CH1: INTRO TO ORG. &
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
Access To Information
The ability to connect to a particular
database or network system &
obtain information.
Why we need INFORMATION?
● Powerful
● Keep up w daily life’
● Decision-making
● Value & Importance
What is INFORMATION?
● A clue
● Smtg one don’t know b4
● Used in decision making
● Reduce uncertainty
Information Characteristics
● As commodity (Sold &
Bought)
● Unlimited (Too much info)
● Compressible (Summarized)
● Shareable (Used by many at
the same time)
● Expandable (Elaborate)
Information Needs in Professional
World
● Relevant to work field (Job
done correctly)
● Relevant to Org. (Aware of
news)
● Irrelevant to work field
(Daily Life)
Organization of Information
Activities of gathering information
and bring it together into similar
group/groups.
‘Organize’ Definition
Arrange/ order things so it can be
found easily/quickly.
● Human learning: Analyze,
org., retrieve data, info and
knowledge.
● Recognize patterns, compare
experience, concept & ideas.
Why Organize?
● Understand
● Save time
● Collocate
● Retrieve
The Relation Between OOI &
ATI
1. Info Explosion & Overload
2. Realize (need to org.)
3. Take action
4. Success
Purpose
1. Speed up access (meeting
user’s need)
2. Improve decision making
(The right way of access to
information) (good data,
information, facts & figures)
3. Improve efficiency in info
agencies
(smooth
the
process)
4. Increase user satisfaction
(Proper
information
management leads to faster
access and satisfied users)
Info Storage & Retrieval (ISR)
- Obtain relevant information from
a collection of resources.
- ISR: Science of searching for docs,
information in docs & relational
d.base.
Components of ISR
● Info
Carrier
(Store
Information)
● Descriptor
(Keywords,
Termimology,
Term
for
searching)
● Doc Address (ISBN, ISSN,
Call Num., Shelf, Num. to
retrieve information)
● Transmission of Info (Supply
doc at the user when needed)
Functions of Inf. Retrieval
● Primary: Supply the right inf
to the right user at the right
time.
● Secondary:
1. Acquisition: Collect Inf
2. Content Analysis: Analyze
3. Content Presentation: To
user
4. Create of file/store
5. Create Search Method: to
retrieve
6. Dissemination:
Techniques of Inf. Retrieval
1. Traditional
● Catalog
● Index
● Abstract
● Bibliography
● Authority File
Main func: AOPD
2. Non-traditional
● Semi-automatic system
- Man+Machine
- Human
Intelligence+Physical Labor
● Automatic System
- Done by comp & modern
tech (CD-ROM, Internet)
CH2: BIBLIOGRAPHC
CONTROL (2.1)
Introduction
About all activities involved in
creating, organizing,managing &
maintaining the file of bibliorgaphic
records representing the items held
in a library, archival
collection, or the sources listed in
index or database.
Activities of Bib Control
● Standardization of bib desc.
& subj. Access
● Creation & Maintenance of
Catalogs, Union List and
finding aids.
● Provision of Physical Access.
Purpose of BC
List Inf sources in a systematic
manner to enable user become
aware of what inf is available &
where its is located.
Functions of BC
● Provide access to materials
● Guide to search information
● Encourage
cooperation,
exchange
&
sharing
information between inf and
nations.
Why BC is needed?
● Information Explosion: the
increase
of
inf
(quantity>quality)
● Information Overload: too
much inf on a topic (online
searching)
Problem in BC
1. Languange barriers
2. Government
(Economic
problems
depends
on
political stability)
3. Geographical problems
- High population
- Changes of physical &
human environment
- Environment Probs (Global
Warming)
4. Lack of Tech Skill in staff
- Takes time to train new staff
Levels of BC
1. Universal (UBC)
- Create a worldwide system
aimed to control & exchange
bibliographic inf
2. National (NBC)
- Every country need to
support in collect, catalog all
materials
produced/published in the
country to make UBC
successful.
3. Org/Individual
UBC
- A cooperation that combines
efforts in bibliographic inf at
the national level of countries for
creating an international network
System.
-Concept: A network is created by
integrating national components
covering publishing and library
activities at an international level to
form a total system.
- Aim: Promote the world-wide
system for the control & exchange
of bib information
Purpose
● Making all publications in all
countries
available
internationally
in
an
accepted form.
● Basic bib data on all
publication in all countries
available
internationally
accepted form.
Organization
1. IFLA
2. UNESCO
Obligation
1. International:
● Form a system acceptable
internationally.
● Strengthen
the
responsibilities of NBA.
2. National:
● Make sure the bibliographic
rec for new publ is issued
under:
Legal
Deposit
Act/Similar
Requirement
1. International:
● Standards:
Content (bib rec, style & func)
Physical Form (compatibility of
machine rec & standardization of
catalog)
● Develop & decide the
international standard.
2. National:
● Create (for new publication)
● Issue (ASAP)
● Exchange (w other country)
● Produce (retrospective NB)
Importance same as BC functions
Roles of IFLA
● Promote the principles of
freedom to ATI
● An independent,
international,
non-governemental and not
for profit organization.
● International
body
that
represents interest of lib &
inf to users.
● Global voice of Professional
● IFLA is also responsible to
establish an international
standards
in
machine
readable form.
● Produces
a
series
of
guidelines for improvement
of national bibliographies.
● Found in Edinburgh, 1972
● Aims:
1. Promote high standards of
provision & delivery of lib
and inf services
2. Aware of good library value
& inf services
3. Represent
interest
of
members throughout the
world
NBC
● Responsibility: To develop
the national bib control at
national level.
● Main Responsibility:
1. prepare
a
bibliographic
record for new publication
publish& issues in the
country follow
the
international bib standard.
2. Publish or update the record
ASAP
in
national
bibliography (Msia: Katalog
Induk Kebangsaan, KIK)
● Tasks:
1. To collect item published in
the country.
2. To prepare bib records.
3. To produce & update
national bibliography.
4. To develop & implements the
international & national
standard.
5. To help exchange of bib
records within the countries.
Main Functions
1. As center for National
Depository & National
Publication
● Operate
under
the
law/regulations/act (Legal
Deposit Act)
2. Agency
for
National
Cataloging Center
● Develop & maintain National
Bibliography
● Develop & maintain National
Union Catalog
● Prepare rules & regulations
for cataloging.
● In
charge
for
service
publisher
● Experts in analyzing &
indexing.
● Act as Center for Exchange
(receive & delivery) the
bibliographic records in any
form.
3. As National Serial Center
● Registrations
for
serial
publication in ISDS.
Objectives
● Develop & Strengthen NBC
● Contribute to nation’s library
& information network
● Build up the national library
& archival collections
● Responsible
within
the
nation for find & record of
material for the benefit of the
national library, information
& archive system.
NBC Supports UBC
● Under the administration of
national library.
● Process:
Collecting
&
Cataloguing materials of
national value.
● Obj & requirements is shared
w all countries in this world.
Roles of National Lib as NBA
● PNM is appointed as NBA in
Malaysia.
● Akta 80: Center for the
maintenance of the national
bib network, national d.base
& the provision of national
bibliographic & doc services.
NBA’s MAIN
FUNCTIONS
MALAYSIAN SCENARIO
Act as Center
for National
Depository and
National
Publication
• Operate
under the
law /
regulations
/ Acts –
Legal
National Depository Publication
Center
• The name of the act in Malaysia
is
Deposit of Library Material Act
1986
National
Cataloging
Center
National Bibliography Center
(Pusat Bibliografi Negara)
• Develop and maintain National
Bibliography Malaysia
• National Union Catalog – KIK
Katalog Induk Kebangsaan
• Center for ISBN, ISSN, CIP – A
unit offers services to publisher
in Malaysia
• Have Experts in Cataloging,
Index, and Analyzing Subject
Content
National Serial
Center
Appointed as ISDS Center in
Malaysia for registration of serial
publication in Malaysia.
National Depository Publication
Center in Malaysia (NDPC)
● Responsible to receive all
publication issued in Msia
under the Deposit of Library
Material Act (DLMA)in 1996.
● Publishers Responsibilities:
1. Deposit all lib material in the
country to NDPC.
2. Penalty: not exceed RM3000
● Objectives:
(materials
published in Msia)
1. Provide
conservation
&
availability.
2. Create uniform bib record.
3. Share statistic record.
● Functions:
1. Plan & manage NBC acts.
2. Promote,
supervise
&
execute the enforcement of
DLMA.
3. Trace & obtain publication in
Msia.
4. Prepare
statistic
for
materials received under the
act.
5. Demand & acquire the
materials that is not sent.
CH3: ORG & ACCESS TO
INFORMATION [1] (LIBRARY)
National Bibliography Center in
Malaysia
● Responsibilities:
1. Develop & maintain NBM
2. Prepare of bib record of
every title published in Msia
3. Facilitate
information
searching & interval.
4. Maintain National Union
Catalog (KIK)
5. Train staff to be experts in
Cataloging, Index, & Analyze
Subject Content
6. Responsible for maintenance
of national bibliographic
network & database &
documentation service.
7. Center
for
ISBN
(International
Standard
Book
Number),
ISSN
(International
Standard
Serial
Number),
CIP
(Cataloging In Print).
● a place in which literary,
musical, artistic, or reference
materials are kept for use but
not for sale.
● Collection:
Printed
&
Non-printed
● Types: National, Special,
Academic, Public & School
● Staff:
Chief
Librarian,
Library Director, Senior
Librarian, Library Officer,
Cataloger & Indexer.
Roles
1. Organization of Information
2. Transmission of Knowledge
(Generations to generations)
3. Support
edu
needs
(non/formal)
4. Preserve cultural heritage
5. Disseminating information
(promote access to inf)
6. Promotes
recreation
&
leisure
Management
1. Administration
Department
● Decision Making
● Finance
● Planning
● Research & Development
2. User services
● Circulation
● Reference
● Children Section
● Adult Section
● IT & Multimedia
3. Technical Service
● Acquisition
● Cataloging
● Preservation
Library Materials/Resources
1. Printed
● Books
● Peridicals
● Reference
● Maps
● Theses
2. Non-printed
● Audio-visual
(Videotapes,
slides, DVDs, Photographs)
● Electronic (E-books,
E-audio, E-journals, E-mags)
● Need to organize?
● Maximize search capabilities
● Display available resources
● Minimize physical,
intellectual & time barriers
Purpose of organizing
● Ensure material location
● Facilitate easy access for
material
● Enchance the effective
utilization
● Attract users
Step in organizing lib materials
1. Acquistion
2. Collection development
● Select materials
● Place order to purchase
● Acquire material
● Maintain record
3. Technical Processing
● Process new material
(Catalog & Classification)
● Physical process (Stamping,
Pasting & Labelling)
● Display
● Storing & Shelving
● Maintenance procedure
(Care of library resources)
(Shelf Maintenance)
(Maintain record of CD)
(Identify lost/damaged)
(Housekeeping activity)
Bibliographical Control
● Process by which recorded
inf is organized or arranged
to established standards and
thereby made readily
identifiable and retrievable.
● Activities:
1. Cataloging
● Descriptive (AACR)
● Subject (LCSH)
● Classification (Call Num)
2. Indexing
3. Abstracting
4. Bibliographies
● End result will become
retrieval tools
Retrieval Tools
● Aids to locate/find specific
information.
● They contain records act as
surrogate (author, title, date)
that is arranged as access
points (name, title, subject)
● Function:
1. To identify/find an entry for
a known item in one
information agency owns
2. To
gather
information,
evaluate & select information
● Basic tools:
1. Bibliographies
2. Indexes
3. Catalogs
Bibliographies
● A complete or selective list of
works compiled upon some
common
principle,
as
authorship, subject, place of
publication, or printer.
● Bring together list of sources
like subject matter, authors
& time periods.
● Attached to scholarly work
(thesis,
dissertation/
assignment). Consulted by
author of work.
● Include annotation, (APA,
MLA, Chicago Manual)
● Description consists of:
1. BookAuthor,
Title,
Edition, Publisher, Place &
Date Pub
2. Serial- Author, Journal’s
name, date & page number
3. Electronic
resourcesAuthor, Work Title, Year of
Pub & link/URL address
Indexes
● Provide access to analyzed
contents of inf packages
● Arrenged list which indicate
the contents of documents
● Printed /machine readable
form (CDROM)
● Indexes in the back of the
book doesnt include as
retrieval tools.
● Purpose:
1. Identify & locate relevant inf
2. Indicate
r.ship
between
concept.
3. Group inf together in same
subject
4. Direct the user seeking
information
under
the
chosen term
Catalogs
● A list of library material
contained in a collection, a
library or a group of libraries
arranged according to some
definite plan.
● Longer than bibliography
● Purpose:
1. To enable a person to find a
book (author/sub/title)
2. To show what the librarian
has,
(author/subject/literature)
3. To assist in the choice of
library material
(edition/character)
Forms of Catalog
1. Book
● Handwritten list
● Printed in
alphabetical/classified order
● Card catalog replaced in
1900s
2. Card
● Popularized by LC, 1901
● Size: 3-5 inches
● Each entry can be revised,
inserted/delected
without
affecting other entries
● One card for individual entry
3. Microform
● Computer output microform
in 1960s
● Produced
on
microfiche/microfilm
&
require microform reader to
read
● It became unpopular, so it
changed to online catalogs
4. Online
● OPAC are the famous one
● Records
stored
on
a
local/remote server
● Will be displayed when
needed
● CD-ROM
Advantages of Catalog Forms
1. Book
● Compact, portable,
handling
● Less space
2. Card
● Easy update
easy
● Inexpensive
3. Microform
● Several records can be view
at one time
● Entries can be copied easily
if a microform printer is
available
4. Online
● Instant feedback
● More access points
Disadvantages of Catalog Forms
1. Book
● Expensive
● No place for new entries
2. Card
● Not portable
● Need a big space
3. Microform
● Need a machine reader
● Rearrangement of
information is difficult
4. Online
● Slow access time
● High cost
CH4: ORG & ACCESS TO
INFORMATION [2](LIBRARY)
Processing of Library Material
● Technical activities:
1. Cataloging & classification
2. Physical Processing’
3. Shelving
4. Filing
Why need Technical Process
● Growth of information &
library material
● Neccessity of categorization
of universe knowledge
● Arrange materials in a way
subject
specilization
is
maintained
● Systematic arrangement is
easy for storage & retrieval
Basic Steps
1. Cataloging
2. Subject Heading &
Classification
3. Preparation of shelf list
4. Label documents
Library Catalog & Cataloging
Catalog: a result of cataloging &
classification
Definition
● Catalog (object): A list of
material in the library or
information center which are
arrange by a certain
arrangement. (systematic /
specific)
● Cataloging (activity):
process of making entries for
a catalog be describing
volumes according to fairy
well-codified rules. Involves
signify physical aspects of
n0n/book.
Importance
● List to describe all resources
● Record whole collection
● Direct users to similar
material
● Indicate material location
● Assist user in information
retrieval skills
Component
1. Heading
● Main entry (first-name
author, corporate body, title)
● Provide as access points
(keywords)
● Refer to ch21, AACR2
2. Description
● Physical
● Divided into 8 areas
● ch1-ch12, AACR2
3. Tracing
● Subject analysis & additional
access points
● subject heading refer to
LCSH
● added entry refer to AACR2
4. Call No.
● Refer LCC/DDC
Basic Steps
1. Prepare main entry & added
2. Create description for
physical items
3. Assign subject heading
4. Assign call number
5. Write tracing
6. Prepare reference entries &
authority files
7. Check record by senior
cataloger
Purpose of Cataloging Rules
1. Provide consistency (heading
& description)
2. Ease of use for library users
that use more than 1 library
(sharing purposes)
3. Reduce time involved in
cataloging
Types
1. Descriptive Cataloging
2. Subject Cataloging
3. Classfication
Descriptive Cataloging
● 8 areas of description which
based from international
rules & standard, ISBD
● describe an item, identifies
access points and format of
access points, using the
AACR2R and appropriate
name authority files.
AREA
ELEMENTS /
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES
AREA
1
Title and
Statement of
Responsibility
The vision of dream /
Marguerite Hargrove
AREA
2
Edition
. – 3rd ed.
AREA
3
Material (or type
of publication)
Specific Details
. – Scale [1:253,440]
. – Orchester-Partitur
. – Vol. 3, no.7
AREA
4
Publication,
distribution etc
. – New York: McGraw-Hill,
c2023
AREA
5
Physical
Description
xxii, 456 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. + 7
maps.
AREA
6
Series
– (Bucks Books)
AREA
7
Note
For children aged 7-9
Includes bibliography and
indexes.
AREA
8
Standard Number
and Terms of
Availability
ISBN 0-7255-0934-1 : $15.95.
Subject Cataloging
● Determining what subject
concepts are covered by the
intellectual content of a
work.
● Analyze the subject of the
particular item and
determined the subject
headings.
Classification
● Using the classification by
the library.
● Provide location for
materials
● Scheme:
1. Library of Congress
Classification (LCC)
2. Dewey Decimal
Classification (DDC)
3. Universal Decimal
Classification (UDC)
Procedure & Tools
1. AACR2
2. RDA
AACR2
● Anglo American Cataloging
Rules
● 1st: 1967
2nd: 1978
3rd: 1988
● 1992-1996 into AACR2
● Part 1: Description
Part 2: Headings, uniform
title, references, appendix
App C: Numerals
App D: Glossary
App E: Initial Articles
Part 1: AACR2
● Ch1: Basic rules for
description
Ch2: Books/Printed material
Ch3: Map (Catographic)
Ch4: Manuscript
Ch5: Music
Ch6: Sound Recording
Ch7: Motion picture/video
Ch8: Graphic materials
CH9: Electronic Resources
Ch10: 3D & Relia
Ch11: Microform
Ch12: Continuing Resources
● Structure: 2.4.F1
● 2: Chapter
4: Area/Publication
F: Date Publication
1: Year Publication
Ch 21: Choices of Access Point
● 1 main entry, many added
entries
● Step:
1. Selecting access points
2. Identification of the form of
heading to be used in the
catalog
Part 2: AACR2
● Ch21: Choices of access point
Ch22: Headings for Person
Ch23: Geographic Names
Ch24: Headings for
Corporate Bodies
Ch25: Uniform titles
Ch26: References
● App A: Capitalization
App B: Abbreviations
Ch 22: Heading for Persons
● 22.5: Surnames
Berbhat, Sarah
● 22.6: Title of Nobelty
Byron, George Gordon
Byron, Baron
● 22.6: Initials,
Letters/Numerals
H.D / 110908
● 22.11: Phrases
Dr.X/Pan Painter
● 22.26: Indonesian
Names
Abdullah Bin Nuh
● 22.27: Malay Names
A.Samad Said
Abdul Bin Zaid, Haji
● 22.27: Thai Names
Dhanit Yupho
Ch 24: Heading For Corporate
● 24.3E: Governments
24.3e1France
● 24.7: Conference,
Meeting, Congress
24.7b4Conference on Cancer Public
Edu (1973: Dulles Airport)
● 24.11: Radio & TV Station
24.11AHVJ (Radio Station: Vatican
City)
Authority Control
● maintenance of standards
forms of heading in a catalog.
● Some libraries record the
standard forms of headings
in an authority file, so
catalogers can refer to them
and not have to re-create
them.
● Some library automated
system maintained the
standardized heading and
catalogers can look up to
when needed.
Authority Files
● Use AACR rules to create
● Largest (LC Name
Authorities)
Authority Records
● Names
● Subject
● Series
● Uniform Titles
References
● Cross references
● A direction in catalog from
one heading to another, user
can find related entries
● Types:
1. See
Direct user to name/heading
which is NOT used to form
heading that is used
2. See also
Direct to related terms
3. Name-title
See/See also in the term of
name-titile
4. Explanatory
See/see also giving more
guidance to user
RDA
● Resource Description &
Access, June 2010
● Based in FRBR & FRAD
● For digital world & metadata
users
Benefits
● Better at catering digital
resources
● Compatible w internationally
established principles,
models & standards
● Web-based product, enabling
catalogers to move between
related instructions usie
hyperlinks & integrate
institutional policies.
Terminology
AACR2/CURRENT
TERM
RDA
Area
Element
Authority control
Access point control
Main entry
Authorized access point
Added entry
Access point
Uniform title
Preferred title for a
work
Chief source
Preferred source of
information
Heading
Authorized access point
See references
Variant access point
[No real
equivalent—some
possible parallels in
MARC relator codes
and relator terms]
Relationship designator
(indicates the nature of
a relationship/role, e.g.
author, arranger of
music; abridgement of
[work], contained in
[work];
alternate
identity,
family
member, employee)
Structure
AACR2
RDA
Classes of
materials (Pt 1
& Pt2)
-Recording
attributes
-Recording
r.ships
GMDs
1. Cartographic
2.Music/Text/
Filmstrip
3.Motion
Picture/Slide/
Transparency
4.Electronic
Resources
5.Sound/Video
-Media types,
carrier types &
content type
-Develop w
ONIX
publishing
community
CH4: ORG & ACCESS TO
INFORMATION [2] (LIB)
Subject Cataloging
● Subject headings for an item,
represent the subjects of the
work in words/phrase using
authoritative lists.
● Controlled Vocab Access:
specific words/phrase
designated as subject index
terms are assigned to
each record.
Purpose
1. Provide access by subj to all
relevant materials
2. Bring/group together all
reference in 1 subj
3. Provide entry at any levels of
analysis
4. Provide a formal desc of the
subj content of item
LCSH
● Library of Congress Subject
Heading
● Formats:
1. Print
2. Machine readable
(CD-ROM/CDMARC subj)
3. Microfiche
SLSH
● Developed by Minnie Earl
Sears, 1923
● Sears & LCSH work together
as 2 standard list
Classification
● Systematic arrangement of
materials by subj on
shelves/catalog/index helps
for those who read & seak
definite information.
● Classification num represent
for an item(subj of work &
location)
Materials Classified
1. By format: Books, serials,
ref, non/fiction, etc
2. By use: Children, adult,
foreign languange, etc
3. By subj/topic: most lib use
this w mixture of by use &
format.
Objectives
1. Help users to identify &
locate a work through a call
number.
2. Group all works of a kind
together
Basic Concept
● Divide into successive stages
of classes & subclasses, w a
chosen characteristic.
● Exp:
Sc-Zoology-Mammals-Cats
Process
1. Determining the subj content
2. Identifying the principal
concepts in the work under
consideration,
3. Use the specific subfield
(number) available.
DDC
● Melwil Dewey (1851-1931)
developed the scheme in
early 1873.
● Divided into 10 main classes
w further subdivisions by
decimal notation.
● The notation repeats
standard subdivision so it is
easy to browse in logical
manner.
● Based on discipline rather on
subject.
Features
1. Use pure Arabic numerals in
notation
2. Use decimal to specify subj
terms that is specific
3. Scheme is compact &
available in 4 volumes
4. Mnemonic devices facilitate
easy recall of classification
number
5. Employs 3 minimum digits
to the left of decimal
6. Relative index for the diverse
material in the schedule
Main Classes
Each main classes is divided into 10
divisions and into 10 subdivisions.
The first digit represent the main
class.
000
Generalities
100
Philosophy & Psychology
200
Religion
300
Social Sciences
400
Language
500
Natural Sciences and
Mathematics
600
Technology (Applied Sciences)
700
Arts
800
Literature and Rhetoric
900
Geography & History
Example:
500 –Science
510 – Mathematic
520 – Astronomy
530 – Physics
530 – Physics
531 - Classical Mechanics
532 – Fluid Mechanics
533 – Gas Mechanics
LCC
● Est under J.C.M Hansom &
Charles Martel (1987)
● Three elements:
1. Mainclasses (single cap),
subclasses (2 cap)
2. Arabic integers from 1 to
9999
3. Cutter number for individual
works.
Main Classes
A
Generalities
B
Philosophy, Psychology, Religion
C
Auxiliary Science of History
D
History, General Old World
E-F
History, America
G
Geography, Anthropology
H
Social Sciences
J
Political Science
K
Law
L
Education
M
Music
N
Fine arts
P
Philology and Literature
Q
Science
R
Medicine
S
Agriculture
T
Technology
U
Military Science
V
Naval Science
Z
Bibliography, Library Science
Purpose of Lib Classification
● Arrange library material in a
manner helpful to the users
and library staff
● Place the materials in their
proper place
● on shelves after use by the
users
● Facilitate removal of
unwanted material from the
shelves
● Ensure that there is scope to
place newly acquired
material on the shelves
● in their proper place
● Place material on the shelves
as indicated by the library
catalog
● Provide every document as
individualclass number.
The Call Number
● Purpose: Provide address for
an item in library
● This is where the staff shelve
the item & where user can
find them
● Allow user to browse similar
collection on a given topic.
● Each item has one address.
● Cataloger will determine the
specific focus of item &
group materials w the same
topic.
● Consisting class number,
book number, coll number &
copy number
● Example:
CH5: ORG & ACCESS TO
INFORMATION [3] (LIB)
Shelving Procedure
● Shelve in a particular topic
together.
● Varied on some lib cuz:
1. Material’s format
2. Security Need
3. Shelf space shortage
4. Cost for material processing
● Consider policies & user
needs
● The physical segregation may
alter the usage pattern and
demand for materials.
● There is no arrangement
which can be applied
universally.
Arrangements
1. Closed Access
● Not allowing library user to
collect materials directly
from the shelves
● Lib staff will collect materials
for users
● Particular users may given
special authorization to
access closed area
● N0n-prints, short loan, high
use coll. , archives,
manuscript & rare books
2. Open Access
● Allow users to obtain
materials from the shelves
● Most libraries
Factors Affecting Choice between
Closed & Open Access
1. The nature of information
(up2date/archival)
2. Collection size &
accomodation
3. Avoiding damage caused by
handling
4. Staff availability to service
the collection
5. Replacing item (cost &
difficulty)
6. Equipment to use item
7. The need to preserve the
privacy of material.
Possible Arrangemnet
1. By format – videos shelved
together
2. Alphabetical order – fictions
books
3. Numerical order – volumes
within sets
4. Classification number order
-non-fiction, serial
(sometimes)
5. Audience - junior, adult
6. Lending conditions - loan,
short loan
7. Size of print – large print
Location
1. Fixed Location
● Closed access
● Styles:
a. Prescribe place (new items at
the end)
b. No subj order (item access by
catalog)
c. Used for storage area (rare
books coll)
d. Running number (123, 124)
2. Relative Location
● User can browse themselves
● Styles:
a. Subject (DDC, LCC)
b. Items moved along the
shelves but remain in the
same position if coll expands
Integration Shelving
1. Total Integration/
Intershelving
All lib materials are shelved in one
sequence. Ideal for browsing.
2. Non-integration
All format stored separately
according to needs. Less ideal for
browsing.
3. Partial Integration
Materials
shelved
together,
especially in format. Others shelved
separately. Common option.
Shelving Practice
● Lib staff has be familiar w
classification to have
materials in correct loc
● Users will be able to access
materials easily
● Misplaced considered lost
Shelving Procedure
1. Sort by format
2. Sort within each format to
broad unit (DDC/LCC)
3. Place item on trolley for
reshelving
4. Shelve items
5. Record statistic of item
shelved each day
Arrangement Different Materials
● Separate sequence of
shelving to house diff sizes &
format of materials
● Use adjustable shelving to
cater for diff requirements
● Materials shelved together:
Library need to allow max
heights on each shelf which
takes up more space
Storage of Library Materials
● Choosing the right form of
storage for each format (of
materials) are important to
ensure that all items remain
in good condition.
● Storage method factors:
1. Cost
2. Appearance
3. The space available
4. The library users &
5. The staffing levels
6. The need to prevent damage
to materials
7. The rarity of the materials
8. The special need/care for the
specific formats (materials)
Printed Books
● Stored on bookshelves w
book support for keeping
them upright.
● Will likely to be damaged if
shelved tightly when users
try to remove them.
● Books can withstand
frequent handling before
needing repair or rebinding,
but some libraries cover
books to prolong their life.
● Paperbacks: Stored in wire,
freestanding basket for ease
access.
● Large books: Stored
horizontally on shelves, but if
piles on top of each other
may cause damage bcz of
weight.
Manuscript
● Secured are for rare/valuable
script (locked
cupborad/storeroom)
● Flat sheets: Bound into
books, files in loose-leaf
folders/boxes
● Rolled manuscript stored in
cylinders.
Periodical
● Current issues displayed on
rack which hold the items
rigid & some use transparent
plastic covers to protect the
issues.
● Unbound back issues stored
in pamphlet boxes.
● Some libraries microcopy
back runs or buy microform
copies to save space and
preserve information.
Maps, Plan & Diagram
● Best stored in plan cabinets
● Some libraries roll & store
them in plastic,
metal/cardboard cylinders
placed in pigeon-hole racks.
● If fragile, interleaved with
acid-free paper.
● Laminated if frequently used
items.
Newspaper & Newspaper Cutting
● Recent issues stored in
hanging file.
● Older issues bound/stored
horizontally on specially
designed shelving. Some
store them in archive boxes
/shrink-wrap their
newspapers.
● Newspaper cuttings: Clipped
& stored in filing
cabinets/shallow drawers.
● Because newsprint
deteriorates quickly, many
libraries preserve the inf by
micro-copying newspapers/
by purchasing microform
copies or stored in CD-ROM.
Microforms
● Microfiche: Envelopes,
boxes/slotted plastic panels.
● Microfilm: Cardboard boxes
which housed in special
cabinets.
Film & Slides
● Roll films: Metal canisters
● Film strips: Boxes
● Slides: Housed in slotted
drawers of in transparent
plastic sleeves
Videotapes & Sound Recording
● Videotapes: Shelves bcz their
outer casing is strong enough
to protect them from damage
& can stand upright. (some
library use video strands)
● Compact Disc: Display racks
(tower/shelves)
● Cassette tapes: Case/drawer
Computer Software & Electronic
Resources
● CS used to be in diskettes but
nowadays in CDs.
● Electronic resources in
library consisting of data
and/or computer programs
encoded for reading
connected to the computer
by CD-ROM drive or
network.
● Software applications,
electronic text, bibliographic
databases, web sites,
e-books, e-journals
CH6: COPY CATALOGING
Introduction
● Def: The process of adapting
an existing catalog record
prepared by another library
or agency.
Cataloging operations
● In today’s library
environment, catalogers in
local libraries make a heavy
use of bibliographic records
● prepared elsewhere.
● This practice is called copy
cataloging.
The Sources
1. National Bibliographies/
Union Catalog
2. Shared-Cataloging Network
3. CIP
Task in Copy Cataloging
1. Searching
2. Downloading
3. Editing
4. Local record creation
5. Authority Control
6. Services to facilitate ILL
(1) National Bibliographies/Union
Catalog
● Records done by other
countries under National
Bibliographic Control (NBC).
● Refer Ch2
● Exp:
Malaysia
National
Bibliographies (KIK)
(2) Shared-Cataloging Network
(Bibliograhic Utilities, BU)
● Records done by an
association of libraries with
the main purpose of sharing
resources including
cataloging information.
● BU: The collective name for
computer
service
organizations that maintain
large databases of cataloging
records and offer cataloging
support services to libraries
and other customers on an
online, timesharing basis is
Bibliographic utilities. Their
databases are essentially
online union catalogs.
● Functions:
1. Serve
To serve member libraries in the
region it operates w high-quality
cataloguing information & related
products/services
for resource
sharing & cooperation
2. Provide
To provide concurrent access to the
bibliographic
d.base
on
time-sharing basis, and to allow
member lib contribute records of
their own collection to the union
catalogues.
3. Maintain
To maintain the standard of
bibliographic
record
format,
adopted
by
the
national/
international standardization
bodies.
Examples of BU: OCLC
● OCLC: Online Computer
Library Center
● Service: WorldCat
● Gateway: Largest &
best-known in the world
● A non-profit,
membership-based
organization & its head
quarter located in Dublin,
Ohio in USA
● Founded as ‘Ohio College
Library Center’ in 1967 to
develop a computerized
system in which libraries of
academic institutions of Ohio
could share resources and
reduce costs.
● 1972: OCLC participation
was extended to
non-academic libraries in
Ohio.
● 1973: extended at the
national level of United
States.
● 1981: changed name to
Online CLC
OCLC Objectives
1. To establish, maintain and
operate a computerized
library network to be
accessible worldwide
2. To promote the evolution of
library use, of libraries
themselves and of
librarianship
3. To provide processes and
products for the benefit of
library users and libraries
4. To increase availability of
library resources to
individual library patrons
5. To reduce the rate-of-rise of
library per-unit costs
6. To provide ease access to and
use of the ever-expanding
body of worldwide scientific,
literary and educational
knowledge and information.
BU vs National Bibliographic
● BU Network
1. Have no national
boundaries.
2. Maintain union bibliographic
database –contributed by
member libraries.
3. Runs independently support by members.
● National Libraries
1. Operates within the nation it
serves.
2. Maintain national
bibliographic database created by the library itself.
3. Fully supported by the
government of the country
(3) Cataloging In Publication [CIP]
● A bibliographic record
prepared by the National
Bibliographic Agency (for
example LCC or PNM) for a
book that has not yet been
published.
● When the book is published,
the publisher will includes
the CIP data on the copyright
page.
● Contribution:
1. Publisher (Act a bridge to the
library book buying market)
2. Libraries (Alerting service
enabling selectors to identify
books of interest to the user
community)
CH7: ORG OF INFORMATION
IN DIFF ENVIRONMENT [1]
1. Record Center
2. Archives
3. Retrieval Tools
Record Center
● Records: includes all
information materials
produced in the course of
administrative work.
● Majority of semi-current rec
need to be kept for various
periods of time for
(legal/financial/adm
requirements)
● Most rec on papers but also
exist in electronic records
● When record cease to
become semi-current, some
of them can be destroyed
(under the authority of the
disposal schedules).
● A small number of records
may be transferred directly
to an archival repository.
● The majority of the records
should be transferred from
the record offices to a central
place where they can be kept
securely, used as a sources of
information and then
disposed of systematically.
● Some kept for research.
● Temporary storage facility.
● Intermediate stage between
the office & archival
institutions.
● Not a place for permanent
records.
Functions
1. Received and administer all
records in what ever format,
that are retired from current
records system.
2. Provide reference services
until the date of their
disposal.
3. Dispose all the records
according its disposal
schedules and plan.
4. As an Information Centre for
the creating agencies.
5. Provide security for the
records.
● Located at the head quarters
office building.
3. Commercial
● Responsible to give
maintenances services of
records for private agencies
and companies.
● Services:
1. Rent storage location
2. Prepare disposal
schedule
3. Accession
4. Conservation
5. Appraisal
6. Dispostion of records
Types
1. National
● Managed by National
Archive Department &
situated in Petaling Jaya, KL
● Ministries & government
departments in Msia.
● Responsible for storage,
processing & servicing record
2. Departmental
● Department Record Centre
owned by government
department.
● Maintained and managed
semi-current records &
non-current records that
contained temporary
and permanent value.
Records
Any documents created, received,
maintained and used by individual/
organization (public/private) for
the purpose of legal obligation or in
the business transaction. Normally
it provide evidence.
Record Catergories
1. Public
Records created/received &
maintained in any public sector
agency.
2. Private
Records created, received &
maintained by non-governmental
org, families/individuals relating to
their private & public affairs.
Record Types
1. Current
● Regularly used for the
conduct of current business.
● Active records.
● Maintained in/near their
place of origin or in a registry
or records office
2. Semi-current
● Infrequently used.
● Semi Active Records
● Maintained in a records
centre/other offsite
intermediate storage
pending their ultimate
disposal.
3. Non-current
● No longer needed for the
conduct of current business.
● Non-active records.
● Records w values can be
preserve in archival
repository.
Record Phase
1. Current records in the office
2. Semi-current records in
record center
3. Non-current records in
archive
Archives
● Archive: from a greek word
(archeia), meaning public
records.
● Archives are records usually
but not necessarily
non-current records of
continuing value selected for
permanent preservation.
● One of the essential
institutions of a modern
society.
● Part of the overall system for
managing records & inf in
the general administration of
a govt/ corp & it provides a
service to its sponsor agency
based upon the information
resources the record contain.
● One of the central cultural
institutions of its society:
1. Serve as centre of research
an underpinning of the rights
of citizens
2. Place for public research
3. Guardian of cultural
● Archival Institution: keeping,
preservation, processing &
use of archives that may be
public/private, safeguarding
of their use as evidence of the
nation’s experience in
permanently valuable
records.
Functions & Activities
1. Acquisition
2. Transfer
3. Preservation
4. Access
5. Copying of records/archives
Archival Administration
● Focus: Preservation & care of
unique records.
● Responsibility: Group, Gov
Agency & Org/Agency
● Involves:
1. Acquisition & Appraisal of
Archives
2. Internal Structure &
Organization
Acquisition & Appraisal of Archives
1. Receiving Archival Materials
2. Methods of Acquistions
● Donation
● Transfer
● Loan
● Purchase
3. Appraisal of Archival
Materials
● Process to assess records &
determine the archival value
of possible acquisitions &
their suitability to keep
permanently for your
institution
● Wether fit in archival coll.
Internal Structure & Organization
1. Repository
● Reception of new material
into custody
● The preservation of this
material in storage
● Provision of equipment for
this purpose
● Maintenance of storage areas
● Administrative control of
materials, movement of
materials into and out the
repository and from place to
place within it.
● Security of the repository
2. Search Room/Ref Area
Act
● Provision of facilities for
users
● Maintain as a suitable
environment for the
consultation of archival
● materials
● Control of registration and
● conduct of users
● Focus on procedures for
ordering, issues and return
of archival materials
● Copying activities
3. Finding Aids & Publ
● Intellectual control of the
holdings
● Preparation and publication
of guide to the holdings
● Research and analysis
● Preparation of lists, indexes
and other finding aids
● Other publications – such as
exhibitions and outreach
activities
4. Preservation Services
● Maintenance and monitoring
of environmental conditions
in repository
● Conservation and repair
facilities and programs
● Copying and photographic
equipment and programs
Material Types
● Forms
1. Parchment
2. Paper (Manuscript/printed)
3. Microfilm
4. Tape
5. Photograph
● Level of Est
1. Government
2. Business
3. Private/Individual
4. Religious
5. Organizations
● Nature of Information
1. Biographical
2. Images
3. Reports
4. Minutes
5. Agreement
Why keep archive
1. Continuing value to an
individual/org as well as
society.
2. As long-term memory,
enabling better quality
planning decision making
and action.
3. Providing for continuity
access to past experience,
expertise and knowledge &
historical perspective.
4. As a way of accessing the
experience of others.
5. As evidence of continuing
rights and obligations.
6. As instruments of power,
legitimacy (rights) and
accountability, facilitating
social interaction and
cohesion (unity).
7. As a source for our
understanding and
identification of ourselves,
our organization and our
society.
8. As a tools for
communicating political,
social and cultural.
Retrieval Tools
● Help users find, identify,
select & obtain information
resources of all types.
● In archives are finding aids
● Finding aids:
1. A document, published or
unpublished, listing or
describing a body of records
or archives.
2. A guide leading archivists &
researcher to informations
● Print/electronic
● Examples:
1. Database
2. Indexes
3. Inventories
4. Registers
5. Calendars
● Finding aids is a tool
facilitate discovery inf within
a collection of records:
1. Provide an essential link
between archives & their
users.
2. Assist archivists & users in
finding the records they
need.
3. Assist in the retrieval of
information contained in
archival holdings and
4. Facilitate efficient
management of the
repository.
Finding Aids Types
1. Repository Guide
Guide to holdings
2. Descriptive Inventory
● Give basic inf about a coll.
● Contain descriptions of all
Record Groups and
Sub-Groups as well as
content descriptions of box
numbers and a list of their
contents.
3. Summary Inventory
● Describes the materials and
all items included in holdings
(a comprehensive listing of
the materials that are within
the collection)
Elements in Finding Aids
1. Administrative History
● help readers to understand
the significance of the
archives.
2. Series Description
● Group Code (First & Last
Date)
● Series Number (Item Numb)
● Series Title (Physical Nature)
3. Description of
Documents
● Subject
● Function
● Summary
● Significant information from
custodial history
● Directly related series
Functions
1. To arrange the materials in
their original structural
order
2. By writing down the essential
descriptive facts about the
originals, the archivist are
able to create a set of
representations, which can in
a way stand in for the
original.
3. To provide access point.
4. To provide physical control
and intellectual control of
the archival materials.
CH7: ORG OF INFORMATION
IN DIFF ENVIRONMENT [2]
Bibliographic Control Activites
in Record Centre & Archives
● Record Centre Activities
1. Preparing records for
storage.
2. Executing and maintaining
control and retrieval system
procedures (Including
checking transfer list, filing
lists etc)
3. Completing statistical
information.
4. Receiving and carrying out
requests for information or
records.
5. Implementation of retention
and disposal schedule.
● Archives Activities
1. Repository
2. Search Room/ Reference
Area
3. Finding Aids and
Publications
4. Preservation Services
● The record centre is only a
temporary place for
safe-keeping the
documents/materials.
● Bibliographic control
activities in Archives,
involves three (3) stages:
1) Intellectual Control (Archive)
● Tools: Inventory, Thematic
Guide, Catalogue &
COMPASS
● COMPASS (Computerized
Archival System and
Services) designed to assist
researchers to find their
required materials
● OFA (Online Finding Aids)
replaced COMPASS
● The tools are meant to:
1. Provides a means of
identifying potentially
relevant materials, with a
pointer to where those
materials are stored
2. Identifies for users what
materials are held, what
subjects they deal with and
where they are located
repository and can be found
and use
● For instances: pointing to a
specific box on a specific
shelf in a specific room.
3) Finding Aids (Archive)
● The archivist will make a few
copies of Finding Aids which
located in diff drawers & may
be accessed by users
1. Two copies at least in the
reference area (one for
research use and one for staff
use).
2. One in the editorial area (For
future revision)
3. One in the storage area.
4. One in regional area.
5. One with the director of the
archival institution.
2) Physical Control (Archive)
● Determine the way of storing
archival materials: est order
(arrangement) within series,
re-housing material,
separation of special formats
● The function of tracking the
storage of records to ensures
that the records are pointer
specifies; ensures that all
series and items are
accounted for in the
Descriptions for Materials Archives
● Description: process of
capturing, analyzing,
organizing and recording
information that serves to
identify, manage, locate and
explain archives and the
contexts and records systems
that produced them.
● Archival Desc: process of
establishing intellectual
control over the archival
holdings in our custody
through the preparation of
finding aids; such as
inventories, catalogue cards
and indexes.
● Description mirrors the
arrangement of the archives,
providing a representation
on paper of the provenance,
original order and content of
the archival material.
Principles of Description
● The basic structure for a
national archival description
standard based on general
international standard
archival description
(ISAD(G))
● Each principle has been
developed by the archival
profession in order to
preserve the integrity of the
records & significance of
archival records as authentic,
impartial evidence of the
activities they document.
● Arrangement & description
achieve control over the
holdings of the archival
institution. This control is of
two types, administrative
(physical) and intellectual.
Arrangement & Description for
Materials in Archive
● How archivist determines
the description?
1. Arrangement: Identifies
provenance & preserve/
re-construct & original order.
The principle (provenance &
og order) provide guidelines
for arranging records in a
manner that preserves the
integrity of the records.
2. Description: mirrors
arrangement in a manner
that accurately represents
and explains it. The archivist
must :
● Identify the original
order of the fonds
(group)
● Analyze the r.ship of
the records to the
activities & functions
of the records creator.
3. The understanding that is
gained in the arrangement
process will enable the
archivist to accurately
represent the fonds (group)
in the description.
● Keywords to Remember:
1. Respect Des Fonds
● Respect for the
creator of the records
or archives, involving
the maintenance of
provenance and
original order.
● Requires archives
must be kept together
according to the
agency responsible for
their creation/
accumulation & in the
og order est during
their use as current
records.
● Principles:Provenance
& Og order
2. Provenance
● ‘office of origin’ of the
materials; source from
which material is
received. (Exp: a
person, a group, an
institution or a
company.
3. Original Order
● order & org in which
the doc were created
or stored by that office
of origin.
● Est by rec creator
must be maintained to
reflect the activities &
functions of the
creator.
Access to Information
Archive
● To ensure users can access
archival materials, archival
inst. must provide good
reference service.
● Plan & maintain appropriate
reference services for all
users.
● Used for research/reference
from government off to
academic readers to member
of general public.
● Provision:
1. Reference/search dep
2. Managing the reference area
3. Registration of users /
researchers
4. Order & produce archive
5. Consulting archival docs by
the creating agencies
6. Producing archives for the
transferring agency
7. Returning archival materials
8. Providing a reference library
in the archival institution
● Ref/search dep is the contact
point for members of the
public & agency officials who
wish to find out ab the
holdings of the institution.
● The reference area, often
called the search room, is a
controlled sector within the
institution in which users
can consult archival
materials in an atmosphere
conducive to study.
● Users/ researchers must
have ready access to the
finding aids (guides,
group-level descriptions,
item lists and Indexes).
Libraries VS Archives
1. Sources
Lib: Mainly secondary. Most
materials is published.
Arc: Mainly primary. Most of
materials/documents were written
or typed by creator. (Manuscript)
2. Access to InformationInf searching – is it
possible to browse or
used the holdings?
Lib: Yes. On open access.
Arc: No. Stored in a separate room.
User will need to request the
material from staff & use catalog.
3. What kind of
arrangement in the inf
agency?
Lib: Subj, Author, Title, Series &
Call Number.
Arc: Provenance & Original Order
4. Differences in Catalog?
Lib: Individual items. Found using
keyword searches.
Arc: Hierarchical desc. Cataloged
by the way docs created & require
contextual inf found in catalog
structure.
5. Can user borrow items?
Lib: Yes,except materials in ref dep
Arc: No, only registered user can
see og docs in reading room.
6. Restriction to access?
Lib: No. It provide information
Arc: Yes. A doc is restricted when
fragile/legal reasons. Kept for
evidential value.
7. Origin of items?
Lib: Bought/ Donated
Arc: Transferred from another
department of the same institution.
It also can be donated (given
permanently)/deposited (given
on a long-term loan) by individuals
or outside institutions.
Peringkat Keselamatan
● Rahsia Besar:
Dokumen rasmi, maklumat rasmi
dan bahan-bahan rasmi yang jika
didedahkan
tanpa kebenaran akan
menyebabkan kerosakan yang amat
besar kepada negara.
● Rahsia:
Dokumen rasmi, maklumat rasmi &
bahan rasmi jika didedahkan tanpa
kebenaran akn membahayakan
keselamatan negara, menyebabkan
kerosakan besar kpd kepentingan &
martabat
Malaysia/
memberi
keuntungan besar kpd sesebuah
kuasa asing.
● Sulit:
Dokumen rasmi, maklumat rasmi/
bahan rasmi jika didedahkan tanpa
kebenaran
walaupun
x
membahayakan
keselamatan
negara
ttpi
memudaratkan
kepentingan/ martabat Malaysia
● Terhad:
Dokumen rasmi/maklumat rasmi/
bahan rasmi selain daripada yang
diperingkatkan RAHSIA BESAR,
RAHSIA dan SULIT tetapi perlu
diberi tahap perlindungan
Keselamatan.
The Internet
● A global network of
interconnected comp,
servers, phones & smart
appliances that communicate
with each other using the
transmission control
protocol (TCP) standard to
enable a fast exchange of
information and files, along
●
●
1.
2.
●
●
with other types of services.
A network of connections
wherein users at any
workstation may, with
authorization, receive data
from every other system (and
often interact with users
working on other comp)
Infrastructures:
Optical fibre data
transmission cables or
copper wires
Numerous additional
networking infrastructures
(local area networks (LAN),
wide area networks (WAN),
metropolitan area networks
(MAN), etc. )
Wireless services such as 4G
and 5G or Wi-Fi necessitate
similar physical cable
installations for internet
access.
The internet was first
envisioned in the form of
ARPANET by the Advanced
Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) of the U.S. gov in
1969. (Goal: to create a
network that would enable
users of a research computer
at one institution to “comm”
with research computers at
another institution.
How does it work?
● The internet is a global
network that allows different
types of information and
media to be shared across
devices. It uses internet
protocol (IP) and transport
control protocol (TCP) to
route data packets between
devices. When you access a
website, your device sends a
request to the server using
these protocols.
● Server: Web pages are
stored. It access the webpage
& deliver the right inf to the
computer whenever the
request arrives.
● Server Func: Similar w hard
drive except w far greater
processing power.
Types of Internet Services
1. Communication
2. File Transfer
3. Directory
4. Ecommerce & Online
Transacttiond
5. Network Mgt
6. Time
7. Search engine services on the
web
The Search Engines
● A coordinated set of
programs that searches for &
identifies items in a d.base
that match specified criteria.
● Used to access inf on WWW
● Often change their algorithm
to improve user experience.
● Aiming to understand how
users search & give them the
best answer to their query.
This means giving priority to
the highest quality and most
relevant pages.
How search engines works?
1. Crawling
● Using programs (spiders/
bots/crawlers) to scour the
internet.
● Done for a few days, so it is
possible for content to be
out-of-date until they crawl
ur website again.
2. Indexing
● By using keywords, the
search engine will
understand & categories the
content on a web page.
● Following SEO best practice
will help the search engine
understand your content so
● you can rank for the right
search queries.
●
3.
●
a.
b.
c.
●
Bibliographic activities
Ranking
Ranked on factors like:
Keyword density
Speed
Link
Aim: provide the user w the
most relevant result.
CH8: ISSUES IN INFO
STORAGE & RETRIEVAL
Consistency
● Consistency & Standardized
approach help to ensure that
all items are described &
organized in the same way.
● Difficult to achieve across
different collection, format,
& language.
Access Points
● Hard to choose to include in
catalog records.
● Catalogers must determine
the most relevant access
points for each item.
Authority Control
● In order to ensure that
names & subject are
connected to the correct
authority recs, catalogers
must maintain consistency in
how they are used across the
catalog.
● Involving keeping up-to-date
w changes to names, titles, &
subject headings.
Non traditional Resources
● Challeges in cataloging
Digital materials, multimedia
items & other non-print
formats.
● Catalogers need to describe
& classify these materials in a
way that is useful to users.
Multilingual Materials
● Ensure users can access &
understand the descriptions
& access points in the
catalog.
● Require translating elements
of the catalog into multiple
languages.
Backlog
● Error in cataloging (done by
intern) lead to backlog of
work in cataloging
department.