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ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THE HORMONES THEY PRODUCE

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ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THE HORMONES THEY
PRODUCE
GLAND
HORMONE
EFFECTS
Hypothalamus
Growth hormonereleasing hormone
(GHRH)
Growth hormoneinhibiting hormone
(GHIH)
Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH)
Corticotropinreleasing hormone
(CRH)
Gonadotropinreleasing hormone
(GnRH)
Prolactin-releasing
hormone (PRH)
Prolactin-inhibiting
hormone (PIH)
Oxytocin
Causes anterior pituitary gland to release growth
hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Anterior Pituitary
Gland
Growth Hormone
(GH)
Adrenocorticotropin
(ACTH)
Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone
Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone
(LH)
Inhibition of growth hormone on anterior pituitary
gland
Causes anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid
stimulating hormone
Causes anterior pituitary gland to release
andrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)
Causes anterior pituitary gland to release folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Causes anterior pituitary to release prolactin (PRL)
Inhibits release of prolactin by the anterior
pituitary gland
Transported to posterior pituitary gland where it is
released into the bloodstream. See posterior
pituitary gland
Transported to posterior pituitary gland where it is
released into the bloodstream. See posterior
pituitary gland
Directly influences protein, carbohydrate and lipid
metabolism and controls the rate of skeletal and
visceral growth
Stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands to
produce adrenocortical hormones called
corticosteroids
Stimulates the thyroid gland to release the thyroid
hormones thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
Stimulates the growth and maturation of follicles
in the ovary and sprematogenisis in the male. FSH
is also called a gonadotrophic hormone
This is also a godandatrophic that acts with FSH to
cause ovulation of mature follicles and the
Posterior
Pituitary Gland
Prolactin
Antidiuretic Hormone
( ADH or vasopressin)
Oxytocin
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyrinine
Calcitonin
Parathyroid
Gland
Adrenal Cortex
Parathyroid Hormone
(PTH)
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Adrenal Medulla
Pancreas
Androgenic
Hormones
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Insulin
Glucagon
Testes
Ovaries
Testosterone
Estrogen
secretion of estrogen (an ovarian hormone). In the
male, LH stimulated the production of testosterone
(the main male sex hormone) by the interstitial
cells of Leydig in the testes.
Promotes breast development and milk secretion
Causes the kidneys to reabsorb water thereby
increasing the water content of the body. It may
also constrict the blood vessels throughout the
body thus elevating blood pressure
Stimulates the myometrium of the uterus to
strongly contract during the birthing process.
Oxytocin also stimulates the breast to express milk
when the baby suckles
These two hormones, known as the thyroid
hormones increase metabolic rates in almost all
tissues of the body
Promotes calcium deposition in bones and lowers
calcium concentrations in extracellular fluid
Increases blood calcium levels by increasing
activity of osteoclasts in bone.
Aldosterone is the most abundant
mineralocorticoid produced. It promotes sodium
reabsorption and potassium secretion in the
kidneys
Cortisol is the most abundant glucocorticoid
produced. It helps control protein, carbohydrate
and fat metabolism. Con trolls major stressors.
Produced I n small amounts and have similar
effects as the male sex hormone testosterone.
Both these hormones mimic the stimulation of the
sympathetic nervous system
Controls the rate of carbohydrate metabolism by
promoting glucose transport into cells
Stimulates glucose release from the liver thereby
raising blood glucose levels
Stimulates growth of male sex organs and
secondary sex characteristics
Stimulates the development of female sex organs,
breasts and various secondary sexual
characteristics. Important during the sexual cycle
along with progesterone to produce an
environment suitable for fertilization, implantation
and nutrition of the early embryo
Progesterone
Placenta
Prepares the uterus for the reception and
development of the fertilized ovum by stimulating
endometrial glands. Progesterone is also
responsible for the development of the secondary
apparatus of the breasts.
Human Chorionic
Promotes the growth of the corpus luteum (a
Gonadatropin (HCL)
yellow glandular mass in the ovary formed by an
ovarian follicle that has matured and discharged its
ovum) which secretes estrogens and progesterone.
Estrogen
Stimulates the growth of the mother’s sex organs
and fetal tissue.
Progesterone
Promotes fetal tissue development and promotes
the development of the secretory apparatus of the
breasts.
Human
Promotes fetal tissue development and the
Somatomammotropin development of the mother’s breasts.
Chemistry of Hormones: Chemically, there are 3 principle classes of hormones:
1) Steroids
2) Derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
3) Proteins and peptides
1) Steroids : Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. Examples of steroid hormones
are:
-aldosterone
-cortisol
-androgenic hormone
-testosterone
-estrogens
-progesterone
2) Derivatives of the amino acid Tyrosin : Structurally these are the simplest and are
synthesized by modifying the amino acid tyrosine. Examples are
-thyroxine
-triiodothyronine
-epinephrine and norepinephrine (secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands)
3) Proteins and Peptides : These hormones consist of chains of amino acids and include;
-hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
-oxytocin
-antidiuretic hormone
-all anterior pituitary hormones
-insulin
-glucagon
-parathyroiud hormone
-calcitonin
The amount of hormones required to control most metabolic and endocrine functions
are incredibly small with concentrations ranging from 1 picogram (1 millionth of millionth of a
gram) per millimeter of blood to a few micrograms (1 millionth of a gram) per millimeter of
blood. Sophisticated methods are needed to detect and measure these concentrations.
Control of Hormone Secretion:
Hormones are regulated primarily by negative feedback where once a physiologic
effect is achieved, the information is then transferred either directly or indirectly back to the
producing endocrine gland which inhibits further secretion.
Positive feedback control of hormone secretion is uncommon because it leads to a
larger response which acts as a greater stimulus for more response.
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