RSM INTERNATIONAL SCHO0L
AFFILATED TOCBSE (AFFILATION NO. 1730584)
SCHOOL CODE:10929
PROJECT FILE
SESSION 2022-2023
R.S.M.
INTERNATIONAL SCHOoL
RS
Knouwledge
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this projects original work done by
class XIIDfor fulfillment of CBSE'S Examination 2022- 2023and has been carried out under my
direct supervision &guidance. This report or asimilar report on the topic hasnot been submitted
for any other xamination and does not form apart of any other course undergone by the
candidate.
TEACHER'SNAME:
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PRINCIPAL
(RSM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL)
RST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Ihough the following project work is an individual work.I couldnever explore
the depths of this report without the guidance of my teacher and classmates.
First of all, Iwish to express my warm and sincere thanks to my
|teacherandupSauajorther valuable support, encouragement, supervision and
continuous guidance during the preparation of this project work. Without her
encouragement and deep knowledge, it would have been impossible for me to finish
this work.
lam very thankful to our Principal/124 Sal hanator her support and
encouragement extended during this work. My special thanks to my classmates and
friends for providing astimulating and fun-filled environment during the whole phase
of my project work.
My thanksare due to allthose who have directly or indirectly helpedme in
preparing this report.
AIM
Todetermine the Faraday's law
of Electromagnetic Induction
using a copper wire wound
over an iron rod and a strong
magnet.
Introduction
electromagnetism
Faradav's law of induction is a basic law of
an electric
that predicts how a magnetic field will interact with
(EMF). It is the
circuit to produce an electromotive force
fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors,
generators.
and many types of electrical motors and
by
Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently
however. Faraday
Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831;
experiments. Faraday
his
was the first to publish the results of
using a concept he called
explained electromagnetic induction
electromagnetic are
lines of force. These equation for
means to precisely
a
provide
they
since
important
extremely
phenomena in our unit
physical
natural
many
describe how
quantitatively describe
to
ability
The
behave.
and
verse arise
a better
gain
to
us
allows
only
not
physical phenomena
makes possible a host
also
it
but
universe,
understanding of our
modern society.
define
that
innovations
of technological
Induction can
Electromagnetic
of
Law
Understanding Faraday's
daily life function
our
of
aspects
many
be beneficial since so
Law. From natural
Faraday's
behind
because of the principles
such as electric
life
of
quality
our
technologies that improve
much
agreat impact on
has
law
Faraday's
power generation,
aspect
an
whereby
w
induction,
magnetic
Faraday's law describes electromagnetic
changing
electric field is induced, or generated, by a
necessary to
is
it
field. Before expanding upon this description,
as the related
well
as
fields,
the
of
understanding
develop an
concept of potentials.
electromagnetic
of
demonstration
experimental
first
Faraday's
wires around
induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two
arrangement
opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an
induce current.
similar to a modern toroidal transformer) to
have remarked
physicists
Some
Experiment.First
Faraday's
two different
equation describing
that Faraday's law is a single
by a magnetic force
phenomena.- The motional EMF generated transformer EMF
force), and the
Lorentz
(see
wire
moving
on a
magneticfield
changing
a
to
due
force
generated by electric
equation). James Clerk Maxwell
Maxwell-Faraday
(due to the
physical lines of
on
paper
1861
his
in
drew attentio to thisfact
paper. Maxwell gives a
that
of
Il
part
half
latter
force. In this
of the two phenomena.
each
for
explanation
separate physica
electromagnetic induction
of
aspects
two
A reference to these
mode:
is made in some
textbooks.
ma
ei
Theory
Magnetic flux-The magnetic flux (often denoted
ro»)
through a surface is the component of the Bfield passing
through that surface. The S unit of maenetic flux is the Weber
(Wb) (in derived units - volt- second), and the CGS unit is the
Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux-meter,
which contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluates
the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux.
Ifthe mnagnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing
through asurface of vector area S is
O- BS- BS cos 0
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic
flux density) having the unit of Wb/m² (Tesla).
$is the area of the surface, and is the angle between the
magneticfield lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S.
For
magnetic flux
the
consider
we first
varying magnetic field,
where we may
irough an infinitesimal areaelement dS,
a
condiser the field to be constant
do,- B. ds
Fromthe definition of the magnetic
and the
vector potential A
Tundamentaltheorem of the curl, the magnetic flux may also
defined as
boundary of the
Where the line integral is taken over the
surfaceS, which is denoted dS.
1.
Apparatus Required
Insulated copper wire
2. An iron
rod
3. Astrong
magnet, and
4. Alight
emitting diode (LED)
LEDB
Copper We
Law
The most widespread version of Faraday'slaw states "The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to
the time rate of change of the magnetic, flux throughthe
circuit.'"
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed
Circuit isaloop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in other
Circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the
Maxwell-Faradayequation (discussed below), is valid in all
circumstances.
When the flux changes - because Bchanges, or because the
wire loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday's law of
induction say that the wire loop acquires an EMF e. defined as
the energy available per unit charge that travels once around
the wire loop (the unit of EMF isthe volt). Equivalently, it is the
create
voltage that would be measured by cutting the wire to
voltmeter to the leads.
a
attaching
and
circuit
open
an
According to the Lorentz force law(in Slunits).
F-qfE+ Vx B)
The EMF on awire loop is
E.Fdt-.(E +VxB) dl
where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field
(aka
magneticflux density, magnetic induction), dl is an infinitesimal
arc length along the wire. and the line
integral is evaluated
along the wire (along the curve the coincident with the
shape
ofthe wire).
The Maxwell-Faraday equation
states that a time-varying
magnet field is always accompanied by a
non
spatially-varying,
Conservative electric fields, and vice-versa. The MaxXwell
Faraday equation is
V×E =
dB
dT
Where V is the curl operator and again E(r,t) is the
electric field
and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can
generally be
of
functions position r and time t.
The four Maxwell's equation (including the
Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law,are asufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with
these equation. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting
point and usedto "prove" the Maxwell Faraday equation
and/or other laws.
Conclusion
Faraday's law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published byMichael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes avery important electromagnetic concept. Although
its mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday's is not hardto grasp it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to adynamic magneticfield. This concept
has many far reaching ramifications that touch our lives in
manyways from the shining of the sun to the convenience of
mobile communications, to electricity to power our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound Faraday's law has on us.