Lesson objective:
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Key Words:
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe
and draw
.
the structure of
proteins.
•
•
•
•
Monomer
Polymer
Addition polymers
Condensation polymers
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Definition
POLY
Mer
+
Units
Many
Polymer
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
➢Very large molecules having high molecular mass (103-107u).
➢The repeating structural units are derived from monomers
and are linked to each other by covalent bonds.
➢This process of formation of polymers from respective
monomers is called polymerisation.
4
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
TYPES OF
REACTIONS
POLYMERISATION
Addition Polymerisation
Condensation Polymerisation
Unsaturated Monomer undergo
Bi-Functional monomer undergo polymerization.
polymerization.
Examples
Examples:
Nylon-6,6
Polythene
Polyester
Polypropene
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
5
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Addition polymerisation or
Chain Growth Polymerisation
Molecules of same monomer or
different monomers add together on a
large scale to form polymer. The
monomers are unsaturated compounds
eg : polyethene
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
6
Lesson objective:
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Formation of poly(ethene)
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Ethene-Monomers
Polyethene-Polymer
Lesson objective:
All
Describe
the
)
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Condensation Polymerisation or step
growth polymerisation
It involves a repetitive condensation reaction
between two bi-functional monomers with the
loss of some simple molecule like water,alcohol etc.
In this reaction product of each step is again bifunctional . Since each step produce distinct species
,this is also called step growth polymerisation.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
9
Lesson objective:
All
Describe
the
)
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Forming Nylon
•Nylon is a polyamide made from dicarboxylic acid monomers (a carboxylic
with a -COOH group at either end) and diamines (an amine with an NH2 group at either end)
•Each -COOH group reacts with another -NH2 group on another monomer
•An amide linkage is formed with the subsequent loss of one water
molecule per link
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Lesson objective:
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Forming Polyesters
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
•PET or polyethylene terephthalate to give its full name, is a polyester made from dicarboxylic acid
monomers (a carboxylic with a -COOH group at either end) and diols (alcohol with an -OH group
at either end)
•Each -COOH group reacts with another -OH group on another monomer
•An ester linkage is formed with the subsequent loss of one water molecule per link
Most
Describe and draw •For every ester linkage formed in condensation polymerisation, one molecule of water is formed from
the structure of
the combination of a proton (H+) and a hydroxyl ion (OH–)
addition and
•PET is also used in synthetic fibres as is sold under the trade name of terylene
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Deducing the polymer from the monomer
• Polymer molecules are very large compared with most other
molecule
• Repeat units are used when displaying the formula
• To draw a repeat unit, change the double bond in the
monomer to a single bond in the repeat unit
• Add a bond to each end of the repeat unit
• The bonds on either side of the polymer must extend outside
the brackets (these are called extension or continuation bonds)
• A small subscript n is written on the bottom right hand side to
indicate a large number of repeat units
• Add on the rest of the groups in the same order that they
surrounded the double bond in the monomer
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
•Deducing the monomer from the polymer
• Identify the repeating unit in the polymer
• Change the single bond in the repeat unit to a double
bond in the monomer
• Remove the bond from each end of the repeat unit
Lesson objective:
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Plastics & their Disposal
All
Describe
the
)
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
•Synthetic polymers are ones made in a factory, for example nylon, terylene and lycra
•Nylon is a polyamide used to produce clothing, fabrics, nets and ropes
•PET, also known as Terylene, is a polyester made from monomers which are joined together
by ester links
•PET is used extensively in the textile industry and is often mixed with cotton to
produce clothing
Lesson objective:
All
Describe
the
)
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Non-biodegradable plastics
•These are plastics which do not degrade over time or take a very long time to
degrade, and cause significant pollution problems.
•In particular plastic waste has been spilling over into the seas and oceans and is
causing huge disruptions to marine life
•In landfills waste polymers take up valuable space as they are non-biodegradable
Most
Describe and draw so microorganisms cannot break them down. This causes the landfill sites to
the structure of
quickly fill up.
addition and
•Polymers release a lot of heat energy when incinerated and
condensation
produce carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate
polymers.
change
•If incinerated by incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide will be produced
Some
which is a toxic gas that reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen
Describe and draw
•Polymers can be recycled but different polymers must be separated from each
the structure of
other which is a difficult and expensive process.
proteins.
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
PET Re-polymerisation
•PET stands for polyethylene terephthalate, a common polymer used to
make things like plastic bottles
•It is a condensation polymer consisting of repeating ester units, so it is
type of polyester, like terylene
•One of the problems with recycling polymers is that the condition needed
to break them down, which are usually high temperatures and pressures,
can degrade the monomers making them unusable for re-polymerisation
•PET is relatively easy to convert back into the monomers
•It can be depolymerised either using enzymes or by chemical methods
•Enzymes present in microbes breakdown the PET into the original
monomers
•The same can be achieved using solvents a catalyst and mild heating
Lesson objective:
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
The breakdown of PET into its two monomers takes place using enzymes or chemical catalysts and
mild conditions
•The monomers are recovered and be polymerised into new PET
•This saves on resources and energy, reducing the carbon footprint of the production process
Lesson objective:
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Proteins
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
•Proteins are condensation polymers which are formed from amino acid monomers
joined together by amide links (in proteins also known as a peptide link) similar to
the structure in nylon
•The units in proteins are different however, consisting of amino acids
•Amino acids are small molecules containing NH2 and COOH functional groups
General structure of an amino acid
•There are twenty common amino acids, each differing by their side chain,
represented by R
•Proteins can contain between 60 and 600 of these amino acids in different
orders
•These are the monomers which polymerise to form the protein
Lesson objective:
All
Describe
the
)
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Lesson objective:
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.
Check your progress
1.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Ans
1
1
Lesson objective:
2
All
Describe the
differences
between addition
and condensation
polymerization.
Most
Describe and draw
the structure of
addition and
condensation
polymers.
Some
Describe and draw
the structure of
proteins.
Describe the structure and bonding in polymers.