PROJECTION
METHOD
LINE
ANGLE
||
⊥
CR
RP
FOOTNOTE/SS
BEST
Lateral
-
-
IOML
IPL
HP
½-1” posterior
outer canthus
All 4 sinuses
Sphenoidal
Sinuses
MCP
OML (15
degree from
CR)
MSP
HP/ 15
caudad
Nasion
PA Axial
Caldwell
-
Frontal & Anterior Ethmoid sinuses
Petrous ridges inferior
to maxillary sinuses
Frontal and Ethmoidal
air cells are distorted
Foramen rotundrum
Sphenoidal &
Maxillary Sinuses
Parietoacanthial
or
Occipitomental
Waters &
Mahoney
OML
37°
MCP
MSP
MML
HP
Acanthion
Parietoacanthial
Open-Mouth
Waters
OML
37°
MCP
MSP
HP
Acanthion
SMV
-
IOML
MCP
MSP
HP to
IOML
¾ anterior to
level of EAM
Sphenoidal and
Ethmoidal air cells
Petrous ridges
inferior to
maxillary sinuses
Sphenoidal
Sinuses
Sphenoidal &
Ethmoidal
Sinuses
Posterior
Ethmoidal Sinus
superior to
anterior air cells
Posterior
Ethmoidal
Sinuses
HP
Nasion
Posterior Ethmoidal
Air Cells
Symmetric Petrous
Ridges
Sphenoidal
Sinuses
10°
cephalad or
HP
Glabella
Sphenoidal Sinuses through Frontal Bone
PA
-
Maxillary
Sinuses
MCP
MSP
OML
HP
Midway IOM
and Acanthion
Maxillary Sinuses
inferior to base of
cranium
Posterior Ethmoidal
Air Cells
Maxillary Sinuses
below petrous ridges
Maxillary Sinuses
inferior to base of
cranium
PA Oblique
PA Oblique
Rhese
Law
MSP
53°
-
AML
-
-
-
HP
Upper parietal
region emerging
at midorbit
Oblique image of
ethmoid cells (post &
ant)
Frontal & Sphenoid
Sinus
Optic Foramen
-
25-30
cephalad
Uppermost
gonion
emerging at
opposite
maxillary sinus
Obliquer of antrum
floor and relation to
teeth
-
VSM
Schuller
-
-
MSP
VP to
IOML
MSP & MCP
intersection at
gonion
Axial Transoral
Pirie
-
MCP
MSP
Depends to
face shape
Exit center of
open mouth
AP Axial
Lamina Dura
View
-
-
MSP
OML
25 cephalad
Glabella
Axial Sphenoid Sinus,
Posterior Ethmoid
cells, antra, nasal
fossae.
Hyoid Bone
Axial of Sphenoid
Sinus through open
mouth
Antra and nasal fossae
Axial maxillary sinus
Lamina Dura
Sphenoid Sinuses
-
-El Gammal &
KeatsDelineation of
superior portion
of posterior antral
wall or lamina
dura of the
antrum