AN INFINEON TECHNOLOGIES COMPANY
THIS SPEC IS OBSOLETE
Spec No: 002-13948
Spec Title: AN213948 - BASIC CONCEPTS FOR ENERGY DELIVERY
WITH S6AE101A, S6AE102A, AND S6AE103A
Replaced by: NONE
AN213948
Basic Concepts for Energy Delivery with
S6AE101A, S6AE102A, and S6AE103A
About this document
Scope and purpose
This application note describes the difference in energy delivery between S6AE101A and S6AE102A/103A for
hybrid operation and discusses S6AE102A/103A energy delivery with the surplus power of a solar cell.
Associated Part Family
S6AE101A, S6AE102A, S6AE103A
Related Documents
S6AE101A, S6AE102A, S6AE103A Datasheets
Table of contents
About this document ....................................................................................................................... 1
Table of contents ............................................................................................................................ 1
1
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2
2
2.1
2.2
Energy delivery circuit ............................................................................................................ 3
S6AE101A ................................................................................................................................................. 3
S6AE102A/103A........................................................................................................................................ 3
3
Energy delivery for hybrid operation ........................................................................................ 4
4
Additional energy delivery circuit of S6AE102A/103A with surplus power ..................................... 6
5
Summary .............................................................................................................................. 9
Revision history............................................................................................................................. 10
Application Note
www.infineon.com
Please read the Important Notice and Warnings at the end of this document
page 1 of 11
002-13948 Rev. *C
2022-02-09
Basic Concepts for Energy Delivery with S6AE101A, S6AE102A, and
S6AE103A
Introduction
1
Introduction
S6AE101A/102A/103A is an energy harvesting power management IC (PMIC) that includes an energy delivery
circuit for hybrid operation capable of switching its power source between a solar cell and a battery. As shown
in Figure 1, S6AE101A and S6AE102A/103A have different energy delivery circuits when operating with both the
solar cell and the battery (hybrid operation). S6AE101A charges the capacitor CVSTORE1 from the battery initially
and then outputs voltage to VOUT1 on the basis of the VSTORE1 voltage level. In contrast, S6AE102A/103A
outputs voltage directly from the battery. Also, S6AE101A is designed to deliver energy mainly generated by the
solar cell to minimize battery consumption, and S6AE102A/103A provides seamless energy delivery between
the solar cell and the battery (see Figure 5).
S6AE101A integrates the 5-kΩ switches (SW2 and SW4) to limit input currents, which optimizes this IC to
acquire the microampere (µA) of current output from the solar cell. S6AE102A/103A lowers the value of
resistance (SW2 and SW4) to cover the range from microampere (µA) to milliampere (mA) of current output
from the solar cell.
S6AE101A
Battery
VBAT
S6AE102A/103A
SW4
VOUT1
5k
VDD
Solar
Cell
Figure 1
SW1
1.5
SW2
5k
Battery
Load
SW4
VBAT
1.5
SW2
VDD
VSTORE1
Load
VSTORE1
50
Solar
Cell
CVSTORE1
VOUT1
SW1
1.5
CVSTORE1
Energy delivery circuit difference in S6AE101A and S6AE102A/103A
S6AE102A/103A integrates an additional energy delivery circuit. When there is a surplus (PIN >> POUT) in the
amount of power generated by the solar cell (PIN) with respect to load power (POUT), the surplus power is
charged in CVSTORE2 via SW5 (see Figure 2).
S6AE102A/103A
SW1
PIN
D1
Solar
Cell
VDD
VOUT1
SW2
Load
POUT
VSTORE1
CVSTORE1
SW5
D2
VSTORE2
CVSTORE2
Figure 2
Circuit to be charged with surplus power
Note:
Both CVSTORE1 and CVSTORE2 are storage capacitors for charging the energy supplied from the solar
cell. In particular, CVSTORE2 is used when there is a surplus energy generated by the solar cell with
respect to load. The size of CVSTORE2 should be larger than 2 mF (see the S6AE102A/103A datasheet).
For the capacitance value of these capacitors and the calculation of the charging/discharging
time, see the application note AN210772.
Application Note
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002-13948 Rev. *C
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Basic Concepts for Energy Delivery with S6AE101A, S6AE102A, and
S6AE103A
Energy delivery circuit
2
Energy delivery circuit
2.1
S6AE101A
S6AE101A integrates a power gating switch (SW1), a power storage switch (SW2), and a solar cell/battery
changeover switch (SW4). Switches SW7 and SW9 are used to charge a capacitor (CVINT) that drives the internal
circuit (see Figure 3). SW7 turns ON when operating with the power source of the solar cell. SW9 turns ON when
operating with the power source of the battery (see Figure 5). Power provided by a solar cell is charged in
CVSTORE1 via SW2. Then SW1 is turned on when the VSTORE1 voltage is within the range of the VOUT maximum
voltage (VVOUTH) to VOUT minimum voltage (VVOUTL), and the power is applied to a load. When power is not
generated by a solar cell, power from the connected battery is supplied to CVSTORE1 via SW4. For more
information, see the S6AE101A datasheet.
S6AE101A
SW9
PIN
Solar
Cell
SW4
VBAT
Battery
SW2
VDD
VOUT1
SW1
SW7
CVDD
VSTORE1
CVSTORE1
VINT
10 µF
Load
POUT
≥ 100 µF
CVINT
1 µF
Figure 3
S6AE101A energy delivery circuit
2.2
S6AE102A/103A
In addition to the S6AE101A circuit, S6AE102A/103A integrates a surplus power storage switch (SW5) and a
switch (SW8) used to charge a capacitor (CVINT) that drives the internal circuit (CVINT) (see Figure 4). SW8 turns ON
only when operating with the power source of CVSTORE2. When there is a surplus (PIN >> POUT) in the generated
power of the solar cell (PIN) with respect to the load power (POUT), the surplus power is charged in CVSTORE2 via
SW5. When power is not generated by a solar cell, then the charged power in CVSTORE2 is supplied to CVSTORE1 via an
external diode (D2). Using a low forward voltage (VF2) of D2 is recommended. For more information, see the
S6AE102A/103A datasheet.
S6AE102A/103A
Battery
PIN
D1
Solar
Cell
SW4
VBAT
SW9
SW2
VDD
VOUT1
SW1
Load
POUT
VSTORE1
CVSTORE1
CVDD
10 µF
≥ 100 µF
SW5
VSTORE2
CVSTORE2
Capacitor for
surplus power
storage
SW8
SW7
D2 (VF2)
VINT
CVINT
1 µF
Figure 4
Application Note
S6AE102A/103A energy delivery circuit
3 of 11
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Basic Concepts for Energy Delivery with S6AE101A, S6AE102A, and
S6AE103A
Energy delivery for hybrid operation
3
Energy delivery for hybrid operation
As mentioned in the introduction, S6AE101A and S6AE102A/103A have different energy delivery circuits when
operating with the power sources, both the solar cell and the battery (hybrid operation), as shown in Figure 5.
S6AE101A charges the capacitor CVSTORE1 from the battery initially and then outputs voltage to VOUT1 on the
basis of the VSTORE1 voltage level. In contrast, S6AE102A/103A outputs voltage directly from the battery.
Figure 5 shows the energy delivery sequence of hybrid operation with S6AE101A and S6AE102A/103A. Table 1
provides a description of Figure 5. A constant load POUT is provided when voltage is being output at VOUT1. “PIN
> POUT” means that the power generated by a solar cell (PIN) is greater than the load power (POUT). “PIN = 0W”
means that power is not generated by a solar cell.
Note:
The voltage of solar cell, open voltage (VOPEN) minus forward voltage (VF1) will be more than the
VOUT maximum voltage (VVOUTH) and less than the minimum value of the over voltage protection
voltage (VOVPH) that is 5.2V.
Note:
The range of the VBAT input voltage in S6AE101A will be 5.5V ≥ VBAT ≥ VVOUTH, and VBAT ≥ 2V.
Note:
The range of the VBAT input voltage in S6AE102A/103A will be 5.5V ≥ VBAT ≥ 2V.
S6AE101A
SW4
VBAT
Battery
PIN
SW9
D1(VF1) VDD
Solar
Cell
(VOPEN)
VOUT1
SW1
SW2
VINT
Solar
Cell
(VOPEN)
CVSTORE1
≥ 100 µF
1 µF
PIN = 0W , POUT = Constant
SW9
D1(VF1) VDD
CVINT (CVSTORE1 >> CVDD)
10 µF
PIN > POUT ,
PIN
VSTORE1
SW7
CVDD
Load
POUT
S6AE102A/103A
SW4
VBAT
Battery
VOUT1
SW1
SW2
VSTORE1
SW7
CVDD
Load
POUT
VINT
CVSTORE1
≥ 100 µF
CVINT (CVSTORE1 >> CVDD
10 µF
1 µF
5.2V ≥ (VOPEN−VF1) ≥ VVOUTH
VDD
VDD
VDETH
VDETL
VDETH
VDETL
5.5V ≥ VBAT ≥ VVOUTH
and VBAT ≥ 2V
VVOUTH
VBAT
VINT
VINT
VDETH
VDETL
VVOUTH
VVOUTM
VVOUTL
VSTORE1
VVOUTH
VVOUTM
VVOUTL
VOUT1
(1) (3)
(2)
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
(4) (6)
(5)
ON
ON
(7) (8) (9)
ON
(10)
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
Solar
Cell
switches
SW9
SW4
SW1
SW7
SW2
VDETH
VDETL
VSTORE1
VOUT1
Battery
switches
VVOUTH
5.5V ≥ VBAT ≥
VBAT
ONON
Battery SW9
switches SW4
SW1
Solar
SW7
Cell
switches SW2
(11) (12) (13)
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
(1)
(2)
ON
(3) (4)
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
(5) (6) (7)
ON
(8)
ON ON
(9) (10)
: Power supply from battery,
: Power supply from solar cell,
VVOUTH: VOUT maximum voltage, VVOUTM: Input power reconnect voltage, VVOUTL: VOUT minimum voltage, VDETH: Power detection voltage, VDETL: Power un-detection voltage
ON
Figure 5
Application Note
ON
Energy delivery sequence in hybrid operation
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Basic Concepts for Energy Delivery with S6AE101A, S6AE102A, and
S6AE103A
Energy delivery for hybrid operation
Table 1
Description of Figure 5: Difference between S6AE101A and S6AE102A/103A
Power
Balance
S6AE101A
No.
S6AE102A/103A
Description
No.
(1)
Under battery power operation:
SW9 and SW1 are ON.
Power is supplied from battery and
output to VOUT1.
(2)
VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTM  SW4 turns ON.
(3)
VSTORE1 ≥ VVOUTH SW4 turns OFF.
(4)
Description
(1)
Under battery power operation:
SW9 and SW4 are ON.
Power is supplied from battery and
output to VOUT1.
Solar cell power operation starts:
VDD ≥ VDETH  SW9 and SW4 turn OFF,
SW7 and SW2 turn ON.
Power is supplied from solar cell and
output to VOUT1.
(2)
VDD ≥ VDETH  SW2 turns ON.
(5)
VSTORE1 ≥ VVOUTH  SW2 turns OFF.
(3)
Solar cell power operation starts:
VSTORE1 ≥ VVOUTH  SW9, SW4, and SW2
turn OFF and SW7 and SW1 turn ON.
Power is supplied from solar cell (CVSTORE1)
and output to VOUT1.
(6)
VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTM  SW2 turns ON.
(4)
VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTM  SW2 turns ON.
(7)
VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTM  SW2 turns ON, but
enough power is not supplied from solar
cell. Then VSTORE1 starts to drop.
(5)
VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTM  SW2 turns ON, but
enough power is not supplied from solar
cell. Then VSTORE1 starts to drop.
(8)
VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTL  SW1 turns OFF
Power is not supplied to VOUT1.
Note: It may take a while to move to the
next stage, depending on the size of
CVSTORE1.
(6)
Battery power operation starts:
VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTL  SW7 and SW1 turn
OFF, SW9 and SW4 turn ON.
Power is supplied from battery and
output to VOUT1.
(9)
VSTORE1 ≥ VDETL and enough power is
supplied from solar cell. Then VDD starts
to rise.
(7)
VSTORE1 ≥ VDETL and enough power is
supplied from solar cell. Then VDD starts
to rise.
(10) VSTORE1 ≥ VVOUTH  SW2 turns OFF, SW1
turns ON
Power starts output to VOUT1.
(8)
Same as (3).
(12) Battery power operation starts:
VDD ≤ VDETL SW9 and SW4 turn ON, SW7
and SW2 turn OFF.
(9)
Same as (6).
(13) VSTORE1 ≥ VVOUTH  SW4 turns OFF, SW1
turns ON
Power is supplied from battery and
output to VOUT1.
(10) VDD ≤ VDETL  SW2 turns OFF.
PIN = 0W
PIN > POUT
PIN = 0W
PIN > POUT
(11) Same as (8).
PIN = 0W
Application Note
5 of 11
002-13948 Rev. *C
2022-02-09
Basic Concepts for Energy Delivery with S6AE101A, S6AE102A, and
S6AE103A
Additional energy delivery circuit of S6AE102A/103A with surplus power
4
Additional energy delivery circuit of S6AE102A/103A with
surplus power
This section describes the energy delivery of S6AE102A/103A with surplus power from a solar cell. When there is
a surplus (PIN >> POUT) in the amount of power generated by the solar cell (PIN) with respect to load power (POUT),
S6AE102A/103A detects the surplus power state automatically, and then the power is charged in CVSTORE2 via
SW5. When power is not generated by a solar cell, the charged power in CVSTORE2 is supplied to CVSTORE1 via an
external diode (D2).
Figure 6 shows the energy delivery sequence of S6AE102A/103A with the surplus power of a solar cell. Table 2
provides a description of the figure. As a premise, while voltage is being output to VOUT1, a constant load is
given (POUT). “PIN >> POUT” means that the power generated by a solar cell (PIN) is much greater than the load
power (POUT). “PIN = 0W” means that power is not generated by a solar cell.
Application Note
6 of 11
002-13948 Rev. *C
2022-02-09
Basic Concepts for Energy Delivery with S6AE101A, S6AE102A, and
S6AE103A
Additional energy delivery circuit of S6AE102A/103A with surplus power
VOUT1
S6AE102A/103A
PIN
SW2
D1(VF1) VDD
Solar
Cell
(VOPEN)
SW1
VSTORE1
CVSTORE1
CVDD
10 µF
≥ 100 µF
SW5
D2 (VF2)
VSTORE2
CVSTORE2
Capacitor for
surplus power
storage
SW8
SW7
PIN >> POUT ,
Load
POUT
VINT
CVINT
PIN = 0W , POUT = Constant
1 µF
5.2V ≥ (VOPEN−VF1) ≥ VVOUTH
VDD
VDETH2
VDETL2
VDETH
VDETL
VINT
VDETH
VDETL
VVOUTH
VF2
VSTORE1
VVOUTM
VVOUTL
VVST2H
(VVOUTH voltage level)
VSTORE2
VF2
(VVOUTL voltage level)
(VDETH2 voltage level)
VOUT1
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
SW1
SW2
SW5
SW7
SW8
ON
ON
ON
(1) (3)
(2)
(4)(5)
(6)
(7) (8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
VVOUTH: VOUT maximum voltage, VVOUTM: Input power reconnect voltage, VVOUTL: VOUT minimum voltage, VDETH: Power detection voltage, VDETL: Power un-detection voltage,
VDETH2: Power detection voltage 2, VDETL2: Power un-detection voltage 2, VVST2H: VSTORE2 maximum voltage
Figure 6
Application Note
Energy delivery sequence of S6AE102A/103A with surplus power
7 of 11
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Basic Concepts for Energy Delivery with S6AE101A, S6AE102A, and
S6AE103A
Additional energy delivery circuit of S6AE102A/103A with surplus power
Table 2
Description of Figure 6: Charge / Discharge of CVSTORE1 and CVSTORE2
Power
Balance
Charge / Discharge
No.
PIN >> POUT
(Surplus
power)
PIN = 0W
(No power)
CVSTORE1
CVSTORE2
(1)
When starting up:
When starting up:
VSTORE1 ≥ VVOUTH  SW2 turns OFF, SW1
VSTORE1 ≥ VVOUTH  SW5 turns ON.
turns ON.
Charging of CVSTORE2 starts.
Power is supplied from CVSTORE1 and output to
VOUT1.
(2)
–
VDD ≤ VDETL2  SW5 turns OFF.
Charging of CVSTORE2 stops.
(3)
–
VDD ≥ VDETH2  SW5 turns ON.
Charging of CVSTORE2 starts.
(4)
VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTH  SW2 turns ON.
CVSTORE1 starts being charged.
VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTH  SW5 turns OFF.
Charging of CVSTORE2 stops.
(5)
VSTORE1 ≥ VVOUTH  SW2 turns OFF.
CVSTORE1 stops being charged.
VSTORE1 ≥ VVOUTH  SW5 turns ON.
Charging of CVSTORE2 starts.
(6)
–
SW5 is ON and VSTORE2 ≥ VDETL2.
(VDD and VINT start rising.)
(7)
–
VSTORE2 ≥ VVST2H  SW5 turns OFF; full
charge.
(8)
VSTORE1 falls because there is no power.
(VDD and VINT start falling.)
(VDD and VINT start falling.)
(9)
VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTM  SW2 turns ON.
–
(10) VSTORE1 ≤ (VVST2H – VF2)  D2 turns ON.
CVSTORE1 starts being charged by CVSTORE2.
(VSTORE2 ≥ (VSTORE1 + VF2)  D2 turns ON.)
(11) VSTORE1 ≤ VVOUTL  SW1 turns OFF.
Power is not supplied to VOUT1.
–
Application Note
8 of 11
002-13948 Rev. *C
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Basic Concepts for Energy Delivery with S6AE101A, S6AE102A, and
S6AE103A
Summary
5
Summary
This application note described the energy delivery behavior of an energy harvesting application based on
Cypress’s S6AE101A/102A/103A PMIC. S6AE101A is used mainly for solar-powered beacon, and S6AE102A/103A
is used for solar-powered wireless sensor nodes. The most important understanding to be gained from this
application note is that the energy delivery features of the S6AE101A/102A/103A lead to the effective use of
energy and energy saving in a system.
S6AE101A/102A/103A has a set of documentation such as application notes, development tools, and online
resources to assist you during your development process. Visit www.cypress.com/energy-harvesting to find
out more.
Application Note
9 of 11
002-13948 Rev. *C
2022-02-09
Basic Concepts for Energy Delivery with S6AE101A, S6AE102A, and
S6AE103A
Revision history
Revision history
Document
version
Date of release
Description of changes
**
2016-07-11
New application note.
*A
2017-06-28
Updated Cypress Logo and Copyright.
*B
2021-06-10
Updated to Infineon template.
*C
2022-02-09
Obsoleted
Application Note
10 of 11
002-13948 Rev. *C
2022-02-09
Trademarks
All referenced product or service names and trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Edition 2022-02-09
Published by
Infineon Technologies AG
81726 Munich, Germany
© 2022 Infineon Technologies AG.
All Rights Reserved.
Do you have a question about this
document?
Go to www.cypress.com/support
Document reference
002-13948 Rev. *C
IMPORTANT NOTICE
The information contained in this application note is
given as a hint for the implementation of the
product only and shall in no event be regarded as a
description or warranty of a certain functionality,
condition or quality of the product. Before
implementation of the product, the recipient of this
application note must verify any function and other
technical information given herein in the real
application. Infineon Technologies hereby disclaims
any and all warranties and liabilities of any kind
(including without limitation warranties of noninfringement of intellectual property rights of any
third party) with respect to any and all information
given in this application note.
The data contained in this document is exclusively
intended for technically trained staff. It is the
responsibility of customer’s technical departments
to evaluate the suitability of the product for the
intended application and the completeness of the
product information given in this document with
respect to such application.
For further information on the product, technology,
delivery terms and conditions and prices please
contact your nearest Infineon Technologies office
(www.infineon.com).
WARNINGS
Due to technical requirements products may
contain dangerous substances. For information on
the types in question please contact your nearest
Infineon Technologies office.
Except as otherwise explicitly approved by Infineon
Technologies in a written document signed by
authorized
representatives
of
Infineon
Technologies, Infineon Technologies’ products may
not be used in any applications where a failure of the
product or any consequences of the use thereof can
reasonably be expected to result in personal injury.