Parts of Speech Parts of speech indicate how the word functions in meaning, as well as grammatically within the sentence. An individual word can function as more than one part of speech when used in different circumstances. Understanding parts of speech is essential for determining the correct definition of a word when using the dictionary. Articles are words that you use with nouns. An article determines the noun. Articles in the English language are: “The” - definite “A” and “An” - indefinite ● a book, an apple, a bottle ● the car down the street, ● an article next to you Types of Nouns: Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They may be the names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous to be counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb. Eg: liquids (milk, water), abstract ideas (advice, chaos, motivation), powder and grain (rice, wheat, sand) Common nouns are the generic name for a person, place, or thing in a class or group. Unlike proper nouns, a common noun is not capitalized unless it either begins a sentence or appears in a title.eg: People: mother, father, baby, child, toddler, teenager, grandmother, student, teacher, minister, businessperson, sales clerk, woman, man., Animals: lion, tiger, bear, dog, cat, alligator, cricket, bird, wolf., Things: table, truck, book, pencil, iPad, computer, coat, boots, Collective noun is a noun that represents a collection of individuals, usually people, such as: a team (for example: eleven football players) a family (for example: mother, father and two children) a crew (for example: 100 sailors) A proper noun is a specific (i.e., not generic) name for a particular person, place, or thing. Proper nouns are always capitalized in English, no matter where they fall in a sentence.eg: Counta ble nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the plural countable noun. Eg:Countable nouns can be counted, e.g. an apple, two apples, three apples, etc Concrete nouns are a noun denoting a material object rather than an abstract quality, state, or action, e.g. dog, building, tree. Abstract nouns are a noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object, e.g. truth, danger, happiness. Pronoun - is a word used in place of a noun. A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent. Pronouns replace nouns. Without them, language would be repetitious, lengthy, and awkward. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_GnSOIfWf4 - WATCH THIS VIDEO Eg: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! Personal pronouns - are the stunt doubles of grammar; they stand in for the people (and perhaps animals) who star in our sentences. Eg: I, you, he, she, it, we they, me, him, her, us, and them. First person Second person Third person Subjective Objective Subjective Objective Subjective Objective I, we you you he, she, it, they him, her, it, them me, us Subject pronouns - are those pronouns that perform the action in a sentence. They are I, you, he, she, we, they, and who. Any noun performing the main action in the sentence, like these pronouns, is a subject Indefinite pronouns - While personal pronouns refer to specific persons, places, or things, indefinite pronouns refer to general persons, places, or things. Indefinite pronouns all are third-person pronouns and can be subjects or objects in sentences. anyone anybody anything either each no one nobody nothing another one someone somebody something everyone everybody everything any Possessive Pronouns - replace possessive nouns. Thus, Jamie's Corvette becomes her Corvette. Possessive pronouns never take apostrophes. my our your his, her mine ours yours his, hers its their whose theirs In the table above, the words in the upper row must accompany nouns: her Corvette, our Nissan. The pronouns in the lower row stand alone, as replacements for the adjective + noun pair– "Hers is fast; mine is slow." Reflexive pronouns - add emphasis. They always follow a noun or personal pronoun and do not appear alone in a sentence: "Jamie herself changed the tire." "She herself changed the tire." The meaning is that she, and no one else, changed the tire, and the emphasis is on the independence of her action. Reflexive pronouns also show that someone did something to himself or herself: "She surprised herself with how well she did on the test." myself ourselves yourself himself, herself, itself yourselves themselves A reflexive pronoun cannot replace the subject of a sentence, such as in "Burcu and myself are taking that class together." Instead, use a personal pronoun: "Burcu and I are taking that class together" or "Burcu and I myself are taking that class together." There is no theirself or theirselves. "They waxed the car themselves at home." There is no hisself: "Jesse taught himself French." Relative pronouns A relative pronoun begins a clause that refers to a noun in a sentence. (A clause is a word group with its own subject and verb.) Who begins a clause that refers to people: "Krista is the math tutor who helped me the most." That may refer either to persons or things: "Laura is the math tutor that knows the most about calculus; calculus is the class that I am taking in the fall." Which begins a clause that refers to things: "Statistics, which is the interpretation of collected numerical data, has many practical applications." that who whoever whose which whom whomever what Demonstrative pronouns - Demonstrative pronouns indicate specific persons, places, or things: "That is a great idea!" That is a pronoun referring to the abstract noun idea. this these that those Verb - The verb in a sentence expresses action or being. There is a main verb and sometimes one or more helping verbs. Eg: "She can sing." - Sing is the main verb; can is the helping verb. A verb must agree with its subject in number (both are singular or both are plural). Verbs also take different forms to express tense. Eg: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! A finite verb is always one word. Usually, it will be a standard verb in the past tense (e.g., played, ate), a verb in the present tense (e.g., plays, eats). An auxiliary verb (helping verb) is used with a main verb to help express the main verb's tense, mood, or voice. The main auxiliary verbs are to be, to have, and to do. They appear in the following forms: To Be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, will be. Subject-Verb Agreement. Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural. (See below image) A transitive verb is one that only makes sense if it exerts its action on an object. An intransitive verb will make sense without one. Adjective - is a word used to modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. It usually answers the question of which one, what kind, or how many. Eg: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! Comparative adjectives are used to compare one noun to another noun.Superlative adjectives are used to compare three or more nouns. Eg: Demonstrative adjectives are special adjectives or determiners used to identify or express the relative position of a noun in time or space. A demonstrative adjective comes before all other adjectives in the noun phrase. Some common demonstrative adjectives are “this, that, these, and those.” A relative adjective is basically a relative pronoun that is used within a sentence as an adjective, ultimately modifying or describing a noun or pronoun. These are words that function like other pronouns, by taking the place of a noun in a sentence, but do so in reference to a noun already within that sentence. Eg: Whichever team wins, he'll be a happy man.! Meaning : The team that wins can be one or the other Numeral adjectives can be numbers or numerical orders, describing the number of nouns or the order of the noun being described. Eg: He bought three eggs at the supermarket. (One, two, five, ten, first, second, third, tenth, twelfth, last, all, some, few, each, most, many, no, several are common examples of numeral adjectives.) Adverb - An adverb describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, but never a noun. It usually answers the questions of when, where, how, why, under what conditions, or to what degree. Adverbs often end in -y, -ly. Eg: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! Different types of Adverbs Basically, most adverbs tell you how, in what way, when, where, and to what extent something is done. In other words, they describe the manner, place, or time of an action. Here are some examples: ■ He speaks quietly. ( quietly is an adverb of manner.) ■ I live here. (here is an adverb of place.) ■ We'll leave tomorrow . (tomorrow is an adverb of time.) ■ She never sleeps late . (never is an adverb of frequency.) Preposition - is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to." When a preposition consists of one word it is called a single or simple preposition. Eg: in, at, on, to for, of, from, up, after, over, under, with, till, etc. A complex preposition is a word group (such as "along with" or "on account of") that functions like an ordinary one-word preposition. Complex prepositions can be divided into two groups: 1. Two-Word Complex Prepositions - containing two words Eg:according to, adjacent to, ahead of, along with, apart from, etc. 2. Three-Word and Four-Word Complex Prepositions - The three-word and four-word prepositions are very similar in structure, except that the four-word prepositions contain an article (the or a). Eg: as a result of, at the expense of, by means of, in front of, in lieu of, etc. Prepositions show location, time and manner (See below image) Prefix, Suffix , Root words A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a word that changes the word's meaning. A suffix is a word part added to the end of a word that changes the word's meaning. A root word is a word or word part that can form the basis of new words through the addition of prefixes and suffixes. https://dcps.duvalschools.org/cms/lib07/FL01903657/Centricity/Domain/5405/affixes%20and%2 0roots%20by%20grade%20level.pdf Synonym - a word that has a similar meaning (e.g. huge and massive ). Antonyms - a word opposite in meaning to another (e.g. bad and good ). Conjunction - A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses, and indicates the relationship between the elements joined. (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, because, although, while, since - are a few examples). Eg: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my! Interjection - An interjection is a word used to express emotion. It is often followed by an exclamation point. Eg: The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
