Module 1 Anatomical Terminology & & Introduction to MSK Lesson 1 Topics • • • • • • • Anatomical position Directional terms Body planes Connective tissues Bones Joints Introduction to MSK Moore’s 7th edition: Ch 1: Pgs 2-7 (excluding “integumentary system), 9-11, 14-16 Learning Objectives • Describe anatomical position • Describe the locations of structures in the human body using proper anatomical directional terminology • Apply anatomical terms to describe movements of the body • Apply knowledge of the body planes to identify the sections shown in diagrams and the movements that occur in each plane • Identify the location and function of the subtypes of connective tissue • Classify bones based on their shape • Classify joints based on their function and structure • Describe the structural features of synovial joints Anatomical Position What are the features of anatomical position? ▪ Body erect ▪ Feet slightly apart ▪ Palms facing forward ▪ Thumbs point away from body Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Directional Terms Label the following: Superior Inferior Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) Superior towards the head Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) towards the back of the body towards the front of the body Inferior towards the feet Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Directional Terms Medial toward the midline of the body Lateral away from the midline Label the following: Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Proximal closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Directional Terms Terms that refer to the relative distance from the surface of the body: Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Activity Practice Questions The breastbone is ____anterior___ to the spine. The nose is __anterior_ and __medial_ to the ears. The elbow is __proximal___ to the wrist. The thumb is __lateral__ to the 2nd finger. The lungs are ___deep__ to the skin. The knee joint is __distal__ to the hip joint. The left collar bone is _superior_ and _lateral to the belly button. The big toe is __medial__ to the 3rd toe. The scapulae (shoulder blades) are located on the _each_ side of the body. Terms of Laterality One vs both sides: • Unilateral – E.g. The spleen is unilateral • Bilateral – E.g. The kidneys are bilateral Same vs Opposite sides: • Ipsilateral Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. – E.g. The right hand is ipsilateral to the right foot • Contralateral – E.g. The gallbladder and spleen are contralateral Activity Divides body into anterior and posterior parts Body Planes a Plane: an imaginary flat surface b Divides body into right and left On the following diagram, label the body planes: c a) Frontal (Coronal) plane b) Midsagittal plane c) Transverse plane Posterior Divides body into superior and inferior Anterior Activity Planes & Sections Midsagittal plane Practice identifying the planes (left) that produced the sections (right). Frontal (Coronal) plane Transverse plane Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Activity Planes & Sections • Can you identify the section? Sagittal plane Transverse plane Septal cartilage Frontal plane © 2017 Pearson education, Inc Midsagittal plane Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Tissue Types: Overview • Tissue: a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a specific function • Four broad categories of tissue comprise everything in our body! – Organs are composed of two or more of these tissue types Source: OpenStax College, Fig. 4.2 Connective Tissue Subtypes • • • • Blood Bone Cartilage Connective tissue proper – Loose connective tissue: Few fibers (e.g. adipose tissue) – Dense connective tissue: Contains lots of _Collagen_fibers • Tendons, ligaments, joint capsules etc. Function of Connective Tissue 1. Supports, surrounds & interconnects tissues 2. Provides structural framework for the body 3. Transports fluids 4. Provides protection 5. Stores energy 6. Defends body from invasion by microorganisms *Note: no single CT can do ALL of these things! 9 CC BY 4.0; Rice University OpenStax A&P Table 4.1 Cartilage • Cartilage cells produce large amount of extracellular matrix – Consists primarily of water, accounting for its ability to spring back to its original shape after being compressed • Contains NO blood vessels or nerves How does it receive nutrients? Diffusion Articular cartilage © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Hyaline Cartilage • • • • Contains large # of collagen fibers Provides support and some flexibility Resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress Most abundant cartilage type Articular cartilage: covers the ends of long bones © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Costal cartilage: connects the ribs to the sternum © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Elastic Cartilage • Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers making it very flexible • Found in the external ear and epiglottis © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Fibrocartilage • Contains thick bundles of collagen fibers * * • Highly compressed with great tensile strength • Found in sites that are subject to heavy pressure & stretch Eg. menisci of the knee & intervertebral discs © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Connective Tissue Proper Examples of Dense Connective Tissue Tendon: A cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone Ligament: Band of dense fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Connective Tissue Proper Examples of Dense Connective Tissue * Fascia: Layer of fibrous tissue covering & separating muscle Aponeurosis: Fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part that it moves (either bone or muscle) Joint Capsules: Fibrous tissue that surrounds the joint & gives the joint stability © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Skeletal System Our body consists of 206 named bones which are divided into 2 divisions Axial Skeleton: head, neck & trunk FN: protection, support, & carrying other body parts Appendicular Skeleton: appendages or limbs & girdles FN: movement Other functions of bones? Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Function of Bones 1. Support: supports the soft tissues so that correct posture can be maintained 2. Protection: protection for many vital organs. Eg. brain, spinal cord, & vital organs 3. Movement: provides a system of levers to which skeletal muscles attach 4. Mineral & growth factor storage: reservoir for minerals, especially calcium & phosphorus 5. Blood cell formation: red blood cell formation occurs within the marrow cavities of bones Bone Tissue • Composed of hard calcified matrix composed of organic (collagen fibers) and inorganic (minerals) material • Very well vascularized – heals well © 2011 Pearson education, Inc © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Classification of Bones Bones are classified by their shape: a) Long bones All limb bones except the patella & wrist & ankle bones b) Irregular bones Vertebrae & hip bones c) Flat bones Sternum, scapulae, ribs, & most skull bones d) Short bones Wrist & ankle bones Bone Markings • Bones are rarely smooth • External surfaces have many features (projections, depressions, openings) – or bone markings • Function of bone markings: – Sites of muscle & ligament attachment – Help form joints – Depressions & openings that allow blood vessels & nerves to pass © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Bone Markings © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Definitions also listed on pg. 11 of Moore’s (6th ed.) Bone Markings Definitions also listed on pg. 11 of Moore’s (6th ed.) © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Classification of Joints • Before, during, or after the video, review the supplementary notes with the YouTube icon which summarize the key points from the YouTube tutorial • As you watch the YouTube tutorial answer the following questions. You will most likely need to watch the video more than once or press pause as you go along. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is a joint? What are the functions of joints? How can joints be classified? Do all joints move? Briefly, how would you describe the structure of a synovial joint? Can you identify and classify a joint in the upper or lower limb? Can you identify and classify a joint in the axial skeleton? What is a Joint? • Site where two or more bones meet Functions? • Give skeleton mobility • Hold skeleton together © 2017 Pearson education, Inc Functional Joint Classification Based on the degree of movement allowed at the joint Joint Classification Structural Joint Classification Based on the tissue that holds the bone together & the presence or absence of a joint cavity Functional Joint Classifications Synarthroses: Immovable Amphiarthroses: Slightly moveable Diarthroses: Freely moveable Structural Joint Classifications: Fibrous (E.g. Sutures) • Joined by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity Will be encountered in this course! Structural Joint classification: Synovial (E.g. Temporomandibular joint) • Joined by a joint (articular) capsule, which contains a fluid-filled joint cavity • Most moveable joints in the body • Further classified by the shape of the articular surfaces and the type of movement permitted by the synovial joint Structural Joint Classifications: Cartilaginous (E.g. First sternocostal joint) • Joined by cartilage, no joint cavity • Either: Hyaline cartilage Or Fibrocartilage – called symphyses → Join vertebrae together First sternocostal joint Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Components of a Synovial Joint • Articular cartilage – Hyaline cartilage - lines the articular surface of the bone • Articular capsule – Fibrous capsule surrounds joint externally – Synovial membrane lines fibrous capsule internally; produces synovial fluid • Articular cavity – Contains synovial fluid • Viscous, slippery fluid that nourishes and lubricates cartilage © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Bursae & Tendon Sheaths Bursae: Closed bags of synovial fluid Continuous with the joint cavity Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tendon sheaths: Elongated bursa Envelop certain tendons * FN: Reduce friction between tissues that move over one another © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Factors Influencing Stability 1. Shape of articular surfaces Hip – Congruity can be improved with fibrocartilaginous structures (e.g. labrum, menisci) Knee V.S 2. Ligaments 3. Muscle tone © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Many ligaments Stabilization through… Ex. Shoulder Joint Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Rotator cuff muscles Classification of Synovial Joints Multiaxial Uniaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Uniaxial Biaxial 22 CC BY-SA 3.0; OpenStax A&P Fig. 9.10 Plane Joint Condyloid Joint Classification of Synovial Joints Classified according to the shape of the articulating surfaces & the type of movement they permit Saddle Joint Hinge Joint Pivot joint Ball-and-socket Joint Movements Permitted by Synovial Joints 1. Gliding 2. Angular movements 3. Circumduction 4. Rotation © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Recall: Body Planes In (along) what plane are these movements occurring? © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Anatomical Terms of Movement • • • • • • Flexion/extension Adduction/abduction Medial rotation/lateral rotation Circumduction Lateral bending (of trunk) Rotation of head, rotation of trunk To be covered in future lessons: – – – – – – Elevation/depression of scapula Protraction/retraction of scapula Upward/downward rotation of scapula Pronation/supination Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion at ankle Eversion/inversion Terms of Movement Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Flexion/Extension Trunk Shoulder Elbow Knee Hip Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Flexion & Extension in Upper limb vs. Lower limb How do you use these terms of movement? _____ (movement) of the ___ (body part being acted on) at the _____ (joint) Ex. “Flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint” More simply: “Flexion of the elbow joint” • “Action”: The movement produced by a muscle. – Ex. What is the action of Triceps Brachii? • The Triceps Brachii produces extension of the elbow. In what plane do each of these movements occur? Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Summary • Skeleton is divided into axial & appendicular skeletons • Bones are classified based on their shape – long, short, flat & irregular • There are many types of bone markings on the external surface of bones – Functions include forming joints and serving as sites of muscle & ligament attachment © 2011 Pearson education, Inc Summary Tendon Hyaline (articular) cartilage Ligament • 4 broad classes of tissue – epithelial, muscle, nervous & connective • Many diverse tissues classified as connective tissue (CT): – blood, bone, cartilage, loose CT, dense CT • 3 types of cartilage – hyaline (most common), elastic, fibrocartilage • Examples of dense connective tissue: – tendons, ligaments, fascia, aponeurosis, joint capsule Summary Anatomical position – Standard reference position Medial Lateral Terms of movement Proximal Distal Directional terms – Adjectives that describe the relationship of parts of the body in anatomical position 3 body planes Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Transverse section References Marieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. (2011). Anatomy & Physiology (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc. Marieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. (2017). Anatomy & Physiology (6th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc. Moore, K.L., Agur, A.M.R., and Dalley, A.F. (2019). Essential Clinical Anatomy (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B.H. (2019). Introduction to the Human Body (11th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Openstax (2019). Anatomy and Physiology. Retrieved from https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology.
