energy efficient lamps
Satellite communications
Sun tanning
(1)
An infrared camera produces a colour image. Different colours show different
temperatures.
People emit infrared radiation. Figure 2 shows how the colour of the image of a person on
an infrared camera depends on the person’s body temperature.
Figure 2
(c)
Complete the sentence.
Choose the answer from the box.
Page 5 of 20
orange
red
yellow
The image produced by an infrared camera of a person with a body temperature of
37 °C is mainly _________________________ .
(1)
(d)
Rescue workers use infrared cameras to search for people trapped under rubble
after an earthquake.
How does the image of a trapped person change if the person’s body temperature
drops from 37 °C to 33 °C?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
A student investigated how the type of surface affects the amount of infrared the surface
radiates.
Figure 3 shows the equipment used.
Figure 3
(e)
Complete the sentence.
Choose the answer from the box.
a control
the dependent
the independent
In this investigation the type of surface is ___________________________ variable.
(1)
(f)
Describe how the equipment shown in Figure 3 would be used to compare the
infrared radiation emitted from the vertical surfaces of the cube.
___________________________________________________________________
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Page 6 of 20
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
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(3)
The table below shows the results.
Type of surface
(g)
Temperature in
°C
Matt black
68.0
Matt white
65.5
Shiny black
66.3
Shiny silver
28.0
What is the resolution of the infrared detector?
Tick (✓) one box.
0.1 °C
1.0 °C
1.7 °C
68.0 °C
(1)
The bar chart in Figure 4 shows two of the results.
Figure 4
Page 7 of 20
(h)
Complete the bar chart to show all of the results.
(3)
(i)
Give one conclusion that can be made from the results.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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(1)
(Total 13 marks)
Q4.
The diagram below shows the position of three types of wave in the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Radio
waves
(a)
A
B
C
Ultraviolet
X-rays
D
Which position shows where visible light is in the spectrum?
Tick one box.
A
B
C
D
(1)
(b)
Which one of the statements about electromagnetic waves is correct?
Tick one box.
Page 8 of 20
Radio waves have a higher frequency than X-rays.
Radio waves have a longer wavelength than ultraviolet.
X-rays have a longer wavelength than radio waves.
X-rays travel faster through the air than ultraviolet.
(1)
(c)
Give one possible danger of exposing your skin to ultraviolet radiation.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d)
Having an X-ray taken exposes a person to ionising radiation.
The table below gives the average radiation dose for an X-ray of the chest and an
X-ray of the upper digestive system.
Part of the body
Upper digestive system
Chest
Radiation dose in
millisieverts (mSv)
5.0
0.1
The risk of an X-ray causing cancer is about 1 in 20 000 for each mSv of radiation
received.
Compare the risk of developing cancer from having an X-ray of the upper digestive
system with the risk from having an X-ray of the chest.
Use the data in the table.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q5.
(a)
Which one of the following is not an electromagnetic wave?
Tick one box.
Page 9 of 20
Gamma rays
Sound
Ultraviolet
X-rays
(1)
(b)
What type of electromagnetic wave do our eyes detect?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)
What is a practical use for infrared waves?
Tick one box.
Cooking food
Energy efficient lamps
Medical imaging
Satellite communications
(1)
Scientists have detected radio waves emitted from a distant galaxy.
Some of the radio waves from the distant galaxy have a frequency of 1 200 000 000 hertz.
(d)
Which is the same as 1 200 000 000 hertz?
Tick one box.
1.2 gigahertz
1.2 kilohertz
1.2 megahertz
Page 10 of 20
1.2 millihertz
(1)
(e)
Radio waves travel through space at 300 000 kilometres per second (km/s).
How is 300 000 km/s converted to metres per second (m/s)?
Tick one box.
300 000 ÷ 1000 = 300 m/s
300 000 × 1000 = 300 000 000 m/s
300 000 + 1000 = 301 000 m/s
300 000 – 1000 = 299 000 m/s
(1)
(f)
Write the equation which links frequency, wavelength and wave speed.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(g)
Calculate the wavelength of the radio waves emitted from the distant galaxy.
Give your answer in metres.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
wavelength = ____________________ m
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q6.
The figure below shows an incomplete electromagnetic spectrum.
A
(a)
microwaves
B
C
ultraviolet
D
gamma
What name is given to the group of waves at the position labelled A in the figure
above?
Tick one box.
Page 11 of 20
infrared
radio
visible light
X-ray
(1)
(b)
Electromagnetic waves have many practical uses.
Draw one line from each type of electromagnetic wave to its use.
Electromagnetic
wave
Use
For fibre optic
communications
Gamma rays
For communicating with a
satellite
Microwaves
To see security markings
Ultraviolet
To sterilise surgical
instruments
(3)
(c)
Complete the sentence.
Use an answer from the box.
black body
ionising
Page 12 of 20
nuclear
X-rays can be dangerous to people because X-rays are
_____________________ radiation.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q7.
(a)
On the wave drawn below, mark the amplitude and wavelength.
(2)
(b)
A wave is said to have a frequency of 25 Hz.
Explain what the term frequency means.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)
From the electromagnetic spectrum, give the name and use of a radiation of lower
frequency than light.
Name _____________________________________________________________
Use _______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q8.
Waves may be longitudinal or transverse.
(a)
Describe the differences between longitudinal waves and transverse waves.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Page 13 of 20
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b)
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves.
Describe how radio waves are different from sound waves.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 14 of 20
Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)
B
1
(b)
a control
1
(c)
record the initial temperature of the two thermometers in each flask
allow initial temperature is a control variable
or
ensure initial temperature is the same in both
flasks
1
switch the infrared heater on and start the stop clock (at the same time)
allow switch on the power supply for switch on
the heater
1
after five minutes record the (final) temperature from both flasks
allow calculate the temperature increase /
change after five minutes
1
see / check if the temperature inside the flasks had increased by different
amounts
1
(d)
27 (°C)
allow 27 (°C) identified on the table
allow test 3
1
(e)
ignore (the result)
allow repeat (the result)
1
(f)
(33/3 = ) 11
1
(g)
the black flask absorbed the most infrared during the five minutes
1
[10]
Q2.
(a)
D
1
(b)
Any one from:
•
mutation (of genes/DNA/chromosomes)
allow can damage OR destroy genes/DNA/chromosomes
ignore damage/destroy cells/tissues/organs
Page 15 of 20
ignore mutates cells
•
cancer/tumour
•
cell death
allow kills cells
1
(c)
the risk of harm is lower from the X-ray
1
by a factor of 60
1
(d)
0.0060 sieverts
1
× 100
(e)
1
4 (%)
allow 0.04 for 1 mark
1
[7]
Q3.
(a)
B
1
(b)
electrical heating
1
(c)
orange
allow a correct answer indicated in the box
provided the answer space is blank
1
(d)
becomes (more) red
allow changes from mainly orange to mainly red
1
(e)
the independent
allow a correct answer indicated in the box
provided the answer space is blank
1
(f)
pour (hot) water into the (hollow metal) cube
1
point the IR detector at each / a side and take a reading
allow point the IR detector at the cube and take a
reading
allow IR detector touching the surface and take a
reading
allow take the temperature for take a reading
Page 16 of 20
1
keep the detector the same distance from each surface
1
(g)
0.1°C
1
(h)
one bar drawn to 68.0 (°C)
ignore the position of the bars on the x-axis
1
one bar drawn to 28.0 (°C)
1
tallest bar labelled Matt black and shortest bar labelled Shiny silver
1
(i)
any one from:
•
(matt) black is the best emitter
•
shiny silver is the worst emitter
allow matt white and shiny black are (almost) the
same at emitting
allow black is a good emitter
allow silver is a poor emitter
allow an answer in terms of highest / lowest
temperature
ignore any reference to absorption / reflection
1
[13]
Q4.
(a)
C
1
(b)
radio waves have a longer wavelength than ultraviolet
1
(c)
(risk of) skin cancer
cancer is insufficient
or
(prematurely) ageing skin
skin damage is insufficient
ignore kills skin cells
1
(d)
risk is higher (for X-ray of uds than X-ray of chest)
1
by a factor of 50
or
risk calculated for each type of X-ray
chest X-ray = 1:200 000 (1)
uds = 1:4000 (1)
1
Page 17 of 20
[5]
Q5.
(a)
sound
1
(b)
(visible) light
1
(c)
cooking food
1
(d)
1.2 gigahertz
1
(e)
300 000 × 1000 = 300 000 000 m/s
1
(f)
wave speed = frequency × wavelength
allow v = f λ
1
(g)
300 000 000 = 1200 000 000 × λ
an answer of 0.25 scores 3 marks
1
allow ecf from (e)
1
λ = 0.25 (m)
1
[10]
Q6.
(a)
radio
1
(b)
Page 18 of 20
award 1 mark for each correct line
if more than one line is drawn from any em wave then none
of those lines gain credit
3
(c)
ionising
1
[5]
Q7.
(a)
amplitude marked as approximately half a wave height
great precision is not required
1
wavelength marked as a trough to trough distance or a peak to peak
distance
accept an equivalent repeat distance anywhere on the wave
1
(b)
the number of waves each second
accept cycles per second accept 25 waves pass each
second
1
(c)
any pair from
microwave
cooking or communication or mobile phone
radio
communication or entertainment
infra-red
cooking or heating or remote control or security or night sights
or thermal imaging
accept sensible specific uses
2
[5]
Page 19 of 20
Q8.
(a)
the oscillation / vibration (causing the wave)
a movement causes the wave is insufficient
1
for a transverse wave is perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer
accept direction of wave travel
1
and for a longitudinal wave is parallel to the direction of energy transfer
accept direction of wave travel
if no marks awarded allow 1 mark for correctly linking
perpendicular with transverse and parallel with longitudinal
the marks may be scored by the drawing of two correctly
labelled diagrams
1
(b)
for radio waves:
accept converse for each mark
are transverse
1
travel at speed of light / higher speed
1
have greater frequencies
1
can travel through vacuum
accept sound waves are not electromagnetic for 1 mark
1
[7]
Page 20 of 20