INDEX
I
1. WHAT IS CANCER?
2. COMMON TYPES OF
CANCER
3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
NORMAL CELLS AND
CANCER CELLS
5. HOW DOES CANCER
CELLS GET ACTIVATE?
6. PREVENTION STEPS
7. DEVELOPMENT OF
CANCER
8. MAIN CAUSES OF
CANCER
9. TREATMENT OF CANCER
10.CASE STUDY
11.BIBLIOGRAPHY
STUDY OF CANCER
1. WHAT IS CANCER?
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s
cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts
of the body.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human
body, which is made up of trillions of cells.
Normally, human cells grow and multiply (through
a process called cell division) to form new cells as
the body needs them. When cells grow old or
become damaged, they die, and new cells take their
place.
Sometimes this orderly process breaks down, and
abnormal or damaged cells grow and multiply
when they shouldn’t. These cells may form tumors,
which are lumps of tissue. Tumors can be
cancerous or not cancerous (benign).
Cancerous tumors spread into, or invade, nearby
tissues and can travel to distant places in the body
to form new tumors (a process called metastasis).
Cancerous tumors may also be
called malignant tumors.
2.COMMON TYPES OF CANCER
• Bladder Cancer
• Breast Cancer
• Colorectal cancer
• Kidney Cancer
• Lung Cancer
• Melanoma
• Oral and Oropharyngeal
Cancer
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Prostate Cancer
• Thyroid Cancer
• Uterine Cancer
• Brain Cancer
3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
•Fatigue or extreme tiredness that doesn’t get
better with rest.
•Weight loss or gain of 10 pounds or more for
no known reason
•Eating problems such as not feeling hungry,
trouble swallowing, belly pain, or nausea and
vomiting
•Swelling or lumps anywhere in the body
•Thickening or lump in the breast or other part
of the body
•Pain, especially new or with no known reason,
that doesn’t go away or gets worse
•Skin changes such as a lump that bleeds or
turns scaly, a new mole or a change in a mole, a
sore that does not heal, or a yellowish color to
the skin or eyes (jaundice).
•Cough or hoarseness that does not go away
•Unusual bleeding or bruising for no known
reason
•Change in bowel habits, such as constipation or
diarrhea, that doesn’t go away or a change in
how your stools look
•Bladder changes such as pain when passing
urine, blood in the urine or needing to pass
urine more or less often
•Fever or nights sweats
•Headaches
4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
NORMAL CELLS AND CANCER
CELLS
• Normal cells divide only when they receive a set
of appropriate signals whereas cancer cells divide
themselves despite the absence of those signals,
and they are resistant to the signals telling them
to self-destruct, known as apoptosis or
programmed cell death.
• Cancer cells fuel their growth with different
nutrients than normal cells and some utilize
different pathway to transform those nutrients
into energy, allowing them to proliferate faster
than normal cells. For instance, tumor can induce
new blood vessels formation (Angiogenesis),
bringing in more nutrients supply.
• Normal cells stop dividing when touching other
cells. They usually do not migrate to other areas.
Cancer cells, on the contrary, invade into
surrounding tissues and spread to other organs.
• Cancer cells can evade our immune system
elements which normally eliminate abnormal or
invading cells. They can co-opt our immune
system to help them proliferate. For instance,
cancer cells can disguise as normal cells via
antigen expression on the cell membrane.
5. HOW DOES CANCER CELLS
GET ACTIVATED
A
Gene mutations in cancer cells interfere with
the normal instructions in a cell and can cause it
to grow out of control or not die when it should.
A cancer can continue to grow because cancer
cells act differently than normal cells. Cancer
cells are different from normal cells because
they:
• divide out of control
• are immature and don’t develop into mature
cells with specific jobs
• avoid the immune system
• ignore signals that tell them to stop dividing
or to die when they should
• don’t stick together very well and can spread
to other parts of the body through the blood
or lymphatic system
• grow into and damage tissues and organs
As cancer cells divide, a tumor will develop.
6. PREVENTION STEPS
7. DEVELOPMENT OF
CANCER
8. MAIN CAUSES OF CANCER
Smoking, drinking more than one drink
a day for women and up to two drinks a
day for men, excessive exposure to the
sun or frequent blistering sunburns,
being obese, and having unsafe sex can
contribute to cancer.
9. TREATMENT OF CANCER
SURGERY
CHEMOTHERAPY
RADIATION
10. CASE STUDY
1. Personal Details
• Name:- Rekha Barethia
• Age:- 56 Years
• Background:- Homemaker, residing
with her husband, son, daughter-inlaw, and one grandchild.
2. Medical and Disease History
• Rekha began experiencing extreme
fatigue and noticed unusual breast
lumps.
• Following a medical
consultation, tests revealed she had
stage II breast cancer.
• She had no prior history
of significant illness or surgeries.
3. Doctor`s First Consultation
• During her initial appointments, the
doctor examined her breasts and
inquired about her general health.
• A biopsy was recommended,
confirming the breast cancer
diagnosis.
• The doctor discussed treatment
options which included surgery,
medications and radiation therapy.
4. Medications and Treatments
• Rekha`s treatment plan involved
surgical removal of tumor followed by a
sequence of chemotherapies and
prescribed medications to prevent
cancer recurrence.
• Dietary recommendations were provided
to support her overall well-being.
5. Present Condition
• Rekha has undergone surgery and
reports feeling better, although she
experiences increased fatigue.
• Her doctor has
confirmed no cancer recurrence, bringin
g relief and happiness. And
suggested follow up after every 6
months. Her
medications include immuno boosters.
• She expresses gratitude for the
unwavering support of her family and
friends during this challenging period.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
•
•
•
•
•
www.google.com
www.cancer.net
www.quora.com
www.healthtap.com
NCERT TEXTBOOK
BIOLOGY