energies
Article
The Determination of Load Profiles and Power
Consumptions of Home Appliances
Fatih Issi 1, *
1
2
*
ID
and Orhan Kaplan 2
Electronics and Automation Department, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri 18200, Turkey
Technology Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Gazi University, Ankara 06500,
Turkey; okaplan@gazi.edu.tr
Correspondence: fatihissi@karatekin.edu.tr; Tel.: +90-376-213-1195
Received: 26 January 2018; Accepted: 7 March 2018; Published: 9 March 2018
Abstract: In recent years, the increment of distributed electricity generation based on renewable
energy sources and improvement of communication technologies have caused the development of
next-generation power grids known as smart grids. The structures of smart grids have bidirectional
communication capability and enable the connection of energy generated from distributed sources to
any point on the grid. They also support consumers in energy efficiency by creating opportunities for
management of power consumption. The information on power consumption and load profiles of
home appliances is essential to perform load management in the dwelling accurately. In this study,
the power consumption data for all the basic home appliances, utilized in a two-person family in
Çankırı, Turkey, was obtained with high resolution in one-second intervals. The detailed power
consumption analysis and load profile were executed for each home appliance. The obtained data is
not only the average power consumption of each appliance but also characterizes different operating
modes or their cycles. In addition, the impact of these devices on home energy management studies
and their standby power consumptions were also discussed. The acquired data is an important source
to determine the load profile of individual home appliances precisely in home energy management
studies. Although the results of this study do not completely reflect the energy consumption behavior
of the people who live in this region, they can reveal the trends in load demands based on a real
sample and customer consumption behavior of a typical two-person family.
Keywords: home appliances; load profile; power consumption; demand management
1. Introduction
Smart grids (SGs) that attract intensive attention are reliable power grids having self-healing
ability, comprising the consumers producing their own energy based on renewable energy sources with
minimum cost and allowing the use of available infrastructure with full capacity [1–4]. In addition,
SGs give the opportunity for consumers to operate demand response programs independently so
that the optimal matching between source and load can be spread to each region of the horizontal
time axis by considering consumer habits. In the beginning, demand response was supposed as a
change in normal consumption demand taking into account the decrease or increase of the electrical
energy production [5]. Initial demand response programs were used to control loads at peak times
in the United States [6]. Demand response programs, considered as a power system resource and an
essential part of SGs currently, bring economic benefits to the consumers and utility by spreading the
consumption of electrical loads to the time axis, and they also enhance the reliability and sustainability
of power grids [6,7]. In many countries, incentives are given directly or indirectly to encourage the use
of demand response programs. Dynamic demand response programs were accepted by the European
Union as a strategic tool to achieve three main objectives, which are reducing greenhouse gases by 20%,
Energies 2018, 11, 607; doi:10.3390/en11030607
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Energies 2018, 11, 607
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increasing the energy production based on renewable energy sources by 20%, and increasing energy
efficiency by 20% [8]. Although the electricity consumed in buildings varies from country to country,
it is equal to 30–40% of the total electricity consumption all over the world [9]. According to the data
by the Turkish Statistical Institute, the electricity which is consumed by houses and commercial and
government buildings approximately constitutes 45% of overall energy consumption in Turkey [10].
While industrial and commercial buildings make use of demand response opportunities all around the
world, the vast majority of residential buildings cannot use these opportunities [11]. It is the opinion
that dwelling comfort may be reduced and energy consumption habits are the biggest obstacle for
the implementation of demand respond programs at homes [12]. However, intelligent home energy
management systems have gained popularity in recent years with the aim of enhancing the dwelling
comfort in parallel with the advances in information and internet technologies [13,14]. Therefore,
home energy management studies play a crucial role in enabling demand response programs to be
used effectively in residences [15].
The determination of residential load profile and electric power consumption has an effect upon
the accuracy of demand response studies. Thus, several methods were used to generate the load profile
and power consumption of home appliances precisely [16–19]. The bottom-up approach is often used
to generate real electricity consumption data of a residence in the literature [20]. The most important
disadvantage of the bottom-up approach is that it needs the detailed load consumption data [21].
To date, in many publications, representative data and statistical averages of the consumption of
electrical appliances have been used to overcome this problem. Ref. [22] classified the buildings in
Singapore based on their energy consumption and built their mathematical models and load profiles
using the bottom-up model. Then, the produced load models were compared with real models and they
classified the houses by the number of rooms they had. Abeykoon V. et al. described the electrical home
appliances using machine learning algorithms with the information gathered from power consumption
data of home appliances with fast and high precision [23]. This modeling was accomplished for the
vast majority of the devices, but there is a need for more sample consumption and training of the
algorithm in order to achieve the same success in the devices that contain complex operating modes.
Pipattanasomporn M. et al. specified load profiles based on the power consumption data for the
specified home appliances and described the demand management potentials of these loads. Although
the major electrical appliances used in the two separate houses were determined as data sources in
this study, the number of these appliances can be inadequate as a source for demand response studies.
In [17], the monthly power consumption of home appliances was predicted using a multiple regression
model. In addition, the effect of seasonal variation on the monthly power consumption was examined.
In 2007, the power consumption of home appliances in 72 dwellings was monitored for over two
years and the data was recorded in five-minute intervals [24]. The results of the study showed that
the energy consumption increased by 4.5% in the second year due to an increase in the appliances
that were left in standby mode. Munhaw K. et al. designed a measurement and control system for the
power consumption of home appliances [25]. The developed prototype suggests that home appliances
can be controlled effectively by pursuing the electricity tariff prices. The results of literary reviews
show that the information based on the load profiles and power consumption of home appliances is
used extensively in many fields such as demand management, energy efficiency, determination of load
usage trends, etc.
There are few studies focusing on the data for the power consumption and specific load profiles
with high resolution of home appliances which is required in many areas. This is the main reason
why the standard load profile and the average electricity consumption of home appliances were used
in previous years. With the advent of SGs, more realistic load profiles and power consumption data
are needed in the distribution system. The main purpose of this work is to meet the detailed power
consumption data and describe load profiles of all operating modes of home appliances with different
operating modes. In addition, this study aims to demonstrate demand management opportunities
and the impact of standby consumption on energy efficiency by analyzing the obtained data. For this
Energies 2018, 11, 607
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Hair Dryer
Fakir Cosmic 2000
2000 Wh kWh
SP6
Hair
Dryer
Fakir FMP600
Cosmic
2000
2000
Wh
SP8
Range
Hood
Ferre
145Wh
SP4
Oven
Bosch
HBN551E1T
0.79
kWh
SP7
Kettle
Clatronic
WKS2882
2400
Wh
SP7
Kettle
Clatronic
WKS2882
2400
Wh
SP5
Iron
Tefal Ultimate 400
2600 Wh
SP7
Kettle
Clatronic
WKS2882
2400 Wh
SP9
Toast
Machine
Arzum
AR279
1800
SP5
Iron
Tefal
Ultimate
400
2600
Wh
SP8
Ferre
FMP600
145Wh
SP8 HairRange
Range
Hood Fakir
Ferre
FMP600
145Wh
SP6
DryerHood
Cosmic
2000
2000 Wh
SP8
Range
Hood
Ferre
FMP6002000
145Wh
SP10
LED
Television
LG
47LB670V
701800
kWh/year
SP6
Hair
Dryer
Fakir
Cosmic
2000
SP9
Toast
Machine
Arzum
AR279
Wh
SP9
Toast
Machine
Arzum
AR279
1800
Wh
SP7
Kettle
Clatronic
WKS2882
2400 Wh
SP9
Toast
Machine
Arzum AR279
1800- Wh
Wh
Case
Standard
SP7
Kettle
Clatronic
WKS2882
LED
Television
LG
47LB670V
70
kWh/year
SP10
LED
Television Ferre
LGFMP600
47LB670V
702400
kWh/year
SP8 SP10
Range
Hood
145Wh
SP10
LED
Television
47LB670V
70
kWh/year
Monitor
1
LG
E1960
LCD
17
Wh
SP8Toast Machine
Range Hood
FerreAR279
FMP600
145Wh
Case
Standard
-- 1800 Wh
Case Arzum
Standard
SP9 SP11
PC
Case 2
Standard
- Wh
W2846L
LED
28
Wh
SP9
Toast Monitor
Machine
Arzum
AR279
1800
Monitor
11LG LG
LG
E1960
LCD
17
Monitor
LG
E1960
LCD
1770Wh
Wh
SP10 SP11
LEDPC
Television
47LB670V
kWh/year
Monitor
1
LG
E1960A60
LCD
17 Wh
SP11
PC
Speaker
Creative
5.5
SP10
LED
Television
LG
47LB670V
70
kWh/year
Monitor
LG
28
SP11 PC
Monitor 22
LG W2846L
W2846L LED
LED
28 Wh
Wh
Monitor
2
LG
W2846L
LED
28
Wh
SP12
Printer
Samsung
ML-1610
300
Wh
Case Standard
Standard
Case
Speaker
Creative
5.5
Speaker
Creative A60
A60
5.5 -Wh
Wh Speaker
Creative
A60
5.5
Wh
Monitor
1
LG
E1960
LCD
17
Wh
Monitor
1
LG
E1960
LCD
17 Wh
SP12
Printer
Samsung
ML-1610
300
SP12
Samsung ML-1610
300 Wh
Wh
SP11
PC Printer
SP11
PC Measurement
SP12
Printer
Samsung
ML-1610
300
Wh
Monitor
2LG LG
W2846L
LED
28 Wh
2.2. Proposed
Monitor
2 Methodology
W2846L
LED
28 Wh
Speaker
Creative
A60
5.5 Wh
Speaker
Creative
A60
5.5 Wh
2.2.
Measurement
Methodology
2.2. Proposed
Proposed
Measurement
Methodology
ASP12
special
measuring
system
was designed to obtain the power consumption
data of home
2.2. Proposed
Measurement
Printer Methodology
Samsung ML-1610
300 Wh
SP12
Printer
Samsung
ML-1610
300
Whof
appliances
with
high
resolution.
The
designed
system
consists
of
an
Edimax
Smart
Plug
wireless
A
special
measuring
system
was
designed
to
obtain
the
power
consumption
home
A special measuring system was designed to obtain the power consumption data
data
of
home
A
special
measuring
system
was
designed
to
obtain
the
power
consumption
data
of home
power
meter
and
Radxa
RockPro
single
board
computer
(SBC).
The
Edimax
Smart
Plug
was
appliances
with
high
resolution.
The
designed
system
consists
of
an
Edimax
Smart
Plug
wireless
2.2.
Proposedwith
Measurement
Methodology
appliances
high resolution.
The designed system consists of an Edimax Smart Plug wireless
appliancesto
with
high
resolution.
The designed
system
consistsdata.
of anThe
Edimax
Smartpower
Plug value
wireless
connected
each
device
to
determine
the
power
consumption
consumed
of
power
meter
and
Radxa
RockPro
single
board
computer
(SBC).
The
Edimax
Smart
Plug
2.2. Proposed
Measurement
Methodology
power meter
and Radxa
RockPro single board computer (SBC). The Edimax Smart Plug was
was
power
meter
and
Radxa
RockPro
single
board
(SBC).
The
Edimax
Smart
was
A
special
measuring
system
was
designed
tocomputer
obtain the
power
consumption
dataPlug
of
home
each
device
was
taken
from
the
wireless
power
measurement
plug
monitored
by
a
Radxa
RockPro
connected
to
each
device
to
determine
the
power
consumption
data.
The
consumed
power
value
connected to each device to determine the power consumption data. The consumed power value of
of
connected
to
eachhigh
device
to
determine
the power
consumption
data.
consumed
power
value
appliances
with
resolution.
The ARM
designed
system
consists
of
anThe
Edimax
Smart
Plug
wireless
A
special
measuring
system
was
designed
to
obtain
the
power
consumption
data
of of
home
SBC
with
Quad
processor,
2GB
of
RAM
and
8GB by
of aastorage
A
each
device
from
the
wireless
power
measurement
plug
monitored
Radxa
RockPro
each minicomputer
device was
was taken
taken
from
the Core
wireless
power
measurement
plug
monitored
by
Radxa space.
RockPro
each device
was
taken
from
the
wireless
power
measurement
plug
monitored
by Smart
aSmart
Radxa
RockPro
power
meter
and
Radxa
RockPro
single
board
computer
(SBC).
The
Edimax
Plug
was
appliances
with
high
resolution.
The
designed
system
consists
of
an
Edimax
Plug
wireless
software
based
on
Java
was
developed
on
the
minicomputer
and
a
Linux
operating
system
was
SBC
SBC minicomputer
minicomputer with
with Quad
Quad Core
Core ARM
ARM processor,
processor, 2GB
2GB of
of RAM
RAM and
and 8GB
8GB of
of storage
storage space.
space. A
A
SBC
minicomputer
with
Quad
Core
ARM
processor,
2GB The
ofThe
RAM
and
8GB
of the
storage
space.
A
connected
to Radxa
each
device
to
determine
thefrom
power
consumption
data.
The
consumed
power
value
of
with
the
ofwas
collecting
data
plugs.
block
diagram
of
implemented
powerinstalled
meter
and
RockPro
single
board
(SBC).
Edimax
Smart
Plug
was
connected
software
based
on
Java
developed
on
the
minicomputer
and
aa Linux
operating
system
was
software
based
onaim
Java
was
developed
on computer
thesmart
minicomputer
and
Linux
operating
system
was
software
based
on
Java
was
developed
on
the
minicomputer
and
a
Linux
operating
system
was
each
device
was
taken
from
the
wireless
power
measurement
plug
monitored
by
a
Radxa
RockPro
system
and
thethe
flowchart
ofthe
the power
developed
software
given
inThe
Figures
1 and 2,of
installed
with
aim
data
from
smart
plugs.
The
block
diagram
the
to each
device
to
determine
data.
consumed
power
value of each
installed
with
the
aim of
of collecting
collecting
dataconsumption
from
smartare
plugs.
The
block
diagram
ofrespectively.
the implemented
implemented
installed
with the aim
of collecting
data
from
smart plugs.
blockand
diagram
implemented
SBC
minicomputer
with
Quad Core
ARM
processor,
2GB The
of RAM
8GB of the
storage
space. A
system
and
flowchart
of
software
in
Figures
device
was taken
the wireless
power measurement
plug
by2,
Radxa RockPro SBC
system
and the
thefrom
flowchart
of the
the developed
developed
software are
are given
given
in monitored
Figures 11 and
and
2,arespectively.
respectively.
system and
the flowchart
of the
developed
are given inand
Figures
1 andoperating
2, respectively.
software
based
on Java was
developed
onsoftware
the minicomputer
a Linux
system was
minicomputer
with
Quad
Core
ARM data
processor,
2GB plugs.
of RAM
8GB
of storage
A software
installed with
the
aim of
collecting
from smart
Theand
block
diagram
of thespace.
implemented
system and the flowchart of the developed software are given in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
Energies 2018, 11, 607
4 of 18
based on Java was developed on the minicomputer and a Linux operating system was installed with
the aim of collecting data from smart plugs. The block diagram of the implemented system and the
flowchart
the
developed
software are given in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
Energies 2018,of11,
x FOR
PEER REVIEW
4 of 18
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW
4 of 18
Figure 1. The block diagram of the implemented system.
Figure
The block
Figure 1.
1. The
block diagram
diagram of
of the
the implemented
implemented system.
system.
Figure 2. The flowchart of the developed Java software.
Figure 2.
2. The
of the
the developed
developed Java
Java software.
software.
Figure
The flowchart
flowchart of
In the developed software, the IP numbers of smart plugs are defined according to plug IDs and
In the developed software, the IP numbers of smart plugs are defined according to plug IDs and
smart plugs are contacted in terms of their ID number order. The basic steps of the algorithm can be
smart plugs are contacted in terms of their ID number order. The basic steps of the algorithm can be
explained as follows: if the connection between smart plugs and the minicomputer is successful, the
explained as follows: if the connection between smart plugs and the minicomputer is successful, the
data reading process is started. When the connection is unsuccessful, the minicomputer tries
data reading process is started. When the connection is unsuccessful, the minicomputer tries
reconnection three times. If the connection is still unsuccessful, then the algorithm skips this plug and
reconnection three times. If the connection is still unsuccessful, then the algorithm skips this plug and
moves to another plug by informing the system administrator. After the successful connection with
moves to another plug by informing the system administrator. After the successful connection with
the smart plug, current and power values are obtained by giving authorization. The obtained values
Energies 2018, 11, 607
5 of 18
In the developed software, the IP numbers of smart plugs are defined according to plug IDs and
smart plugs are contacted in terms of their ID number order. The basic steps of the algorithm can
be explained as follows: if the connection between smart plugs and the minicomputer is successful,
the data reading process is started. When the connection is unsuccessful, the minicomputer tries
reconnection three times. If the connection is still unsuccessful, then the algorithm skips this plug
and moves to another plug by informing the system administrator. After the successful connection
Energies
2018,
11, x plug,
FOR PEER
REVIEW
5 of 18
with
the
smart
current
and power values are obtained by giving authorization. The obtained
values are formatted with 2 decimal places. The measured values are divided into sequences and
to
a cloud database.
there is aIftable
to that device
in device
the database,
the data the
is directly
transmitted
to a cloudIfdatabase.
therebelonging
is a table belonging
to that
in the database,
data is
recorded
in
the
corresponding
table,
and
if
the
table
belonging
to
the
device
is
not
found
in the
directly recorded in the corresponding table, and if the table belonging to the device is not found
in
database,
a
new
table
is
automatically
created.
The
database
tables
are
named
according
to
the
date
the database, a new table is automatically created. The database tables are named according to the
of
theofcorresponding
day. The
time time
of theofdata
is also
to a recording
file and
date
the corresponding
day. recording
The recording
the data
is added
also added
to a recording
filethe
anddata
the
recording
operation
is
completed.
The
algorithm
saves
the
current,
voltage,
power,
operating
status
data recording operation is completed. The algorithm saves the current, voltage, power, operating
of
devices,
clock, clock,
date, and
plug
number
information
in thein
database
with 1-sec
intervals
for each
status
of devices,
date,
andID
plug
ID number
information
the database
with 1-sec
intervals
for
plug.
The
flow
diagram
of
the
data
acquisition
and
storage
in
the
database
is
shown
in
Figure
3. The
each plug. The flow diagram of the data acquisition and storage in the database is shown in Figure
3.
prepared
algorithm
ensures
that
very
precise
data
of
power
consumption
can
be
obtained
by
The prepared algorithm ensures that very precise data of power consumption can be obtained by
continuous
data recording.
recording.
continuous data
The flowchart
flowchart of the monitoring and recording software.
Figure 3. The
3. Numerical Results
In this section, the results of the power consumption measurements of the specified home
appliances are discussed in detail for each device
device considering
considering different operating
operating modes. The data
detailed assessment
assessment was visualized
recorded for three months (from October to December 2016) and a detailed
consumptiondata
dataininNovember
November2016
2016
and
dealt
with
in this
section.
power
consumption
by consumption
and
dealt
with
in this
section.
The The
power
consumption
data
data
for
the
remaining
months
except
November
is
given
and
the
accuracy
of
the
measurements
for the remaining months except November is given and the accuracy of the measurements was
verified by the residential
residential electricity
electricity bill.
bill.
The refrigerator
refrigerator was
was dealt with primarily and the daily power consumption of the
Refrigerator: The
refrigerator was depicted in detail in Figure 4. The refrigerator was operating for cooling at certain
intervals during the day and its energy consumption during a cooling process was determined as
approximately 46 W/h. The total cooling time per day was roughly measured as 13 h and 28 min.
When Figure 4 is examined, it is seen that the refrigerator performs defrosting twice for 15 min each
time and consumes approximately 280 W during a defrosting process. The daily consumption effect
of the defrosting process was measured as 140 W. The hourly and daily average power consumption
of the refrigerator were found as 32.61 W and 782.64 W, respectively.
Energies 2018, 11, 607
6 of 18
approximately 46 W/h. The total cooling time per day was roughly measured as 13 h and 28 min.
When Figure 4 is examined, it is seen that the refrigerator performs defrosting twice for 15 min each
time and consumes approximately 280 W during a defrosting process. The daily consumption effect of
the defrosting process was measured as 140 W. The hourly and daily average power consumption of
Energies
REVIEW
6
Energies 2018,
2018, 11,
11, x
x FOR
FOR PEER
REVIEW
6 of
of 18
18
the
refrigerator
werePEER
found
as 32.61 W and 782.64 W, respectively.
Figure
Figure 4.
4. The
The daily
daily power
power consumption
consumption of
of the
the refrigerator.
refrigerator.
To
obtain
the
detailed
power
consumption
data
taking
into
account
opening
of
door
of
To obtain
obtainthe
thedetailed
detailedpower
powerconsumption
consumptiondata
data
taking
into
account
the
opening
of the
the
door
of
To
taking
into
account
thethe
opening
of the
door
of the
the
refrigerator,
the
change
of
power
consumption
was
given
in
Figures
4
and
5.
In
Figure
5,
the
time–
the
refrigerator,
the
change
of
power
consumption
was
given
in
Figures
4
and
5.
In
Figure
5,
the
time–
refrigerator, the change of power consumption was given in Figures 4 and 5. In Figure 5, the time–area
area
the
opening
55 times
is
detail.
On
the
first
opening,
the
door
of
the
area
ofrefrigerator’s
the refrigerator’s
refrigerator’s
opening
times
is considered
considered
in
detail.
Onthe
thefirst
firstopening,
opening,the
thedoor
door of
of the
of
theof
opening
5 times
is considered
in in
detail.
On
refrigerator was
was left
left open
open for
for 30
30 s.
s. After
the door
door was
was closed
closed again,
again, the
the refrigerator
refrigerator operated
operated the
the fan
fan
After the
refrigerator
motor
for
1
min
and
expended
approximately
4.1
W
during
this
process.
When
the
door
was
opened
motor for 1 min and expended approximately 4.1 W during this process. When the door was opened
for the
the second
second time,
time, the
the duration
duration of
opening time
was 55 ss and
and the
the effect
effect on
on power
power consumption
consumption was
was
of opening
time was
for
measured
as
3.84
W/h.
The
refrigerator’s
door
was
opened
for
ss for
the
third
times
and
effect
measured as
as 3.84
3.84W/h.
W/h. The
The refrigerator’s
refrigerator’sdoor
doorwas
wasopened
openedfor
for1515
15s for
for
the
third
times
and
the
effect
measured
the
third
times
and
thethe
effect
on
on
the
hourly
power
consumption
was
measured
as
4.4
W/h.
In
the
fourth
and
fifth
openings
of
the
on the
hourly
power
consumption
measured
4.4 W/h.
Infourth
the fourth
and openings
fifth openings
the
the
hourly
power
consumption
was was
measured
as 4.4asW/h.
In the
and fifth
of theofdoor,
door,
the
power
was
as
4.02
W/h
and
3.96
It
door,
the consumption
power consumption
consumption
was determined
determined
as and
4.023.96
W/h
andrespectively.
3.96 W/h,
W/h, respectively.
respectively.
It was
was
the
power
was determined
as 4.02 W/h
W/h,
It was observed
that
observed
that
refrigerator’s
door
opened
15
times
for
an
day
in
observed
that the
thedoor
refrigerator’s
door
was
opened
15 15
times
and
for 15
15 ss on
on
aninaverage
average
day According
in this
this home.
home.
the
refrigerator’s
was opened
15was
times
and for
s onand
an average
day
this home.
to
According
to
these
assumptions,
due
to
the
opening
of
the
door,
the
refrigerator
consumed
0.25
W
According
to these due
assumptions,
due to
the door, the
refrigerator
0.25
W
these
assumptions,
to the opening
ofthe
theopening
door, theofrefrigerator
consumed
0.25 consumed
W power for
each
power
for
each
time
and
3.75
W
daily
power
forthis
each
timecorresponded
and this
this value
valuetocorresponded
corresponded
to
3.75power
W in
in the
the
daily power
power consumption.
consumption.
time
and
value
3.75 W in the to
daily
consumption.
Figure
Figure 5.
5. The
The power
power consumption
consumption when
when the
the refrigerator
refrigerator door
door is
is opened.
opened.
Washing Machine:
Machine: The
was
The power
power consumed
consumed
by the
the washing
washing
machine,
which
has
88 kg
kg capacity,
capacity, was
Washing
consumed by
washing machine,
machine, which
which has
has 8
measured and
and recorded
recorded in
in different
different washing
washing
programs. The
The results
results showed
showed that
that consumers
consumers needed
needed
washing programs.
measured
the
washing
machine
using
different
washing
modes
three
times
in
a
week
with
full
loads.
We
firstly
the washing machine using different washing modes three times in a week with full loads. We
We firstly
◦
investigated
the
cotton
and
synthetics
wash
programs
at
40
°C.
The
duration
of
this
washing
investigated the cotton and synthetics
synthetics wash
wash programs
programs at
at 40 °C.
program
investigated
C. The duration of this washing program
was 22 h
h and
and 66 min,
min,
and the
the
heater
of the
the
machine
worked to
to raise
raise the
the water
water temperature
temperature to
to 40
40 ◦°C
min, and
the heater
heater of
the machine
machine worked
°C
was
C
during
1/4
of
the
washing
time.
Using
the
heater
during
operation
time,
the
power
consumption
was
1/4 of
during 1/4
ofthe
thewashing
washing time.
time. Using
Usingthe
theheater
heater during
during operation
operation time,
time, the
the power
power consumption was
determined
determined as
as 961.09
961.09 W
W and
and the
the total
total power
power consumption
consumption of
of the
the machine
machine was
was recorded
recorded as
as 1064.21
1064.21 W
W
for
this
washing
option.
It
was
easily
calculated
that
the
hourly
power
consumption
of
the
washing
for this washing option. It was easily calculated that the hourly power consumption of the washing
machine
machine was
was 506.77
506.77 W
W in
in washing
washing conditions.
conditions. It
It was
was observed
observed that
that roughly
roughly 90.3%
90.3% of
of the
the power
power
consumption
consumption of
of the
the washing
washing machine
machine was
was caused
caused by
by the
the water
water heater.
heater. The
The determination
determination of
of time
time
period
for
water
heating
was
acquired
from
the
recorded
data.
The
data
obtained
from
the
washing
period for water heating was acquired from the recorded data. The data obtained from the washing
Energies 2018, 11, 607
7 of 18
determined as 961.09 W and the total power consumption of the machine was recorded as 1064.21 W
for this washing option. It was easily calculated that the hourly power consumption of the washing
machine was 506.77 W in washing conditions. It was observed that roughly 90.3% of the power
consumption of the washing machine was caused by the water heater. The determination of time
period for water heating was acquired from the recorded data. The data obtained from the washing
Energies 2018,
11, x FOR in
PEER
REVIEW
7 of 18
modes
is indicated
Figure
6.
Figure 6.
consumption of the washing machine for the cotton and
6. The power consumption
and synthetics
synthetics washing
washing
◦ C.
programs
programs at
at 40
40 °C.
Afterwards, we
we examined
examined the
the mixed
mixed washing
washing program
program at
at 30
30 ◦°C.
Afterwards,
C. In
In this
this option,
option, the
the washing
washing time
time
lasted 11hhand
and
1 min,
the total
power
consumed
the machine
during
the was
washing
was
lasted
1 min,
andand
the total
power
consumed
by the by
machine
during the
washing
measured
measured
as
286.19
W.
The
large
part
of
the
power
consumption
was
constituted
by
the
heater
to
as 286.19 W. The large part of the power consumption was constituted by the heater to raise the water
◦
raise
the
water
temperature
to
30
°C,
similar
to
the
previous
operation
mode.
In
this
operation
temperature to 30 C, similar to the previous operation mode. In this operation program, the power
program, the
consumed
by the heater
determined
as 234.46
W. This rate
corresponded
to
consumed
bypower
the heater
was determined
as was
234.46
W. This rate
corresponded
to 81.9%
of the total
81.9%
of
the
total
power
consumption.
Figure
7
shows
the
power
consumption
curve
of
the
washing
power consumption. Figure 7 shows the power consumption curve of the washing process for the
◦ C mixed
process
for the
30 °C mixed
washing program.
30
washing
program.
Figure 7. The power consumption of the washing machine for the mixed washing program
C.
program at
at 30
30 ◦°C.
The last
last washing
washing program
programpreferred
preferredby
byconsumers
consumersinina aweek
weekwas
was
the
mixed
washing
program
The
the
mixed
washing
program
at
at
40
°C.
The
washing
time
lasted
for
1
h
and
6
min.
During
this
washing
process,
the
total
power
◦
40 C. The washing time lasted for 1 h and 6 min. During this washing process, the total power
consumed by
was
measured
as 713.11
W. The
of power
consumed
in the heating
consumed
bythe
themachine
machine
was
measured
as 713.11
W. amount
The amount
of power
consumed
in the
process
was
determined
as
650.97
W
and
this
power
constituted
91.2%
of
the
power
heating process was determined as 650.97 W and this power constituted 91.2% of the total
total power
consumption. Figure
the 40
40 ◦°C
consumption.
Figure 88 depicts
depicts the
the power
power consumption
consumption curve
curve of
of the
the washing
washing process
process for
for the
C
mixed
washing
program.
mixed washing program.
The last washing program preferred by consumers in a week was the mixed washing program
at 40 °C. The washing time lasted for 1 h and 6 min. During this washing process, the total power
consumed by the machine was measured as 713.11 W. The amount of power consumed in the heating
process was determined as 650.97 W and this power constituted 91.2% of the total power
consumption. Figure 8 depicts the power consumption curve of the washing process for the 40 °C
Energies 2018, 11, 607
8 of 18
mixed washing program.
◦
Figure
8. The
power
of the washing machine for the mixed washing program at 40 °C.
C.8 of 18
Energies
2018, 11,
x FOR
PEERconsumption
REVIEW
Dishwasher: The
dishwasher and
the total
total power
power consumption
consumption was
was
Dishwasher:
The frequency
frequency of
of use
use of
of the
the dishwasher
and the
determined. When
found that
that two
two
determined.
When the
the usage
usage samples
samples of
of the
the dishwasher
dishwasher were
were examined,
examined, it
it was
was found
washing
programs
were
generally
preferred
in
the
home.
The
first
washing
program
was
the
55
washing programs were generally preferred in the home. The first washing program was the 55 ◦°C
C
economy program
program in
in which
which dishes
dishes were
were washed
washed for
for aa long
long time.
time. The
The washing
washing time
time of
of this
this program
program
economy
was 33hhand
and1111min.
min.
The
dishwasher
consumed
871.97
of power
throughout
this program.
The
was
The
dishwasher
consumed
871.97
W ofWpower
throughout
this program.
The water
water
heating
cycle
lasted
for
a
total
of
22
min
and
consumed
approximately
774.33
W
for
the
heating.
heating cycle lasted for a total of 22 min and consumed approximately 774.33 W for the heating.
The ratio
ratio of
of the
the energy
energy consumed
consumed in
the heating
heating cycle
The
in the
cycle to
to the
the total
total energy
energy was
was calculated
calculated as
as 88%.
88%.
◦
Figure
9
demonstrates
the
power
consumption
curve
of
the
55
°C
economy
program.
Figure 9 demonstrates the power consumption curve of the 55 C economy program.
◦ C economy program.
Figure
The power
power consumption
Figure 9.
9. The
consumption of
of the
the dishwasher
dishwasher for
for the
the 55
55 °C
economy program.
The other
other washing
washing program
program was
was the
the 65
65 ◦°C
power mode
mode program.
program. In
In this
this program,
program, the
the washing
washing
The
C power
◦
time
took
56
min.
This
operation
time
was
shorter
than
the
55
°C
economy
program
by
about
time took 56 min. This operation time was shorter than the 55 C economy program by about 33 times,
times,
and the
the water
watertemperature
temperaturereached
reachedthe
thedesired
desiredtemperature
temperature
min.
The
amount
of energy
used
and
in in
31 31
min.
The
amount
of energy
used
for
for water
heating
increased
considerably,
because
the water
temperature
was increased
in a short
water
heating
increased
considerably,
because
the water
temperature
was increased
in a short
time
◦ C55
time compared
°C economy
program.
The amount
of power
consumed
during
the heating
compared
to theto55the
economy
program.
The amount
of power
consumed
during
the heating
time
timemeasured
was measured
as 1113.46
the
total amount
ofconsumed
power consumed
by the dishwasher
was
was
as 1113.46
W andW
theand
total
amount
of power
by the dishwasher
was recorded
recorded
as
1125.2
W.
When
the
obtained
data
was
evaluated,
98.9%
of
the
power
was
spent
for
water
as 1125.2 W. When the obtained data was evaluated, 98.9% of the power was spent for water heating.
heating.
Theconsumption
energy consumption
curve
of the dishwasher
65 °C
power isprogram
is Figure
shown 10.
in
The
energy
curve of the
dishwasher
in the 65 ◦in
C the
power
program
shown in
FigureFigures
10. When
Figures
and 10 are compared,
Figure
10 the
shows
that
the water
heating consumption
When
9 and
10 are9 compared,
Figure 10 shows
that
water
heating
consumption
is too much
is
too
much
despite
the
washing
time
being
much
shorter.
It
can
be
explained
by
the
fact
water
despite the washing time being much shorter. It can be explained by the fact that water hasthat
to heat
10
has
to
heat
10
degrees
more
in
power
mode
in
a
period
3
times
shorter
than
the
economy
mode.
degrees more in power mode in a period 3 times shorter than the economy mode.
Figure 10. The power consumption of the dishwasher for the 65 °C power program.
time was measured as 1113.46 W and the total amount of power consumed by the dishwasher was
recorded as 1125.2 W. When the obtained data was evaluated, 98.9% of the power was spent for water
heating. The energy consumption curve of the dishwasher in the 65 °C power program is shown in
Figure 10. When Figures 9 and 10 are compared, Figure 10 shows that the water heating consumption
is too much despite the washing time being much shorter. It can be explained by the fact that water
Energies 2018, 11, 607
9 of 18
has to heat 10 degrees more in power mode in a period 3 times shorter than the economy mode.
◦C
Figure 10. The power consumption of the dishwasher for the 65 °C
power program.
Oven: Another
Another home
home appliance
appliancethat
thatplays
playsaasignificant
significantrole
roleininenergy
energyconsumption
consumption
home
Oven:
inin
thethe
home
is
is
an
oven.
When
the
usage
samples
of
the
oven
were
examined,
it
was
observed
that
the
household
an oven. When the usage samples of the oven were examined, it was observed that the household
◦ C and
◦ C on
needed to
to cook
cook with
with the
the oven
oven for
three times
times at
at 180
180 °C
needed
for three
and once
once at
at 150
150 °C
on average
average within
within aa week.
week.
The
power
consumption
curve
of
the
oven
is
shown
in
Figure
11,
if
the
consumer
chooses
the
180
The power consumption curve of the oven is shown in Figure 11, if the consumer chooses the 180 ◦°C
C
temperature for
baking, taking
h and
and 22 min.
min. When
was operated,
operated, the
heating resistor
resistor
temperature
for baking,
taking 11 h
When the
the oven
oven was
the heating
remained on
for aa long
long time
time and
and then
then it
it was
was switched
switched off
off when
when the
the oven
oven temperature
temperature reached
reached an
an
remained
on for
adequate
level.
Therefore,
the
power
consumption
was
very
high.
While
the
heating
resistor
did
not
Energies
2018,
11,
x
FOR
PEER
REVIEW
9
of
18
adequate level. Therefore, the power consumption was very high. While the heating resistor did
operate,
the
oven
only
needed
power
to
perform
lighting.
The
heating
resistor
was
switched
on
not operate, the oven only needed power to perform lighting. The heating resistor was switched on
occasionally until
cooking process
process was
was completed,
completed, keeping
oven at
at the
the
occasionally
until the
the cooking
keeping the
the temperature
temperature of
of the
the oven
desired
value.
The
heating
resistor
remained
active
for
24
min
and
50
s
in
this
cooking
process
and
desired value. The heating resistor remained active for 24 min and 50 s in this cooking process and the
the total
power
consumption
the heating
resistor
was measured
as W
947.49
W the
during
theinterval.
baking
total
power
consumption
of theofheating
resistor
was measured
as 947.49
during
baking
interval.
sum
of when
the time
theresistor
heatingwas
resistor
was
not in operation
was obtained
38 27
min
The
sum The
of the
time
thewhen
heating
not in
operation
was obtained
as 38 minasand
s.
and
27
s.
The
power
consumed
by
the
oven
for
lighting,
fan,
and
other
electronic
components
was
The power consumed by the oven for lighting, fan, and other electronic components was calculated as
calculated
as 104.96
W withresistor
the heating
resistor
The total
amount
of power
that
the oven
104.96
W with
the heating
switched
off.switched
The totaloff.
amount
of power
that
the oven
spent
was
spent
was
measured
as
1052.45
W
during
the
cooking
period.
If
lighting
and
other
energy-consuming
measured as 1052.45 W during the cooking period. If lighting and other energy-consuming components
components
weretoconsidered
to beduring
in operation
during
heating,
the heating
resistor
consumed
were
considered
be in operation
heating,
the heating
resistor
consumed
approximately
approximately
842.53
W ofequaled
power, to
which
equaled
80.05%
of the
total power consumed.
842.53
W of power,
which
80.05%
of theto
total
power
consumed.
Figure 11. The power consumption curve of the oven for cooking at 180 ◦°C
C temperature.
Iron: An
of different
different cloths
cloths was
was analyzed,
analyzed, and
and
Iron:
An iron
iron with
with three
three temperature
temperature scales
scales for
for the
the ironing
ironing of
the consumer
consumergenerally
generallypreferred
preferredtotouse
use
temperature
level
2. The
average
for ironing
the
it it
at at
thethe
temperature
level
2. The
average
timetime
for ironing
was
was
measured
as
38.5
min
a
day
per
week.
If
Figure
12
depicting
the
power
consumption
of
measured as 38.5 min a day per week. If Figure 12 depicting the power consumption curve ofcurve
the iron
theexamined,
iron is examined,
theand
heating
andcycles
standby
can
be seen. Considering
ordinary
is
the heating
standby
can cycles
be seen.
Considering
an ordinaryan
ironing
time,ironing
it was
time,
it
was
observed
that
the
heating
worked
for
about
15
min
and
waited
for
23
min.
The
total
observed that the heating worked for about 15 min and waited for 23 min. The total power consumed
power
consumed
in
this
ironing
period
was
486.3
W.
in this ironing period was 486.3 W.
Iron: An iron with three temperature scales for the ironing of different cloths was analyzed, and
the consumer generally preferred to use it at the temperature level 2. The average time for ironing
was measured as 38.5 min a day per week. If Figure 12 depicting the power consumption curve of
the iron is examined, the heating and standby cycles can be seen. Considering an ordinary ironing
time, it2018,
was11,observed
that the heating worked for about 15 min and waited for 23 min. The10total
Energies
607
of 18
power consumed in this ironing period was 486.3 W.
Figure
ironing period
period in
in the
the operating
operating mode
mode level
level 2.
2.
Figure 12.
12. The
The power
power consumption
consumption curve
curve for
for one
one ironing
Hair Dryer: The other selected device was a hair dryer. The power consumption data belonging
Hair Dryer: The other selected device was a hair dryer. The power consumption data belonging
to the hair dryer was measured and recorded. The results of the measurements showed that the hair
to the hair dryer was measured and recorded. The results of the measurements showed that the
dryer was used for 2 min in high-speed blowing mode every day and 3 times in a week for an
hair dryer was used for 2 min in high-speed blowing mode every day and 3 times in a week for an
additional 11 min. Slow-speed blowing mode usage of the hair dryer did not present, because the
additional 11 min. Slow-speed blowing mode usage of the hair dryer did not present, because the
users never used this mode in November 2016. If the average frequency of the usage of the hair dryer
users never used this mode in November 2016. If the average frequency of the usage of the hair dryer
was calculated, the weekly total duration was found to be approximately 43 min. The weekly average
was calculated, the weekly total duration was found to be approximately 43 min. The weekly average
power consumption of the hair dryer was calculated to be 1263.77 W. Figure 13 shows the power
power consumption of the hair dryer was calculated to be 1263.77 W. Figure 13 shows the power
consumption curve
of the hair dryer in high-speed blowing mode for one usage period.
Energies 2018, 11, curve
x FOR PEER
10 of 18
consumption
of theREVIEW
hair dryer in high-speed blowing mode for one usage period.
Figure 13.
13. The
The power
power consumption
consumption curve
curve of
of the
the hair
hair dryer
dryer in
Figure
in high-speed
high-speed blowing
blowing mode.
mode.
Kettle: Another
Anotherhome
home
appliance
evaluated
a kettle
frequently
in theAlthough
kitchen.
Kettle:
appliance
evaluated
was was
a kettle
neededneeded
frequently
in the kitchen.
Although
the
kettle
had
the
ability
to
heat
the
total
two
liters
of
water,
it
was
observed
that the
the kettle had the ability to heat the total two liters of water, it was observed that the investigated
investigated
household
upof
towater
0.5 liters
of waterThe
generally.
The kettle
boiled
0.5 liters
household
utilized
it to utilized
heat up it
toto
0.5heat
liters
generally.
kettle boiled
0.5 liters
of water
in
of
water
in
approximately
1
min
53
s
and
in
this
duration
the
consumed
power
was
66.56
W.
In
approximately 1 min 53 s and in this duration the consumed power was 66.56 W. In addition, when
addition,
when
the amount
of water
the
kettle
was
L andneeded
1.5 L, the
timethe
needed
boil
the water
the
amount
of water
in the kettle
wasin
1L
and
1.5 L,
the1 time
to boil
water to
was
recorded
as
was
recorded
as
3
min
17
s
and
4
min
30
s,
respectively.
The
power
consumed
for
these
processes
was
3 min 17 s and 4 min 30 s, respectively. The power consumed for these processes was measured as
measured
as 104.84
155.06 W,Figure
respectively.
Figure
14 depicts
the powercurve
consumption
curve
of
104.84
W and
155.06 W
W,and
respectively.
14 depicts
the power
consumption
of the kettle
used
the kettle
usedamounts
with different
amounts of water.
with
different
of water.
investigated household utilized it to heat up to 0.5 liters of water generally. The kettle boiled 0.5 liters
of water in approximately 1 min 53 s and in this duration the consumed power was 66.56 W. In
addition, when the amount of water in the kettle was 1 L and 1.5 L, the time needed to boil the water
was recorded as 3 min 17 s and 4 min 30 s, respectively. The power consumed for these processes was
measured as 104.84 W and 155.06 W, respectively. Figure 14 depicts the power consumption curve of
Energies 2018, 11, 607
11 of 18
the kettle used with different amounts of water.
Figure
14. The
The
power
consumption
the for
kettle
forL (a)
0.5 (b)
L water;
(b)and
1 L(c)water;
Figure 14.
power
consumption
curvecurve
of theof
kettle
(a) 0.5
water,
1 L water,
1.5 L
and
(c) 1.5 L water.
water.
Hood:One
Oneofofthe
themajor
major
devices
in the
kitchen
is a range
the where
home the
where
the
Range Hood:
devices
in the
kitchen
is a range
hood.hood.
In theIn
home
energy
energy analysis
wasthe
done,
thehood
rangewith
hood3 different
with 3 different
fan speeds
was operated
under
fan
analysis
was done,
range
fan speeds
was operated
under the
fanthe
speed
speed3 level
3 generally.
The operation
time
of hood
the range
fan3 speed
level 3 was
level
generally.
The operation
time of the
range
using hood
the fanusing
speedthe
level
was determined
as
3 h in
11amin
in total
in a week.
The power
consumption
data and
the for
operation
times
3determined
h 11 min inastotal
week.
The power
consumption
data
and the operation
times
the different
for the
different
fan
speeds
of the
a week were The
determined.
The range
whosewas
fan
fan
speeds
of the
range
hood
in range
a weekhood
wereindetermined.
range hood
whosehood
fan speed
speed wasatadjusted
at level
wastimes
run two
week for
about
34 minlighting,
without lighting,
and its
adjusted
level 1 was
run 1two
in a times
week in
fora about
34 min
without
and its average
averageconsumption
power consumption
was measured
41.79
per run.
When
theoffan
thewas
range
power
was measured
as 41.79 Wasper
run.W
When
the fan
speed
thespeed
range of
hood
at
hood
was
at
level
2,
it
was
detected
to
be
used
for
18
min
once
a
week
and
the
power
consumption
level 2, it was detected to be used for 18 min once a week and the power consumption was measured
was
measured
as 24.82
W. highest
At levellevel
3, theofhighest
levelthe
of range
fan speed,
range
hoodfor
was
as
24.82
W. At level
3, the
fan speed,
hoodthe
was
utilized
an utilized
averagefor
of
an min,
average
of 18a min,
5 and
timesit aconsumed
week, and32.88
it consumed
32.88for
Weach
of power
for each
use.
The hourly
18
5 times
week,
W of power
use. The
hourly
consumption
consumption
valueshood
of thewere
range
hood wereas
determined
asfan
73.76
W for
fan1,speed
1, level
82.752,
Wand
for
values
of the range
determined
73.76 W for
speed
level
82.75level
W for
level 2,
WThe
for level
The range
hood0.96
consumed
0.96 Wper
of min
power
minW
and
of
93.95
Wand
for 93.95
level 3.
range3.hood
consumed
W of power
andper
58.15
of 58.15
powerWper
power
per
hour
for
lighting.
Figure
15
shows
the
power
consumption
graphs
for
different
fan
speeds
hour for lighting. Figure 15 shows the power consumption graphs for different fan speeds of the range
Energies
2018,and
11,
x without
FORwith
PEERand
REVIEW
11 of 18
of
thewith
range
hood
without lighting.
hood
lighting.
Figure 15. The
Thepower
powerconsumption
consumptioncurve
curveofof
range
hood
speed
(a) level
1; level
(b) level
2;
thethe
range
hood
forfor
fanfan
speed
(a) level
1, (b)
2, and
and
(c) level
(c) level
3. 3.
Toast Machine:
Machine: Another
Another home
home appliance
appliance analyzed
analyzed in
in terms
terms of
of power
power consumption
consumption and
and usage
usage
Toast
frequency was
wasaatoast
toastmachine.
machine.The
Theresults
resultsofof
measurements
show
consumers
utilized
frequency
thethe
measurements
show
thatthat
thethe
consumers
utilized
the
the
toast
machine
14
times
in
a
month
at
the
highest
heating
level.
It
was
seen
that
the
toast
machine
toast machine 14 times in a month at the highest heating level. It was seen that the toast machine was
was used for an average of 13 min and it only consumed power during 7 min 44 s for each use. During
the working period, the total energy consumption was measured as 209.47 W. The power
consumption of the toast machine was calculated as 2932.58 W monthly. Figure 16 depicts the average
power consumption curve of the toast machine for each use.
Figure 15. The power consumption curve of the range hood for fan speed (a) level 1, (b) level 2, and
(c) level 3.
Toast Machine: Another home appliance analyzed in terms of power consumption and 12
usage
of 18
frequency was a toast machine. The results of the measurements show that the consumers utilized
the toast machine 14 times in a month at the highest heating level. It was seen that the toast machine
used
for an
of 13ofmin
and and
it only
consumed
power
during
7 min
44 s 44
forseach
use.use.
During
the
was used
foraverage
an average
13 min
it only
consumed
power
during
7 min
for each
During
working
period,
the
total
energy
consumption
was
measured
as
209.47
W.
The
power
consumption
the working period, the total energy consumption was measured as 209.47 W. The power
of
the toast machine
wasmachine
calculated
2932.58 W
monthly.
Figure 16Figure
depicts
average
power
consumption
of the toast
wasas
calculated
as 2932.58
W monthly.
16 the
depicts
the average
consumption
curve ofcurve
the toast
machine
for eachfor
use.
power consumption
of the
toast machine
each use.
Energies 2018, 11, 607
Figure
16. The
curve of
of the
the toast
toast machine
machine for
for the
the obtained
obtained sample
sample case.
case.
Figure 16.
The power
power consumption
consumption curve
Television: Another home appliance analyzed concerning load profile and power consumption
Television: Another home appliance analyzed concerning load profile and power consumption
was a television with LED panel. The television power consumption can reveal the television
was a television with LED panel. The television power consumption can reveal the television watching
watching habits of the household. It was found that the duration of the television watching was
habits of the household. It was found that the duration of the television watching was different
different on weekdays and weekends. The household watched the television for 6 h and 33 min
on weekdays and weekends. The household watched the television for 6 h and 33 min during the
during the weekdays. It was shown that color change in the image and tracking down channel change
weekdays. It was shown that color change in the image and tracking down channel change cases
cases affected the television power consumption. The average power consumption during the hourly
affected the television power consumption. The average power consumption during the hourly
watching period was measured as 54.64 W. If the television is switched off from the remote control
watching period was measured as 54.64 W. If the television is switched off from the remote control only,
only, the television continues the power consumption throughout standby mode with its video panel
the television continues the power consumption throughout standby mode with its video panel closed.
closed. From the moment the television was turned off using the remote control only, it consumed
From the moment the television was turned off using the remote control only, it consumed 18.69 W
18.69 W for 10 min on average. In addition, the television power consumption was measured as 376.58
for 10 min on average. In addition, the television power consumption was measured as 376.58 W
W per day on the weekend, and the power consumed during standby period composed 0.5% of total
per day on the weekend, and the power consumed during standby period composed 0.5% of total
consumption.
Figure
17 illustrates
the power consumption graph regarding a day of the weekend.
Energies 2018, 11, xFigure
FOR PEER
REVIEW
12 of 18
consumption.
17 illustrates
the power consumption graph regarding a day of the weekend.
Figure
Figure 17.
17. The
The power
power consumption
consumption curve
curve of
of the
the television.
television.
Computer: A desktop computer is another device frequently used during a day in the house and
energy utilization.
utilization. The computer’s average daily usage measured as 2 h
one we analyzed in terms of energy
and 14 min with peripheral devices, which included a standard box, a desktop speaker, and two LCD
monitors, one
one19”
19”and
andthe
theother
otherone
one
24”.
The
power
consumed
by the
computer
in standby
mode
monitors,
24”.
The
power
consumed
by the
computer
in standby
mode
was
was measured
asW
5.09
per and
hournever
and never
taken
tomode.
sleep mode.
It was calculated
thiscaused
value
measured
as 5.09
perWhour
taken to
sleep
It was calculated
that thisthat
value
causedW
110.79
W per
day ofconsumption
power consumption
andW3323.7
W perofmonth
power consumption
in
110.79
per day
of power
and 3323.7
per month
powerofconsumption
in standby
standbyThe
mode.
The average
hourlyconsumption
power consumption
of the computer
during operation
and
total
mode.
average
hourly power
of the computer
during operation
and total
power
power consumption for one day of use were measured as 173.48 W and 387.4 W, respectively. The
computer consumed a total of 14,946.6 W power per month and about 22% of this power was depleted
while the computer was in standby mode. Figure 18 depicts the power consumption curve of the
computer throughout the utilization time.
Computer: A desktop computer is another device frequently used during a day in the house and
one we analyzed in terms of energy utilization. The computer’s average daily usage measured as 2 h
and 14 min with peripheral devices, which included a standard box, a desktop speaker, and two LCD
monitors, one 19” and the other one 24”. The power consumed by the computer in standby mode
was measured as 5.09 W per hour and never taken to sleep mode. It was calculated that this value
Energies 2018, 11, 607
13 of 18
caused 110.79 W per day of power consumption and 3323.7 W per month of power consumption in
standby mode. The average hourly power consumption of the computer during operation and total
consumption
for one for
dayone
of use
measured
as 173.48as
W173.48
and 387.4
W, respectively.
The computer
power consumption
daywere
of use
were measured
W and
387.4 W, respectively.
The
consumed
a total of 14,946.6
powerW
per
month
about
of this
was depleted
while
computer consumed
a total ofW
14,946.6
power
perand
month
and22%
about
22%power
of this power
was depleted
the
computer
was in standby
mode. Figure
depicts
power
consumption
curve of the
computer
while
the computer
was in standby
mode.18
Figure
18the
depicts
the
power consumption
curve
of the
throughout
the utilization
time.
computer throughout
the utilization
time.
Figure 18.
18. The
consumption curve
curve of
of the
the desktop
desktop computer
computer during
during one
one day
day utilization.
utilization.
Figure
The power
power consumption
Printer: The last device analyzed was a laser printer. Although the laser printer power
Printer: The last device analyzed was a laser printer. Although the laser printer power
consumption is related to its usage frequency, this power consumption was found to be 44.05 W daily
consumption is related to its usage frequency, this power consumption was found to be 44.05 W
on average for the home investigated. The average utilization time of the printer corresponded to 7
daily on average for the home investigated. The average utilization time of the printer corresponded
min 53 s per day. The example of the power consumption during the day is given in Figure 19. The
to 7 min 53 s per day. The example of the power consumption during the day is given in Figure 19.
remarkable point in the energy consumption of the printer is that the printer consumes in standby
The remarkable point in the energy consumption of the printer is that the printer consumes in standby
mode about 3 W per hour and this value equals to 2153.4 W of power consumption for a month. If
mode about 3 W per hour and this value equals to 2153.4 W of power consumption for a month. If the
the printer is plugged in constantly, the energy consumed in standby mode is about 3 times the
printer is plugged in constantly, the energy consumed in standby mode is about 3 times the energy
energy used in running for daily work. The results exhibited that the printer consumed power equal
used in running for daily work. The results exhibited that the printer consumed power equal to about
to about 2858.2 W per month.
2858.2
per
Energies W
2018,
11,month.
x FOR PEER REVIEW
13 of 18
Figure
19. The
curve for
for the
the laser
laser printer.
printer.
Figure 19.
The example
example power
power consumption
consumption curve
4. Assessment
of Energy
Energy Consumption
Consumption
4.
Assessment of
After the
the power
values of
After
power consumption
consumption values
of the
the home
home appliances
appliances were
were recorded
recorded with
with high
high resolution,
resolution,
the
evaluation
of
the
data
was
made.
The
usage
frequency
of
each
device
was
recorded
daily,
weekly,
the evaluation of the data was made. The usage frequency of each device was recorded
daily,
and
monthly
and
their
utilization
ratios
in
Table
2
were
determined
considering
the
operating
weekly, and monthly and their utilization ratios in Table 2 were determined considering the operating
frequencies of
of these
these devices
devices for
for November.
November.
frequencies
Table 2. Usage density and power consumption of household appliances for November 2016.
Device
Refrigerator
Washing
Machine
Dishwasher
Oven
Mode
(−18 °C)
(+4 °C)
30 °C Mix
40 °C Mix
40 °C Synthetic
55 °C Economy
65 °C Power
150 °C
Duration
Total
Power
per Run
Usage Density
Average Total
Consumption
(Monthly)
24 h
782.83 W
All Time
23,469 W
Defrosting
Power Ratio
1 h 1 min
1 h 8 min
2 h 6 min
3 h 11 min
56 min
50 min
286.19 W
650.97 W
1064.21 W
871.97 W
1125.2 W
933.62 W
1 per week
8005.48 W
Heating Power
Ratio
6 per month
2 per month
1 per week
5231.82 W
2250.4 W
16,363.88 W
Additional Info
Heating Power
Ratio
Resistor Power
17.8%
81.9%
91.2%
90.3%
88%
98.9%
80.02%
Energies 2018, 11, 607
14 of 18
Table 2. Usage density and power consumption of household appliances for November 2016.
Device
Mode
Duration
Total
Power
per Run
Usage Density
Average Total
Consumption
(Monthly)
Refrigerator
(−18 ◦ C)
(+4 ◦ C)
24 h
782.83 W
All Time
23,469 W
Defrosting
Power Ratio
17.8%
Washing
Machine
30 ◦ C Mix
40 ◦ C Mix
40 ◦ C Synthetic
1 h 1 min
1 h 8 min
2 h 6 min
286.19 W
650.97 W
1064.21 W
1 per week
8005.48 W
Heating Power
Ratio
81.9%
91.2%
90.3%
Dishwasher
55 ◦ C Economy
65 ◦ C Power
3 h 11 min
56 min
871.97 W
1125.2 W
6 per month
2 per month
5231.82 W
2250.4 W
Heating
Power Ratio
88%
98.9%
Oven
150 ◦ C
180 ◦ C
50 min
1 h 2 min
933.62 W
1052.45 W
1 per week
3 per week
16,363.88 W
Resistor
Power Raito
80.02%
Iron
Level 2
38.5 min
486.3 W
1 per week
1945.2 W
Heating Time
Ratio
63.8%
Hair Dryer
High Heating
& Blowing
43 min
1263.77 W
1 per week
5055.08 W
-
-
Kettle
0.5 L
1L
1.5 L
1 min 53 s
3 min 17 s
4 min 30 s
66.56 W
104.84 W
155.06 W
2 per day
6 per week
1 per week
6864.2 W
-
-
Range
Hood
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
34 min
18 min
21 min
41.79 W
24.82 W
32.88 W
2 per week
1 per week
5 per week
1091.2 W
Additional
Lightning
Power
0.96
W/min
Toast
Machine
Level 3
13 min
209.47 W
14 per month
2932.58 W
-
-
Printer
Total Printing
Stand-By
7 min 53 s
23 h 52 min
44.05 W
3W
16 per month
2858.2 W
Stand By
Power
3 W/h
Television
Weekday
Weekend
4 h 17 min
6 h 33 min
245.39 W
376.89 W
22 per month
8 per month
8413.7 W
Shutting
Down Power
3.11 W
PC
On Power
Stand By
2 h 14 min
21 h 46 min
387.43 W
110.79 W
Everyday
14,946.6 W
Stand By
Power
5.09
W/h
Additional Info
99,427.34 W
TOTAL
As the measurement periods have one-second resolution, the total working time of each device is
taken as seconds and the total amount of power consumed in each usage based on the hourly power
consumption data is found. The monthly power consumption of each device can be calculated using
Equation (1) considering their usage frequency and power values.
PMonthly = ∑12
id=1
PMeasured (ID)
Duration(ID) × (Density(ID))
3600
(1)
In the Equation (1), PMeasured (ID), Duration (ID), and Density (ID) represent the amount of hourly
power, the total operating time, and the usage frequency of devices, respectively. The usage frequency
was categorized daily, weekly, and monthly for each device and their usage density was found by
using Equation (2).


 daily; Density(ID) = Usage Count × 30
Density(ID) =
weekly; Density(ID) = Usage Count × 4

 monthly; Density(ID) = Usage Count
(2)
In addition, it was discovered that some devices consumed energy in the standby mode, and the
amount of unnecessary energy was calculated by using Equation (3) per month.
PStand−By (ID) = ∑12
id=1 (24 − Duration(ID)) × PMeasured−StandBy(ID)
(3)
Energies 2018, 11, 607
15 of 18
where PMeasured-StanBy (ID) stands for the power consumption value in the standby mode. The total
power consumption of the home appliances is approximately calculated at 99.4 kW for November.
The electricity bill in November 2016 showed that the actual power consumption of the dwelling
was 124.4 kW and this result proved the measurement accuracy. The difference between the real
consumption and the measurement results represents the power needed by lighting, combi boiler,
and low-power devices which was excluded.
Table 3 shows the total power consumption of the home appliances for three months. Table 4
shows how the power consumption of each home appliance impacts total power consumption from
October to December.
Table 3. The total power consumption of home appliances from October to December.
Device
October (Watt)
November (Watt)
December (Watt)
Refrigerator
Washing Machine
Dishwasher
Oven
Iron
Hair Dryer
Kettle
Range Hood
Toast Machine
Printer
Television
PC
Other
Total
24,803.68
9827.95
6486.34
5939.47
2001.68
3787.19
5098.33
622.31
793.64
944.74
4968.59
8684.56
17,367.52
91,330
23,469.00
8005.48
7482.22
16,363.88
1945.20
5055.08
6864.20
1091.20
2932.58
2858.20
8413.70
14,946.60
24,991.66
124,420
23,120.41
9127.25
9603.37
19,192.35
2601.76
5120.20
8106.64
982.55
3871.99
2657.86
9627.10
14,183.56
40,304.96
148,500
Table 4. The energy consumption ratios of each home appliance from October to December.
Device
October
November
December
Refrigerator
Washing Machine
Dishwasher
Oven
Iron
Hair Dryer
Kettle
Range Hood
Toast Machine
Printer
Television
PC
Other
Total
27.16%
10.76%
7.10%
6.50%
2.19%
4.15%
5.58%
0.68%
0.87%
1.03%
5.44%
9.51%
19.02%
100%
18.86%
6.43%
6.01%
13.15%
1.56%
4.06%
5.52%
0.88%
2.36%
2.30%
6.76%
12.01%
20.09%
100%
15.57%
6.15%
6.47%
12.92%
1.75%
3.45%
5.46%
0.66%
2.61%
1.79%
6.48%
9.55%
27.14%
100%
When the results from Table 3 were analyzed, the monthly power consumption was calculated as
121.41 kW on average for the family comprising two persons. In addition, to determine how much
energy the consumers use at what time of day, a day was allocated 3 parts according to the energy tariff
policy applied in Turkey. Considering this classification, the hours between 06.00 am and 17.00 pm
were the daylight tariff part, the hours between 17.00 pm and 22.00 pm were the peak tariff part,
and the hours between 22.00 pm and 06.00 am were the night tariff part. When the home energy
consumption was classified according to the three mentioned parts, it was seen that the daytime
consumption amount for November and December was higher than the others and the amount of
demand consumption for October was more than the other energy tariff times. In addition, peak usage
pm were the daylight tariff part, the hours between 17.00 pm and 22.00 pm were the peak tariff part,
and the hours between 22.00 pm and 06.00 am were the night tariff part. When the home energy
consumption was classified according to the three mentioned parts, it was seen that the daytime
consumption amount for November and December was higher than the others and the amount of
demand
consumption
for October was more than the other energy tariff times. In addition,16peak
Energies
2018,
11, 607
of 18
usage of the three months took place in December. This result can be attributed to increased combi
boiler usage excluded in the test depending on drops in temperature in December. Table 5 indicates
of
theoften
threepower
months
took in
place
in December.
Thisfor
result
be attributed to increased combi boiler
how
is used
energy
tariff periods
eachcan
month.
usage excluded in the test depending on drops in temperature in December. Table 5 indicates how
often power is used
in energy
tariff periods
forconsumption
each month.according to energy tariff.
Table
5. The amount
of power
5. The
amount
consumption
to energy
MonthTableDay
Time
(kW) of power
Demand
Time (kW)according
Night Time
(kW)tariff.
Total (kW)
October
32.35
Month
Day Time (kW)
November
48.40
October
32.35
December
68.10
November
48.40
Total (kW)
148.85
December
68.10
Total (kW)
148.85
33.83
Demand Time (kW)
41.05
33.83
49.40
41.05
124.28
49.40
124.28
25.14
91.33
Night Time (kW)
Total (kW)
34.97
124.42
25.14
91.33
30.99
148.50
34.97
124.42
91.1
364.25 148.50
30.99
91.1
364.25
Finally, the home appliances that consume energy in standby mode were investigated to
improve
energy
efficiency.
It that
was consume
determined
that
the computer,
television,
printer,
oven,
Finally,
the home
appliances
energy
in standby
mode were
investigated
to improve
dishwasher,
and
washing
machine
consumed
energy
in
standby
mode.
Figure
20
shows
the
ratio
of
energy efficiency. It was determined that the computer, television, printer, oven, dishwasher, and
total andmachine
standby consumed
power usage
for November
2016. Standby
energy
that
was
up to
washing
energy
in standby mode.
Figure 20
showsuse
thefor
ratio
of month
total and
standby
4.7%
of
the
total
energy.
power usage for November 2016. Standby energy use for that month was up to 4.7% of the total energy.
Figure 20.
20. The
The total
total and
and standby
standby power
power consumption
consumption of
of the
the household
household appliances
Figure
appliances for
for November.
November.
5. Assessment of Demand Side Opportunities
In the triple time electricity tariff, which is one of the two tariff options offered by electricity
distribution companies for residences in Turkey, the unit energy price varies according to the hours
of the day. In this section, the possibility of using the home appliances at another time of the day
is evaluated without sacrificing dwelling comfort in the case of the household using the triple time
electricity tariff. Therefore, the home appliances were classified into two groups according to the
dwelling comfort. The first group comprised washing machine, dishwasher, and iron deferrable
electrical loads, and the second group undeferrable electrical loads, such as television, computer,
refrigerator, and others. The results of the classification of the home appliances are given in Table 6.
The classification of the electrical loads may vary considering consumer priorities. When Table 6 is
examined, approximately 15% of the total power consumption in a month is at the deferrable loads
and the consumers can easily plan its usage time without sacrificing dwelling comfort.
Energies 2018, 11, 607
17 of 18
Table 6. The classification of home appliances.
Device
Refrigerator
Washing Machine
Dishwasher
Oven
Iron
Hair Dryer
Kettle
Range Hood
Toast Machine
Printer
Television
PC
Deferrable
Undeferrable
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6. Conclusions
In this study, home appliances’ realistic load profiles and power consumption data needed by
SG studies were constituted with high resolution. For this purpose, the special measurement system,
including a wireless smart plug for power measurement and minicomputer, was designed. The power
consumption data of 12 different home appliances employed by a two-person family living in Çankırı,
Turkey was recorded for three months. By evaluating and observing the obtained data, the working
cycles of each home appliance are determined in detail. Energy consumption behavior and power
consumption analysis were performed and detailed load profile data for each home appliance was
given on a website at http://profil.guctakip.com. To increase energy efficiency, energy-consuming
devices in standby mode were detected and their energy consumption was investigated by comparing
overall consumption rate. In addition, according to the energy tariff periods employed in Turkey,
all consumption data was evaluated. It was determined that about 15% of the total load at home
can be shifted taking energy tariffs into account. The main contribution of this study is to create a
realistic load profile and power consumption data which can be used by researchers interested in SG
studies and power distribution companies. This data educates consumers about energy efficiency
by revealing standby power consumption of a real home. It is expected that residential consumers
take the opportunities of demand side management and available resources can be employed with
optimum capacity.
Author Contributions: Fatih Issi and Orhan Kaplan proposed the main idea, performed the measurements,
and wrote the manuscript. All authors have approved the final version of this manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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