21st CENTURY LITERATURE FRON THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
2ND SEM – GRADE 11
Topic: Introduction of Philippine Literature
TWO FORMS OF LITERATURE
POETRY
What is Literature?

Is derived from the Latin word “littera” which
means “a letter of the alphabet” “writing formed
with letters”

According to the website Britannica, literature is
traditionally defined as body of written works
associated to imaginative and creative works of
poetry and prose and can be classified according to
variety of system such as language, national origin,
historical period.




1.
2.
3.
“Literature is writing which expresses and
communicates feelings and attitude towards life”
Literature deals with ideas, thought, sand
emotions of man, literature can be said to be the
story of man. Man’s loves, griefs, thoughts,
dreams and aspirations coached in beautiful,
language is literature.






This literary type is usually written in lines and is
characterized by having the element of rhythm,
sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to
express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It can be
divided into three types: narrative, dramatic, and
lyrical poetry.
a.
Narrative Poetry - This poetry tells a story and has
the elements of a narrative such as characters,
setting, conflict, etc. (e.g., Epic, Ballad, and Tales)
Example: Biag ni Lam-ang
b. Dramatic Poetry - This is an emotionally appealing
drama written in verse that tells a story and is
intended to be recited or sung in front of the
audience by a character speaking in poetry.
Example : Ibong Adarna
c.
Literary Text the product of written literature.
Literature uses literary devices such as metaphor
and symbolism.
The best way to describe the characteristics of
literary text is that:
It narrates a story,
It expresses feelings, thoughts and ideas which can
either be based from the imagination or real life
experience of the author or other people.
It delivers significant information and crosses
boundaries of time, place, cultures and languages.
LITERARY STANDARD


UNIVERSALITY – appeals to everyone regardless of
labels.
ARTISTRY – has aesthetic appeal
INTELLECTUAL VALUE – stimulates critical thinking
and abstract reasoning.
SUGGESTIVENSS – unravels and conjures man’s
emotions
SPIRITUAL VALUE – elevates the spirit and soul –
the power to inspire.
PERMANENCE – endures across time: Timeliness;
Timelessness
STYE – presents peculiar ways evident on the
formation of ideas
Lyric Poetry - It is the most common type of poetry
that focuses on expressing feelings rather than
telling a story. Intended to be sung.
Example: Folk Song “Chit-chirit-chit”
PROSE

In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a
natural flow of speech and grammatical structures
which are mainly consisting of complete sentences
arranged logically and sequentially in a paragraph
form.
a.
Fiction. This serves as a product of the writer's wild
imagination and creative thinking where the
characters react to the conflict and various issues
central to the main idea of a literary work. Its three
types are: short story, novel, and novella. The main
genres are crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction,
western, inspirational, historical fiction and horror.
TYPES






OF FICTION
Fables (animals and things)
Myth (gods and goddesses)
Legends (origins)
Parables (with moral lessons and values)
Folk Tales
Short Stories (1 plot and limited
characters)
 Novels (Divided through chapters,
multiple plots and many characters)
21st CENTURY LITERATURE FRON THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
b. Non-fiction. These are stories inspired by real
events where the writers aim to present, interpret,
or describe experiences based on facts. The
judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the
writers may be presented in the form of essays,
journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the
like.
TYPES OF NON-FICTION




A figure of speech is something which is used to convey a
more deep or intense meaning. It is a phrase made up of two
or more words which can add effect to the meaning of
something and is used in a non-literal sense. When using
literal speech, the words and sentences explain what is
happening literally, or in other words what is happening in
reality. When we use a figure of speech to explain a situation,
the words and sentences become non literal and do not
convey what is actually happening but rather give a feeling
as to what is happening.
An example to show the comparison between literal speech
and a figure of speech would be:
Literal – it is raining heavily.
Figure of speech – it is raining cats and dogs.
TYPES OF FIGURE OF SPEECH
SIMILE
A simile compares two dissimilar things using “like” or “as.”
The goal of simile is to give the reader a more vivid
understanding of something.
Example:
It was the first real day of summer, and by the time she
came back indoors, she was as red as a tomato.
She walks at the corridor she shines like bright as
diamond.

Personification is when an object which is not alive is
given human qualities. Here are some examples of
personification in use.
Example:
That phone will take out someone’s eye.
My alarm clock screams at me every morning.
Biography/Autobiography
Narrative Essay
Memoir
Diaries and Journal
FIGURES OF SPEECH


2ND SEM – GRADE 11
PERSONIFICATION
METAPHOR
A metaphor is the direct comparison of dissimilar things to
create more vivid imagery or understanding.
Example:
He was an onion; to understand him, she had to peel back
the layers.
She was the shining star of the talent show.
His eyes were ice.
Let the floods clap their hands (Psalms 98:8)

METONYMY
Metonymy is when a phrase is replaced with another
which has a similar meaning, used to describe
something in an indirect manner.
Example:
The pen is more mighty than the sword.
I remain loyal to the crown.
My husband is considered a silver fox.
Let me give you a hand

HYPERBOLE
Hyperbole is a term which uses an exaggeration to add
a more dramatic meaning to the sentence.
Example:
I think of you a million times a day
When he told me the joke, I almost died laughing
There were mountains of food at the party

IRONY
Irony is a statement which conveys the exact opposite
meaning of what is literally being said. It is also a
statement which contradicts the situation. Here are
some examples of irony in use.
Example:
The fire station burnt to the ground.
The pilot had a fear of flying.
‘What lovely weather.’ she said when it was raining
The Titanic was said to be unsinkable, but it sank on
its first voyage.