•Criminal Psychology – study of human behavior in
RA 6506 - An act creating board examiners for
criminologists in the Philippines
approved and became effective on July 1, 1972
*Section 24 . Privileges of certified criminologist
-all certified criminologist shall be exempt from taking any
other entrance or qualifying government or civil service
examinations
RA 11131- Philippine criminology profession Act of 2018
Criminology - it is the scientific study of the causes and
prevention of crime and the rehabilitation of offenders
latin word- crimen(accusation)
greek word – logia( to study)
Criminologist – all certified criminologist
-bachelor’s degree in criminology
-passed the PRC Criminologist License exam
Criminalist – practitioner in the field of forensic science
relation to criminality
According to Edwin Sutherland
Criminology is the body of phenomenon
 the making of laws
 the breaking of laws
 the reaction towards the breaking of laws
Criminology was coined in 1885 by Raffaele Garofalo An
itallian law proffesor
as CRIMINOLOGIA
- In 1889 , French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the
term CRIMINOLOGIE/CRIMINOLOGY
CRIME- act that violate the law
-act committed/omitted in violation of public law
forbidding/commanding it
COMMITTED - the act perform is in violation of law
forbidding it
OMITTED – a person failed to perform an act that is
commanded by the law
Omitted: by the law – sometimes there are duties to act that
are prescribed by law
By contract - when you are contracted by duty
By relationship - relationship may impose a duty to act
Criminal Etiology - (origin) it is the study of causes of
crimes
Sociology of Laws - study of nature of law and its
administration
Penology - the study of the control of crime and the
rehabilitation of the offenders
•Applied Science- the application of scientific knowledge
transferred into physical environment.
•Social Science - A branch of science that studies society
•Criminal Psychiatry – study of human mind in relation
to criminality
•Victimology – study of role of the victim in the
commission of the crime
Classical school of thought in criminology
•founder- Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham
• free will -‘pain punishment greater than the pleasure of
the criminal gain
POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT IN
CRIMINOLOGY (Italian School of Criminology) 1800
-Used scientific method in studying human behavior
ABILITY -capability
DESIRE-wanting
to commit a crime
OPPORTUNITY-posibility to
commit a crime
Crime elements must be completed in order to commit a
crime
and human behavior in it
•Dynamic- Used to describe something that is always in
motion and always active
• Nationalistic- Have to take consideration the history,
culture,the norms and the laws of the country
•Criminal Demography – study of the relationship
between criminality and population
•Criminal Epidiomology – study of the relationship
between environment and criminality
•Criminal Ecology – study of criminality in relation to
spatial distribution in a community
• Criminal Physical Anthropology – study of criminality
in relation to Physical Constitution of men
A. According to Law violated
 Revised Penal Code (RPC) – FELONY
 Special penal law – OFFENSE
 Violation of the city – INFRACTION
B. According to the manner of committing the crime
 Dolo (deceit) - Intentional Felonies
 CULPA (fault) - culpable felonies
 FELONY-(dellito)an act or omission punishable
by Revised Penal Code
C. According to stage of commission
 Consummated crimes
 Frustated Crimes
 Attempted Crimes
D.According to plurality
 Simple Crimes – single act constituting only one
offense

Complex crimes -single act constituting two/more
grave offense
E. According to Gravity
 Grave Felonies – capital punishment or afflictive
penalties
 Less Grave Felonies- arresto mayor 1to6 months
penalty
 Light Felonies- arresto minor 1to30days penalty
and not exceeding 200 pesos fine
F. Legal Classification
 Mala Inse – naturally bad/evil
 Mala Prohibita -acts prohibited only because there
are law forbidding such act
A.According to result of crime
 Acquisitive Crime -gained something
 Destructive Crime – distruction,damage or even
death
B.According to time or period of the commission of the
crime
 Seasonal – happen during particular season or
period of year
 Situational – opportunity to commit crime
C.According to the length of the commission of the crime
 Instant Crime -short time
 Episoidal Crime -series of acts
D.According to Place or Location
 Static Crime -committed in one place
 Continuiting Crime -more than one place
E.According to use of Mental Faculties
 Rational Crime -capable of knowing what he is
doing
 Irrational Crime -not capable of understanding
the crime
F.According to type of offender
 White Collar – upper economic class criminal
 Blue Collar Crime -ordinary criminal
CRIME STATISTICS - These data would help in
identifying which crime are likely to be committed at a
specific place and at what times of periods are crimes at
their most number of occurences
Index crime – crime against person and property
Non-index Crime – violation of special laws
Crime Rate -measure of the rate of occurrences of crimes
committed in a given area and time
CRIME VOLUME X 100,000
CRIME RATE=--------------------------------------NO. POPULATION
Crime Value - number of crimes reported to its
classification whether index/non-index
CRIME RATE X NO. OF POPULATION
CRIME VALUE=----------------------------------------100,000
LEGAL PERSPECTIVE - any person who has been
found to have committed a wrongful act in the course of the
standard judicial process.
CRIMINALS-person who committed crime people who
perform acts that are in violation of the law.
Criminological Perspective - a person is already a criminal
the moment he committed a crime wether he was judged by
the court or not is already a criminal
•Acute Criminal -person who violate the law as a result of
reacting to a situation such as during a moment of anger or
burst of feeling
• Chronic Criminal -person who committed a crime with
intention and deliberated thingking
TWO CATEGORIES:
• Neurotic Criminal -has mental disorder and such mental
disorder is the one that causes him to commit a crime
• Normal Criminal -person who commit crimes because he
looks up to/idiolizes people who are criminals
• Ordinary criminals -criminal who engages in which do
not require any specialized or technical skill
-lowest form of criminial
• Organized Criminals -who possesses some skill and
know-how which enable him to commit crimes and evade
detection.
-It requires planning and strategizing
• Professional Criminal -highly skilled and methodical in
their operation that they are engaged in large scale criminal
activities
CRIME IS PERVASIVE -almost all members of a free
society are once upon a time victims or an offender of a
criminal act Crime as an associate of society affects almost
all people - regardless of age, sex race, nationality, religion,
financial condition, education, and other personal
circumstances.
CRIME IS EXPENSIVE
• Direct Expenses- Those spent by the government or
private sector for the maintenance or police and security
guards for crime detection, prosecution, and judiciary,
support of the prison system.
• Indirect Expenses- Those expenses utilized to prevent the
commission of crime like construction of windows, grills,
fences, gate, purchase of door to lock, etc.
CRIME IS DESTRUCTIVE- many lives have been lost
because of crime like murder, homicide and other violent
deaths. Properties has been lost or destroyed on account of
robbery, theft, and arson
CRIME IS REFLECTIVE- Crime rate or incidence in a
given locality is reflective of the effectiveness of the social
defenses employed by the people primarily of the system.
CRIME IS PROGRESSIVE- the progressive increase in
the volume of the crime on account of the over increasing
population. The over increasing rate and their technique
shows the progressive thinking of the society for
advancement
CRIMINAL LAW- branch of public law which defines
crime, treats of their nature and provides for their
punishment
-Penal Law
-"nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege’’ There is no crime
if there is no law punishing it
SOURCES CRIMINAL LAW
-REVISED PENAL CODE
-SPECIAL PENAL LAWS (enacted by the Philippine
congress)
-PRESIDENTIAL DEGREE (issued by former
Pres.Marcos)
A. CODE OF HAMMURABI
-King of Hammurabi 18th Century first codifier of law.Code
which was carved in stone provided the first comprehensive
view of the law during his time.
-Law of Talion(lex taliones) "eye for an eye, a tooth for a
tooth".
-Punishment should be the same as the harm inflicted onthe
victim.
B. THE HITTITES "brutal"
-two century after the reign of Hammurabi
-death as a punishment
C. CODE OF DRAKON
-codified by Drakon- Athenian Lawgiver in Athens, Greece
17th century
-"Ultimate in severity because of its severity penalties
evenfor simple offense".
D. LAWS OF SOLON
-also known as ATHENIAN
repealed almost all the laws of the Code of Drakon,
EXCEPT the law on homicide. created laws that provide just
punishment
E. ROMES TWELVE TABLE
-Roman Law began
-foundation of all laws in Rome and written in tables of
bronze.
F. REVISED PENAL CODE
-RA 3815
-APPROVED on December 8,1930
-EFFECTIVE on January 1, 1932 -translated from the
original penal code by the committee created by virtue of
Administrative Order 94 issued on October 18,1927 by the
Department of Justice(DOJ)
1. Generality- Provision of criminal or penal law must be
applied equally to all persons within the territory regardless
of sex, race, nationality and other personal circumstances
with
the
following
exceptions:
-Head
of
the
state
or
country
-Foreign diplomats and ambassadors
2. Territoriality -Philippine Archipelago-all the island that
comprise
the
Philippines
-Atmosphere water-all bodies of water that connect all the
islands
such
as
bays,
rivers
and
streams
Maritime zone -the three mile limit beyond our shore
measured at low tide.
3. Prospective or Irrestrospective/prospectivity
-No person must be punished for his act when at the time he
committed the act, it is still not yet punishable by law.
However ,penal laws may be given retroactive effect when
they are favorable to the accused
4. Specific and definite -criminal law must give a strict
definition of a specific act which constitutes an offense
5. Uniform in application- equal punishment mayaman
man o mahirap
6. There must be a penal sanction or punishment-tamang
punishment ang ginawa or binigay sa nagawang crime.
CASES COMMITTED OUTSIDE PHILIPPINE
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
 Should commit an offense while on Philippine ship
or airship
 Should forge or counterfeit any coin or currency
note of the Philippine Island or obligations and
securities issued by the government of the
Philippines
 While being a public officer or employee, should
commit an offense in the exercise of their functions
 Should commit any of the crimes against national
security and law of nations
• Justifying Circumstances -Those wherein the acts of the
actor are in accordance with law
• Exempting Circumstances -grounds for exempting from
punishment because there is lacking in the agent of the
crime any of the conditions which make the act voluntary or
negligent
• Mitigating Circumstances - if present in the commission
of the crime, do not entirely free the actor from criminal;
liability ,but serve only to reduce the penalty
• Aggraving Circumstances - if attendant in the commission
of the crime,serve to increase the penalty without
,however,exeedingthe maximum of the penalty provided by
law for the offense
• DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY -under this theory,
crimes are believed to be caused by the devil or other
supernatural explanations
-People believed that the person who violated the social
norms and religious beliefs was possessed by an evil spirit
• CLASSICAL THEORY-this school of thought is based
on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes
after weighing the consequences of their actions. FREE
WILL They can choose legal or illegal means to get what
they want, fear of punishment can deter them from
committing crime
Founder: CESSARE BECCARIA and JEREMY
BENTHAM
CESSARE BECCARIA
CESSARE BONESANA MARCHESE de BECCARIA
-born on March 15 ,1978
- a lawyer who joined a group of intellectuals called the
ACADEMY OF FISTS
-On crimes and Punishment published in 1974-enlightened
criminal justice system that was serve people.
JEREMY BENTHAM
-born on February 15,1748
UTILITARIANISM -what is right is the one that would
cause the greatest good for the greatest number of people
and greatest happiness principle
FELICIFIC CALCULUS -pleasure and pain principle
5.Passionate Criminal -one who commit crime because of
passion or revenge
ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE CLASSICAL THEORY
 UNFAIR -treats all men as if they are robots
without regard to individual differences and
surrounding circumstances when the crime is
committed
 UNJUST -it imposes equal punishments to first
offenders and recidivists
NEOCLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
-although men have their own free-will they cannot exercise
it due to certain factors or reasons such as insanity/insane
,lunatic or child
POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY
-ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER COMTE
“AUGUST COMTE’’ (1798-1857)
-Father of sociology and positivism
-French Philosopher and sociologist who reinvented French
term SOCIOLOGIE
RAFFAELE GAROFALO
-crime should be studied using scientific method
TYPES OF CRIMINAL
1.Murderers – satisfied by vengeance/revenge
2.Violent Criminals -commit crimes against property
3.Lasciviousness Criminals -commit crimes against
chastity (adultery/child sexual abused)
THE UNHOLY THREE OF CRIMINOLOGY
 Cesare Lombroso
 Enrico Ferri
 Rafaelle Garofallo
CESARE LOMBROSO
-Father of Modern Criminology
-Italian Criminologist
-proponent of positivist school of thought in criminology
 Atavistic Stigmata
-physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of
development
-possession of huge jaw and strong canine teeth
-arm span of criminals is often greater than their
height
1.Born Criminals -person who is in possession of atleast
five atavistic stigmata
2.Insane Criminal -who became criminals because of brain
detect which affected their ability to understand what is right
and wrong
3.Criminaloids -not posses 5 atavistic stigmata and not
suffering from any brain detects they are habitual criminals
by passion
ENRICO FERRI
-focused his study on the influences of psychological and
social factors
-traced the roots of criminal behavior not to physical
features but to psychological equivalents
1.Born Criminal -congenital predisposition for crime
2.Insane Criminal -suffers from a clinical form of mental
alienation
3.Habitual Criminal
4.Occasional Crime - there are the criminals who do crimes
only whenever they get a chance to do so. They are not
professionals and do not have any criminal history
CLASSICAL SCHOOL
Legal definition of crime
Punishment fit for the crime
Doctrine of FREE WILL
Death Penalty allowed
No Empirical research
Definite sentence
POSITIVIST SCHOOL
No legal definition
Punishment fit the criminal
Doctrine of determination
Abolition of death penalty
Inductive method
Indeterminate Sentence
BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
1. GIAMBATTISTA DELLA PORTA (1535-1615)
- Italian Physician
-founded the school of human physiognomy
-facial feature in relation to criminality to human behavior
2. JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER (1741-1801)
-Swiss Theologian
-believed that people’s true characters and inclinations
could be read from their facial features
3. FRANZ JOSEPH GALL (1758-1828)
-born in Germany
-developed cranioscopy
-method to study the personality and development of
mental and moral faculties based on the external shape of
the skull
-cranioscopy was later renamed as phrenology
4.CHARLES GORING (1870-1919)
-Also studied phrenology which deals with the study of the
external formation of the skull indicating the brain and the
development of its various parts which is directly related to
the behavior of the criminal
-believed that criminal characteristics were inherited
5. JOHANN KAZPARSPURZHEIM (1776-1832)
-German Phrenologist
-assistant of gall
-most responsible from popularizing and spreading
phrenology to wide audience
PHYSIOLOGY OR SUMATOTYPE
-study of body build of a person in relation to his
temperament and personality and type of offense he is
most prone to commit.
-became popular in the 1ST half of the 20th century
1. ERNST KRETCHEMER
-correlated body build and constitution with characters or
temperamental reactions and mentality
3 PRINCIPAL TYPES OF PHYSIQUES:
A.ASTHENIC-lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders, their
crimes are petty thievery and fraud- payat, long arms &
legs,high self-control,deep emotion.
B.ATHLETIC-medium too tall, strong, muscular, coarse
bones, they are usually connected with crimes of
violence.- tall or middle tall, chubby, mascular,gets angry
rarely
C.PYKNIC-medium height, rounded figures, massive neck,
broad face, they tend to commit deception, fraud and
violence.-mataba,stocky body,brave,strong,changing
emotion
2. WILLIAM SHELDON
-formulate his own group of somatotype:
A.ENDOMORPHIC -large digestive vicera, round body,
short, tapering limbs; bones, smooth velvety skin - PYKNIC
B.MESOMORPHIC- with relative predominance of muscles,
bones and motor organs of the body with large wrists and
hands.-ATHLETIC
C.ECTOMORPHIC – has fragile and delicate bones, with
droopy shoulder, small face and sharp nose, fine hairASTHENIC
HEREDITY AS A FACTOR IN CRIMINALITY
1.RICHARD DUGDALE
-studied the lives of the members of the JUKES FAMILY and
referred to ADA JUKES as the MOTHER OF CRIMINALS
-he discovered that from among the descendants of ada
jukes, there were 280 paupers, 60 thieves, 7 murderers, 40
other criminal, 40 persons with venereal diseases and 50
prostitutes.
2.HENRY GODDARD
-study the lives of KALLIKAK FAMILY
-found that among Martin Kallikak’s relationship with
feebleminded, lady there were 143 feebleminded and only
3 epileptics, 3 criminals and 82 died of infancy
B. PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
1.SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
-father of psychoanalysis
3. COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
A. ID -pleasure principle
B. EGO -reality principle
C. SUPEREGO- moral conscience
---2 PARTS OF SUPEREGO--1. Conscience -tells what is right and wrong
2. Ego Ideal -directs the individuals to morally acceptable
and responsible behaviors, which may not be pleasurable
MODERN EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME AND CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR
1. SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES
-disadvantage economic class position is a primary cause of
crime
1.1. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY (DIFFERENTIAL
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION)
-family, school, church and barangay authorities-are weak
and disorganized
1.2. STRAIN THEORY - popularized by Robert King
-individual’s frustration anger and resentment
1.3. CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY - hypothesizes that
criminal acts are caused by learned beliefs that make crime
an appropriate response to social conditions
*CULTURAL TRANSMISSION -conduct norms are
passed down from one generation to the next so that they
become stable within the boundaries of a culture
2. SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES
-views that criminality is a function of people’s interaction
with various organization, institution and process in society
2.1. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY -crime is product of
learning the norms, values and behaviors associated with
criminal activity
2.2.1. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY
-formulated by Edwin Sutherland
-believes that criminality is a function of a learning process
that could affect any individual in any culture
His theory is outlined as follows:
-criminal behavior is learned
-criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other
persons in a process of communication
-the principal part of learning of criminal behavior occurs
within an intimate personal group
-when criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes
techniques in committing the crimes
2.1.2. DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY -behavior
persists depending on the degree to which it was rewarded
or punished
2.2. SOCIAL REACTION THEORY -holds that people enter
into law violating careers when they are labeled for their
acts and organize their personalities around the labels
-negative labels have a dramatic influence on the self-image
of offenders
3. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY -argues that people obey the
law because behavior and passions are being controlled by
internal and external forces
---TWO SUB-THEORIES : --1. SOCIAL BOND
4 BASIC ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL BONDS
• ATTACHMENT -the stronger your attachment to groups
or individuals, the more likely you are to conform
• COMMITMENT -the greater your commitment to social
goals, the more likely you are to conform
• INVOLVEMENT -participation in approved social activities
increase the probability of conformity
• BELIEF- belief in the norms and values promotes
conformity
2. CONTAINMENT THEORY
-One restraint theory, offered by Walter Reckless(18991988)
CONTAINMENT -aspect of social bond and personality that
prevent individuals from committing crime.
1. OUTER- elements outside of an individual (friends, law,
family, social position) control behavior
2. INNER- those elements psychological in nature
(conscience, positive self-image tolerance) control behavior
-is one of the major area of professional subjects in
criminology.
- this area covers the study of police organizations, their
administration and management, police operations,
security management and the principles, theories, and their
application.
CRIME PREVENTION AND PROTECTION:
- Anything which reduces the level of crime and/or the
perceived fear of crime.
- The enforcement of the laws will provide a crime
prevention framework which is focused on making the
environment safe from crime, reducing the potential for
crime in high-risk situations, and halting the possibility of
future crime.
- BUKAS-KOTSE GANG, SALISI GANG,LAGLAG BARYA GANG,
IDENTITY THEF
LAW ENFORCEMENT:
-pertains to the work of the police as a pillar of the criminal
justice system.
- It is the actualization of the mandate of protecting the
people, their rights, and properties; investigation of crimes;
maintenance of peace and order in the society; and putting
the law in its compulsory implementation.
- To compel obedience to a law regulation, or command.
- It is simply Policing.
POLICING- Is the act of the law enforcement officer to
ensure that law and order is maintained in a particular area
or event, using the police or military force or to ensure that
rules and procedures are followed correctly in something or
that something is implemented as agreed.
*LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION*
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENGIES OR AGENTS
- are composed of persons or organizations responsible for
enforcing the laws, especially referring to the so called
police organization.
- In the Philippines, there are various agencies involved in
the law enforcement activities depending on the creation
of such agency.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP)
 Is a government arm for policing crimes.
 Organized pursuant to RA 6975 (“DILG Act of
1990”), as amended by RA 8551 (“Philippine
National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of
1998”).
 A law enforcement agency under the operational
control of the Department of the Interior and Local
Government and administrative supervision of the
National Police Commission.
 Was envisioned to be a community and serviceoriented Agency.
 Headed by the Chief, PNP with the rank of Director
General.
 Also, as mandated by law the PNP
activated/created the Internal
 Affairs Service (IAS) on a national scope on June 1,
1999.
INTERNAL AFFAIRS SERVICE (IAS)
It is an organization within the structure of the PNP and one
of its tasks is to help the Chief, PNP institute reforms to
improve the image of the police force through assessment,
analysis and evaluation of the character and behavior of the
PNP Personnel.
- It is headed by the Inspector-General.
IAS MISSION STATEMENT
-to secure for the nation the evolvement of well-disciplined,
effective, efficient, and service-oriented Philippine national
police
IAS VISION STATEMENT
-We envision the internal affairs service (IAS) to be truly
independent and impartial body, manned by God-centered
and professional personnel with the end in view of
sustaining PNP professionalism by instilling police discipline,
enhancing delivery of police services and dispensing justice
for the people to whom the Philippine National Police
mandated to serve and to protect.
IT IS NATIONAL IN SCOPE AND CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER
- This simply means that the organization is a
nationwide government organization whose jurisdiction
covers the entire breath of the Philippine archipelago.
- All PNP personnel both the uniformed and nonuniformed components are national government
employees. Civilian in character because the organization is
independent from the military counterpart.
ROLES OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
1. Crime control and prevention
2. Enforcement of laws
3. Criminal Apprehension
4. Conduction of lawful searches and seizures to
gather necessary evidences so that a complaint
may be filled with the Prosecutor's Office.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE VISIONS, MISSIONS, MOTTO
AND CORE VALUES
PNP VISION
The men and women of the PNP is committed to a vision of
a professional, dynamic and highly motivated Philippine
National Police working in partnership with a responsive
community towards the attainment of a safe place to live,
work, invest and do business with.
PNP MISSION
To enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to
maintain peace and order and to ensure public safety and
internal security with the active support of the community
“TO SERVE AND PROTECT”
PHILOSOPHY – Service, Honor and Justice
CORE VALUES – Makadyos, Makabayan, Makatao,
Makakalikasan
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE POWER AND FUNCTIONS :
POWER AND FUNCTIONS OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
1.Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection
of lives and properties;
2.Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to
ensure public safety;
3.Investigation and prevent crimes effect the arrest of
criminal offenders, bring offenders to justice and assist in
their prosecution;
4.Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and
seizure in accordance with the Constitution and Pertinent
Laws;
5.Detain and arrest person for a period not beyond what is
prescribed by law, informing the person so detained of all
his/ her rights under the Constitutions;
6.Issue licenses for the procession of firearms and
explosive in accordance with law;
7.Supervise and control the training and operation of
security agencies and issue licenses to operate security
agencies, and to security guards and private detectives for
the practice of their profession;
8.Perform such other duties and exercises all other
functions as may be provided by law. One of this is the
Forestry Law wherein the PNP is primary enforcer in
coordination with the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR).
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE SEAL (symbols and
meaning)
PGEN RODOLFO S. AZURIN JR.
SUN- symbolizes the flowering, maturing and ultimate
realization of the glorious evolution of the PC/INP into a
national police organization.
SHIELD – symbol of the Philippine Constabulary which has
performed with honor, professionalism, and courage.
-the PC became the nucleus of the INP in 1975 to nurture
the then embryonic concept of the nationalization of the
country’s local police forces
SERVICE, HONOR, JUSTICE
-added distinct ideals for the men and women of the PNP to
insure efficiency, integrity, cohesiveness, camaraderie and
equanimity to enhance community acceptance and support
to attain its mission of peace keeping and law enforcement
THREE STARS
-Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao and the 7,107 islands and
the territorial integrity
LAPU LAPU
-symbol and embodiment of all the genuine leadership
attributes, courage, nationalism, self-reliance and peoplepowered community defense.
LAUREL
-green laurel with 14 leaves symbolizes the 14 regional
commands. It is also a symbol of the honor, dignity and the
privilege of being a member of a noble organization
Before
Director- General
Deputy DirectorGeneral
Director
Chief Superintendent
Senior Superintendent
Superintendent
Chief Inspector
Senior Inspector
Inspector
SPO4
SPO3
SPO2
SPO1
PO3
PO2
PO1
Republic Act 11200
Police General
Police Lieutenant General
Police Major General
Police Brigadier General
Police Colonel
Police Lieutenant Colonel
Police Major
Police Captain
Police Lieutenant
Police Executive Master Sergeant
Police Chief Master Sergeant
Police Senior Master Sergeant
Police Master Sergeant
Police Staff Sergeant
Police Corporal
Patrolman/Patrolwoman

DIRECTORIAL STAFF OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
1. The Directorate for Personnel and Records
Management
2. The Directorate for Intelligence
3. The Directorate for Operations
4. The Directorate for Logistics
5. The Directorate for Plans
6. The Directorate for Comptrollership
7. The Directorate for Police-Community Relations
8. The Directorate for Investigation and Detective
Management
9. The Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine
Development
10. The Directorate for Research and Development
11. The Directorate for Information and Communications
Technology Management
12. The Directorates for Integrated Police Operations
DIRECTORATE FOR INTELLIGENCE (DI)
 The director optimizes the utilization of personnel
resources both from the PNP- uniformed and nonuniformed personnel.
DIRECTORATE FOR PERSONNEL AND RECORDS
MANAGEMENT (DPRM)
 The director manages the gathering/collating of
intelligence objectives through effective
management of all intelligence and counterintelligence activities of the PNP. He also serves as
the linkage of all foreigners with official
transactions with the chief PNP.
DIRECTORATE FOR OPERATIONS (DO)
 The director exercises the command, the control,
the direction, the coordination and the supervision
of all activities on PNP operations such as
deployment and employment of personnel.
DIRECTORATE FOR LOGISTICS (DL)
 The director administers and manages material
resources needed for the PNP operations.
DIRECTORATE FOR PLANS (DPL)
The director plans and programs strategic PNP
operations. He also represents the PNP in the
inter-agency and international affairs on peace and
order.
DIRECTORATE FOR POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS
(DPCR)
 The director formulates and implements
community–related activities, programs and
projects.
 He also supervises the PNP Salaam Police Center to
undertake close monitoring, networking and
liaisoning activities with the Muslim communities
in addressing terrorism and lawless violence in
their respective areas to guarantee that the
Muslims are not discriminated, oppressed or
singled-out.
DIRECTORATE FOR INVESTIGATION AND DETECTIVE
MANAGEMENT (DIDM)
 The director coordinates controls and supervises
all investigation activities.
DIRECTORATE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (DRD)
 The director engages in research and development
and does testing and evaluation of self-reliant
projects.
DIRECTORATE FOR INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
(DICTM)
 The director integrates and standardizes all the
PNP information systems and resources to further
improve the frontline services.
OPERATIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT UNIT OF
THE PNP
(According to RA 6975)
 The PNP is composed of a national headquarters,
regional headquarters, provincial headquarters,
district headquarters or municipal or city stations.
 At the National level, the PNP maintains its
national
headquarter
in
Camp
Crame,
Metropolitan Manila which houses the directorial
staff, service staff and special support units.
 Pursuant to Section 35 of Republic Act 6975, the
Chief of the PNP shall be supported by the
following administrative and operational units with
each unit headed by a Director with the rank of
Police Brigadier General.
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT UNIT OF THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL POLICE (AT PRESENT)
1. Logistics Support Service
2. Information Technology Management Service
3. Finance Service
4. Health Service
5. Communications and Electronics Service
6. Chaplain Service
7. Legal Service
8. Headquarters Support Service
9. Engineering Service
10. Training Service
11. PNP Retirement and Benefits Administration
Service
OPERATIONAL SUPPORT UNIT OF THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL POLICE (AT PRESENT)
1. Maritime Group
2. Intelligence Group
3. Police Security and Protection Group
4. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group
5. Special Action Force
6. Aviation Security Group
7. Highway Patrol Group
8. Police-Community Relations Group
9. Civil Security Group
10. Crime Laboratory
11. PNP Anti-Kidnapping Group
12. PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group
 For the main PNP operating units, there are
seventeen (17) Police Regional Offices nationwide
which correspond to the Regional subdivisions of
the country. Directly under the Police Regional
Offices are seventeen (17) Regional Public Safety
Battalions (RPSB), eighty (80) Police Provincial
Offices which correspond to the number of
Provinces in the country and twenty (20) City
Police Offices (CPOs) in highly urbanized and
independent cities , which are equivalent to a
Provincial Police Office.
 Finally, a total of 1,766 Police Stations are
established nationwide and they are categorized
as follows: 90 Component City Police Stations and
1,507 Municipal Police Stations under the Police
Provincial Offices, 131 Police Stations under the
City Police Offices, and 38 Police Stations/City
Police Stations in the National Capital Regional
Police Office which serve as the main operating
arms of the PNP for the anti-criminality campaign.
POLICE OPERATIONS
• This function of the police is the most sophisticated part
in the law enforcement. This is so because of the
characteristic and nature of police work in the field.
• It mostly deals with what officers do with their motto “
We serve and protect” that covers all major aspects of
policing.
• From general calls of the public for law enforcement
services, police operation are more focused on: Patrol,
Traffic, Investigation and Community Relation.
PATROL
• Considered as the backbone of a police department.
• Refers to the regular tour made by an officer in a place in
order to protect it or maintain order.
• It could be by individual person or by group and the kind
or type of patrolling depends on the location or area, time,
personnel available, and the extent of criminality in the
area.
TRAFFIC
• Is a primary responsibility in law enforcement.
• It goes along with other police functions in the field.
•It involves traffic enforcement, direction and control,
traffic accident investigation and other traffic ancillary
services.
INVESTIGATION
• Police criminal investigation is another primordial police
activity.
• The enforcement of the laws certainly will demand the
arrest of violators.
• Investigation of crimes implies a system of inquiry or
probe on the part of the investigators against violators
purposely to know the truth, that is, knowing what
happened, where it happened, when it happened, who are
involved, why it happened and how it happened in order to
achieve justice.
• Such investigation as a standard, must be based on social
and legal accepted means.
COMMUNITY RELATIONS
• Is a part of police operations in all event of policing.
• The function covers the way the police deal with their
constituents in the community purposely directed towards
gaining the trust, confidence and support of the people on
what the police is doing and aiming to achieve.
FORENSIC SCIENCE: - refers to the application of principles
of various sciences to law. It is a course or a group of
subjects which uses principles of various studies that would
give light to certain legal issues
- a critical element of the criminal justice system. Forensic
scientists examine and analyze evidence from crime scenes
and elsewhere to develop objective findings that can assist
in the investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of
crime or absolve an innocent person from suspicion.
CRIMINALISTICS -refers to the application of the principles
of various sciences in solving problems in connection with
administration of justice.
- sometime referred to as "FORENSIC SCIENCE or POLICE
SCIENCE"
- branch of forensic science that deals with physical
evidence that has to be collected, preserved, examined and
compared in order to serve the ends of justice.
FORENSIC - derived from the Latin word "FORUM" which
means "market place", a place where people gathered for
"public discussion". When it is used in conjuction with
other sciences it simply connotes the idea of application to
law or for the administration of justice.
-"LEGAL"
-------------------PERSONALITIES------------------DR. HANS GROSS: -Australian magistrate
-described "Search for Truth" as the ultimate goal of all
investigative and detective works.
-"FATHER OF CRIMINALISTICS"
METHEU ORFILA -"FATHER OF TOXICOLOGY"
DR. PAUL KIRK -"FATHER OF CRIMINALISTICS in US"
AUGUST VOLLMER -head of the first comprehensive Crime
Laboratory in US established in Los Angeles.
EDMUND LOCARD -he states the principle that in every
crime scene there leaves traces that will lead to the identity
of its author. "LOCARD'S PRINCIPLE"
-"FATHER OF POROSCOPY"
ALBERT S. OSBORN -he stated that "physical evidence do
not lie", only that somehow forensic specialist failed to
Cerebellar Gait
5. Spastic Gait- the legs are held
together and moves in stiff manner, and the toes to drag
and catch.
6. Waddling Gait- a gait resembling duck. Font
7. Frog Gait- hoping gait in infantile paralysis.
Frog Gait
interpret what the physical evidence is trying to tell us.
-"PRINCIPLE OF RES IPSA LOQUITOR" - speaks for itself
-"FATHER OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT"
----------------PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION----------------"LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE" - the greater
number of similarities and dissimilarities; the greater is the
possibility of the conclusion to be correct.
ALPHONSE BERTILLION -FATHER OF PERSONAL
IDENTIFICATION
-FATHER OF MUG SHOT
-first to devise a scientific method of identification called
"ANTHROPOMETRY"
ANTHROPOMETRY -first scientific method of personal
identification which is done by measuring the various bony
structure of the human body.
IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS
1. In Criminal Case, the identity of the offender and that of
the victim must be established, otherwise, it will be a
ground for the dismissal of the charge or acquittal of the
accused.
2. Identification of a
missing person or presumed dead will facilitate settlement
of the state, retirement, insurance and other social
benefits. It vests on the heirs the right over the properties
of the identified person.
3.
Identification resolves the anxiety of the next-of-skin, other
relatives and friends as to the whereabouts of a missing
person
or
victim
of
calamity
or
crime.
4. Identification may be needed in some transaction, like
cashing of check, entering a premise, delivery of parcels or
registered mail in post office, sale of property, release of
dead bodies to relatives, parties to contract, etc.
METHODS OF IDENTIFICATIONS:
1. BY COMPARISON- with the use of standard specimens,
the evidence under question can be compared in order to
effect
identification.
2.BY EXCLUSION- two or more persons have to be
identified and all but one is not yet identified, then whose
identity has not been established may be known by the
process of elimination.
ORDINARY METHODS OF IDENTIFICATIONS:
1. APPLICABLE TO LIVING ONLY:
a. Characteristics that may easily be changed:
-growth of hair, beard or mustache –clothing
-frequent place of visit grade of proffesion -body
ornamentation
b. Characteristics that may not easily be changed:
-mental memory
-speech
-Gait(manner of walking)
TYPES OF GAIT
1. Ataxic Gait- the foot is
raised high, thrown
forward and brought
down suddenly (zombie)
2. Cerebellar Gaitassociated with staggering movement (intoxicated by
alcohol)
3. Cow's
Gait- swaying movement due to knock-knee
4. Paretic Gait- steps are short, the feet dragged, the legs
held more or less widely apart.
THE STUDY OF FINGERPRINT(PHIL)
1. Mr. Jones-first who taught fingerprint in the Philippines.
2. Generoso Reyes- First Filipino FingerPrint Technician
employed.
3. People of the Philippines vs. Medina- first conviction
base on Fingerprint and leading case decision in the
Philippines Jurisprudence.
4. Plaridel Education Institute (PEI)- now known as Phil.
College of Criminology, first government recognized school
to teach the science of fingerprint and other police
sciences.
5. Lucila Lalu- first
Filipina chop chop lady who was identified through
fingerprint.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Dactyloscopy- latin word "DACTYL" means finger
"SKOPIEN" means to study or examine.
-practical application of the science of fingerprints
(classification & identification)
• Dactylography- scientific study of fingerprints as a means
of identification.
• Dactylomancy- scientific study of fingerprint for the
purpose of personality interpretation.
• Dermatoglyphics- deals with the study of skin pattern.
derived from Greek "Derma" means "skin" and "Glype"
means Carve.
VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF THE FINGER
1.Polydactyl-born with more than 10 fingers.
2. Macrodactyl- having enlarge finger
3. Microdactyl- having small finger.
4. Ectodactyl- born with missing finger.
5. Syndactyl- Side fusion of the finger.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF FINGERPRINT
1. Individuality- No two persons have the same fingerprint
(based on Static Probability)
2. Infallibility- fingerprint is a positive and reliable means of
identification. It cannot easily be forged.
3. Constancy or Permanency- the friction riage once fully
developed its arrangement will remain the same
throughout man's life
FINGERPRINT -It is an impression design by the first joint of
the fingers and thumb on smooth surface through the
media of ink, sweat or any substance capable of producing
visibility.
RELATED SCIENCES TO THE STUDY OF FINGERPRINT
1. Chiroscopy-greek word "Cheir" means "hand" "Skopien"
means "to examine" -study of prints of the palm of the
hand 2. Podoscopy- greek word "Podo" means "foot"
"Skopien" means "to examine"
-study of footprints
3. Poroscopy- greek word "Poros" means "pare" "Skopien"
means "to examine"
-study of the arrangement of sweat glands.
-Edmond Locard( Father of Poroscopy)
4. Edgeoscopy-study of sides of the friction ridges.
5. Ridgeoscopy- study of ridges.
PHALANGE -It is the skeletal finger covered with friction
skin. It is made up of three bones:
a. Basal or Proximal Phalange-located at the base of the
finger nearest the palm.
b. Middle Phalange- next and
above the basal bone.
c. Terminal phalange- particular
bone covered with friction skin,
having all the different types of
fingerprint pattern and it is
located near the tip of the
finger.
FRICTION SKIN -epidermal hairless skin found on the
ventral or lower surface of the hands and feet covered with
ridges and furrows. It is also called as papillary skin.
Components of the Friction Skin
1. Ridge Surface
a. Ridge- elevated hill liek structure/
the black lines with tiny white dots.
b. Furrows-depressed or canal like
structure/ white space between
ridges
2. Sweat Pores- the tiny opening/ the
tiny white dots.
3. Sweat Duct- the passageway.
4. Sweat Glands- the producer of sweat.
THE FINGERPRINT PATTERN
1. ARC - (5%) pattern without ridge count
a. Plain Arch(A)- pattern in which
the ridges flow from one side to
the other side with a slight raise
at the center.
b. Tented Arch(T)- type of
pattern having an angle, uptrust
or an incomplete loop form.
3. The Whorl-(35%)
Basic Elements of Whorl
•Two or more Deltas.
• At least one complete circuiting ridge.
a. Plain Whorl- at least one circuiting ridge is
touching or crossed by the imaginary line
traversing between the 2 deltas.
b. Central Pocket Loop Whorl- No circuiting
ridge within the pattern area is touched or
crosses by an imaginary line drawn between
two deltas.
c. Double Loop Whorl
1. Two separate loop formation.
2. Two separate and distinct shoulder
3. Two deltas.
d. Accidental Loop Whorl -combination of two
different patterns with the exception of the
plain arch.
-Two deltas
PHOTOGRAPHY - derived from the Greek word "PHOS" or
"PHOTOS" which means "WRITING" or "GRAPHA" meaning
"TO DRAW"
• It is the art and science of reproducing image by means of
light through some sensitized material with the aid of a
camera, Lens and its accessories and chemical process
required in order to produce a photograph.
HENRY FOX TALBOT- the author of the CARLO OR TALO
SYSTEM– negative image
• a complete process of photography which used a
negative.
POLICE
PHOTOGRAPHY- is the application of the principles of
photography is relation to the police work and in the
administration of justice. – ginagamit ang photo sa isang
crime/investigation
PHOTOGRAPH - is the mechanical and chemical (positive)
result of photography. – nag undergo sa chemical process
• Picture vs. Photograph
PICTURE- derived from the Latin word "pictura" or
"pictus" means "to paint"
•it is a design or representation made by various means
such as painting, drawing, or photography.
NEGATIVE- a material showing a negative (latent)
photographic image on transparent material used for
printing positive picture(photograph) as a result of chemical
process.
USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION- considered to be the first
application of photography is police work.
• ALPHONSE BERTILLION -first police who utilized
photography in police work as a supplementary
identification in his Anthropometry System.
2. FOR COMMUNICATION- the photograph is considered to
be one of the most universal methods of communication
considering that no other language can be known
universally than photograph
3. FOR RECORDS PURPOSES -considered to be the utmost
used of photography in police work.
4. FOR PRESERVATION -crime scene and other physical
evidence requires photograph for preservation purposes.
DIFFERENT VIEWS IN PHOTOGRAPHYING
a. GENERAL VIEW -Taking an over-all of the scene of the
crime. It shows direction and location of the crime scene.
- lahat ng asa crime scene kita
b. MEDIUM VIEW (medium range) -Taking of the
photograph of the scene of the crime by dividing it into
section. This view will best view the nature of the crime. –
specific/nakafocus lang sa victim ang photo
C. CLOSE-UP VIEW (short range/Mug Shot) -Taking of
individual photograph of the evidence at the scene of the
crime. It is design to show the details of the crime.
d. EXTREME CLOSE-UP VIEW -commonly designed in
laboratory photographing using some magnification such as
Photomacrography and Photomicrography. -maliit kaya
ginagamitan ng microscope
5. FOR DISCOVERING AND PROVING -photography can
extend human vision in discovering and proving things such
as:
a. Use of Magnification PHOTOMICROGRAPHY
-Taking a magnified photograph of small object through
attaching a camera to the ocular of a compound
microscope so as to show a minute detail of the physical
evidence
.- enlarge the image through the use of camera
PHOTOMACROGRAPHY -Taking a magnified (enlarged)
photograph of small object by attaching an extended tube lens
(macro lens) to the camera.
as instructional material not only in police training as well
as in other agencies.
9. REPRODUCING & COPYING -With the use of
photography any number of reproductions of the evidence
can be made those giving unlimited opportunity for its
examination and even allow other experts or person to
examine the specimen without compromising the original.
ESSENTIAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. LIGHT -the electromagnetic energy that travels in a form
of a wave with a speed of 186,000 miles per second.
-refers to how the light source, which can be natural or
artificial, is positioned in relation to your subject. The
position and quality of light can affect any number of things
in your final photo, from clarity to tone to emotion and so
much more.
2. CAMERA -a light tight box designed to block unwanted or
unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized material.
3. LENS -light gathering mechanism of the camera that
collect the reflected light coming from the object to form
the image.
4. SENSITIZED
MATERIAL -composed of highly sensitized chemical
compound which is capable of being transformed into an
image through the action of light with some chemical
process. (Film & Photo paper)
5. CHEMICAL PROCESS -process necessary for reducing
silver halides into a form so as a latent image and a positive
image be made resulting to what we called Photograph.
a. Use of Magnification MICROPHOTOGRAPHY -the
process of reducing into a small strip of film a scenario. It is
first used in filmmaking.
-the process of photo- graphing images through a microscope.
b. Use of Magnification MACROPHOTOGRAPHY -an
extreme close-up of something small.
TELEPHOTOGRAPHY-process of taking photograph of a far
object with the aid of a long focus and Telephoto lens.
TYPES OF CAMERA
6. FOR COURT EXHIBIT -Evidence presented in court once
accepted became known as Exhibit. Either Exhibit 1,2,3 for
the defense or Exhibit A,B,C for the prosecution.
-Ideally a size of about 5" x 7" for enlargement purposes
only.
7. CRIME
PREVENTION -with the use of video cameras (hidden
cameras) and other advanced photographic equipment
crimes are being detected more easily and even to the
extent of preventing them from initially occurring.
8. POLICE TRAINING -Modern facilities are now being used
1. VIEW FINDER TYPE - smallest
& simplest type of camera
2.SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA
- best suited for police work due
to its interchangeability of the
lens.
3. TWIN LENS REFLEX CAMERA
- a type of camera with dual lens,
one for focusing and the other
for forming the image.
4. VIEW OR PRESS TYPE- is
considered the biggest and
expensive type of camera, used for movie making.
POLAROID- a type of camera that immediately produce a
positive prints.