‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١٨W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 Maintenance of Substations‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ، ‫א‬ ،  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Function of SubstationsW‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KESwitching devicesF‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
EProtection devicesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KEVoltage regulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Step-up or step-down transformers‫א‬ •
Circuit breakers & relays،‫א‬ •
Voltage and current transformers‫א‬ •
Bus-Bars •
 Switching equipment & insulators‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 Types of Substations‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KTransmission substation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KDistribution substation‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

–‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١ J٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Steps of maintenance for substations‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٣ J٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ،  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬      
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 –E١ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   on field tests ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Acceptance tests‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Routine maintenance tests‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٦٠‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W٤ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Circuit Breaker
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Blocking)
 K
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬
K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٦ J٢
 Maintenance of Electric Power Transformers
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٦ J٢
 Maintenance of Dry-type Power Transformers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ – ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ventilation ‫א‬ ، accessibility  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Katmospheric conditions
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F،‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–E٢ J٢F
 
         ‫א‬    W ‫א‬   – ٢
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
(Tr. Case)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢FK‫א‬
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٣ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ – ٣
 W‫א‬
        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ١٠٠٠     ◦٢٠ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F،‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–E٤ J٢F
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬٪٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K ‫א‬
  K Transformer Turns Ratio tester (TTR)  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥ J٢F
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٥ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
tap ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kchangers
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      W  ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
K٪٣‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    W  ‫א‬   – ٥
 ‫א‬   ،     ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 (short circuited)‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ – ٦
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٦ J٢
 Maintenance of Oil-filled Power Transformers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ventilation‫א‬W‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ، ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٦ J٢F
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

         ‫א‬    W ‫א‬   – ٢
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٪٦٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Tr. case)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٧ J٢F
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ – ٣
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠◦٢٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–E٨ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬٪ ٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬
 K(tap changing points)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٩ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– ٤
 ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    Infra-red Scan ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، Heat Spots‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،Arcing‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬
 
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫• א‬
 
‫• א‬
 
‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬
–F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫• א‬
 
E
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    W  ‫א‬   – ٥
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
E 100 – 120 C° F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

     ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫• א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬ (short circuited) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  K ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
0.5‫א‬‫א‬90 – 100 C°‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 50 C°  ‫א‬‫א‬ (torr)
‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦
‫א‬     ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Maintenance of Electric Circuit Breakers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧ J٢
، C.B  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  fuses‫א‬‫א‬، disconnect switches‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Air-magnetic circuit breakersE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Oil circuit breakers E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Vacuum circuit breakersE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
SF6 circuit breakers
- ٣١ -
ESF6‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٧ J٢
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬   ‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
      ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٧ J٢
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 

     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬     
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

           ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٤
 ،  ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١٠ J٢F
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١١ J٢F
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،     ٢٠٠٠     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F
 
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١٢ J٢F
 
 WSF6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬SF6‫א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١٣ J٢F
 
Maintenance of Instrument Transformers‫א‬‫א‬W٨ J٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٠٠ 
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬  ‫א‬ F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥ J٢F، E١٤ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE١٤ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE١٥ J٢F
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W٩ J٢
Protective Devices Testing and Maintenance
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    W ‫א‬  •
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬
 
      ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Current Setting
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

   ،  ‫א‬       ‫א‬    
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬?‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١٦ J٢F
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١٧ J٢F
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W١٠ J٢
Battery or D.C Circuits Maintenance
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫ א‬،‫א‬EF
،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
(KOH) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬ (H2SO4) ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٢
(PID)  ، D.C ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. D.C voltage
. Black out
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
   (Bearings) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٤
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
،  1→2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
    ،  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 1.265 → 1.290 
 1.205 → 1.230 
 1.110 → 1.165 








- ٤٣ -

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KE2 volt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1.8 volt
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W ‫א‬   ‫• א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،E‫א‬F
K1.8 volt‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،1087A‫א‬
Battary Capacity = 87 * 10 = 870 Amper.Hour.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 Charger‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
         ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ripples
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ،      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
          ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬1.265 → 1.290 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ،
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫ א‬  1→2  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K١
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬     K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
          ‫א‬   K٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
    ‫א‬      ،   ‫א‬
.
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

Maintenance of Bus Bars‫א‬W١١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
single bus-bars‫א‬‫א‬ •
sectionalized bus-bars‫א‬‫א‬ •
duplicate bus-bars‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K٤
        ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
K‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


 
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬–E١٨ J٢F
 
 Maintenance of Station Insulators‫א‬‫א‬W١٢ J٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE١٩ J٢F
 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬   K٤
     ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬–E٢٠ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
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 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬٢٠٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Alarm System Inspection‫א‬‫א‬W١٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

Earthing System Inspection‫א‬‫א‬W١٤ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
WDucton Tester or Micro-Ohmeter ‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE٢١ J٢F‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 

٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬




1 µΩ → 19.99 Ω ; Error = 0.025%

‫א‬‫א‬ •
1 µΩ → 199.9 Ω ; Error = 0.02%
1 µΩ → 600 Ω ; 10 A





K٢
‫א‬
‫א‬ •
  •
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K–E٢١ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WMegger‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٢٢ J٢F
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٣ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
X = (R1 + R2 + R3) / 2
R3
 
R1
X
 
R2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E٢٣ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
A ‫א‬‫א‬B , C‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E٢٤ J٢F
A , B‫א‬‫א‬A , C‫א‬
W‫א‬
Re = V/ I
I
 
 
V
A


B



- ٥٣ -

 C
 




 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

Susstation Restoring‫א‬W١٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KLast Opened, First Closed (LOFC) 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬( Circuit Breaker Unblocking )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٤ -
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦٣
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨

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