‭ roissants and Viennese pastries‬
C
‭In 1683, after yet another failed siege‬
‭Turkish troops withdrew from the area‬
‭Vienna. To celebrate their liberation, the inhabitants of the Austrian capital got into the habit‬
‭of eating a new pastry, the croissant.‬
‭pastry, the croissant, the shape of which recalls‬
‭reminiscent of the emblem on Ottoman‬
‭flags. According to another source, this was‬
‭honour accorded to the city's bakers.‬
‭bakers. They got up in the middle of the night to‬
‭the alarm, as the Turkish troops tried to take‬
‭Turkish troops tried to take advantage of the darkness‬
‭to attack.‬
‭Known as the "viennoiserie", the croissant arrived in France‬
‭France with Marie-Antoinette in 1770. The Dauphine, who became queen in 1774, taught the‬
‭recipe to the court pastry cooks. The city‬
‭the city soon followed suit, with the help of snobbery, and the‬
‭croissant quickly became the essential complement to any morning drink.‬
‭The Ottoman withdrawal‬
‭After the failure of the siege of Vienna in 1683, the Turkish Empire withdrew into itself,‬
‭and watched helplessly as the victors of the First World War‬
‭victors of the First World War with the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. In‬
‭stages:‬
‭After the defeat at Petrovaradin (1716), Austria seized Serbia.‬
‭In 1782, Russia seized Crimea.‬
‭In 1830, Greece declared independence after a war; France conquered Algeria.‬
‭France conquered Algeria.‬
‭In 1832, the Pasha of Egypt, Mehemet Ali, declared himself independent.‬
‭In 1878, part of the Turkish possessions in Central Europe were‬
‭divided between Austria and Russia.‬
‭In 1897, Crete came under international control.‬
‭The end of the Ottoman Empire‬
‭The last Ottoman sultan, Mehmet VI, reigned from 1918 to 1922. In 1914, the Sublime Porte‬
‭Porte, another name for the Ottoman Empire, after the monumental gate of honour‬
‭reserved for the Grand Vizier in Istanbul, joined the First World War alongside the‬
‭First World War alongside the Central Empires, Germany and Austria-Hungary.‬
‭Defeat led to the break-up of the Empire. The Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 completely‬
‭dismembered it.‬
‭Turkey was born with its current borders, but lost all its other territories.‬
‭its other territories. This was the moment for the revolutionary nationalist movement‬
‭led by General Mustafa Kemal, to overthrow the last Sultan.‬
‭On 29 October 1923, the Republic was proclaimed.‬
‭CULTUR‬
‭Chapter 4: The Other and the Elsewhere: Non-Western Civilisations Chapter 4: The Other‬
‭and the Elsewhere: Non-Western Civilisations 161‬
‭A career military officer, Mustafa Kemal (1881-‬
‭1938) played a decisive role in the Turkish‬
‭victory at the Dardanelles in February 1915, when the‬
‭ rench and British flanks were repulsed.‬
F
‭In 1918, having become a general, he refused the armistice‬
‭and convened national congresses in Anatolia, demanding Turkish independence. The‬
‭Sultan exercised only nominal authority,‬
‭and Mustafa Kemal soon controlled the whole of Anatolia,‬
‭the vast eastern part of the country. He called general‬
‭general elections, calling a Grand National‬
‭a Grand National Assembly in Ankara in‬
‭1920, which appointed him head of government. A‬
‭expeditionary force sent against his troops‬
‭troops, was defeated and the Allies resigned. In‬
‭November 1922, the last Sultan, Mehmet VI,‬
‭fled on a British warship. The‬
‭29 October 1923, the Republic was proclaimed and‬
‭Mustafa Kemal became its first president.‬
‭He rapidly modernised Turkey along Western lines‬
‭Western model: calendar, Latin alphabet,‬
‭separation of Church and State. He even‬
‭even ahead of his role models, with Turkish women obtaining the right to vote in 1934 that‬
‭French women‬
‭French women waited until 1945.‬
‭Regarded as the father of modern Turkey, Kemal was given the title "Atatürk", i.e. "Father of‬
‭the Turks", a nickname that came to refer to him far more than his own name.‬
‭more than just his own name‬