ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Everything about AI
OCTOBER 20, 2023
GLOBAL PRIORITIES INSTITUTE, OXFORD UNIVERSITY
By Yulia
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
CONTENT
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Introduction
What is Artificial Intelligence
Who invented Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence
The gradual change of Artificial Intelligence
The pros and cons of Artificial Intelligence
How Artificial Intelligence change the world
The interaction between Artificial Intelligence and other job
Type of Artificial Intelligence
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Table 1. Types of AI …………………………………………………… 17
Figure 1 …………………………………………………………………. 3
Figure 2 …………………………………………………………………. 4
Figure 3 Ferranti Mark ……………………………………………….. 5
Figure 4 Alan Turing ………………………………………………….. 6
Figure 5 Ferranti Mark 1 ……………………………………………... 7
Figure 6 ………………………………………………………………… 9
Figure 7 ………………………………………………………………... 11
Figure 8 ………………………………………………………………… 12
Figure 9 ………………………………………………………………… 15
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Introduction
In this day and age AI has become the most profitable thing in the world. Nearly
every thing needs AI. Although it is essential this does not mean that it do not have
draw back. However the benefits is beyond the obstruction. Mostly AI is used for in
business for advertisement and along with others.
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What is AI
Artificial Intelligence is computer system that is required to do what human being can
do. From easiest task like calculating to the hardest task like data analyzing data base.
Artificial Intelligence is puzzling thing that people can create. When AI is created
there main reason was to create easier environment or surroundings and save time.
Nearly 77 percent of devices use Artificial Intelligence technology in one or another
form. The growth of Artificial Intelligence startups accelerated 14-fold since 2000.
The United States had the strongest capacity for research among the leading 20
Artificial Intelligence nations world wide in 2023. It has the ranking 100, compared
with there nearest competitor China at just around 54. In general Europe has the
strongest showing, with the most nation on the ranking hailing from Europe.
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Who invented Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence
program
The person who wrote Artificial Intelligence program name was Christopher Strachey
and it was written in 1951. Later director of the Programming Research Group at the
University of Oxford. Strachey’ Checkers (draughts) program ran on the Ferranti
Mark.
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The substantial work in the field of Artificial Intelligence was done in the mid-20th
century by the British logician and computer pioneer Alan Mathison Turing.
Alan Mathison Turing was born in Maida Vade, London, Turing was raised in south
England. He graduated at King’s College, Cambridge with degree in mathematics.
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The person who invented Ferranti Mark 1 was Ferranti of the United Kingdom and is
based on Manchester Mark 1, by Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn at the University
of Manchester.
Ferranti Mark 1, made in 1948, is the first computer made for Artificial Intelligence
program. A program is created in 1951, is stored on the Mark 1. It can play chess and
checkers and beat an amateur. It’s based on Manchester Mark 1, which was one of the
first stored program.
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The gradual change of Artificial Intelligence
The journey of AI started in the 1950s with the pioneering work of Alan Turing, who
proposed the Turing Test to determine if a machine could mimic human intelligence.
In the 1960s, AI research gained momentum with the development of the first AI
programming language, LISP, by John McCarthy. Early AI systems focused on
symbolic reasoning and rule-based systems, which led to the development of expert
systems in the 1970s and 1980s.
The 1990s witnessed a shift in focus towards machine learning and data-driven
approaches, driven by the increased availability of digital data and advancements in
computing power. This period saw the rise of neural networks and the development
of support vector machines, which allowed AI systems to learn from data, leading to
better performance and adaptability. In the 2000s, AI research expanded into new
areas, including natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, paving the
way for today's AI revolution.
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So the revolution of Artificial Intelligence is so fast and more practical than expected
now more than 194 countries use Artificial Intelligence one way or another.
In the past, it cost so much many and took so much space but in this century every
one got AI website in their computer with little storage.
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The pros and cons of Artificial Intelligence
The pros of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence have so many advantage include;
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Diminishes human error
Facilitates faster decision making
Offers Continual 24/7 Availability
Lessen risk
Automate repetition
Proves digital Assistants
Identifies better human work flow
Excels at working with large sets of data
The cons of Artificial Intelligence
Hawking said “One of the basic rules of the universe is that nothing is perfect.” So
Artificial Intelligence have weakness too.
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Reduce employment
Lacks of creative ability
Absence of Emotional range
Ethical dilemmas
Increases potential laziness for humans
Privacy and data security concerns
Lack of transparency and Explainable
Dependency and Reliability
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How Artificial Intelligence change the world
AI has become increasingly important in today's world as it has the potential to
revolutionize many industries, including healthcare, finance, education, and more. The
use of AI has already improved efficiency, reduced costs, and increased accuracy in
various fields. In this article, we will explore the impact of AI on our lives, including
its use in the digitalization of society. We will also look at its advancements in
education and its potential for the future. One of the most notable uses of AI in the
film industry was in the production of the movie "Her," where AI was used to create
a believable and realistic operating system character. This demonstrated the potential
of AI, as it can be used to create new and unique characters and storylines. AI can
now be used to create special effects, automate tasks, and even generate entire movies.
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AI has played a major role in the digitalization of society, as it has enabled us to
collect, process, and analyze large amounts of data at a faster rate than ever before.
This has led to the creation of new technologies, improved business processes, and
greater efficiency in many industries. AI has had a significant impact on various forms
of media, from text to video and 3D. AI-powered technologies such as natural
language processing, image and audio recognition, and computer vision have
revolutionized the way we interact with and consume media. With AI, we are able to
process and analyze vast amounts of data quickly, making it easier to find and access
the information we need. The use of AI in smartphone technology has grown rapidly
in recent years. AI-powered personal assistants, such as Siri and Google Assistant,
have become a staple of many people's daily lives. AI-powered technologies are also
being used to improve the user experience and to offer more personalized
recommendations and services.
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The use of artificial intelligence for day-to-day tasks has increased rapidly over the last
decade. The May 2023 CfM-CEPR survey asked the members of its European panel
to predict the impact of AI on global economic growth and unemployment rates in
high-income countries over the upcoming decade. Most panellists think that AI is
likely to boost global growth to 4–6% per annum (relative to an average of 4% over
the past few decades). Most of the panel also believes that AI is unlikely to affect
employment rates in high-income countries, with the remainder split between
predicting an increase and a decrease in unemployment rates. Notably, most panellists
indicate a great degree of uncertainty regarding their predictions, because AI is still in
its infancy.
At the 2023 World Economic Forum, tech entrepreneur Mihir Shukla noted: “People
keep saying AI is coming but it is already here”. The use of artificial intelligence (AI)
for day-to-day tasks has increased rapidly over the last decade and ChatGPT
(developed by OpenAI) is a prime example of this, with the popular generative AI
used by more than a billion users for everyday tasks like coding and writing. The
speed and scale of AI uptake can be captured by a simple fact: it took ChatGPT just
60 days to reach its 100 millionth user; in contrast, Instagram took two years to reach
the same milestone. A recent Stanford University report found that the number of AI
patents increased 30-fold between 2015 and 2021 (HAI 2023), highlighting the rapid
rate of progress made in the AI development sphere. AI-powered technologies can
now perform a range of tasks, including retrieving information, coordinating logistics,
providing financial services, translating complex documents, writing business reports,
preparing legal briefs, and even diagnosing diseases. Moreover, they are likely to
improve the efficiency and accuracy of these tasks due to their ability to learn and
improve via the use of machine learning (ML).
AI is generally acknowledged to be an engine of productivity and growth. With its
ability to process and analyze enormous volumes of data, it has the potential to boost
the efficiency of business operations. The McKinsey Global Institute predicts that
around 70% of companies will adopt at least one type of AI technology by 2030, and
less than half of large companies may use the full range of AI technologies. Price
Waterhouse Coopers predicts that AI could increase global GDP by 14% in 2030
(PwC 2017).
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Research into the impact of AI on the labor market has expanded recently. Acemoglu
and Restrepo (2018) provide a theoretical framework to understand the impact of new
technologies on the labor market. They decompose the effect of new technologies on
labor into three broad effects: a displacement effect, a productivity effect and a
reinstatement effect (new technologies can serve as a platform to create new tasks in
many service industries, where labor has a comparative advantage relative to
machines, boosting labor demand).
Frank et al. (2019) classify current literature on the labor market implications of AI
into two broad categories: a doomsayer’s perspective and an optimist’s perspective.
Doomsayers believe that labor substitution by AI will harm employment. Frey and
Osborne (2013) estimate that 47% of total US employment is at risk of losing jobs to
automation over the next decade. Their research reveals that a substantial share of
employment in service occupations – where most US job growth has occurred over
the past decades – are highly susceptible to computerization. Bowles (2014) uses Frey
and Osborne’s (2013) framework to estimate that 54% of EU jobs are at risk of
computerization. Acemoglu and Restrepo (2017) provide a historical example of
excessive automation negatively affecting the labor market due to weak productivity
and reinstatement effects, finding that areas in the US most exposed to industrial
automation in the 1990s and 2000s experienced large and robust negative effects on
employment and wages.
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Type of Artificial Intelligence
7 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence: AI designed to complete very specific actions;
unable to independently learn.
2. Artificial General Intelligence: AI designed to learn, think and perform at
similar levels to humans.
3. Artificial Superintelligence: AI able to surpass the knowledge and capabilities of
humans.
4. Reactive Machines: AI capable of responding to external stimuli in real time;
unable to build memory or store information for future.
5. Limited Memory: AI that can store knowledge and use it to learn and train for
future tasks.
6. Theory of Mind: AI that can sense and respond to human emotions, plus
perform the tasks of limited memory machines.
7. Self-aware: AI that can recognize others’ emotions, plus has sense of self and
human-level intelligence; the final stage of AI.
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Reference
www.computer.com
www.britannica.com
www.simpleearn.com
www.tableau.com
www.knowledgehut.com
www.forbes.com
www.meer.com
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