EMBRIO-2021
IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science
1033 (2022) 012045
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1033/1/012045
Community of juvenile hard corals (Scleractinia) in different
geomorphological type and reef benthic communities
M Abrar1*, T A Hadi1, T Handayani1, N P Zamani2, Suharsono1 and D G Bengen2
1
Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University, Indonesia
2
*
Email: abrarcoral@gmail.com
Abstract. Juvenile corals are an important stage in the life history and demographics of coral
populations in nature however, their survival is influenced by the physical environment and
benthic coral reef communities. The study of juvenile coral communities with a maximum size
of 10 cm on the reefs of Pulau Weh, Sabang, Aceh was conducted to observe juvenile coral
communities and determine their relationship with geomorphological types and benthic reefs
communities. A total of 9 sites with 72 sampling squares were distributed in different
geomorphological; tectonic type with hard substrates of lava and limestone, volcanic type with
predominantly sand substrate, and dead coral with algae with the presence of hot springs in the
vicinity. In total, we found 25 genera of juvenile corals from 12 families, and the abundance
reached 449 colonies with an average of 37.41 colonies per site. The mean density was 6.66 ±
5.99 colonies/m2 (±SD) and varied significantly between sites (p=4.878-7; <0.05), which was
dominated by the genera Porites, Pavona, Acropora, Montipora, and Favia. Live coral cover
(HC), dead coral algae (DCA), and hard rock substrate (RK) did not affect, however rubble coral
(R) was significantly affected (p=1.9-2; <0.05). Geomorphological conditions and benthic reef
cover did not show a significant effect (p = 0.48; < 0.05), although juvenile corals were very
common and better in the tectonic type than the volcanic type. The survival of juvenile corals
was low, where the smaller size was significantly high compared to the larger size (p=4.5-5;
<0.05). Our study provides up-to-date information and data on juvenile coral communities based
on geomorphological conditions and local benthic reef communities.
Keywords: Coral recruitment, juvenile corals, live coral, dead coral with algae, tectonic type,
volcanic type, geomorphology
1. Introduction
Coral reefs are important in shallow water ecosystems that continue to be degraded due to the
accumulation and combination of various threats, including climate change, destructive fishing,
pollution, and water quality degradation [1, 2]. The impact of these pressures on coral reefs is variable,
with many areas causing reefs to permanently lose their habitat [3] and some reef areas to survive and
recover.
Naturally, coral reefs under pressure will survive and have the resilience to recover. The resilience
ability of coral reefs and indications that the recovery process is in progress can be seen from the
occurrence of coral recruitment. The success of coral recruitment is an important ecological process as
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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science
IOP Publishing
1033 (2022) 012045
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1033/1/012045
a critical point in maintaining and restoring coral communities and coral reefs after experiencing damage
[2, 4, 5, 6, 7].
The recruitment of stony corals (Ordo Scleractinia) as the main component of reef building has two
phases in its life history, namely the pelagic larval phase and the sessile benthic phase. During the sessile
benthic period, coral colony development starts from the recruitment stage of corals measuring <1 cm,
then grows into juvenile corals measuring <5 cm and develops into adult corals [8, 9]. It is visually
distinguished from its relatively small colony size, which is <5 cm in diameter [8, 9], and several other
studies using a size of <10 cm [10]. The sustainability of coral communities is highly dependent on
survival after the settlement of coral larvae (post-settlement survivorship), especially at the stages of
recruitment and juvenile corals. However, under normal and undisturbed conditions, the process of
growth and development and coral mortality is strongly influenced by the structure of the adult corals
[7, 9, 11].
Many factors influence the structure and composition of the juvenile corals community, including
the geomorphological type and reef topographic [12, 13]. There are two geological factors that play an
important role in forming physical contours (profiles) and habitat complexity on coral reefs, and provide
local hydrodynamic patterns in the waters. The Geomorphological conditions and reef topography also
affect the variation and dominance of benthic communities as a function of habitat suitability and their
ecological interactions with juvenile coral communities. The survival and growth of juvenile corals are
limited by competition for space with other benthic biotas [14, 15] and predation/grazing by certain
biota. Therefore, the combination of geomorphic factors and reef topographic and the form of interaction
with the reef benthic communities determines the survival of juvenile corals and provides variations in
the recovery process of coral reefs after following damaged [12, 16].
As the center of the world's coral triangle, Indonesia has coasts and many small islands with complete
and varied island geomorphological and reef topographic. However, not many studies of coral and
juvenile corals on Indonesia's different geological conditions have been carried out. Demographic
studies of juvenile corals communities in Seychelles waters on a mixed geomorphological form of
granite and carbonate islands with the dominance of different benthic reef communities have shown a
relationship with the structure and survival of coral tillers [8].
Geomorphologically, Weh Island, Sabang City, Aceh belong to the category of the hilly island with
mountains and steep hills [17, 18]. The geomorphological and topographic conditions of Pulau Weh
with a hilly island type with a mixture of tectonic and active volcanoes are thought to affect the shape
of the reef habitat and the hydrological conditions. Our study observes the structure and composition of
juvenile coral communities and investigates how it relates to the geomorphological type and reef
topography. In particular, our study measures the variation of juvenile corals and live coral cover and
other benthic reef communities and investigated how they relate to different geomorphological types
and reef topography.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Location
Pulau Weh, one of Indonesia's northernmost small islands, is geomorphologically characterized by steep
mountains and hills formed by fracture and erosion (figure 1b). The part of Pulau Weh with a
stratovolcano type is located in the southeast, formed by andesite and basaltic rocks (58%), clastic
volcanic rocks (30%), coral reefs, and alluvium (12%) [19]. The western high topographic area consists
of andesite, lava breccia, and sandy tuff lava. In some areas, low relief is found in the north, the port of
Sabang, in the northwest and south of the island. On the east side, there is a mountain range stretching
from southeast to northwest, which is a reflection morphology of the strike-slip fault of the GSF. While
the north-south part is dominated by another morphology indicated by a trending ridge, which is a
normal fault [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. Rocky shores dominate the reef topography with poorly
developed reef flats, relatively steep reef slopes composed of hard igneous rock substrate and reef
limestone where benthic communities are well developed including hard corals (Scleractinia).
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IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science
1033 (2022) 012045
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1033/1/012045
b
a
Figure 1. Map of location and distribution of research sites, Source: COREMAP-CTI LIPI 2018 (a) and
map of distribution of geomorphological types of Pulau Weh, Source: Suhanto et al, 2005 (b).
Kuadrat
0 meter
10
me
1
9
Foto: Hickerson/FGBNMS 2010
Meteran
meteran
40
1
30
3
3
3
70 meter
4
60
6
Foto: Ken Marks 2013
6
7
6
Foto: Abrar 2021
Figure 2. Sampling scheme of juvenile corals using a 1 x 1 meter quadrat transect method with 6
replications.
A total of 12 sites were distributed on the western and eastern outer sides (Site of SBGC01, 02, 03,
10, 11, and 12) and the closest side (north side) in the bay and are relatively sheltered (Site of SBGC04,
05, 06, 07, 08, and 09) (figure 1a). Benthic reefs are dominated by dead coral with algae (DCA) with an
average cover of 39.39%. The average live coral cover was 32.91% where the outermost reef is relatively
higher than the inner side [24]. The distribution pattern of live coral cover above average or close to
average is spread on the outermost eastern side of the bay and the outermost western side of the reef.
Several natural events and impacts on coral reef damage were recorded in the past decade, including the
1996 earthquake, 2004 earthquake-tsunami, and 2010 coral bleaching, but there were no reports in 20152016 global bleaching [23, 25, 26].
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doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1033/1/012045
2.2. Methods
Juvenile corals are visually distinguished based on their relatively small colony size, which is <5 cm in
diameter [8] and in other studies using a size of <10 cm [10]. In our study, the juvenile corals were
limited from the colony's size that could be observed from visible colonies to a maximum 10 cm in
diameter [10]. Data recording includes taxa names (up to genus/species level) and juvenile corals colony
size (approximately cm), in a 1 x 1 meter square transect [27], 2000 placed on a 70 meter long transect
parallel to the shoreline at a depth of 5-10 meters. A total of 6 sampling squares per station were placed
at points 0, 10, 30, 40, 60, and 70 meters (figure 2). Juvenile corals that come from fragmentation,
fission, colony shrinkage from the parent colony were not recorded in this observation [8, 28]. Data
collection of live coral cover and other benthic reef categories along the coral sapling observation area
was carried out using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method. A total of 50 photos were taken at
a distance of 1 meter along a 50-meter transect parallel to the coastline at a depth of 5-10 meters, then
processed using the CPCe Ver 4.2 application with 30 random points per photo [29]. The identification
of the geomorphological and topological characteristics of the reef was carried out by direct observation
in the field and underwater and adapted to the geomorphological distribution map of Pulau Weh [30]
and the Reef Cover Classification developed by the University of Queensland, Australia [31].
Juvenile corals data were processed and analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis covering
species richness (genus level) abundance and density. The size class data are grouped into four (4) size
classes, namely 1). size <1cm, 2). Size 1-3 cm, 3). Size >3-5 cm, and 4). Size >5-10 cm, of which 5 cm
is categorized as juvenile coral and >5-10 cm is categorized as an adult coral [8]. The distribution of
density variation and the average size of juvenile coral colonies between sites were analyzed using a
one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at an error level of 5%. The relationship and effect of benthic
reef cover on coral seedlings were tested using linear regression. Multivariate principal component
analysis (PCA) was used to determine variations in habitat composition and suitability based on
geomorphological and reef topographic using Principal Component Analysis with hierarchical clusters
in PRIMER software [32].
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Community of juvenile corals
Totally, we found 25 genera of juvenile corals from 12 families, with a range of 6-16 genera and showing
variations among sites with a range of 6-16 genera and 4-8 families (figure 3). The presence of juvenile
corals at Site SBGC07 was higher than other sites, namely 8 families and 16 genera with an average of
0.64 of the total (about 60% of the total), while the lowest at Site SBGC11 was 4 families and 10 genera
with an average of 0.33 and 0.24 (about 30% and 20% of the total). Overall, the species richness of
juvenile corals was relatively higher in protected waters within the bay than in the open waters outside
the bay and cape areas. However, Site SBGC06 which is in the bay and was relatively more protected
shows a lower coral reef species richness and they were similar with sites placed outside of the bay. The
presence of juvenile corals from the Genus Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Porites, and Pocillopora had
a higher presence rate than other genera, more than 80%.
The composition and species richness of juvenile corals are important as a part of diversity and
predicting the dynamics of coral communities on the reefs [12, 33]. We noted that the richness of
juvenile corals (genus) in Pulau Weh was quite diverse and showed a higher tendency in protected waters
in the bay than more open waters, except for Site SBGC06. Although in general it was not shown a
relationship with the type of geomorphological and reef topographic, local conditions such as the
presence of fresh water input and sedimentation from river and runoff, and specific reef
geomorphologies are selective factors for the diversity of coral recruitment and survival in juvenile stage
[12, 34]. Specific local conditions of Site SBGC06, such as fresh water input from some rivers,
sedimentation, and volcanic activity of underwater hot springs limited the diversity and survival of
juveniles in this site. Likewise at Site SBGC02 where the bottom substrate was dominated by igneous
rock and the reef slopes are relatively steep, limiting the success of recruitment and space for juvenile
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coral development. The composition of adult coral species was not recorded in this study, however the
diversity of adult coral communities was predicted to affect the composition of juvenile coral species.
In addition, coral parent communities with varied types and patterns of sexual reproduction also
contribute to the diversity of juvenile corals.
18
16
Number of genera
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
SBGC01 SBGC02 SBGC03 SBGC04 SBGC05 SBGC06 SBGC07 SBGC08 SBGC09 SBGC10 SBGC11 SBGC12
SITES
Total families
Total genera
Avarage of families
Average of genera
Figure 3. Composition and species richness of juvenile corals at the Pulau Weh, Sabang City, Aceh.
Information and data on the composition of juvenile coral species in Indonesian reefs have been
limited, and most of them were available up to the genus level [33]. The species richness of juvenile
corals was relatively the same as some other tropical areas of Indonesia [35, 36] and relatively different
from subtropical areas [12, 33]. The most common and dominant genera of juvenile corals were
Acropora, Pocillopora, and Porites. The genus Pavona, which was commonly found as a local specific
genus for the open sea of the west coast of Sumatra, while the genus Favia is a group of massive corals
with large polyps which are relatively resistant in turbid waters. A total of 8 genera of juvenile corals
(at a sampling square of 0.5 x 0.5 meters, juvenile size < 5cm) were found in the waters of Sambangan
Island, Karimun Jawa [35], and Southeast Sulawesi 21 genera and 12 families (square 1 x 1 meter,
juvenile < 5 cm) [36] and about 75% of their composition is also found in Pulau Weh, Sabang.
3.2. Density of juvenile corals
Overall, the total abundance of juvenile corals reached 449 colonies ranging from 12-82 colonies with
an average of 37.41 colonies per Site. The mean colony density of juvenile corals was 6.22 colonies/m2
and between Site varied significantly (p-value = 4.878-7, <0.05) where the highest density was found at
SGBC07 Site, namely 13.67 ± 5.35 (colony/ m2 ± SD) and the lowest was at SBGS06 Site, namely 2 ±
0.76 (colonies/m2 ± SD). Juvenile corals from the genera Porites, Pavona, Acropora, Montipora, and
Favia respectively, had the highest density than other juvenile corals (figure 4).
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Figure 4. Density of juvenile corals by sites (a) and in the top 5 juvenile corals (b).
The density of juvenile corals serves as a measure and predictor in the early stages of life history and
coral population demographics and an indicator of the recovery rate of reefs after damage [8]. The
survival of juvenile corals and prediction of supporting factors measure the success of coral recruitment.
Our study showed that live coral cover did not show relationships with juvenile corals and showed a
negative correlation. Thus we can say that live coral cover was a limiting factor for the success of coral
communities. The diversity and cover of live corals reflect supporting factors as a source of larvae in
the coral recruitment process. However, high live coral cover is a limiting factor for successful coral
recruitment and as space competitors for corals at the juvenile stage. Other reefs benthic such as dead
coral cover with algae (DCA) and rock substrate (RK) although they have potential as attachment
substrates for coral larvae, our study showed no correlation with juvenile corals density. Dead coral is
an open substrate that is immediately covered by the rapid growth of pioneer algae, thus limiting the
space for coral larvae to settle and becoming a space competitor for the development of juvenile corals.
Likewise, the rock substrate from tectonic activities need a process to become a good substrate for the
settlement of coral larvae and the survival of juvenile corals. The results of field observations of rock
substrate have a relatively flat surface structure, solid not hollow and generally covered by barnacles,
rare living corals are generally encrusting and massive corals. Another condition showed that rubble
corals (R) were positively correlated with juvenile corals and showed a significant relationship.
The expanse of rubble corals (R) is an open substrate for the settlement of benthos larvae including
corals, the hollow structure and association with CCA supports the settlement of coral larvae and
survival of juvenile corals.
3.3. Interaction of reef benthics and types of reef geomorphology
Juvenile corals density did not show a significant correlation (r2 = 0.04, P value = 0.473) with live coral
cover (HC), although it showed a higher trend at low live coral cover (figure 5a). Dead coral with algae
(DCA) (r2 = 0.09, P value = 0.892) and rock substrate (RK) (r2 = 0.09, p value = 0.885) also did not
show a significant correlation to juvenile corals. and they were shown a negative correlation pattern
(figure 5b). On the other hand, rubble corals (R) showed a significant correlation with juvenile corals
(r2 = 0.381, p value = 0.019) with a positive correlation pattern (figure 5c).
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c
Figure 5. Correlation of juvenile corals with live coral cover (HC) (a), rubble corals (R) (b), and dead
coral with algae (DCA) (c) and the relationship between its components (PC) (d).
Based on the results of the ordination analysis, it showed that the variation in the benthic composition
of the reef was divided into 4 clusters. Most of the sites belong to clusters with habitat characteristics
dominated by live coral cover (HC) and dead coral with algae (DCA).
In this large cluster, Sites of SBGC06, SBGC09, and SBGC11 formed their own cluster due to the
similarity of habitat characteristics, namely HC, DCA, and sand cover (S). The Sites of SBGC03 and
SBGC05 have moderate habitat characteristics, while SBGC01 Site forms a separate cluster, with habitat
characteristics dominated by rock cover (RK = rock) and other associated reef biotas (OT = others)
(figure 6). However, the grouping and relationship between the components of rubble did not show a
significant correlation (r2 = 0.063, p-value = 0.48, > 0.05), so it can be said that the habitat suitability
based on geomorphology and reef topography had no impact on the juvenile corals.
Figure 6. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) relationship
between site distribution and the suitability of reef benthic and
reef geomorphological types to juvenile corals.
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Types of geomorphology and reef topology provide habitat complexity and affect the variation of
the reef benthic communities and the hydrological pattern of waters. We found that juvenile coral
densities tended to be higher in protected to semi-protected reef waters within bays and lower in the
open sea near cape [13, 37]. The sites were placed on the east side of Pulau Weh, and Site SBGC06,
located on the north side of the bay, the density of juvenile corals was relatively lower. These sites were
characterized by volcanic activity and influence, including volcanic sandy bottoms [24] and the
emergence of hot springs [19, 23]. More specific local can cause low species richness and density of
juvenile corals such as at Site SBGC06, even though they were located in protected waters inside the
bays. Conditions such as high sedimentation and volcanic activity (hot springs) at the bottom of Site
SBGC06 [19, 23] were thought to affect juvenile corals' structure and composition at this site. Likewise
at Site SBGC01, which was on the west side with the open sea outside the bay, where the reef habitat is
dominated by rock substrate with relatively steep slopes and quite high associations of coral reef biota
as competitors and predators of juvenile corals were seen. However, the suitability of the habitat based
on the reef substrate category and the interaction form of the benthic reef biota were something that
needs to be known in relation to the environment with juvenile corals. The presence of the juvenile
corals community at Pulau Weh, Sabang, Aceh, was expected to provide complete information on coral
communities the condition and health of coral reefs in Indonesia.
Geomorphologically, Pulau Weh is a small island made from active tectonic and volcanic with
coastal geological conditions and small islands with bays, straits, and cape [14, 17, 20, 21]. The east and
west sides of the island with open waters, the coast is rocky from lava, which is flatter with active
tectonic activity, while on the north side the waters are protected inside bays with beaches mixed with
rocks and limestone and sandy with volcanic activity more dominant to the east side. Bay areas with
protected waters have relatively weak currents and allow local eddy currents to appear, accumulating
dissolved particles and micro-biotic components of various plantonic biota, including coral larvae from
other waters. However, the bay area with active volcanic activity with the rising of underwater hot
springs impacts the success of the settlement of benthic biota, including larvae corals.
3.4. Jevenile corals size class distribution
The abundance of juvenile corals was found higher at sizes 1-3 cm and sizes >3-5 cm, respectively 167
colonies and 172 colonies with a mean of 13.93 ± 8.8 (colonies ± SD) and 14.33 ± 9.0 (colonies±SD).
The abundance of juvenile corals with a size of < 1 cm was found to be the lowest, namely 20 colonies
with a mean of 1.67 S ± 1.5 (colonies ± SD) and then the size of > 5 cm were 90 colonies with a mean
of 7.5 ± 4.08 (colonies ± SD). Juvenile corals with a size of <5cm were very dominant compared to
those of >5cm (figure 7).
Abundance (colony)
200
150
20,05
100
50
79,95
0
<1 cm
1-3 cm
>3-5 cm
>5-10 cm
Size Class
Juvenile corals ≤ 5 cm
Juvenile corals >5 cm
Figure 7. Distribution of juvenile corals abundance by size class.
The juvenile corals period is a vulnerable stage and a critical point in the life history of corals.
Appropriate habitat suitability such as the availability of hard and stable substrates as well as positive
forms of interaction with other reef benthic communities, are important factors in the survival of juvenile
corals. Size class of juvenile corals describes the period of growth and development into adults and
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indicates different generations as a form of temporal variation and seasonal patterns of coral reproduction.
Changes or the portion of the juvenile corals colony size can be used to determine the survival rate of
juvenile corals. Our observations showed that juvenile corals were relatively high in size >1-3 cm and >35 cm. This indicates that the juvenile corals in this size range were relatively stable with a high survival
rate, however the size of juvenile corals >5-10 cm indicates a lower, indicating the low survival rate of
juvenile corals into mature corals. In other conditions, juvenile corals with a size of <1 cm were seen as
low, this illustrates the critical period after larval settlement and development into juvenile corals. The
decline in the survival rate of coral juveniles from juvenile to adult was quite significant, however in this
study the distribution of juvenile corals size class was not measured based on its relationship to the type
of reef geomorphological and reef benthic.
The juvenile corals community was quite diverse and varied and showed a relationship with the local
conditions of benthic reefs, although the reef's overall geomorphological type and topographic cannot be
seen. The distribution of juvenile corals tended to be better at the medium category with live and dead
coral cover and supported by high rubble corals cover, as well as the combination of rocks and limestone
substrates showed a better juvenile coral. The survival rate of juvenile corals to become adult corals have
been low and there was a vulnerable period when they have recruited into juvenile corals.
Aknowledgement
Our study is part of reef health monitoring and related ecosystems at Pulau Weh, Sabang, Aceh have been
supported and funded by the COREMAP-CTI LIPI 2021 Program. This monitoring is also part of my
dissertation study at the Doctoral Program in Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences,
IPB University.
Appendices
Annex 1. Richness of juvenile corals genera at Pulau Weh, Sabang, Aceh.
TAXA
01
02
03
04
05
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
SITE SBGC
06 07 08
09
10
11
12
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Acroproidae
1
2
3
Acropora
Astreopora
Montipora
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Astrocoeniidae
Stylocoeniella
armata
Agariciidae
4
5
Coeloseris
6
Gardinoseris
7
Leptoseris
8
Pavona
Faviidae
9
Cyphastrea
10 Favia
11 Favites
12 Goniastrea
13 Leptastrea
14 Montastrea
15 Platygyra
Fungiidae
16 Fungia
17 Podabcia
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+
+
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9
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TAXA
Merulinidae
18 Hydnopora
Mussidae
19 Achantastrea
Oculinidae
20 Galaxea
Pectinidae
21 Pectinia
Pocilloporidae
22 Pocillopora
23 Seriatopora
Porotidae
24 Porites
Siderasteridae
25 Psamocora
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SITE SBGC
06 07 08
09
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10
11
12
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+
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+
+
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