UNIVERSAL ELECTRIFICATION ACCESS PROGRAM (UEAP)
Planning and Engineering Guideline for Rural
Electrification Projects
15-Feb-14
0
Table of Contents
1.
Background ........................................................................................................................................ 2
2.
Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 2
3.
Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.
Development of rural villages’ electrification plan .................................................................. 17
5.
Project identification...................................................................................................................... 18
6.
5.1.
Definition of the Scope of the Project and Information Compilation........................ 18
5.2.
Project Energy Source ........................................................................................................ 20
Demographic analysis .................................................................................................................... 20
6.1.
7.
Community Survey .............................................................................................................. 20
Determining and Projecting Energy Demand............................................................................ 27
7.1.
Consumer Growth Projection ........................................................................................... 28
7.2.
Electrification Penetration Rate....................................................................................... 32
7.3.
Demand Projection ............................................................................................................. 36
7.3.1.
Residential Consumers ...................................................................................................... 36
7.3.2.
Commercial Consumers ..................................................................................................... 40
7.3.3.
Industrial Consumers ......................................................................................................... 41
7.3.4.
Public Lighting ..................................................................................................................... 44
7.3.5.
Distribution Losses ............................................................................................................. 44
8.
Demand Projection Model ............................................................................................................. 46
9.
Preliminary Electric Line Design ................................................................................................. 48
10. Engineering analysis and cost estimation. ................................................................................. 51
11. Economic analysis ........................................................................................................................... 52
12. Project Feasibility Analysis ........................................................................................................... 53
13. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 53
1
1. Background
Rural electrification is a key component of national economic and socialdevelopment
efforts. It is a challenge requiring consideration of many technical, economic,
demographic, and financial factors. Communities require access to electricity to
improve their quality of life, and to offer improved economic sectors,health, education,
and potable water.
The role of government is to appropriate limited public financial resources in a manner
that assures transparency and objectivity in the prioritization and selection of projects
with a reasonable potential to succeed. This implies that projects must be sustainable
and designed to maximize economic and social impact. Now a days there are a lot of
planning software like NEPLAN, ETABS, Open ++ Integra, etc.. , which are best for
designing a power network to mitigate a good power stability and network
optimization as well as to create a good power network management system.
2. Objective
The planning objectives of rural electrification projects are

To optimize the capital investment required for the project

To provide qualitative and reliable power supply to the prospective customer in
the rural village

To design the infrastructure that would be capable of meeting anticipated load
growth in the next3to5(15 to 20) years
3. Scope
The scope of this guideline is to present planning milestones for the selection of
feasible rural electrification projects specifically for the rural distribution extension
projects and to estimate the required load demand of these Towns/village.
4. Selection Criteria
To select the rural towns/villages to be planed for electrification for the specified
budget year plan among the government list comes to our office; we should have
followed the following steps.
a). define the quota for towns or villages in each region, zone and weredas of Ethiopia.
b). check for acceptable distance limit for the towns/villages from substation, either for
both 15kv and 33mv lines around it.
2
 For 15kv MV Line------50 km _ 60 km
 For 33kv MV Line------100 km _ 120 km
Note:- consider the Towns/Villages from the existing substation should not be far
distant to keep MV Line voltage drop to the acceptable limit 10%.
c). check for the road access availability of the towns/villages.
d). list the towns/villages according to their priority with reference to the density of
their consumers or households.
 Towns/Villages with concentrated households should be given first priority
and with scattered households should be given last.
Note:- consider the last point consumer from the allocated/mounted distribution
transformer should not be far distant like 600m-750m to keep LV Line voltage drop
to the acceptable limit 5%.
e) list the Towns/villages according to their priority with reference to the availability
of governmental offices and important loads inside their boundaries.
f) list the Towns/Villages according to their priority with reference to the shortest
distance from the existing grid.
4.1. Planning and Design criteria
4.1.1. Conductors and cables
The overhead line conductors must have an adequate current carrying capacity.
Besides the loading current, also the short-circuit and earth-fault currents and their
duration shall be taken into account. Short-time exceptional operation and switching
situations are not necessary to take into account, when defining the short-circuit and
earth-fault current.
The overhead conductors must be mechanically strong and conform to the up-to-date
standards for overhead lines.
Each conductor size has its own economic range of use. The economic dimensioning
means that it is worth choosing a conductor with greater cross-section, if saving in the
loss cost is greater during the expected operating time than the difference between the
investment costs of the two conductors.
4.1.2. Low-Voltage Network design
3
The aim is to find the most economical development scheme which will fulfill the
technical criteria and whose practical implementation is reasonable. The design should
be started by estimation of the loads for the economic life-time of the network.
The design then continues with the determination of line routes and applied crosssections. Alternative line routes and transformer locations can be considered and the
most economical line routes and transformer locations, as well as the optimum amount
of transformers needed, can be defined.
After the voltage drop constraint is met, the design continues with checking of the
functioning of the protection.
The network obtained in this way is the economical optimum based on the given
criteria and cost parameters. However, it may not be practically acceptable. After the
economical and technical criteria have been fulfilled, the network shall be checked
from practical point of view (available space, right-of-ways).
Voltage Drop Calculation
For an electrical conductor with impedance Z, the voltage drop is calculated by the
formula:
ΔU=K*Z*Ib=K*Ib*L/n*(rcos φ +xsinφ)[v]
Where
K is a coefficient equal to: * 2 for single phase and two phase system.
* ♪ 3 for three phase system
Ib[A] is the load current; if no information are available, the cable carrying capacity Iz
shall be considered;
L[km] is the length of the conductor;
n is the number of conductor in parallel per phase:
r[Ω/km] is the resistance of the single cable per kilometer
x[Ω/km] is the reactance of the single cable per kilometer
cos φ is the power factor of the load: sinφ=sqrt(1-power(cos φ,2))
Normal the percentage value in relation to the rated value Ur is calculated by
ΔU%= ΔU/Ur*100
4.1.3. High-Voltage Network Design
4
As for the LV-network, different alternatives for line routes must be checked for the
MV-network. The location of MV/LV transformer substations must also be reconsidered in view of accessibility by the MV -line. The main MV -line shall be
constructed with AAAC 95 mm2 and the T-offs with AAAC 50 mm2.
A technique for analyzing and designing an MV distribution system is explained in this
technical note. The primary task is to model the network to be represented by a simple
line diagram as in Fig 1. Line lengths and expected loads (for the target year) are then
determined. Loads are classified to ‘distributed’ loads within a section or ‘spot loads’ at
each node.
The analysis consists of finding the voltage drop (and losses if needed) of each section
using the standard spreadsheet depending on the configuration type and conductor
size intended to be used. Usually the number of options to be tried will be limited
based on the experience of the person conducting the analysis. Alternative to be tried
out consist of:
Standard three phase configuration
Two phase networks (two phases derived from a three phase system)
Single phase networks (phase and neutral from a three phase four wire system)
SWER networks (with earth return)
An additional consideration will be the voltage of the network. This will depend on the
source voltage available and where necessary increase of the network voltage may be
considered by using a step up transformer station.
A model spreadsheet for calculating the voltage drop and losses of a section is
presented. This spreadsheet provides for the alternatives described above for a
number of conductor sizes in use. Voltage drop calculations are based on the following
formula:
For tail end loads:
For three phase systems (with V = VL , Line voltage):
5
For duel phase systems (with V = VL , Line voltage):
For single phase systems (with V = VN , Line to Neutral voltage):
For SWER systems (with V = VN , Line to Neutral voltage; the inductance (x) will be
calculated with a return path 1.5 km deep and resistance of grounding points to be
added to conductor resistance):
For distributed loads:
A convenient methodology for converting the ‘tail end voltage’ drop and loss
calculations for a ‘distributed’ load situationis presented in the Annex 1. A distributed
load may be represented as an equivalent system with equal loads at equal distances
and a ‘multiplying factor’ used to obtain the voltage drop and loss of the distributed
load case. This offers a convenient methodology as the alternative would be to use
special load flow programs with a laborious data input procedure. In view of the
uncertainties involved in load estimation and the fact that networks are designed for a
future year (more precisely a future load situation) this methodology would provide
sufficient information for network planning purposes.
4.1.4. Load Measurnments
Two of the most important parameters in distribution network design are the average
consumer load and the annual load growth percentage in each consumer category.
Correct load information is essential for accurate and reliable network analysis. The
economic life-time of network components is 15 ... 20 years, so the planning horizon of
network design should be the same.
The best way to achieve consumer load information is to carry out load measurements.
Homogenous consumers like households are measured in large groups, e.g by
measuring the load of a single feeder at transformer. Bigger consumers must be
analyzed individually.
6
In case of electrification of new areas, consumer load information of similar consumers
in other areas should be used when estimating the future loads in the new network.
Required information
A map including the following:
- houses
- shops
- schools
- hospitals
- other special consumers
Load data:
- average load of consumers, according to the statistics and measured information, and
- street lighting data.
Estimate of load growth:
- increase in consumer amount, and
- increase in load of "average consumer".
4.1.5. Determination of Line Route
The MV-line routes should approximately follow roads, in order to make the line
construction and maintenance works easier. However, angles should be avoided when
reasonably possible.
The LV-line routes should be defined so that all consumers requiring electricity are
considered. The straightest routes are preferred in order to save cable and facilitate the
installation work.
4.1.6. Location of Transformer
The transformer density should be defined so that the line distance from the MV/LV
transformer to the furthest consumer should not be longer than 600m, to avoid
problems in protection and voltage level. In special cases upto 900m distance may be
approved after detailed analyses of the voltage drops, short-circuit currents and
functionality of fuse protection.
4.1.6. Determination of the Cross-Section of the Line
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First, the peak loads of all present and potential future consumers during the 15 years
planning horizon are estimated and loads of line sections calculated, in accordance
with the planned network topology.
Then the present peak load of each line section is estimated by using the diversity
factor as follows:
Number of consumers: 1-3
4-9
10 - 2021 - ...
Diversity factor: 1.0
0.75
0.70
0.85
The future load can be estimated using the following formula:
P = Po x e
Where:
p
=
annual load growth in percent
t
=
time of the load growth (15 years)
If relevant information concerning the annual load growth is not available, then
estimates of the growth of "Gross Domestic Product" can be used as general
approximation.
When the present and future peak loads (after the 15 years planning horizon) have
been determined, the losses of each line section with different cross-sections can be
calculated and compared with relevant investment costs to find the "minimum cost
alternative".
However, the required extensive calculations are very time-consuming and may not be
carried out without computerised planning systems. Therefore, a manual simplified
method is presented below.
8
Manual method for dimensioning of LV -line cross-sections:
The cross-sections of the feeders with aluminium conductors are selected firstly based
on economical optimum of present peak load of 1.0 A per square millimeter.
ABC 3x50+25 should be used when the peak load of the line section is about 25 kW or
more. ABC 3x25+16 should be used when the peak load of the line section is about 15
kW or less. The ABC 3x35+16 should be used for line sections with peak load of 15 ...
25 kW. In T-offs, 2x25+16 should be used when the expected future peak load of the
line section is about 10 kW or less. In "bigger" T-offs (upto 20 kW), ABC 2x35+16 or
ABC 3x25+16 should be used.
3-phase lines:
2-phase T-offs:
3x25+16 mm2 = max. 15 kW
2x25+16 mm2 = max 10 kW
3x35+16 mm2 = 15...25 kW
2x35+16 mm2 = 10...20 kW
3x50+25 mm2 = min. 25 kW
The rated max. currents of ABC cables (at 30°C) are:
16 mm2 = 72 A 35 mm2 = 116 A
25 mm2 = 94 A 50 mm2 = 142 A
The rated max. currents are not to be used for economical dimensioning, but only for
planning of (i) fuse protection and (ii) temporary supply arrangements. It is essential
that these max. currents are not exceeded in any situation (if such occures, the
protective fuse must quickly cut off the line), as such would destroy the XLPE
insulation of the conductor.
Within all 2- and 3-phase line sections, the consumer connections should be balanced
between phases to reach as symmetrical load as possible. Also, the 1-phase and 2phase T-offs should be connected to the main line in such balanced sequence, that all
phases of the main line are equally loaded.
4.1.6. Short-Circute Protection of the LV Feeder
The LV-fuse switch acts as the short circuit protection of the feeder. The rating of the
fuse must be bigger than the maximum load current of the feeder.
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The short circuit protection must be checked based on the smallest short-circuit
current of the line, usually at the end of the longest branch. The single-phase short
circuit current at the furthest end of the feeder should be at least 2.5 times the nominal
current of the fuse protecting the feeder, to secure fast operation of the fuse (in few
seconds).
The resistance values for different aluminium conductors (at 60 °C) are as follows:
16 mm2
→
2,2 Ω/km
35 mm2
→
1,0 Ω/km
25 mm2
→
1,4 Ω/km
50 mm2
→
0,7 Ω/km
The single phase short circuit current at the end of the LV-line can be approximated by
formula:
I sc1 [A] = Uph [V] / Σ R sc1
where:
Uph
= 220 V (voltage between phase and earth)
Σ R sc1
= total resistance of all line sections between the transformer and the
furthest end of the feeder.
In system-earthed LV-networks, the short-circuit current returns partly along the
neutral conductor and partly through earth. For each line section, the Rsc1 can
therefore be approximated by formula:
R sc1 = L [km] x ( Rph [Ω/km] + ½ R0 [Ω/km] )
where:
L = length of line section [km]
Rph
= phase conductor resistance [Ω/km]
R0
= neutral conductor resistance [Ω/km]
An assumption in the approximation is that one half of the returning fault current flows
through the neutral conductor and another half through earthings (it is expected that
the installed LV earthings are adequate but the soil conditions may be less favourable).
If the soil conditions are very poor, the fault current returns mainly through the
messenger and is therefore reduced to about 2/3 of the I sc1 -value presented above.
If the soil conditions are very good, the fault current returns mainly through earthings
and is therefore increased to almost twice the I sc1 -value presented above.
In 3-phase short-circuit, the fault impedance is:
10
R sc3
= L [km] x Rph [Ω/km]
In 3-phase short-circuit, the fault current is about twice the I sc1 -value presented
above. However, too high 3-phase short-circuit currents (in case of fault near the PMT)
do not cause problems in rural electrification, because all correctly sized fuses cut off
"dangerously high" fault currents (i.e. in range of kA's) very quickly.
The following curves can be used to estimate the 1-phase short-circuit current I sc1 of
the 3-phase LV-line. An assumption in the curves is that one half of the returning fault
current flows through the neutral and another half through earth.
1-ph. Short-circuit currents
450
400
I [A]
350
300
50+25mm2
250
50/35+25/16mm2
200
35+16mm2
150
25+16mm2
100
50
90
0
80
0
70
0
60
0
50
0
40
0
0
Line length [m]
The curve "50/35+25/16mm2" represents occasion where the first 400m of the line is
"ABC 3x50mm2 + 25mm2" and the rest of the line is "ABC 3x35mm2 + 16mm2".
The fuse protection is acceptable, if the smallest short-circuit current (at the furthest
end of the line) is at least 2.5 times the nominal current of the fuse. If it is not, then the
following alternatives must be considered:
a) reduction of LV-line length by increasing transformer density in the area,
b) using of intermediate fuse (selectivity between fuses must be checked), and/or
c) using bigger conductor cross-sections.
4.1.7. Controling The Voltage Drop
11
The voltage drop is checked at the end of the same branch as the short circuit
protection (longest branch).
The voltage drop at the transformer has only negligible effect on the total voltage drop
at the end of LV-line, and is therefore not considered here.
The voltage drop at each 3-phase section of the LV-line can be approximated by the
following formula:
ΔUph [V] = R [Ω] x I [A] = L [km] x Rph [Ω/km] x P [kW] / (3 x 0,22)
where:
ΔUph
= voltage drop between phase and earth
P= total power flowing through the line section
L = length of the line section
R ph
= resistance of the line section
The following curves can be used to estimate the maximum length of 3-phase LV-line,
considering the max. allowed voltage drop of 10 %, in relation to the estimated peak
load of the feeder (evenly distributed along the line).
Voltage drop 7%
120
100
3x50mm2
P [kW]
80
3x50/35mm2
60
3x35mm2
40
3x25mm2
20
90
0
80
0
70
0
60
0
50
0
40
0
30
0
0
Line length [m]
The curve "3x50/35mm2" represents occasion where the first 400m of the line is "ABC
3x50mm2 + 25 mm2" and the rest of the line is "ABC 3x35 mm2 + 16 mm2".
12
If the peak load and required line length would result in excessive voltage drop (i.e.
point above the corresponding curve), then the following alternatives must be
considered:
a) changing of the conductor cross-section to one step bigger,
b) divide the load on two separate feeders, and/or
c) increase of transformer density (i.e. shorter LV-lines).
4.1.8. Required MV/LV Distribution Transformer
The total load of the transformer's LV network is calculated taking into account the
diversity factor and growth factor. After the load has been calculated, the "next bigger"
transformer size is chosen, i.e. 50 kVA, 100 kVA, or 200 kVA.
4.1.9. Bush Clearing and Survay
The bush clearing is mainly made for the medium voltage lines. The low voltage ABC
lines are constructed in the towns and villages where the need for bush clearing is very
small.
When clearing the way for the lines, the trees which are within the right of way, usually
about 10 meters, are cut and the trees are removed from the line area. The weeding of
the grass and bushes must also be done. Additionally, the trees which are within falling
distance from the line should be cut.
Depending on the type of terrain and environment the weeding must be repeated with
certain time intervals. In some areas it could be useful to encourage the people to plant
for example yam or cassava under the lines in order to prevent high growing
bushes/trees to survive. Especially bamboo is growing very fast, and making the
electrical line through bamboo areas should be avoided whenever possible.
The preliminary line route should first be drawn on a geographical map. The suitability
of the route is then checked on site. After that, the actual survey will start with
measuring of the ground profile. When choosing the line route, it is advisable to avoid
angles as much as possible in order to save costs.
The ground profile is put on drawings, preferably of size A3 to make handling on site
easier. Roads, existing lines, houses, etc., must be checked on site, and also put on the
drawings. If there are side slopes affecting the dimensioning of the poles, this shall be
13
clearly marked by measuring the ground profile also max. 2 meters aside of the line
route. Highway and town planning authorities must be contacted in order to avoid
obstacles due to already made plans in the area concerned.
The pole spotting will be made on the profile drawings by using suitable templates.
Stacking charts must also be prepared.
The next procedure is to do the pegging at site. The position of the poles can be marked
with paint in the towns but otherwise with suitable wooden pegs. Concrete pegs can be
used for angle pole and tension pole positions.
For the LV survey, suitable town maps should be used. The scale of the map can
normally be 1:2500, but if the house density is very high, then other scales can also be
considered.
Angles should be avoided as far as possible also for the LV lines. The reduction in angle
poles will result in cost savings due to decreased number of stay materials as well as
work stages.
Long LV branch lines should also be avoided, and parallel lines should be considered
instead.
All possible line routes should be indicated on the maps as well as different possible
transformer locations. This will enable the designer to optimize the network
configuration, i.e. minimizing the total costs considering the material and labor costs as
well as the cost of losses.
After the MV and LV lines have been constructed, all drawings, charts, etc. must be
updated in order to have correct as-built drawings.
4.2 . SYSTEM PLANNING
•
System planning is essential to assure that the growing demand for electricity can
be satisfied by distribution system additions which are both technically adequate
and reasonably economical.
•
The objective of distribution system planning is to assure that the growing demand
for electricity, in terms of increasing growth rates and high load densities can be
satisfied in an optimum way by additional distribution systems, from the secondary
conductors through the bulk power substations.
14
•
Substations must be placed and sized in such a way as to serve the load at maximum
cost effectives by minimizing feeder losses and construction costs, while considering
the constraints of service reliability.
4.1.
LOAD FORECAST
The load growth of the geographical area is the most important factor influencing the
expansion of the distribution system.
Therefore, forecasting of load increases and system reaction to these increases is
essential to the planning process.
Factors that affects load forecast
•
Geographical Factors
•
Historical Data
•
Population Growth
•
Load Density
•
Alternative Energy Source
•
Land Use System
•
Town/Villages Plan
•
Industrial Plan
•
Community Development Plan
Substation Site Selection
•
Existing Sub Transmission Line Location
•
Load Forecast
•
Load Density
•
Closeness to load center
•
Feeder Limitation
•
Land Availability
•
Cost of Land
•
Land use Regulation
•
The nearby Substation
•
Physical Limitation
•
Load center
•
Feeder load condition
15
•
Geographical location of the site
•
Investment plan
•
MV Line design criteria
•
LOAD FORECAST
16
System
5. Development of rural Towns and Villages’ electrification plan
Development of rural villages’ electrification plan is prepared towns/village wise to
meet the load growth in the towns/village. The preparation of rural electrification plan
envisages the following activities.

Survey of rural towns/village

Load forecast for rural towns/village

Network planning and design

Project cost estimate
Therefore, the planning engineer for rural electrification programs must compile the
necessary data to identify projects with potential, analyze the feasibility of such
projects, and elaborate a suitable investment program. This guideline presents a
quantitative evaluation methodology for the planning engineers engaged in designing
and implementing rural electrification projects. The methodology describes the
17
concepts, objectives and practical steps required to evaluate technical viability.
Theplanning engineer should go through the following six steps in the project
definition, design and analysis process.
1. Project Identification
2. Demographic Analysis
3. Demand Determination
4. Preliminary Line Design
5. Engineering Analysis and Cost Determination
6. Economic Analysis
6. Project identification
Each electrification project involves a specific geographic area and serves a specific
group of rural communities or housing clusters. The geographical limits of a rural
electrification project relate to factors such as the distance between the project’s
energy sourceand the community, the distance to the existing electric grid, the
distances between communities and the electric demand of each community. These
factors have an important impact on the project’s implementation. The project must
present economies of scale to be able to serve sufficient energy demand.
6.1.
Definition of the Scope of the Project and Information Compilation
Project identification consists of defining the project’s scope and geographic
location, as well as compiling the target area’s data, and the energy options. The first
task within this process is defining the geographic location and physical scope of the
project. Keep in mind that grid line extensions are to be built adjacent to roadways
to facilitate line construction and line maintenance. Roads facilitate and permit the
service provider to attend to its customers, verify consumer data, and collect for
services rendered, eliminating overbearing logistical and transportation difficulties.
After defining the project area, the gathering of demographic and infrastructure
data starts, alongwith the organization of the analysis process. The project maps
should present cartographic, technical, political and geographic attributes of the
project area.
Figure 1:- present the geographic characteristics of the xxx project.
18
Geographic Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
Human Characteristics
include:
include:
Physical features
Landforms
Bodies of water
Human-made features - modification to the environment
Buildings
Bridges
Houses
Cultivated lands
weather and climate
Religion
Soil
Political system
Minerals
Economic activities
(how people make a living)
Population distribution
Vegetation
animal life
Other data that should be included and compiled in project databases include the
number ofcommunities, which Region, Zone and Wereda they are in, the number of
inhabitants per Towns/village and in total, and the number of un-electrified homes
in the project area. The project analysis database should include fields for
community names, number of inhabitants in each community, and monthly energy
consumption. The nearest substation, District and Ware Houses (Stores) along with
the distance from project site, distance from the nearest Grid to the project site for
each Voltage level of Medium Voltage line should be identified. Census data, if
available, can be an important data source that should be investigated. However, if a
19
census is over five years old, the planner should search for other, more up-to-date
data sources.
To geographically reference the attributes of thedatabase with the project area
maps, a unique identifier must be established. Normally, thiswould be the name of
the village or community.However, sometimes communities share thesame name. In
such cases, establish a data fieldcontaining a code that provides an alphanumericrepresentation for each community.
6.2.
Project Energy Source
The extension of an electric distribution grid to an un-electrified Towns/village
depends uponthe distance from the Towns/village to the nearest interconnection
point for a grid substation. Note that distance includes not only horizontal distance
but also vertical distance, in that hilly terrain requires more kilometers of line and
more poles to connect a village to the grid.
7. Demographic analysis
The demographic study defines the number and type of project beneficiaries, and
identifies uses of the to-be-constructed electricsystem. The analyst carries out field
surveys to compile the necessary information. Among the most significant
information obtained is data regarding the project beneficiaries’capacity. This
information enables the analyst to calculate the quantity and percentage of
consumers who may connect to the electric distribution system during its first year
of operation and in subsequent years of study period(15-20 years).
It also classifies the potential consumers as residential, commercial, or industrial. In
addition,the demographic study evaluates consumer capacity. The demographic
study also compiles data pertinent to the demographic characteristicsof thetowns
orvillages, the economic activities of the area, and the energy demand related to
theproductive utilization of electricity (such as Grain mills, Hotels, Hospitals, Health
Centers , Higher Educations (Collages), Worship places(church and mosque), FTC,
Micro-industries, or Agro-industries etc).
7.1.
Community Survey
20
The community survey defines a profile of the attributes of the community. The
results of this survey will include the geographic location of the community, the
number of inhabitants, type of household construction (mud, brick, grass, etc.), the
number of houses in the community, important landmarks in the village to get ready
of a base map (Site handover map), potential location of loads and the
characteristics of education, health, and other infrastructure within the community.
The method often employed to collect data for this survey is to gather community
leaders in a series of focus group meetings.

Mapping Land marks of the Village
The base map of the rural village is prepared by surveying land base features like
roads, rivers, important loads, boundaries of the area, MV and LV lines, distribution
transformers , MV & LV poles, churches/mosques and other known places within
the Towns/village. The names of roads, rivers, and important parcels will be
collected and indicated within the map. The other important land parcels to be
indicated on the map are the residential areas, commercial areas, Industrial
areasand if the Towns/village is in a hilly location, the altitude of the village’s
locations should also be captured with GPS.

Mapping Potential Load locations of the Towns/Village
The Important Load Locations to be mapped are listed below.
a) Location of Households
b) Location of School, Collage,if any,
c) Location of shops, Hotels, Fuel Stations, etc.
d) Location of worships (Churches, Mosque etc)
e) Location of small scale industries run with diesel engine if any
f) Location of drinking water pump sets run with diesel engine if any
g) The distance to the entrance of the Rural Town from the main 15/33 kV line
h) The distance to the Rural Town from the substation.
i) Summary of Materials descriptions for both MV & LV Line network should be
identified.
21
In addition to locating important parcels and landmarks on the map, potential load
location data should also be collected using GPS device. Using the Table below the
planning engineer has to organize the data.
Name of region---------------------------------------Name of Zone------------------------------Name of Wereda-------------------------------------Name of Town/Village---------------------------Altitude of the Town/village-------------------------------
Table 1: Locations of Important Loads
No
Name of Consumers/Description of consumers
1
Name of Primary school
2
Name of Secondary/Tertiary School
3
Name of Health Centers
4
Name of Worship places
5
Name of water pumping stations
6
Name of residential housing cluster 1 North corner
7
Name of residential housing cluster 1 South corner
8
Name of residential housing cluster 1 East corner
9
Name of residential housing cluster 1 West corner
10
Name of residential housing cluster 2 North corner
11
Name of residential housing cluster 2 South corner
12
Name of residential housing cluster 2 East corner
13
Name of residential housing cluster 2 West corner etc
14
Government Offices, if any Name
15
Higher Educations (Collage) Name
16
Grain mill Name
17
Small/ Large Scale Industry Name
18
FTC
19
Hospitals / Health Centers ETC Name
20
Police Office Name
22
Location of Consumer segment
Easting
Northing
21
ETC Name
22
And any other Important Loads
Studied by
title
signature
-------------------------
-----------------
---------------------
date
----------
--
GPS Data Required at Specific Areas
No
Name of Consumers/Description of consumers
1
Name of Primary School ( 5-8 )
2
Name of Secondary/Teritiary School
3
Name of Health Centers
4
Name of WORKSHIP PLACE
5
Name of Water pumping Stations
6
Name of Residential Housing -Ato E MOHAMED
MUSA
7
VETERNARY CENTER
8
Name of Residential Housing -CORNOR 1
9
MOSQUE
10
WOREDA ADMINESTRATION OFFICE
11
CITY HOLE
12
EDUCATION OFFICE
13
POLICE STATION OFFICE
14
SAFTY NET STORE
15
P.SCHOOL 2
16
CHURCH
17
FLOOR MILL 5
23
Location of Consumer segment
Easting
Northing
18
FLOOR MILL 6
19
GOMISTA
20
GOMISTA
21
MOSQUE
22
WATER TANK 2
23
SALT STORE
24
WATER TANK 2
25
MOSQUE
26
BANK
27
TELE
28
COURT OFFICE
29
EEV OFFICE
30
UNCHR OFFICE
31
FLOOR MILL 1
32
FLOOR MILL 2
33
WATER PUMP
34
SMALL RIVER
35
UNCHR CAMP
36
P.SCHOOL OF REFUJE
37
WATER TANK 1
38
FLOOR MILL 3
39
FLOOR MILL 4
40
TELE TOWER
41
WATER PUMP 2
Studied by
title
signature
-------------------------
-----------------
-24
---------------------
date
----------

Collection of Socio-Economic data of the Towns/Village
The surveyor should also collect the following Socio–Economic information, at the time of survey
a) The population as per latest census.
b) Status of road access to the rural village
c) Number of households existing and number of households likely to avail of the power supply in the rural Towns/village
d) Number of shops and other establishments existing and the number of commercial services anticipated in the
Towns/village.
e) Number of small industries running on diesel, if any and the potential for new industrial loads
f) Number of drinking water pump sets running on diesel, if any
g) Number of FTC or farmer training center
1
2
Studied by
title
-------------------------
-----------------
signature
--------------------25
date
------------
Remark
Nearest
electrified
village
Status of road
Access
Nearest
Electrified
Village
Estimated
Length of Low
Voltage Line
(km)
No of flour mills
No of health
centers
FTC
Other
government
office
No of hotels and
bars
No of pump
stations
No of small
industries
No of shops
Village
No of Schools
kebele
Number of
households
likely to avail
Wereda
No of
households
existing
Zone
Type of
household
construction
No.
n
o Region
Population Size
H) Number of other government office and nearest to electrified village
26
8. Determining and Projecting Energy Demand
Demand analysis proceeds by disaggregating consumer categories, then projecting
growth for each individual segment. Planning engineers should normally divide
growth into growth of the consumer group (population growth) and growth in
energy consumption for each segment. In addition, it should include estimates for
energy losses and public lighting within the projection of demand. Therefore, the
planning engineer should define the quantity of energy and powerthat the project
requires, taking into account consumption by consumer classification,consumer
penetration rates, diversity factor, load factor, utilization time factor, demand factor,
consumption per household for each consumer segment, consumer growth rates,
consumption growth rates, energylosses, and public lighting.
Consumers at residential properties are included in the residential consumer
category. Any type of business (a “productive use” of electricity consumer) is
classified as either a commercial or industrial consumer.Generally, a commercial
consumer would be a shop, while an industrial consumer would be a mill or any
type of manufacturing products.
With the above information in hand, analysts making consumer projections must
now considertwo important electrification issues: the electricity penetration rate
and the population growth rate.
27
8.1.
Consumer Growth Projection
To project future electricity consumption and demand, the planning engineer must classify the users into their respective
consumer categories and project levels of electric consumption for each category. Using those data, the analyst constructs
a growth projection for both the quantity of consumers (per category) andtheir respective electricity
demand/consumption patterns.
Two main factors influence electricity consumption and demand projections: annualconsumer growth and growth of
specific energy consumption (kWh consumed per consumer per year). Annual consumer growth varies according to the
electrification penetration rate and the growth rate of the population itself. In estimating consumer growth projections, a
(2-5%)2% population growth rate should be considered. Using the table shown below organize projected consumer
growth for residential segment.(B/c of Rural migration).Consumer growth rate may vary from 2% to 5% depending on
the population and household characteristics of the area under considered.
Note:- During Consumer growth projection take into account to use population number, constant Population per
household (Pop/HH) for rural areas 4 and in towns 5-7, Rural population growth (2%-5%), Penetration rate 5.81%
calculated with initial penetration 40% and Final 70% for a sample period 15 years. But for consumer growth for
Industrial we should have to do in special case due to it’s specific characteristics nature of future demand of Industrial
loads.
Penetration rate(PR)=1+( FINP / INIP)(1/t)
FINP –Fianal penetration=70%
INIP –Fianal penetration=40%
PR=5.81%
28
Pop/HH=4-7
t= the study period
Table 3: Consumer Growth Projection for Residential Segment
Consumer Growth Projection
Domestic Consumers Category
Existing Potential
No.
Region
Zone
Wereda
Village
Name
Consumer growth projection (using penetration rate 5.81%)
Beneficiaries
(No of Residential
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
15th year Total Projected
Households to be
year
year
year
year
Potential Beneficiaries
connected at initial)
1
2
3
Total
Table 4: Consumer Growth Projection for CommercialSegment
Consumer Growth Projection
Commercial Consumers Category
Potential
No.
Region
Zone
Wereda
Village Name
Beneficiaries
Consumer growth projection (using penetration rate 5.81%)
(No of
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
15th year Total Projected
Commertial
year
year
year
year
Potential Beneficiaries
29
Households to
be connected at
initial)
1
2
3
Total
For Industrial consumer growth should not be done with the below table, rather we have to do in special
analysis(referring with exact or estimated planned by the owners in the boundary of the site for future industrial
investments).
Table 5: Consumer Growth Projection for IndustrialSegment
Consumer Growth Projection
industrial Consumers Category
No.
Region
Zone
Wereda
Village
Name
Consumer growth
Potential
Beneficiaries
1
2
3
Total
30
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
15th year Total Projected
year
year
year
year
Potential Beneficiaries
Table 6: Total Consumers Growth Projection
Consumer Growth Projection during the 15 years panning horizon
Domestic, Commercial and Industrial(not necessary) Consumers Category
Number of Existing
No.
Category
Region
Zone
Wereda
Village
Name
Potential
Number of Projected
Beneficiaries
Potential Beneficiaries at
(No of Residential,
15th or 20th year
Commertial Households
to be connected at initial)
1
Domestic
2
Commercial
3
Industrial
Total
31
8.2.
Electrification Penetration Rate
The electrification penetration rateconsists of the percentage of consumers who are
likely to connect to the electric service, over the total number of potential
consumers within the population. This percentage varies from location to location.
The average initial penetration percent value (not rate) varies from approximately
40% to 50% of the residential or commertial households of the Towns/Villages to
be connected from the grid. during the initial year of project implementation. During
the subsequent years, more consumers usually connect to the electric distribution
system. The penetration percent value (not rate) increases until it reaches a
saturation point 70% to 90%, occurring approximately 15 years after system
energization.
It takes more than one year for all potential consumers to connect to the system due
to consumer preference. However, for most potential consumers, the largest barrier
to connection is cost.
To gain access to electric energy services, the consumer must normally pay both a
connection fee and a fee for the installation of an electric meter. Gaining access to
electric service also means the customer must be located close to a transformer or
secondary power line. Service drop distances are generally limited to
approximately30 meters. Customers located further away must generally pay an
additional fee to cover the cost of the longer service installation, which may pose a
significant barrier for the consumer.
A significant influence on the penetration rate and the time it takes to reach the
saturation point is the experience of adjacent communities that have already been
electrified and have had experience dealing with the cost and benefits of a modern
electric service.
By considering projected potential beneficiaries at the 5th year, the planning
engineer should assume the average initial penetration percent value (not rate) to
be 40% during the initial year of project implementation for the residential
consumer segment. During the subsequent years more consumers usually connect
to the electric distribution network and therefore the planning engineer should
consider the penetration rate 5.81% according to initial penetration percent value
32
40% and final penetration percent value 70% for 15 years to 20 years of study. (the
Sum is above 50) the rest sentence is not necessary 25%, 15%, 10% and 5% for the
subsequent four consecutive years and within the 5 years planning horizon the
planner should assume that 100% of projected potential beneficiaries will be
connected
to
the
33
electricity
network.
The penetration rate for the other consumer categories, such as not commercial and/or industrial consumers, must be
assumedas 100% at the initial year. The reason is that most commercial and industrial consumers have a keen interest in
reliable modern energy services to improve their production output and sales. Moreover, the cost of service provided by the
electric grid is typically less than the cost of service of their current source of electricity. Therefore, these consumers readily
subscribe to the electric service and therefore 100% of projected beneficiaries should be considered.
Table 7: Residential Consumers Penetration
Note:- For Residential Consumers Penetration we have to use the below formula;
Penetration rate(PR)=1+( FINP / INIP)(1/t)
FINP –Fianal penetration=70%
INIP –Fianal penetration=40%
PR=5.81%
Pop/HH=4-7
A=POP/HH
PR=5.81%
t= the study period
Consumer Growth(CGR)= POP/A(1+PR)
POP= Residential or Commercial Consumer population in Towns/Villages
HH= Residential or Commercial Consumer Households in Towns/Villages
CGR= Residential Consumer Growth
34
Consumer Penetration
Residential Consumers Category
Total Projected
Consumer penetration
Potential Beneficiaries
No.
Region
Zone
Wereda
Village Name
(No of Residential,
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
15th
Commertial
year
year
year
year
year
Households to be
connected at initial)
1
2
3
4
.
.
.
Total
*This should be done based on the population growth rate, penetration rate, population per household and the population
number of the study area.
35
8.3.
Demand Projection
The electricity consumption growth rate is a key variable for estimation of energy
demand. Energy consumption naturally increases overtime as consumers grow more
accustomed to electric energy use and as economic activities grows. Energy
cconsumption growth is made for each rural villages sector wise. The planning
engineer should follow three steps in the demand projection process

Constructing consumer growth projection over the planning horizon.

Determiningthe growth of specific consumption (energy consumption per
consumer) over the projecthorizon period for each consumer category.

Multiplying the number of consumers (for each category) by specific
consumption (also for each category) to calculate total consumption for each
consumer category.
8.3.1. Residential Consumers
The planning engineer should assume that an average household would have the hour
(not annual) per consumer energy consumption of 204(360)kWh. This will result in
17(30)kwh energy consumption per consumer per per hour (not month). Since
consumption growth in rural villages is not significant, an average energy consumption
of 204(360) kwh is assumed within the planning horizon. Using the number of
projected beneficiaries from consumer projection database and the monthly average
consumption in kwh per consumer, the planner can calculate the total energy by
multiplying number of consumers with the average kwh consumption per consumer
and use the table below to organizethe result;
Note:- The planner should consider the following points during calculation of
Consumer demand projection.
i) the consumption per household (KWh/HH) for:
a ) Residential Consumer Consumption (CR) 204 KWh
b) Commercial Consumer Consumption (CC) 378 KWh
c) Industrial Consumer Consumption(CI) 1200 KWh
36
d) Straight Light Consumer Consumption(CS) 6.4 KWh
ii) Consumption growth (CG): this is consumption growth per individuals
a) Residential consumption growth (CGR)= 2.57 %
b) Commercial consumption growth (CGC)= 2.98 %
c) Industrial consumption growth (CGI)= 1.65 %
iii) Diversity Factor (DIVF): it is the sum of individual maximum demand per
the maximum demand of the power station.
DIVF > 1
iv) Demand Factor (DEMF): it is the maximum demand of a system per the total
connected loads on a system.
DEMF < 1
v) Load Factor (LF): this is the ratio of the average demand (Load) to the
maximum demand (Peak Load).
LF < 1 most of the time is 80%
vi) Utilization Factor (UF): the time that equipment is in use per the total time
that it could be in use. Most of the time for Industries is 0.75.
37
Consumption projection (kwh)
Table 8:Residential segment consumption projection
Note:- the engineer should consider the following formulas in calculation of consumer consumption projection
IL= Initial Load
CCR= Residential Consumer Consumption
CCR=[ IL(1+CGR)]+[Incr HH * CR/HHR]
Pop/HH=4-7
A=POP/HH
PR=5.81%
t= the study period in year=15
Consumer Growth(CGR)= POP/A(1+PR)
POP= Residential or Commercial Consumer population in Towns/Villages
HH= Residential or Commercial Consumer Households in Towns/Villages
CGR= Residential Consumer Growth
Incr HH= Increase in household
CR/ HHR]= Residential Consumer Consumption per household= 204 KWh
CGR= Residential Consumer Growth=2.57%
38
Residential
Number projected
potential beneficiaries
No.
Region
Zone
Wereda
Village Name
(No of Residential,
Households to be
connected at initial)
1
2
3
4
5
6
.
.
.
Total
39
Total projected consumption (kwh)
8.3.2. Commercial Consumers
Similarly the planning engineer should assume that an average annual per consumer energy consumption of 378(600)kWh.
This will result in 31 (50)kwh energy consumption per consumer per month. Using the number of projected commercial
beneficiaries from consumer projection database and the monthly average consumption in kwh per consumer, calculate the
total energy by multiplying the number of beneficiaries with the average kwh consumption per commercial consumer and
use the table below to organize the result;
Table 9: Commercial segment consumption projection
IL= Initial Load
CCC= Commercial Consumer Consumption
CCC=[ IL(1+CGC)]+[Incr HH * CC/HHC]
Pop/HH=4-7
A=POP/HH
PR=5.81%
t= the study period in year=15
Consumer Growth(CGR)= POP/A(1+PR)
POP= Commercial Consumer population in Towns/Villages
HH= Commercial Consumer Households in Towns/Villages
40
CGC= Commertial Consumer Growth
Incr HH= Increament in household
CC/ HHC]= Commercial Consumer Consumption per household= 378 KWh
CGC= Commertial Consumer Growth=2.98%
Consumption projection (kwh)
Commercial
Number projected
potential beneficiaries
No.
Region
Zone
Wereda
Village Name
(No of Commertial
Households to be
connected at initial)
1
2
3
4
5
6
.
.
.
Total
8.3.3. Industrial Consumers
41
Total projected consumption (kwh)
The planning engineer shouldalso assume that an average annual energy consumption of 1200(3600)kWhper consumer.
This will result in 100 (300) kwh energy consumption per consumer per month. Using the number of projected industrial
beneficiaries from consumer projection database and the monthly average consumption in kwh per consumer, calculate the
total energy requirement by multiplying the number of beneficiaries with the average kwh consumption per industrial
consumer and use the table below to organize the result;
Table 10: Industrial segment consumption projection
IL= Initial Load
CCI= Indestrial Consumer Consumption
CCI=[ IL(1+CGI)]+[Incr HH * CI/HHI]
Pop/HH=4-7
A=POP/HH
PR=varied %
t= the study period in year=15
Consumer Growth(CGI)= POP/A(1+PR)
POP= Industrial Consumer population in Towns/Villages
CI= Indestrial Consumer in Towns/Villages
CGI= Industrial Consumer Growth
Incr CI= Increament in Industrial Consumer
42
CI/ SUI]= Industrial Consumer Consumption per Single User= 1200 KWh
CGC= Industrial Consumer Growth=1.68%
Consumption projection (kwh)
Industrial
Number projected
No.
Region
Zone
Wereda
potential beneficiaries
Village Name
(No of Indestrial Users to
be connected at initial)
1
2
3
4
5
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total
43
Total projected consumption (kwh)
8.3.4. Public Lighting
Public lighting is another key component in the projection of electricity demand. Some
rural electrification projects include public lighting as an important economic benefit
that the project can offer within the project area. Estimate energy consumption and
demand for public lighting in each of the rural Towns/villages. The majority of rural
electric service providers have established an approximate relationship between total
demand and public lighting, wherein public lighting represents 6%-7% 7%of residential
consumers’ total demand. Thus the project planner should assume 6%-7%-7% of the
residential consumers’ total demand as public lighting energy demand.
8.3.5. Distribution Losses
Distribution system losses are important in estimating total energy and power needs.
Project planners must consider distribution system losses in two categories, technical
and non-technical losses. Technical losses are losses of electrical energy attributed to the
impedance of the conductor, the level of current passing through the conductor, and socalled transformer core losses. Non-technical losses include theft and various types of
inefficient or ineffective management, such as unregistered consumers, damaged meters,
and poor meter reading practices.
Assume that the project interconnects to an existing electric distribution grid. Acceptable
technical losses for distribution service providers vary in the range of 7-12%. Nontechnical losses are controllable and should be kept near zero with diligent management.
After considering the entire project’s energy demand factors, the project planner should
consider 10% of energy loss in the energy demand projection.
44
Table 11: Total projected Energy Consumption
Total Projected Energy Consumption -kwh
Domestic, Commercial, Lighting and Loss Consumers Category
No.
Category
1
Domestic
2
Commercial
Total projected consumption (kwh)
(6 %-
3
7%)
Public Lighting
17%4
Distribution Loss
22%
Total
Note:

Public lighting will be 6%-7% of domestic consumption

Loss will assumed to be10%-22 % of the sum of domestic, commercial and public lighting
45
9. DemandProjection Model
Using the averagemonthly consumption in kWh and the total number of projected
potential beneficiaries, the engineer should calculate the average energy demand for the
entire consumer segment. The planner should further determine power demand using
the recommended demand projection model shown below for each of the villages;
D= (Factor A) * (Factor B)
Factor A= C*(1-0.4*C+0.4*(C^2+40) ^0.5)
Factor B= 0.005925*(kWh/month/consumer) ^0.885
Where:
D = Demand (kW)
C = number of consumers
Total Demand for Residential Consumer= CCR)*365*24*UTF*DEMF*LF
Total Demand for Comertial Consumer= CCC)*365*24*UTF*DEMF*LF
For Total demand for Industrial Consumers is specific
The model defines the Consumer Factor (Factor “A”) and the Electricity Consumption
Factor – kWh - (Factor “B”), where Factor “A” reflects the increased diversity that results
from the increase in the number ofconsumers, and Factor “B” reflectsthe increased load
factor that results from an increase in energy use.
Table 12: Total projected Energy Consumption
Total Projected Demand -kw
Domestic, Commercial, Public Lighting and Loss
No.
Category
1
Domestic
2
Commercial
Total Projected Demand(kw)
(6.4 %-
3
7%)
Public Lighting
17%46
4
Distribution Loss
22%
Total
The planner must remember that the demand calculation resulting from the electricity
consumption data does not include losses. The engineer should calculate losses
separately, and include them as an itemized.
47
9.1.1. Preliminary Electric Line Design
Preliminary design establishes the general layout of the distribution system and definesthe system parameters. These
parameters include line layout, conductor size, substation location and capacity, line device characteristics, etc. The
distribution lines will extend from the most likely point ofinterconnection with the existing distribution grid, to the
houses, businesses, and small industries the new system will serve. Thus the planner should clearlydefinethe basic
structure of theproposed electric grid, as well as the lengths and positions of the medium voltagelines and transformers,
using geo-referencing instruments such as a Global Positioning System (GPS) device. Additionally the planner should
include geographic attributes of the project environment specifically temperature and soil characteristics that may
negatively affect the performance of the project work.
Figure 2
Layout of the path of the electric line(include substation, conductor size, transformer and the Towns/villages’
benefited)
48
Table 13: Electric Network Data of the project
No
Near
By
District
office
Name
of
Village
Nearest
UEAP
store
Distance
from
District
Distanc
e from
UEAP
store
Name of
Supplying
Substation
Distance
from
Substation
(km)
Substatio
n Capacity
(MVA)
Tapping
name/
Voltage
Level
(kv)
Type of
Supporti
ng
Structur
e
(W/C/S)
Distance
from
Tapping
Point
(km)
Status
of the
Road
Site
name of
pole
product
ion area
Distance
of pole
producti
on from
site( km)
1
2
.
.
Remark
W=Wooden, C=Concrete, S=Steel
Studied by
title
-------------------------
signature
-----------------
date
---------------------
----------------
49
Category type
Mountainous & Valley area
(Not suitable for transportation
Material & Pole) and also forest
area
Construction
area
Plane area
Almost no Labour
Labour
availability
Labour available
Rock ( Bad for excavation)
Soil(Land) Type
Optimal for excavation(Black &
Clay) Soil type
Discomfort temp. Zone(Hot &
Remot)
Temperature
C
Comforting temp. Zone
Name of Supplaying Substation
Name of Village
Woreda
Zone
No
Region
Table 14: Environment characteristic data of the project
Status
Re
mar
k
1
2
.
Studied by
-------------------------
title
signature
-----------------
---------------------
50
date
----------------
10. Engineering analysis and cost estimation.
In this phase, project planners should dimension and configure the electric distribution
system, then estimate the overall capital cost of the project. Here the planner defines
the technical characteristics and conditions under which the project will be
constructed. These characteristics define the total costs that the project will incur, in
addition to determining the selection of components and equipments to be utilized.
Thus the project team decides several characteristics of the electrical lines, including:

Voltage level

Whether the project will provide single/SWER or three phase service

Conductor size

Line devices, voltage regulationand other system characteristics required to
control power quality
With all this information resolved, the project planner can finally estimate the
construction costs of the project.
The energy demand, losses, voltage drop, and economic evaluations are all factors to
account for when determining the number of phases, voltage level, and size of the
conductors selected for the project. Project planners must consider and evaluate the
construction costs to enable selection of the lowest cost construction option, and
therefore the lowest investment cost possible for the project using the following cost
estimation sheet.
Table 15: Project Cost Estimation Sheet
Medium Voltage Line Cost Estimate
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Description
Poles
Conductor
Insulator
Overhead Hardware
Transport and labor
Overhead Cost
Qty
Total
51
Unit
Rate
Total
Transformer Cost Estimate
No
1
2
3
Description
Transformer
Transport and Labor
Overhead Cost
Qty
Unit
Rate
Total
Qty
Unit
Rate
Total
Total
Low Voltage Line Cost Estimate
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Description
Poles
Conductor
Insulator
Overhead accessories
Transport and labor
Overhead Cost
Total
Project total estimated cost
11. Economic analysis
The economic analysis quantifies the benefits the project will yield for the communityit
serves. Generally, rural electrification projects require capital subsidies, due totheir
relatively high capital cost in relation to a relatively low expected revenue stream.
However, rural electrification projects can yield high economic (non-cash) returns to
thecommunity members they serve.
The many and multiplicative benefits of a project are sometimes difficult to quantify in
real terms. Therefore, it is important to perform an economic benefit analysis,
evaluating several well-defined categorized benefits including, educational benefits,
health benefits, entertainment and communication value added, quality of
lifeimprovements, security benefits, and increases in productivity.
52
12. Project Feasibility Analysis
The project feasibility analysis measures the feasibility of the project, evaluating the
relationship of the project’s situation in relation to the project objective. This analysis
determines the ease of accessibility and available backbone electricity infrastructure of
the proposed project.
13. Conclusion
This module provides an overview of the process of defining, designing, and analyzing
ruralelectrification projects. While other modules in this series provide more in-depth
descriptions ofeach individual process, this module integrates each individual step into
a consistent whole, describing how each step fits into the project development process.
This final section on the project feasibility process summarizes the steps required for
each phase of feasibility analysis. Feasibility studies include six components:
a. Definition of the project, including a summary of its scope and
characteristics
b. Evaluation of the demographic characteristics of the project and the
project area
c. Evaluation of the projected energy consumption and power demand
over the life of the project
d. Analysis of the engineering characteristics of the project, including an
evaluation of the substations and primary distribution line design
e. Economic evaluation of project costs and benefits
53
Substation and load
average hourly load (---kw ) fedis (25 Mva
Example peak day
From
To
MN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
MD
Demand (kw)
From
MN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
SUM
SUM
Total
Substation
Average load ---------------Load factor ----------------
MD ----------
mid day
MN ----------------
midnight
54
Demand
(kw)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
MD