Paper 1 and Paper 2- text details
1. T.V. broadcast scripts (e.g., a press conference)
● An interview format may be used.
● Stage, lighting, and music directions can be added.
2. Voiceovers (e.g., a documentary voiceover)
● Use phrases like ‘Here we have the…’ or ‘As you can see here…’ which implies that
something is being shown to the audience.
● Imagine yourself reading this out and checking whether it sounds like something you
would listen to rather than read.
● Employ an appropriate tone.
3. Podcast scripts (e.g., a radio show)
● Once again, use a tone that is appropriate to the topic.
● Use radio jargon (e.g., ‘D.J.’, ‘Thank you for tuning in to…’, ‘Stay tuned’ etc)
● Read over your writing and ask yourself whether it would sound odd coming from a
radio.
4. Magazine articles
● Usually, for these articles, you will be asked to write about something not too serious and
with a sense of enthusiasm, so include words and a tone that implies an encouraging,
lively personality.
● Use subheadings to divide your writing into appropriate sections.
● Use phrases like ‘last issue’ or ‘the next month’s article’, i.e., magazine-related phrases.
5. Newspaper articles
● Usually more formal than magazine articles so employ a tone that indicates
‘purposefulness’.
● Include statistics, facts, figures, etc.
● Use phrases such as ‘According to our sources…’ or ‘Our sources say that…’
● Use subtitles if necessary.
● Use euphemisms if necessary.
6. Speeches
● Include a brief salutation and introduction.
● Use repetition, rhetorical questions, and personal pronouns to drive your point across.
● Remember that it is being SPOKEN. Read it to yourself and see if it sounds like a
speech.
7. Letters
● You don’t need to include the sender’s or receiver’s address. Just a salutation will
suffice.
● Begin with a suitable opening line like ‘I’m writing to inform you…’
● As your letter is most likely to be addressed to only one person, make it relevant to that
person. Use personal pronouns if appropriate.
8. Leaflets
● Imagine yourself reading your writing on a leaflet. Would you find it interesting?
● According to the Examiner Report, the text on a leaflet ‘should be punchy and attractive
to the reader’.
9. Editorials
● An editorial is an article that presents the newspaper's opinion on an issue.
● An objective explanation of the issue, especially complex issues
● Opinions from the opposing viewpoint that refute directly the same problems the writer
addresses
● The opinions of the writer were delivered in a professional manner. Good editorials
engage issues, not personalities, and refrain from name-calling or other petty persuasion
tactics.
● Alternative solutions to the problem or issue being criticized. Anyone can gripe about a
problem, but a good editorial should take a proactive approach to make the situation
better by using constructive criticism and giving solutions.
10. Advertisement
● Highlight the brand name and use catchy/interactive ways to start it
● Decide on the target audience and cater the text to them using appropriate language
and structural features
● The use of slogans can also help- short and snappy (Also a good way to start the text)
● Give an offer like 25% off for a limited time--● Facts, humor, statistics, testimonials
● Call to action
11. Reviews
● Understand the audience, what to describe, and what to discuss from the question
● Give a title- include a name if there is one but make it short and catchy
● The introduction must engage the reader instantly- use rhetorics, facts or imagery also
identify the reviewed item again
● The body should include the topic of discussion in detail- use jargon, relevant details, etc
● Recap and recommend in the conclusion
12. Blog
● Catchy title- understanding the target audience (gives a promise)
● The introduction must include a brief overview of what will be written in the blog, draws
readers to continue reading
● The main body must be in a logical manner, with a subheading that is snappy and caters
to the objective of the blog. The use of jargon and semantics that relate to the purpose
will help. Rule of 3, alliterations, metaphors, hyperbole, and varied sentence structure
● The conclusion must have a call to action
13. Brochure
● From the topic pick specific angles to write in detail about, and create a catchy title so it
grabs the reader's attention
● Make it interesting in the body, and speak about various things- do not limit it to boring
details. Write with a subheading so it's categorized
● Include testimonials, facts, statistics, and humor to keep the reader hooked
● End with a call to action so it gives a purposeful summarization of the whole text
14. Diary entry
● A suitable descriptive heading for the entry you are putting on
● The detailed comprehensive body of the diary entry- include valid and relevant details
with the use of appropriate register and tone so it caters to the purpose of a diary entry
● A Diary should be written in the First Person and it doesn't need to be formal it can be
written in an Informal style.
advertisements, brochures, leaflets, editorials, news stories, articles, reviews, blogs,
investigative journalism, letters, podcasts, (auto)biographies, travel writing, diaries, essays,
scripted speech, narrative writing, and descriptive writing
Paper 1- form, structure, and language
Form
start with TAPG
- Tone- from the author to the reader
- Audience
- Purpose- convey, inform, persuade, etc.
- Genre- context and content
Structure
● Ellipsis: leaving out words rather than repeating them unnecessarily; for example, saying
'I want to go but I can't instead of 'I want to go but I can't go'
● Elision: Elision is the omission of sounds, syllables, or words in speech. This is done to
make the language easier to say, and faster. 'I don't know' /I dunno/ , /kamra/ for camera,
and 'fish 'n' chips' are all examples of elision.
● Shared Resources: References to wider ideas or works, understanding concepts with
similar meanings, and to infer to similar understandings. -Similar to allusion however
allusion is used in reference to poems.
● Intertextuality: Intertextuality refers to those interrelationships among texts that shape a
text's meaning. The recognizable echoes of other texts in a text intensify the experience
of the text by adding layers of meaning. Eg- The main plotline of Disney's The Lion King
is a take on Shakespeare's Hamlet.
● Denotation: Denotation means the literal definition of a word. To give an example, the
denotation for blue is the color blue. For example The girl was blue. You mean the girl
was quite literally the color blue.
● Connotation: Connotation is the use of a word to suggest a different association than its
literal meaning, which is known as denotation. For example, blue is a color, but it is also
a word used to describe a feeling of sadness, as in: “She's feeling blue.
● Hypernym: In this case, a hypernym is the name of a broader category of things. Dog,
for example, is a hypernym for a dachshund, Chihuahua, and a poodle. Superhero is a
hypernym for Batman and Spider-Man. A word can't be a hypernym if there are no other
words that can be classified under it.
● Hyponym: In simpler terms, a hyponym is in a type-of relationship with its hypernym. For
example pigeons, crows, eagles, and seagulls are all hyponyms of birds and their
hypernym; which itself is a hyponym of animal, hypernym. Hypernymy or hyperonymy is
the converse of hyponymy.
● Prosodic features: accent, stress, rhythm, tone, pitch, and intonation - and shows how
these connect to sound systems and meaning.
● Paralinguistic features: the ways in which people show what they mean other than by the
words they use, for example by their tone of voice, or by making sounds with their
breath: The study of paralanguage deals with the non-verbal qualities of speech, which
include pitch, amplitude, rate, and voice quality.
Language
● Semantic field
is a set of words united by meaning; the set of meanings a word can have in the different
contexts in which it finds itself. Words related in any sense belonged to the same
semantic field.
●
Why use a Semantic Field?
○ Explore a theme or atmosphere:
A semantic field is a great way to help create an effective theme or atmosphere
in literature. Words need to have consistent connotations in order to build realistic
scenarios, whether that be an author describing settings and environments, or
emotions and thoughts. Words distinctly outside of the semantic field would stick
out (although this could be a deliberate choice in some scenarios) and could be
less effective.
○ Build an emotion:
Semantic fields also help to create undertones to pieces of literature. This
effectively builds emotion, and provides subtle indications to a reader as to what
may be about to happen.
○ Shock or surprise:
The actual semantic field is unlikely to shock or surprise readers because it has
to be built up through the use of multiple words, however a contrast to the chosen
field could be effective at helping impart a message or make the piece of work
more memorable.
●
Lexical field
Set of words associated, by their meaning, with a given conceptual domain. The set of
words player, referee, ball, goal, team, and stadium is part of the lexical football field".
The set of words father, mother, son, daughter, sister, uncle, and aunt is part of the
lexical family field.
●
Sociolect is a variation of language between different social groups, whereas Dialect is a
variation of a language from region to region. Sociolect links individuals with the
community of its users and assigns prestige to a group. It also serves as an important
identity marker, distinguishing thus a particular group from others.
●
Dialect can be a powerful tool to help writers bring the characters they have created to
life. A writer might use dialect, along with accent, to distinguish a character's unique way
of speaking—and in doing so, illustrate their place of origin, cultural background, or
social class