Topic Genes I Nature · In Nurture vs 1970 thought people genetic However not in . genes with interaction is Evolution and behaviour violent 1990 people , thought leads environment was due its to genes . environment Today , behavior to Genes Genes chromosomes each bases There - , C, coding and off expression and if in mind Functional Meaningful Govern are so , non-coding correct environmental biochemical units of the of heredity has with also variations the that sections and which DNA of , on , Nucleus T A) which a keep - (6 by consist is genes = determined is in 46 different n called amino of part these protein factors chromosomes DNA areas types acids can that may can affect or gene DNA molecule cell's functioning by providing instructions for making Proteins - en switch affect that make up the chromosomes Prote nitrogen . synthesised is of with gene not expression . Gene Whether Extent gene a to which Some This expression genes is turned is gene a by controlled · · · · thing in Overall any into point in sequence a influenced is the of and others time amino acids are not inside biochemical environment outside environment Off transcribed at the biochemical environment -> is expressed are Or on the cell by cell development environment experience behavior Genome Set of complete contains human all instructions genes genome Genetic in makes for that us making an organism organism human basis Genotype - an specific organism set of genes Phenotype - · · overt and traits expressions determined of by behaviors the of an organism genotype , observable genotype x environment characteristic Each · Allele - paired gene is Pairs are -> · with located is another at specific one gene corresponding variant of Dominant Homozygote of chromosomes gene Heterozygote alleles are pair on fin Em() recessive positions on locus the same alleles are on locus different Beda tipe Evolution Charles Darwin · · descended merged key from that set through evolution of is shared of the modern all process natural organisms ancestors of evolution selection conditions ~ · There is Specific variation Individuals higher ~ What small a time over mechanism 3 hypothesized Trait with matters a certain individuals trait , of a population survivability higher and reproduce at rates associated traits among will is with be the this better advantage represented survival of is passed the in genes , not next from parents generation individuals to offspring Topic Brain 2 CNS and Reading Gazzaniga 67-101 , Methods - · Clinical · Other · nervous Imaging MRI scan PET scan system of the made up nervous system of two basic into world kinds of cells Glia Neurons Different · Simulation (ERPS EEG block Building - Magnetic techniques Brain · - damage brain with Electrophysiology · · patients techniques Transcranial · · of brain the Invasive · · observation Experimental · · studying for types of neurons detect Sensory neurons Sensory (afferent) neurons -> provide (afferent) neurons -> direct Motor Interneurons - from pass to from information muscles brain to skin contract , muscle or relax , produce movement NeUNON-> integrate receive STRUCTURE detect other signals chemical transmit into from neurons (somal information received via dendrites Action potential neural a : travels that Pot channels" Communication · All · either or · Neurons a an brief electrical axon do or not neurons fire law variates number firing among fire none Intensity · down , cidie open Neurons impulse neurons of rate interact by firing (number) (frequency) via synapses or chemical substance charge synapse is a Neurotransmitter to where place is a signal chemical a passes from substance one that cell nerve to signals transmit another from one another - - Lock & Key Effect - - - - Drugs · Synaptic Enzyme Agonists - · by : Autoreceptors effect · · terminated Binding · model reuptake deactivation of neurotransmitter on neurotransmitter Produces excitatory or inhibitor : : Increase precursor of Counteract block-up Blocking reuptake mimicking Antagonists Crelease of Neurotransmitter enzymes neurotransmitter : vice versa antagonists signal neuron to Nervous CNS -> Periphera Somatic Brain NS , -> Ns-> system Spinal cord Somatic NS Skin muscles & , Autonomic NS-> Glands & , Autonomic NS Joints internal ↓ Symphatetic prepares for the action NS body organs Parasymphatetic NS returns body to resting state Symphatetic Arouses mobilizing · Uses In ~ · · · body the · its energy in stressful situations heart rate lungs expand pupils increases hold to more Or dilate flows to muscle NS Parasymphatetic Calms · the conserve Bodily > Situations energy defensive blood NS body energy functions that occur in normal After eating · digestive process begin -> nutrients the in taken food and the body from stored Brain Somatosensoe Motor cortex >↳ M Ws 5 . Y I W IES ~ Ys 3 x Frontal lobe 5 & S B tempora ~ S↳ ~ I so- - Parietal lobe A E ↑ 7 Occipital ~ Auditory Frontal lobe , Motor Cortex Somatosensory lobe , planning , emotion , Movement - Sensory - information from cortex Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Auditory Cortex * Side note Broca's Wernicke's touch - vision - hearing memory - , Perception of sound (additionals area area - cortex Cortex Thought Personality - visual lobe Speech production language comprehension body problem solving Brain Left hemisphere Right hemisphere DOMINANT ! !" Left hemisphere -> reading writing , mathematics , Right hemisphere : Perceiving mood Musical ability Some memory : skills 3D with 2D matching Emotion : , comprehension ability Spatial -> speaking , perception tasks melody learning : context when doesn't matter · Split brain Left hemisphere Right hemisphere experiment patients can can tell what show it it has shows seen Book Somatic Autonomic voluntary NSNS bodily -> functions dendrites receive along end cell axon " potential : electric ↳ Neuron resting negative firing of Sodium ions more -> inside the -> depolarization causes to charged polarized described -> , synapse axon chemical release inside signals hyper polarization axons covered ious occuring electrical creates electrical that transmit charge increase to ->-11-decrease by myelin - energy fire 11- sheath , made up of glia -> increases signals has -> through gate/channel move dendrites and 2) neuron and potassium -> negative along passes -11- neurons between-11-1 tiny gap signal other with communicate into chemicals sending called Action transmitteda impulse electrical - by N buttons Terminal body information axon--> each of Process is information - actions speed to -> neuron more power the Book Presynaptic Ad that send nevron signal (1) post-ll--ll-that Inside terminal each signal receive button neurotransmitters; -> cell different "influences -11- Action potential synapse 3 -> ~ vesicles attach/bind -> major - -> events Reuptake Enzyme emotion , to terminate ->-1" deactivation taken - enzyme Autoreception ->-II- bind Drugs that -- receptors back with -11--> -11- axon behavior , or stored depends -> type in made in vesicles receptor & of location releasing-11- into -11- of influence to-ll-"terminal destroys - receptor , , buttons 11- on-11- Agonists helps inhibit-1-->Antagonists Vice enhance or to-ll-i membrane attach the thought body chemicals produce versa neuron the -ll-Y . , increased amount made creased Topic 3 Consciousness Reading Gazzaniga 121-153 , Subjective An awareness awareness attending One's · to the of at a subjective Brain variations · Attention · Sleep · Drugs environment thoughts and feelings , that one of the world , resulting consciousness Attention · · · refers to things and Unattended without the process avoid on information much that enables you to focus selectively things other may is brain activity from inseparable are in our moment experience mind and sensations , given and ourselves of affect awareness-> behavior change -> subliminal blindness perception on some Sleep As hours lit does sleep of not Stages older in effect Young in Adults increases , so REM Sleep advits) T sleep of does - G - I Y - - Theories · · · about sleep : Restorative rhythm Circadian Facilitation Dreams -> learning of products of images fantasies · · Non & REM altered dreams REM dreams : state are : dull intense of confused consciousness with which in realities . Drugs · Tolerance : increasing amount of a amount of drug needed achieve to intended the effect ↑↑ Tolerance · ↑ drugs Addiction : - · · = drug that use and physical despite compulsive remains its consequences negative dependence psychological Withdrawal · physiological anxiety Drugs , and tension and , Four have stimulants psychological -> state for cravings types Stimulants -> symphatetic NS , body) feelings of Depressants Opiates Hallucinogens , , and Carouses by substance addictive the behavioral increase characterized mental e . activity Amphetamines g . , and cocaine activate Nicotine , Caffeine Depressants -> reduce central Opiates -> Slow behavioral NS down . e . Hallucinogens -> mental activity depressing by the alcohol , anti-anxiety , barbiturates g the Heroin , Morphine and NS ; relieve pain and suffering . eg . codeine , produces perception central alterations . e . g LSD in cognition , mood , and Topic Sensation 4 Perception and Reading Gazzaniga Sensation 159-183 , detection - Processing, - Weber's law the to information Perception external of · and intense more transmission this of brain organization (threshold) and stimuli interpretation stimulus , bigger Sensory of difference signals needs it to be Senses Quantitative · · (intensity) variations Rates of Total numbers firing nevron of Qualitative variations · Different Sensory · Sensory (sensory quality quality signaled by are different neurons adaptation tendency ing triggered neuron for respond to less to a stimulus that has been present and unchang- time some Vision (retinal LightN vary intensity in ↑absorbed by electrical ganglion rods-> night cones -> day & wavelength pigments energy in which cells vision , no vision , color color vision vision in the receptors electrical which signal is transduce carried light to energy the brain into via Color · Trichromatic short *** Long wavelength · top · · What occurs at down e . g ., sensory , expectation and , our perceptual influenced on by sensory input by drawing set unfamiliar interpret perception Binocular disparity information ambiguous culture basis the similarity , continuity Convergence levels experience , of Gestalt closure (UIUX Depth · higher concepts , schemes interpretation Proximity this from Helps organize and interpret Apply top down processing to is to context perception determines works (knowledge driven) process Priming and receptors constructs -> of basis the on process up start Perception Perceptual · (reddish color) lowf Blue-yellow Experience - = Red-green Bottom · · (bluish color) = Black-white Perception · wavelength highf Opponent process theory (Hering) · · helmholz) ***** · ~ (young theory ROB 3 color -> theory vision ↳ Binocular Cres principles principles) sensations on your Correctly changing · · · · different perceive proximal size Stimuli constancy shape -1- Lightness-11-ll- color overall = Assignment = (min) Exam in (10) is = 9 10% 66 90 % - = = = 66 . I, ) 72,6 273 X = 40 88 . 41-> minimum correct I Il minimum subject ans properties of distal stimuli despite continuously Book Seeing - Ventral and - Dorsal theory pathways Stream recognition Stream perception e 9 . : . : occipital e . g . where lobe colors occipital an 2 - pathways object lobe , specialized in perception shapes and lobe temporal -> -> parietal and relate lobe , to specialized other object in spatial Topic I Learning Reading Gazzaniga Types · · · Non 203-237 , learning of associative Associative Observational Non associative Habitration innate -> response (Allows Dishabitration -> Sensitization -> Desensitization increase in increased response to of extinction -> response a A form with learning of that stimulus a which already focus because on of after a stimulus what change momentary repeated (ignoring new is the in something produces conditioni(S) neutral a that stimulus elicit response a when response when · order Second Spontaneous after · , S produces CR Extinction association · conditioning paired with new S CS between CS and CR can be eliminated , if CR presented recovery and a extinction resting interval Charus ada xx hour rest) Discrimination CSt -> reinforced stimulus familiar exposure (US] · familiar)) sensitization after in to stimulus a Associative · repeated frequently a ability better a to · CS --> unreinforced stimulus alone it is associated Conditioning · requires Contiguity (together in timel -> learning Contingency -> that US CS - the functions CR is as should CS sort Operant Consequence informative predictor of in reaction a before with when CS the US respect to the chance offered is a be occurs presented is - only preparation of the of the US US conditioning of an determines action/response the likelihood that it will be performed again I · (reward · punishments Shaping - · or successive approximation Reinforcers - Primary - Positive and and secondary negative reinforces reinforces Punishment - positive · Continuous · Partial negative punishment reinforcement reinforcement -> Scheduled reinforcement cont reinforcements Cless extinction than Conditioning · requires Contiguity (together in timel -> learning only immediately - Contingency -> punishment response Acquisition or modification behavior · · Modeling Vicarious learning or reinforcer occurs follow the should when punishment or reinforces response occur more likely after the otherwise Observational · , learning of a behaviour after exposure to another individual Topic Memory 6 Reading Gazzaniga , 243-277 Perception · Stimuli of Current of Stimuli from the multiple memory systems operates over Organization Memory · · Organization Have Memory · · · time in past each 3 system has its "rules" own phases Encoding storage and consolidation Retrieval - recall · recognition Encoding Sensory feeds our memory , sounds memory" , active recording and strong Y but - 11, like a working momentary scents images . lightning flash , Iconic memory A momentary Sensory last few more no Echoic tenth of Stimuli visual of ; Picture image memory - second a memory A momentary sounds memory sensory words and memory recalled be still can auditory of within stimuli ; 3 or 4 attention is elsewhere seconds Encoding · STM-> · Limited · · Information about thinking is one Unlimited Information Encoding · · Depth - stored during longer that intervals , which is promote later recall understand and remember currently not actively processing of (surface form) -Deep (meaning) Understanding schema information and conscious effort processing Familiar · to processing Unconscious · help may Attention Automatic · , processes Effortful · capacity -shallow A · (chunks) LTM · · task span recoding By - memory capacity memory - · working information sounds route encoding , small to , word school of incidental information (space time) , used Storage encoding Memory - storage -> consolidation where Process potential - Long damaged - nevral -sleep Amygdala contents , synaptic a widely plays ↓ Memory of stored Hippocampus information stored in transformed are memory into a -> transient more and permanent fragile state : potentiation (LTP) term Memories encoded memory Strengthening it traces memory in accross role a connection disrupts in the brain formating formation and (temporal and consolidation recall of explicit lobel formation consolidation storage supports -> of memories significant moments LTM this of storage Flashbulb a are or emotional clear events memories memories of what we were doing during emotionally Explicit memory Implicit memory -> and Facts -> learned (declarative experience Skills or classically conditioned (non declarativel Retrieval Recognition Recall Good -> identify -> information retrieve retrieval item an -> cues recreate learning amongst using other choices effort context/state of mind in which the original occurred Forgetting Inability Memory - - Inability - to deficit in long Memory Absent memory failure reconstructions decay (distortions of memory) mindedness inattentive or Memory decay · term remember absent mindedness , memory · · -> Encoding · due information retrieve fails Amnesia · -> to Interference -> shallow encoding forgetting over of events time to poor encoding , storage , or retrieval -> Memory · bias changing beliefs · - people Source · memories of over time that so become they with consistent current attitudes or revise often memories when change they believes and attitudes misattribution Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place , person , others - Suggestibility · · · * Development biased of memories Memories can be distorted Memories can be altered Misinformation effect -> , or by Incorporating even from misleading implanted intrusion of misleading , with generic information false knowledge information into information or semantic one's memory associations of an event or Topic Thinking 7 & Language Reading Gazzaniga Mental Analogical · dissimilar are to - concepts in our mind that such we can call up information quickly Exemplars prototypes Deciding Decision - · pictures · can use like knowledge graph Judgement - · from representation represent - · representations representation Symbolic · 283-324 , the Likelihood of various events using making Selecting Rational - on Single one option among several possibilities Choice correct choice after cognitive evaluation incomplete information Decision making Normative decision · Expected Decisions - Depends - · · outcome maximize theories reduce , · decisions make options and how people -> probabilities actually choices make : shortcuts · to alternative of decision Heuristics should people : values Descriptive · made on how -> theory utility - · theories often occurs allows result to us of amount thinking decision fast , making unconsciously decide quickly in errors/faulty in making decisions Anchoring - Tendency Judgements based on the information first encountered or comes mind · Framing -> · -> · Deciding Deciding Affective based - too least at from one alternative on on forecasting of many the that answer easily most comes to mind heuristic based Tendency Paradox losses/gains potential emphasize heuristic Representative - · to Availability - · Tendency to how typical an individual object, , or event belongs in a heuristic overestimate how events will make them feel in the future choice options are available (and attractive) -> conflict and indecision certain category to Problem Thinking -> goal to state state Set Perceptual Functional - problem the of organization fixedness Fixed Overcoming · initial an Instruction/practice · · from : Mental · · move we Complexity · · which in process Obstacles - solving about ideas obstacles Understanding to typical Sel subgoals S Restructuring Ente algorithm/analogy Use sudden wait objects of solutions formulate - functions insight Language system of communication symbols according Sentence Blackie the crying boy Phrases Blackie the crying boy words/morphemes Blackie I the crying boy and sounds using to grammatical rules · · Syntax rules : Semantics : meaning BAIaNcIklide phonemes Brain develops Human · vocal -> tract Aphasia Language : - - ability has disorder to speak to capacity that results and make in Receptive aphasia (Wernicke's) Difficulties : more of to sounds language in Interruption (Broca's) cry in g ... sentences many deficits Expressive aphasia : form the ability understand than comprehension to the speak meaning language any and production (frontal of uses lobe) words Itemporal lobe) Intelligence Topic 8 Reading Gazzaniga 304-314 , Introduction William Stern-> mental Intelligence Ability to understand · - · reason , learn IQ = psychometric MA/CA 100 Psychometric on e g . e g . tests General ability Relation between => -> events , environmental . Binet Test, Wechsler . Stanford Binet solve problems , challanges Adult intelligence progressive test (WAIS/WAIS-RI, Scholastic Matrices Aptitude Test (SATA test the multiple or tests IQ measures Simple specific typically and correlate RT and Discrimination nature of by studying intelligence the . intelligence Different to of approach understand intelligence * Standard adapt sense make IQ adults for to and , tests Raven's Attempt decisions * children for Tests IQ intelligence Deviation Tests make quickly , standardized -> · to ideas , complex Measure age= testing knowledge use age/chronological cognitive with choice RT task fail g: task performance abilities ? to e . g . capture "other performance WAIS-R types of intelligence" pattern of results obtained Roots Score - ~ Genetic both and genes environment influences Impoverished enriched us Environmental environment (SES education Overall factors , change , in environment Heritability · Number H Estimate · by affected is test influences Environmental · * intelligence an on · - intelligence of of O and I between H Genetic = 0 - due - due to environment variance = Phenotypic H variance = 1 to genetic Heritability Heritability - statistical Heritability estimate of . 6 of = the genetic of proportion influence variance about explains in a 60 population given percent of observed the variation among people some Heritability High variables is not heritability (eye fate doesn't color, , if height) highly environment mean group heritable changed differences , , are other (eating habits) trait's heritability genetic , less can environment heritable be plays changed a role Topic 9 Reading Morling Reasoning Scientific 22-38 , Fixation belief of Belief · Attitude · direction no Why a claim it's scientifically Methods to · Personal · Intuition · sustified else - - fixes Conclusions Systematic To considered . deals Questions 3 Research . Pseudoscience Non depends if claim based is on proper use of scientific method scientific belief the basis on research empirical of by combining - with must must be evidence of solvable problems scientific addressed Observations . 2 not, empiricism only be or reasoning Science 1 3 experience Proper sustified truth beliefs fix Reaches and claim no , method particular a belief between scientifically Authority Scientific · connection is toward person some of the must be be potentially systematic and conducted that three in a empirical manner masquerades criteria solvable used as to that science define is publicly but science fails . verifiable to meet one or more Empirical (theory-data cycle) cycle Induction - - specifying Conclusion general rule based often plausible but a is on not a specific observations inescapable Deduction - - specifying Conclusions Deductive follows inevitably things using , Inductive you already reasoning Bottom up observations using , Deductive reasoning Syllogism · I premises valid - or Does -> conclusion invalid conclusion hold ? -> not same as true or False Two types - - from the on general assumptions reasoning Top down · based (specific) conclusion Categorical syllogism (All A Conditional Syllogism (If A are B) then B) know crationalism) rule Scientific method - Method to True False Goal - or · good by of conditional a If A not B Thus B (valid) Thus , scientific Hypothesis Modus poners used argument disciplines, -> Operational or definition process : to conclusion testable resect Research claim/hypothesis a is claim/hypothesis a is True False or argument then B of that argument A Type belief the belief that the for Justification means Conditional If A for Justification Science of Find good provide -> not , often the tollens hypothesis hypothesis -> Modus Alvalid) sustity/falsity prediction revise then B or the same different across negation its prompted by is a theory , to enable to us accept , theory statement of procedures (operations) Replication -> used research the hypothesis essence study basic other To test the repeating define to to finding participants -> see extends and Experiment variables of a whether to circumstance Topic Validity 10 Reading Morling Terms Independent Dependent variables variables variable Control Confounding Random variable : Measured : variable : variable : variable : Variable : error Three Frequency a claims 15 % Association least causal "this intervals in purpose on with change simultaneously e . g stated at time . an be can't that measurements abstract predicted (theoretical) anxiety . e g measured errors in which in . . a construct test score measurements Association single "Just constant in control -> that manipulated is or anxiety be can't group predicted claims Frequency of constant variable Specific way or held that errors . Random being : changed or , variables variable e 9 Operational variables independent error Conceptual Manipulated : 322-34) , two variable (Focus Americans focus particular a one on rate or degree variable) smove" Claims describe variables (there's Claims .... describe Causal on makes/causes relationship correlation) causation I ..... between at 4 Validity in how to refers Inadequate · well conceptual a to or in study the · . g . on setting covid Specific validity individuals (samplings) the well , , and of study a times (contexts) External to . 9 . Study on beside validity the is at effect of different in urban marisvana from is rural on other ability to math solve attitude problems settings areas the study concerning eating which the is performed is different from times e generaliz itself spread time results Settings Places , bias Study . Study e · g . how of , Selection e manipulated S represent Threats · or bias Indication those measured is definition External Validity , operationalized construct variable construct operational Mono-operation to the study a Threats · how Validity Construct meat after BSE scandal other Internal Validity Extent to which for explanations Threats it how possible is to · History Testing - -> · Instrumentation · Regression the to rule you have over your instruments (not sampling) alternative out between two variables validity Design confounds Observer Demand · bias characteristics Placebo · - control Internal to Maturation - much relationship casual a - effects mean Attrition / Experimental Mortality · · Selection effects Statistical The Threats · · Violated Fishing · 88 · · statistical assumptions the things Missing Unreliability of the of that test statistical validity statistics problem rate error statistical the study's a reasonable and to and Seeing Low which to extent accurate are Validity arent here power needle measures in the haystack conclusions Topic Reading Morling Measurement reliability II 116-133 , Measurement , and Reliability Observed · · · : numbers or names of score + error score value and score real value score Difference between the measured the real value >person Different Test · · types reliability test-retest reliability (test 2x (to make surel Internal reliability - -> · objects measurements >test (situation) · to features consistency true assign Score Error · their -> to way measured value True - · score Observed 178-186 systematic -> .... Split half reliability Cronbach's Interrater - depends alpha good reliability on observer (182) bad which is affected by : · Experimental reliability Descriptive · Observational - Process research watching of behave research what or -describe animals and systematically recording how they doing are hypotheses Problems <People >Low always good not are observation at -> threat to interrater reliability validity internal Threats · they or nature >generate · people to construct validity -> Observer bras , effects , reactivity Survey · Method of written questionnaires , > Question · · · · - questions posing to people on the telephone personal , interviews, internet or formats Open-ended questions forced choice Likert scale format Semantic differential format Problems >How internal Threats · Question - - - · · · to validity construct wording Leading question Double barelled Negatively Question Trying people to validity -11- worded -11- order look not good capable of reporting accurately about feelings thoughts , , other Descriptive · research Threats - Biased Convenience >Self selection - To > sample unrepresentative or obtain random samples consisting who samples consisting who : : representative sample a >different claims validity external to frequency -> are easy volunteer sample rewards replication · Threats - · · too Internal How well to statistical small sample validity all of validity validity size frequency and reliability claims is low measured . to contact Topic Reading Morling 12 Correlation Correlation · a · · ~ · between absolute sign indicates Scatter diagram What is could outliers For Is the the be of the of the between the of relation relation the support claims · correlation the affecting correlation statistically correlation relation strength data the strength the linear . direction the of + 00 indicates : · · and . validity do · degree the -1 00 value Statistical association -> significant example : There exists · · What a hours -> There · · What · - · positive correlation do per people sports Sports health health -> Sports exists a correlation positive The number of ice The number of peoples does this creams drowning High week imply : this -> ice between health general does · claims Coefficient indicating measure varies experiments 240-248 , 342-357 , Correlational research · and -> imply -> ice temperature creams High : between per month per month sold drowned temperature drowning 3rd -> variable problem creams -> more ice creams and drowning two variables + correlation 8& Presence 2 -> · of - correlation indicates association , but not causality problems directionality 3rd variable Directionality Ot no correlation correlation problems Be, (temporal Researcher temporal precedence) establish based precedence correctional to attempt by research on : using cross-legged panel procedure ~ 3rd variable problem B C attempt Researcher validity internal A validity) (internal correctional separating basis of research the a to establish based by participants reasonable on : into 3rd jubgroups variable on the & It correlation - - -> · · Restriction Non-linear No is · zero range of relationship association Internal validity It = of to important each variable · the results · the numbers associations question was generalize support how measured (external the claims is low well : (construct validity) validity) conclusions (Statistical validity) Basics · Experiment produced held : while constant Do · when occurs Hypothetical RQ Experimenting of particular a aspects other of experiment reading games Independent variable make kids better readers : reading games online No reading games variable Dependent Online (experimental group) (control group) : - Reading - then : are - - If situation is . online · T ⑧ the comparison results ability operationalized in terms of score on reading test : There is correlation It resuts then : : Null results (H0) > What might happened ? Topic Single 13 Reading Morling , between and Independent method Single factor Between subject no carry chance · Dependent variable Performance of test design design over effect , · Use · that differ groups Thus · random assignment Matching when Independent Within variable has a permanent design subjects Advantage · · design Disadvantage · · factorial Advantage · · subject variable Learning · and Ch10 & 12 Within · factor no chance of group differs Disadvantage · Chance · of order effects (carryover) Thus · counterbalance , latin square design effect designs Balance - - latin square Before after position Random order * has · Use · 107 have to Factorial with is square different levels when independent Design latin levels all Al BI AIBI have a permanent effect designs which in doesn't variable each level the of of every independent independent other variable variable A2 A2BI B2 AlB2 A2B2 Advantages Efficiency · · · Generalization Interaction Interaction effect between factors effect of one IV depends on level of other IV occurs Experimental experimental research research -> causal establishes claims internal validity Topic 14 Reading Morling Small · · A B design baseline : = (AB during behavior few a participants (sometimes very detailed infol (ABAB Multiple baseline design baseline during/after behavior design or treatment ABA validity is - manipulate where aim to generate causal claims high not design experimental Experiments design) design studies-> often N Internal Quasi · to one = studies Reversal Small · studies change Stable · quasi experimental designs psychophysics Behavior · and Ch13 , N example · Small- experimenters selects the independent var rather than it Environmental var . - · · · · Subject var · Pretest/posttest Nonequivalent Interrupted control time design group series pretest/posttest design design Quasi · experimental Internal Q1 . validity different Q3 . 3! -> Q4 control control no &5 . Q6 . do percentage same at a I 3rd look . test if Q8 if is order training the measurement wise fence women > men used not for correlation useful , men different on legged low -> validity ceiling effect -> can't (floor effect) timeframe panel validity reliability women comes before reliability claim interaction , lower really claims experiment conditions walking cross Q7 true group comparing also a (no cat) case only , in effect they might . as different roads , causal generate to high as counterbalance Placebo no not aim generalize cannot . is weather driving style Q2 often ->
