lOMoARcPSD|16418741 LAB REPORT EXPERIMENT 3 - KIDNEY FUNCTION AND PHYSIOLOGY Foundation Biology (Universiti Teknologi MARA) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Irfann (mohamadirfanbinridzuan@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16418741 CENTER OF FOUNDATION STUDIES MARA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS DENGKIL FOUNDATION OF SCIENCE (PI080) KIDNEY FUNCTION AND PHYSIOLOGY GROUP/CLASS : PI080S25 (GROUP 3) Prepared by : NAME ID NUMBER NAFIZ WAQIUDDIN BIN MOHAMAD NAZRI 2021491344 MUHAMMAD NUR SALEHUDDIN BIN SHAHARUDDIN 2021872134 NURFARAH DIANA BT MAZERI 2021686818 RAJA SITI KHUMAIRAH BT RAJA SALLEH 2021807508 NURHAZIQAH NASYITAH BT ZULKIFLEE 2021892018 NUREEN SOFEA ALEYA BT LUKMAN 2021484956 Downloaded by Irfann (mohamadirfanbinridzuan@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16418741 INTRODUCTION Human body makes up to 60% of water. In order to maintain the correct amount and substances, there is a process in our body called osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is maintenance by an organism of an internal balance between water and dissolved materials regardless of environmental conditions. This process will excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of urea. Osmoregulation takes place in the bean-shaped organ called kidney, where the paired kidneys are the center of the mammalian excretory system where each kidney is supplied with blood by renal artery and drained by a renal vein. The mammalian kidney has two distinct regions that are the outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla. The formation of urea takes place in the nephron and consists of three steps, filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. In this process, the metabolic waste product will be removed and only urine will be secreted. The outside of the kidney that acts as a layer to protect the nephrons is called the renal capsule which is a tough capsule of fibrous connective tissue. The human kidney consists of three major parts called the renal cortex, renal medulla and renal pelvis. Renal cortex is the outer part of the kidney while renal medulla is the inner part of the kidney. The medulla is made up of multiple pyramidal tissue masses called the renal pyramids that hold a million filtering units called nephrons. At the end of each and one nephron which is located in the renal cortex, there is a cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s capsule that encircles a ball of capillaries called glomerulus. Meanwhile, a nephron also consists of the renal tubule, which is built by a proximal convoluted tubule, a distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. The role of a nephron is to conduct glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion to excrete metabolic wastes products in the form of urine. The formation of urine in the kidney begins in the Bowman’s capsule where it is called filtration. Filtration occurs when higher blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman’s capsule. Highly coiled glomerular capillaries provide larger surface area for this process. The filtrate then will pass through a few regions which are proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collection duct. Reabsorption will occur in the loop of Henle and collecting duct will be the final stage before the fluid is led to the renal pelvis and drained by the ureter. During reabsorption, in the descending limb of the loop of Henle, there are almost no channels for salt and other small solutes. Hence, the filtrate becomes increasingly high in solute as it loses water. In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the filtrate becomes increasingly dilute as it moves up to the cortex in the ascending limb. In the collecting duct, water is lost as well as some salt and urea, where the filtrate becomes more concentrated. Downloaded by Irfann (mohamadirfanbinridzuan@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16418741 PROCEDURE For this experiment, the structures of the human kidney and the urinary system have been observed, drawn and labeled by the students. The students also observed the prepared slides of the human kidney by using a light microscope. The prepared slides of the human kidney have been drawn and also labeled at 100X and 400X magnifications. RESULTS Model of the urinary system Adrenal gland Left kidney Right kidney Renal vein Renal artery Abdominal aorta Inferior vena cava Left ureter Right ureter Urinary bladder Downloaded by Irfann (mohamadirfanbinridzuan@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16418741 Model of the human kidney Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pyramids (medulla) Renal pelvis Renal artery Renal vein Capsule Ureter Downloaded by Irfann (mohamadirfanbinridzuan@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16418741 Microscope observation of the human kidney (prepared slide) Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Proximal Convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Downloaded by Irfann (mohamadirfanbinridzuan@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16418741 Microscope observation of the human kidney (prepared slide) Proximal convoluted tubule Bowman’s capsule Distal convoluted tubule Glomerulus Downloaded by Irfann (mohamadirfanbinridzuan@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16418741 DISCUSSION The purpose of this experiment is to examine the anatomy and function of the excretory system, which are critical for waste excretion and osmoregulation in humans. After completing this experiment, we can finally comprehend the anatomy of the urinary system and human kidneys. We can directly label all the structures' components by observing the figures provided. A light microscope is used in this experiment to enhance the visualization of microscopic images when a sample of a human kidney is placed beneath it and observed. Magnifications of 100x and 400x were used in this experiment. Under 100x magnification, observation with a light microscope enables us to see some parts of the kidney that are not readily visible, such as the glomerulus, and the majority of the other parts of the sample that can be seen are cross-sections of proximal or distal convoluted tubules. Meanwhile, at 400x magnification, the structure of the human kidney becomes more apparent, with the glomerulus appearing significantly larger, unstained space becoming more visible, and other regions of the human kidney sample becoming visible. We can see the dark stain in the cell of the renal cortex, which is a network of capillaries called the glomerulus, at both 100x and 400x magnifications. The glomerulus is composed of blood plasma and filters our blood, resulting in the glomerular filtrate composed of water, ions, and small molecules. It is encircled by an unstained space resembling a bowman's capsule. The Bowman's capsule collects the filtrate and transports it to the proximal tubule, the Henley loop, and the distal tubule. There are numerous tubules visible under 400x magnification, one of the structures that can also be seen at 100x magnification as tubules arranged side by side. Additionally, the tubules have a lumen lined with a single layer of simple cuboidal epithelium cells for secretion and higher absorption. Proximal convoluted tubules operate in reabsorbing water, salts, glucose, and amino acids, following the needs of homeostasis. Moreover, it secretes ammonia and the ion hydrogen, H+ to maintain the filtrate's pH. Then, the proximal convoluted tubules are continued with a long U-shaped tubule dubbed loop of Henle. The loop of Henle's primary function is to recover water and sodium chloride from urine. It is divided into three segments with distinct functions: the thin descending limb, the thin ascending limb, and the thick ascending limb. Next, the distal convoluted tubule is placed between the loop of Henle and the proximal convoluted tubule. It is responsible for potassium ion, K+ secreted into the filtrate via passive transport and sodium chloride, NaCl reabsorption from the filtrate by active transport. Downloaded by Irfann (mohamadirfanbinridzuan@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|16418741 CONCLUSION In conclusion, The structure of the kidney is clearly observed and labeled to obtain deeper information about anatomy and the function of the excretory system from this experiment as the main structure of the excretory system is the two bean-shaped kidneys. The main task of the excretory system is to eliminate waste products by homeostasis in the form of urine. A urinalysis test does indeed help to check our overall health thus helping to diagnose and monitor our medical condition as the abnormal urinalysis results may point to a disease or illness. REFERENCES 1. Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2016, April 21). osmoregulation. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/osmoregulation 2. Biga, L. M., Dawson, S., Harwell, A., Hopkins, R., Kaufmann, J., LeMaster, M., Matern, P., Morrison-Graham, K., Quick, D., & Runyeon, J. (2019, September 26). 25.2 microscopic anatomy of the kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron. Anatomy Physiology. Retrieved February 23, 2022, from https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/25-2-microscopic-anatomy-of-the-kidne y-anatomy-of-the-nephron/ 3. Jones, O. (2022). The kidneys. TeachMeAnatomy. Retrieved February 23, 2022, from https://teachmeanatomy.info/abdomen/viscera/kidney/ 4. Learning, L. (2021). Human Osmoregulatory and Excretory Systems. Lumen Boundless Biology. Retrieved February 23, 2022, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/human-osmoregulatory-an d-excretory-systems/ 5. Rye, C., Avissar, Y., Jurukovski, V., Fowler, S., Wise, R., Roush, R., Choi, J., DeSaix, J., Wise, J., Nakano, M., Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2015, May 14). 11.1 homeostasis and Osmoregulation. Concepts of Biology 1st Canadian Edition. Retrieved February 23, 2022, from https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/11-1-homeostasis-and-osmoregulation/ 6. Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless anatomy and physiology. Lumen. Retrieved February 23, 2022, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/the-kidneys/#:~:text=The%20ki dneys%20are%20a%20pair,fat%20to%20help%20cushion%20them. 7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Your kidneys & how they work. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved February 23, 2022, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work Downloaded by Irfann (mohamadirfanbinridzuan@gmail.com)
