CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
CBDB3403
DATABASE
NOR AISYAH BINTI FADIL
CBDB3403 Database
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
1
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
Introduction
In this subject, we shall learn the fundamental of a database including its
concept, technology, modeling the data, application of database
language (SQL) and many more.
By the end of this course, you should be able to:
CLO1. To describe various aspects of database technology, technique
and methodology which can be applied to design and manipulate
relational database
CLO2. To apply the technique and methodology which can be applied
to design and manipulate relational database
CLO3. To construct a logical data model using a systematic approach
and methodology for manipulation data using selected DBMS
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
TOPIC 1
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
TOPIC 1
Introduction to
Database
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
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Cluster of
Applied Sciences
Objective
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Identify the characteristics of file-based systems
2. Describe four limitations of file-based systems
3. Define the database and database management
systems (DBMS)
4. Describe four advantages and two disadvantages of
DBMS
5. Identify four features of DBMS
6. Classify types of people involved in the DBMS
environment
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
Let’s Think
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
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Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.1 Introduction to Database
DATABASE SYSTEM
▪ Collection of application programs that interact with the database
along with the DBMS and the database itself
DATABASE
▪ Shared collection of logically related data and a description of
this data, designed to meet the information needs of an
organisation.
▪ Define once, but used repeatedly by various users from different
location.
▪ Data stored are updated, consistent, reliable and no duplication
of data.
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.1 Introduction to Database
DATABASE APPLICATION
▪ Programs that manages and controls access to the
database
DBMS
▪ Database Management System
▪ Software system which enables users to define,
create, maintain and control access to the database.
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
7
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
Examples of Database Application
Data Involve
Supermarket
• Product
• Quantity
• Price
• Consumer
• Receipt
• Supplier
System Involve
Sales System – to
record each sales
transaction
Inventory system–
to store supermarket
inventory record
System Usage
• To record all transaction – purchase, payment
• To control inventory – to manage the stock level
• Sales Analysis – to record sales and analyze the
sales performance
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
Examples of Database Application
Data Involve
University
• Student
• Lecturer
• Staff
• Course
• Fees
• Salary
• Result
System Usage
System Involve
Student Info. System:
- Records of student info
Student Reg. System:
– Records of registration.
Staff Info System:
- Records of staff / admin
Result Sys–
- Records of result
• Record, store, update of student, lecturer and staff
information
• Record and analyze student result and performance
• Record, monitor student fees payment.
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
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Cluster of
Applied Sciences
Examples of Database Application
Data Involve
Hospital
System Involve
• Patient
• Doctor
• Medicine
• Illness
• Medication
• Appointment
Patient Info. System
- store patient info
Inventory Sys–
- medicine record.
Doctor Schedule Sys –
- Schedule of duty / on call
Treatment Sys –
- record of previous treatment.
System Usage
Appointment Sys.
• record, store, review patient record.
- Alert the appointment
• record, store and control pharmacy stock
• Diagnose patient illness
• Review / Alerts the appointment
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.2 Basic Database Terminology
Terminology
Description
Example
Data
▪ Basic facts, raw data, gives no
meaning
▪ Collection of unprocessed items that
may consist of text, numbers,
images and video.
•
•
•
Proton wira
Red
CBDB3403
Information
▪ Data that have been processed in
such a way that the knowledge of
the person who uses the data is
increased
•
•
•
National car
Apple colour
Code for database subject
Data
Basic facts, raw data, gives no meaning
Faizal, Red,
New, Drive
Information
Process
Collection or combination of
Raw data that has been processed
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
Faizal drives
a new car
Copyright © ODL Sept 2008 Open University Malaysia
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Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.2 Basic Database Terminology
Terminology
Description
Example
Environment
▪ Organization of place where the
database is designed and
developed
▪ World of reality
•
•
•
•
Entity
▪ An object that is unique and
which can be identified in a
specific environment
For Environment: University
• Entity: Student, Lecturer,
Subject
Attributes/
Characteristics which describe an
field data item entity
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
Car factory
University
School
Hospital
For Entity: Student
• Attribute Name:
MatrixNo, Name, ICNo,
Address
• Attribute Value:
“AC970708”,
“Adam”,”880907-01-7891”,
“No 11 Jalan Skudai
Johor“
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.2 Basic Database Terminology
Environment: Organization / place where the database
is designed and developed.
Entity:
An object that is unique and
which can be identified in a
specific environment
Attributes:
Characteristics which describe
an entity
e.g: Doctor
e.g: Patient
e.g:
Name
Department
Post
e.g:
Name
Address
Age
e.g: Hospital
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E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
Copyright © ODL Sept 2008 Open University Malaysia
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.2 Basic Database Terminology
Terminology
Description
Example
Record
A group of attributes/
fields/ data items
needed by a
particular entity
Student Record Collections:
• AC970708, Muhamad, 901011-04-5567,
34-02 Blok 1 Apt Desa Aman
• AC971234, Radhi, 781021-03-7896, 45
Jalan 34/SS2 Petaling Jaya
File
A group of records
required by a
particular entity
• Student File
• Subject File
• Lecturer File
Database
A group of files
required by an
organization.
•
•
•
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
Database: Student Information
Environment: University
File: Student, Subject, Lecturer, Fees
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.2 Basic Database Terminology
Database
Database: A group of files required by
an organization.
File: A group of records required by a
particular entity
Record: A group of attributes/fields/
data items needed by a particular entity
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
Copyright © ODL Sept 2008 Open University Malaysia
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Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.2 Traditional File-Based System
A file-based system is a collection of application programs that perform
services for the end-users. Each program defines and manages its own data
Traditional Approach: Manual File
• store all internal and external data within an organisation
• files are stored in cabinets and locked or located in a secure area
• Manually searching the information needed
• Indexing system - to speed up the searching process
• Cross-reference cannot be done
Improved: file-based systems
• Decentralized approach
• each department would have their own file based system
• monitor and control separately
• Each department has its own application programme that
handles similar operations like data entry, file
maintenance and generating reports
• duplication occurs when using decentralized file-based
system
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
Let’s Observe
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Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.2 Traditional File-Based System
FILE SYSTEM WEAKNESS
1) Duplication of
Data
Excess Data
• Same data or record being repeated in two or more files
• Eg: Student Name, ICNo, and Address are stored in both
Student and Fees File
Unorganized
Data
• The input of data in one file only without updating other
related files can cause mistakes.
• Eg: Student Address in Student File was modify without
updating the Address in the Fees File – different reference
resulted to different information.
Weak Data
Control
• Inadequate co-ordination between units and departments
causes difficulty in standardizing data, data formatting and
data arrangement.
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
• Same data stored repeatedly
• Eg: Student Name, ICNo, and Address are stored each new
semester registration.
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.2 Traditional File-Based System
FILE SYSTEM WEAKNESS
2) Data
Separation
• Data stored separately
• Difficulty in the process of acquiring information when a
combination of two or more files are needed.
• Eg: Registration record are stored in Registration File while
fees record are stored in the Finance File. Difficult to identify
which fees for which registration record.
3) Data Format
Dependency
• Occurs in electronic file concept system such as Ms Excel
• Problems often occur when there is change in the file format
or output requirements.
• If the file format is changed, the application program too
must be changed or rewritten.
• Eg: Old IC format is change to new IC format
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
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Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.2 Traditional File-Based System
FILE SYSTEM WEAKNESS
4) File
Incompatibility
• Occurs in file electronic system.
• A file format processed by a particular program language
will be different from a file format processed by another
program language.
• Eg: Record stored in Ms Word vs Ms Excel
5) Limited Data
Sharing
• Difficulty in making connections between records stored in
each department in an organization.
• Difficult to portray the operations of an organization in a
complete and accurate manner.
• Eg: Difficult to get overall student record from different
faculty
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.3 Database Approach
• Database approach improve the limitations of file-based system
• Emphasises the integration and sharing of data through the organisation which
means that all departments should be able to integrate and share the same data
Program Data
Independence
Planned Data
Redundancy and
Improved Data
Consistency
Advantages
Increased
Productivity of
Application
Development
• Data descriptions are stored in a central location
called repository;
• Separately from the application program
- Integrate redundant data files into a single logical
structure - easy and fast to update data
- data would also be consistent
- reduces the cost and time for developing new
database applications - with the same database,
different applications can be developed
Difficulty in the development process will affect
the performance of the system
Complexity
Disadvantages
Costly
High cost of establishing DBMS, preparation of
other hardware and converting and operating
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.3.2 The Database Management System
Database
Definition
Nonprocedural
Access
Database
Tuning
DBMS
Features
Transaction
Processing
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
Application
Development
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.3.2 The Database Management System
1
Database Definition
• In defining a database, the entities stored in tables and relationships that indicate
the connections among tables must be specified.
• Most DBMSs provide several tools to define databases.
• The Structured Query Language (SQL) can be used to define tables and
relationships among tables.
2
Non-procedural Access
• The most important feature of DBMS is the ability to answer queries.
• A query is a request to extract useful data. For instance, a learner DBMS is
where a few tables may have been defined, like personal information table and
result table, and a query might be a request to list the names of the learners who
will be graduating next semester.
• Non-procedural access allows users to submit queries by specifying what parts
ofE-Tutor:
a database
to retrieve.
Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
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Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.3.2 The Database Management System
3
Application Development
• Most DBMSs provide graphical tools for building complete applications using
forms and reports. For instance, data entry forms provide an easy way to enter
and edit data.
• Report forms provide easy-to-view results of a query.
4
Transaction Processing
• Transaction processing allows a DBMS to process large volumes of repetitive
work.
• A transaction is a unit of work that should be processed continuously without any
interruptions from other users and without loss of data due to failures.
• An example of a transaction is making an airline reservation. The user does not
know the details of the transaction processing other than the assurance that the
process is reliable and safe.
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
1.3.2 The Database Management System
5
Database Tuning
• Database tuning include a few monitoring processes that could improve
performance.
• Utility programmes can be used to reorganise a database, select physical
structures for better performance and repair damaged parts of a database.
• This feature is important for DBMSs that support large databases with many
simultaneous users, usually known as Enterprise DBMSs.
• Desktop DBMSs run on personal computers and small servers that support
limited transaction processing features, usually used by small businesses.
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
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Cluster of
Applied Sciences
People in DBMS
1.4 Roles in the Database Environment
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
Data and Database
Administrators
Database
Designers
Application
Developers
Logical Database
Designer
Physical Database
Designer
Naive User
End Users
Sophisticated
Users
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CBDB3403 - DATABASE
Cluster of
Applied Sciences
Thank you
E-Tutor: Nor Aisyah Binti Fadil
miesya@oum.edu.my
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