CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Purpose of the Study and Research Design
The main purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of e-learning,
English achievement, and conventional classroom learning of Senior High school
students at University of Perpetual Help System Pueblo de Panay Campus for the school
year 2019-2020.
This study will utilize the quasi-experimental, pretest, posttest, control group
design. Quasi-experimental design is same as classic controlled experimental design
except the style of assigning subjects to two groups. In classic controlled experimental
design, there is random assignment. On the other hand, Quasi-experimental designs are
commonly employed in the evaluation of educational programs when random
assignment of subjects to the two groups is either not possible or not practical. Thus, in
a quasi-experimental design, the research substitutes statistical controls for the absence
of physical control of the experimental situation. Moreover, Gall et al. (2003)
explained, “Correlational research refers to studies in which the purpose is to discover
relationships between variables and subjecting the variables to correlational and
multiple regression analysis. Figure 1 presents how the dependent and independent
variables- the E-learning and Conventional Learning – bring about the development of
literary understanding and appreciation.
Data gathered will be computer-processed using the statistical package for the
Social Science (SPSS) Software. Descriptive statistical tools such as frequency count,
mean, and standard deviation will be employed. On the other hand, t-test, one-way
ANOVA and Pearson r will be used as inferential tests. All inferential tests will be used
as inferential tests. All inferential tests will be set at 0.05 alpha levels of significance.
Figure 2. E-learning result using the Fibonacci retracement. Learning starts at
the support line which represents basic or zero ideas about specific skills or subject. But
with the help of e-learning instruction students' knowledge and skills increases through
time and would reach the creating stage or the resistance level; wherein they could
perform best and could remember all the knowledge that they've learned. But as time
passes by (days, months, years) the knowledge they've learned will deteriorate due to
lack of practice and engagement, but not totally forget.
Troohim (2006) contends that quasi-experimental design is one that looks a bit
like an experimental design but lacks that key ingredient –random assignment. The
most common quasi experimental design is the Comparison group Pretest-Posttest
Design where the researcher cannot control which group will get the treatment and
participants do not all have the same chance of being in the control or the experimental
group. This design is an appropriate factor or intervention. This is not a pure
experimental method because the participants have no equal chance to be sampled as
either experimental or control rather assigned in each group, the two sections.
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Participants
This study focuses on Senior High School students from the University
of Perpetual Help System Pueblo de Panay Campus during the school year
2019-2020, with a total population of 143 students. Utilizing a stratified
sampling approach, a sample size of 60 students will be carefully chosen to
ensure representation across key characteristics such as gender, grade level, and
English proficiency. The assignment of students to study will be determined
through a lottery technique within each stratum, maintaining the principles of
randomness. This combined approach of stratified sampling aims to minimize
biases and enhance the credibility of the study's findings. The research seeks to
investigate the impact of e-learning and conventional classroom learning on
English achievement, providing valuable insights for educational practices at
the University of Perpetual Help System Pueblo de Panay Campus.at the
University of Perpetual Help System Pueblo de Panay Campus.
Grade Level /
Proficiency
Male
Students
(11th)
Female
Students
(11th)
Male
Students
(12th)
Female
Students
(12th)
Low
Proficiency
5
7
3
8
Medium
Proficiency
8
10
4
2
High
Proficiency
2
3
3
5
Total
15
20
10
15
Table 1: Distribution of Participants
This distribution adds up to a total of 60 students and ensures
representation across gender, grade level, and English proficiency. Adjust these
numbers based on the actual proportions and characteristics of your Senior High
School student population.
3.2.2 Data Gathering Instrument
The researcher will use a standardized questionnaire and an adopted
questionnaire to gather the needed data.
The data needed for the study will be gathered using an adopted 15 item
English academic performance questionnaire developed by David Lagabaster
et.al 2010, taken from English achievement and student motivation, the
questionnaire will undergo pilot testing, face, and content validation.
English achievement questionnaire. To determine the level of English
achievement of the Senior high school, an adopted 15 item English academic
performance questionnaire developed by David Lagabaster et.al 2010, taken
from English achievement and student motivation, comprising the 3 major
factors affecting the English achievement (1) Frequency of the use of
instructional media (2) Frequency of the use of instructional techniques (3)
School learning environment.
To describe the students’ English academic performance, the scale will
be used, and it will be responded as follows:
Scale
Description
4.21 – 5.00
Excellent
3.41 – 4.20
Very Good
2.61 – 3.40
Good
1.81 – 2.60
Fair
1.00 – 1.80
Needs Improvement
3.2.3 Data Gathering Procedures
The study will be conducted during the First semester of the school year
2019-2020. Data needed for this quasi-experimental research will be gathered
using an adopted 15 item English academic performance questionnaire
developed by David Lagabaster et.al 2010. In addition, another researcher made
an instrument will be prepared by the researcher to gather the information on
the participants’ name, gender.
Necessary permission will be secured from the office of the principal.
After the permit is granted, the researcher will ask another English teacher to
conduct the study to avoid biases in the study.
This study will be conducted for four weeks or 20 school days: Group I
will undergo the experimental treatment using E-Learning, and Group II will
undergo the control treatment using the Traditional Technique (Lecture
Method). Both groups will be given tests (pre and post) on researcher-made tests
before and after teaching, using the two approaches.
3.2.4 The Experimental Procedure
To establish the effect of E-Learning in the performance of the senior
high school students in Oral Communication class, the researcher will execute
the following steps: Initially, two sections in grade-11 (Sections: Rizal and
Bonifacio) will be identified as the respondents of this study. Two groups will
be randomly selected since the class assignments are based on the enrollment
sequence and not on their performance in their previous grade level. The
experimental and control groups will be chosen using the lottery technique of
the simple random sampling.
Four lessons are identified as the selections for the pretest and posttest:
Elements Affected in Shifts on Speech Context, Speech Styles, Speech Acts,
and Communicative Strategy; Types of Speeches 1 and 2; Principles of Speech
Writing; Principles of Speech Delivery.
Before the start of the study, the same set of pretests will be administered
to both groups: the experimental group and the control group purposely to
gather initial data on the understanding and appreciation of literature prior to
the introduction of the intervention. The researcher will ask another English
teacher to administer the pretest to both groups. The pretest will be checked,
recorded, and tabulated for analysis using the appropriate statistical tools.
The test covered the skills and competencies in reading, comprehension,
vocabulary, critical thinking, and application of the principles depicted in the
lesson. The same set of tests will be given to both groups in the pretest and the
posttest but in the posttest the questions will be rephrased. The posttest will be
administered after the discussion of every story.
Thereafter, the accomplished test and questionnaire will be collected,
and the responses will be tallied, tabulated, analyzed processed and interpreted
using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results
or responses were treated with utmost confidentiality.
3.2.5 Sampling Method and Technique
In order to conduct a comprehensive study on the effectiveness of elearning and conventional classroom learning among Senior High School
students at the University of Perpetual Help System Pueblo de Panay Campus
for the school year 2019-2020, a stratified sampling approach will be employed.
The population of Senior High School students will be stratified based on key
variables deemed relevant to the research objectives. These variables include
gender, grade level (11th or 12th grade), and English proficiency level (low,
medium, or high). Each unique combination of these variables will constitute a
stratum. For instance, one stratum could be composed of male students in the
11th grade with low English proficiency. The sample size from each stratum
will be determined proportionally, ensuring that each subgroup is adequately
represented. Random sampling techniques will then be applied within each
stratum to select participants, avoiding potential biases and ensuring a
representative sample. This stratified sampling strategy aims to capture the
diverse characteristics of the Senior High School student population, allowing
for a nuanced analysis of the impact of different learning methods on English
achievement.
3.2.6 Statistical Data Analysis and Procedure
The data gathered will be subjected to descriptive and inferential
analysis.
Frequency distribution and Percentage. This will be used to determine
the number of respondents in every section.
Mean. This test will be used to ascertain the level of effectiveness of elearning, and level of English achievement of Senior high school students of
University of Perpetual Help System Pueblo de Panay Campus.
Standard Deviation (SD). This test will be employed to determine the
homogeneity and heterogeneity of the e-learning, and English achievement of
Senior high school students of University of Perpetual Help System Pueblo de
Panay Campus.
t-test for dependent samples. This test will be used to determine the
significant differences between the pretest and posttest of the experimental and
control groups.
t-test for independent samples. This test will be applied to test the
significant difference between the pretest results of the control group and the
experimental group and between the posttest results of the control and
experimental groups.
Pearson r. Set at 0.05 alpha level of significance, this test will be used
to determine the significant relationship between E-Learning and English
Academic Performance of the Senior high school students of University of
Perpetual Help System Pueblo de Panay Campus.