Concept 1
Cell Theory and Organelles
Objectives:
1. List the three principles of cell theory.
a. All living things are made of cells.
b. Cells are the basic unit of life.
c. All cells come from other cells.
2. Create a Venn diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Nucleus?
no
yes
Membrane-bound
organelles?
no
yes
Division?
binary fission
mitosis
Size of organisms?
unicellular
uni or multicellular
Cell walls?
yes, made of
peptidoglycan
Only fungi and plants,
made of chitin or cellulose
Ex. of organisms
with this type of
cell?
bacteria (and archaea)
animals, plants, fungi,
protists
3. List the structures that distinguish plant cells from animal cells.
a. Animal: mitochondria, centrioles, cilia/flagella
b. Plant: cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast
4. Describe the function of the following organelles:
Cell (plasma)
membrane
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Cytoskeleton
Gives the cell shape, moves organelles, structural
support for animal cells
Cytoplasm
Holds everything in place
Nucleus
Contains genetic material, surrounded by membrane
which controls traffic flow
Nucleolus
Makes RNA which makes up ribosomes
Ribosomes
Make proteins
Rough ER
Makes proteins and packages them for secretion
Smooth ER
Makes lipids
Golgi Apparatus
Gets vesicles of protein from ER, processes, sorts, ships
proteins where needed
Lysosomes
Break down dead stuff, can do programmed cell death
(apoptosis)
Centriole
(centrosome)
Appear during cell division, help divide cell by pulling
chromosomes apart
Vacuoles
Storage
Cilia
Move fluid across cell’s surface
Flagella
Move entire cell through extracellular fluid
Mitochondria
Cellular respiration, breaks down food, “powerhouse of
the cell”
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis, converts light energy into chemical
energy in the form of sugar
Cell wall
Protects and maintains shape
5. Describe the role of proteins, lipids, and carbs in the structure of the
phospholipid bilayer. Include how its structure dictates its function.
a. Proteins: transport
b. Lipids: protection
c. Carbohydrates: structure
6. Defend the claim that ribosomes are the most essential organelle in the cell. In
your reasoning, include evidence of at least 3 organelles that support the
ribosome in accomplishing its function for the cell.
a. Ribosomes make proteins, essential macromolecules for the body. These
proteins control necessary functions for one to survive, such as fighting
diseases and biochemical reactions.
b. The rough ER is where ribosomes typically sit
c. The nucleus produces ribosomes
d. The golgi apparatus takes the protein vesicles and ships them where they
need to go
7. Identify an organelle based on a diagram or description.
8. Identify a cell as eukaryotic, prokaryotic, plant, or animal based on a description
or diagram.
9. Predict the consequences of the failure or absence of an organelle inside a
eukaryotic cell.
Vocabulary:
Unicellular: composed of one cell
Multicellular: composed of many cells that organize into tissues, organs, and organ
systems
Organelle: specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell
function
Concept 2
Cell Transport
Objectives:
1. Differentiate between dynamic and static equilibrium with regards to
homeostasis.
a. Dynamic: maintained homeostasis, things change but stay within a range
b. Static: things stay the same
2. Describe the relationship between a response to stimuli and homeostasis.
a. Organisms take in stimuli and respond to them to maintain homeostasis
3. Differentiate between positive and negative feedback loops. Include two
examples of each.
a. Positive feedback loops: output intensifies the response
i.
Human child birth
ii.
Fruit ripening
b. Negative feedback loops: output causes counter response to return to set
point
i.
Human body temperature
ii.
Blood pressure regulation
4. Explain the role of the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis on a cellular
level.
a. Controls movement of things in and out of the cell (passive/active
transport)
5. Differentiate between passive and active transport.
a. Passive: high to low concentration (down concentration gradient)
b. Active: low to high concentration (against concentration gradient)
6. Describe (either with words or drawings) the six types of transport. List examples
of substances transported via each method.
a. Simple diffusion: spreading of molecules across membrane till equilibrium
is reached
b. Facilitated diffusion: transport protein helps facilitate diffusion of
molecules that normally couldn’t pass through cell membrane
c. Osmosis: simple diffusion of water across cell membrane
d. Molecular pumps: cell uses energy to pump molecules across membrane
e. Endocytosis: uses vesicles to move large particles into the cell
f.
Exocytosis: uses vesicles to export materials out of the cell
7. Explain the difference between hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions. You
may use a picture to help you describe.
a. Hypotonic: water higher than cell’s cytoplasm, cell swells
b. Isotonic: identical water to cell’s cytoplasm, cell stays the same
c. Hypertonic: water lower than cell’s cytoplasm, cell shrivels
8. Classify a type of cell transport as active or passive based on a diagram or
description.
9. Infer which type of cell transport would be best suited to move a given
substance across the cell membrane based on a diagram or description.
10. Classify solutions as hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic based on a diagram or
description.
Vocabulary:
Homeostasis: need of an organism to stay stable by regulating internal conditions
Solute: what gets dissolved
Solvent: does the dissolving
Solution: uniform mixture of two or more substances
Concentration: amount of solute dissolved in solvent (abb. [])
Concept 3
Cell Cycle and Cancer
Objectives:
1. Summarize the order of events from egg and sperm to embryo.
a. Sperm fertilizes egg -> fertilized egg (zygote) goes through cell division
repeatedly -> embryonic stem cells differentiate and become embryo
2. Explain the difference between specialized cells and stem cells.
a. Specialized: become tissues -> organs -> organ systems
b. Stem cells: undifferentiated cells that become differentiated into one or
more types of specialized cells
3. List the levels of organization from cell to organism that result from
differentiation.
a. Organism: individual member of a species
b. Organ system: set of organs working together for a common function
c. Organ: set of tissues working together for a common function
d. Tissue: group of cells working together for a common function
e. Cell: most basic unit of life that has all the characteristics of life
4. List the two main purposes for cell division.
a. GROWTH and REPAIR
5. Sketch and label a homologous chromosome pair before and after S phase.
Include a brief description of the importance of S phase.
6. Describe ALL PHASES of the cell cycle, including the phases in interphase and
mitosis, in order.
a. Interphase: growth phase
i.
Gap 1: cell grows and makes proteins
ii.
Synthesis: DNA replication occurs, doubling chromosomes
iii.
Gap 2: more cell growth and protein synthesis
b. Mitosis: division phase
i.
Prophase: chromosomes condense & are visible as sister
chromatids (Xs), nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form
out of centrioles
ii.
Metaphase: spindle fibers connect to the centromeres,
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
iii.
Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and become individual
chromosomes, chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
iv.
Telophase: chromosomes decondense and start to look like
chromatin again, nuclear membrane reforms, spindle fibers break
down, cytokinesis begins
c. Cytokinesis: division of cytoplasm into 2 individual cells
7. Differentiate between cytokinesis in plants and animal cells.
a. Plant cells: cell plate forms midway between divided nuclei and gradually
develops into a membrane
b. Animal cells: forms a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into 2 equal
parts
8. Summarize how cells know when they need to divide. Include examples of the
difference between internal and external regulation.
a. Cell cycle is controlled by a chemical control system that starts and stops
in the cell cycle
b. Internal: signals that come from the cell’s own nucleus
i.
DNA inside of the cell
c. External: signals that come from outside of the cell
i.
Hormones, nutrients, etc.
9. Explain the key roles of checkpoints and apoptosis in the regulation of the cell
cycle.
a. Checkpoints: critical point where stop and go signals can regulate the
cycle
b. Apoptosis: internal/external signals activate genes that produce
self-destructive enzymes (web fingers/toes)
10. Define tumors and differentiate between the two types.
a. Tumor: clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably
b. Benign: abnormal cells that typically remain clustered together, may be
harmless and easily removed
c. Malignant: cancer cells that break away from the tumor and move to
other parts of the body
11. List several potential causes of cancer.
a. Biological factors (age, skin type etc)
b. Lifestyle choices (diet, exposure to UV radiation etc)
c. Viruses and other infections (HPV)
d. Exposure to carcinogens (tobacco, asbestos etc)
12. Identify what stage of mitosis a cell is in based on a description or diagram.
13. Predict consequences of a failure during a given phase of the cell cycle.
Vocabulary:
Differentiation: a process that creates special structures and functions
Stem cells: undifferentiated cells that become differentiated into one or more types of
specialized cells
Cell cycle: a repeated pattern of growth, DNA duplication and cell division that occurs
in eukaryotic cells
Chromosome: one long continuous thread of DNA that consists of thousands of genes
and regulatory information
Gene: a section of DNA with the instructions for making a protein
Sister chromatids: two identical chromatids
Centromere: region of the condensed chromosomes that looks pinched
Telomere: ends of the DNA molecule
Cancer: uncontrolled cell division
Metastasize: spreading of disease from one organ to others
Carcinogens: cancer causing agents; chemicals that cause cancer by mutating DNA