Legal
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Guide
Ateneo Law Journal
ATENEO
LAW JOURNAL
LEGAL
CITATION GUIDE
Fourth Edition
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ateneo law journal
LEGAL CITATION GUIDE
2020
BOARD OF EDITORS
PATRICIA ANNE ALARIOS
JOHN STEPHEN B. PANGILINAN
PATRICK EDWARD L. BALISONG
JOSE RYAN S. PELONGCO
JUSTIN MARK C. CHAN
KATRINA ISABELLE G. PIMENTEL
KATHLEEN TRACI P. DEL ROSARIO
FRANCES CHRISTINE P. SAYSON
BRIAN EARL A. LESHEN
JASON L. SY (lead editor)
SERGIO LUIS M. MERCADO
KORINA D. TORRES
MARIAN GAE V. MERINO
JOHN PAULO S. VICENCIO
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
PATRICK EDWARD L. BALISONG
JOHN PAULO S. VICENCIO
JOHN STEPHEN B. PANGILINAN
ATTY. JACINTO D. JIMENEZ
ATTY. LEE BENJAMIN Z. LERMA
FACULTY ADVISER
FACULTY ADVISER
Preface to the Fourth Edition
The Ateneo Law Journal humbly offers this fourth edition of the
Legal Citation Guide as it renews its commitment to provide a coherent and
simple yet extensive system of citation. Grateful for the gift of mentorship
and the wealth of experience imparted by past Boards, the present Board of
Editors sought to build on the foundations laid down by previous editions.
Every aspect of this new edition has been met with intense scrutiny and
thorough deliberation by the Board of Editors, guided by the cardinal
principles of clarity, simplicity, consistency, and identifiability. This fourth
edition has benefitted from updates and additions in response to
developments in the legal landscape within the Philippines and beyond its
shores. Several rules relating to primary and secondary authorities have been
refined to facilitate efficient identification of sources. The Guide now
provides for simplified citation rules for various international materials,
including United Nations sources, and features rules dedicated to
quasi-judicial decisions as well as films and broadcasts. Considerable attention
is given to the levels of citations and explanatory footnote texts to provide
guidance in attributing relevant sources and in enriching incisive discussions
of one’s work. Permanent links have also been introduced for internet
sources to make them easily available for future research and study.
Citation is undeniably a tedious task; nevertheless, it remains
indispensable in the legal profession heavily built on precedent. Likewise,
citation, when done conscientiously, is an exercise in humility; one
recognizes the debt of gratitude he or she has for others whose works made
possible one’s insights and expositions. With this fourth edition, the Journal
hopes that this Guide supports the work of jurists, practitioners, and learners
of the law as they advance the cause of truth and justice. Ultimately, more
than the mastery of the rules herein, what remains of paramount
importance is one’s keen understanding of academic and professional
integrity which this Guide endeavors to impress upon its users.
May this Guide continue the Journal’s enduring mission of promoting
legal scholarship since its founding in 1951. Ad maiorem Dei gloriam.
Jason L. Sy
Lead Editor
Preface to the Third Edition
Every legal analysis, to be persuasive, requires proper citation of authorities
for support, opposition, or comparison. Unfortunately, due to the complexity
of other citation systems, members of the Philippine legal community have
expressed the need for a simpler and more practical guide to legal citation.
Through the years, the Ateneo Law Journal has humbly responded to that need
through its Legal Citation Guide, which has been well-received since its first
iteration in 2008. Accordingly, to ensure that it remains responsive to the
needs of the legal community, the Journal dutifully presents this third edition
of its Guide.
Notably, this edition now includes rules on how to cite matters found
on social media, case texts available online other than those maintained by
commercial electronic databases, European case law available in the new
EUR-Lex database, as well as formal rules in citing court documents such
as transcripts of stenographic notes. Yet, even with these additions, the
Guide remains true to its ethos of providing a relatively small, practical, but
comprehensive citation system.
Again, every rule in this Guide has been meticulously studied and
deliberated upon by the Journal’s Board of Editors. The Guide also remains
consistent with and up to par with other citation systems in various
jurisdictions. As such, with this latest edition, the Journal trusts that this
Guide will continue to serve as an essential companion to members of the
Philippine legal community for years to come.
Paolo Miguel S. Consignado
Lead Editor
Preface to the Second Edition
The publication of the Ateneo Law Journal Legal Citation Primer in 2008 paved
the way for a systematic and convenient guide for legal citation and
scholarship. Primarily a compilation of the Ateneo Law Journal White Sheets,
the Publication’s informal editing and citation guide, and based on The
Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, the Citation Primer served both as a
tool for training the Members of the Board of Editors and a benchmark of
the Ateneo Law Journal’s tradition of excellence.
Recent developments in law and media, however, have rendered the
Citation Primer inadequate to cover the growing body of available legal
authorities and sources. This Legal Citation Guide serves as the revised and
updated edition of the Journal’s citation system. Published in
commemoration of the Journal’s 60th anniversary, this Guide promises a
more refined and nuanced approach to legal citation than its precursor.
Foremost among the changes introduced is a reduction of the Citation
Guide’s size for portability and ease of use. Moreover, the citation rules are
now laid down in a more user-friendly and concise manner.
Then as now, each citation was thoroughly deliberated upon by the
Journal’s Board of Editors to ensure a balanced and comprehensive
representation of the needs of legal citation. Refining the Journal’s citations
included greater attention to Supreme Court issuances and decisions. There
are now citation formats for separate and dissenting opinions accompanying
the majority opinions of the Court, unpublished decisions, and rules of
procedure not incorporated within the Rules of Court. Ordinances also
now have their own citation style in this edition. There is greater detail for
executive, legislative, and administrative issuances given their inevitable
importance when conducting extensive research on relevant legal
documents. The Guide also fine-tuned its adherence to Bluebook rules and
styles as far as practicable in order to conform with international standards
of legal citation.
Most
importantly,
this
Guide
also
presents
a
more
Philippine-centric approach to citation. Built upon the standards and styles
of The Bluebook, the rules herein have been revamped to suit the needs of a
localized body of statutes, jurisprudence, sources, and authorities. The
country of origin is now indicated for each foreign statute, jurisprudence,
or material, even including materials from the United States’ jurisdiction.
As legal sources and materials transform into electronic and online
formats, the Guide developed more citations for different types of internet
texts. As libraries continue to enable greater access to online sources, rules
of citation to electronic databases have also been added. For easier
reference, an annex which compiles some of the most commonly used
citation abbreviations have also been appended.
The legal citation style guide project of the Ateneo Law Journal is by no
means completed by this edition. Legal citation is ever evolving. It requires
constant review and development. As a testament to this fact, this Citation
Guide embodies the codification of 60 years of the Journal’s experience and
traditions in legal scholarship. It cannot stop there, however. With this
Legal Citation Guide, the Journal only affirms its duty to continually develop
and expand the scope of legal scholarship and, necessarily, that of legal
citation, too.
Oscar Carlo F. Cajucom
Lead Editor
Vicente Carlos S. Lo
Lead Editor
Preface to the First Edition
The system of legal citation can be confusing, even daunting, for students of
the law and experienced practitioners alike. It requires careful attention to
detail to ensure that those reading a piece of work will be able to trace its
roots and sources. In, perhaps, no other field is there a greater reliance on
precedent than in the law — thus, prompting a seemingly complex and
impenetrable method of citation. Law students and lawyers are all too often
easily intimidated or overwhelmed by this. The problem, however, lies not
so much in lack of skill, than in the lack of a clear and understandable
reference. While The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, published by
American law reviews, is useful and comprehensive, many practical
difficulties exist in relation to its use. Not only is access to it quite limited, as
it is not locally available, its focus is also primarily geared towards American
sources, at times making application challenging. Also, while a longer length
may be indicative of extensiveness, realistically-speaking, many users associate
convenience and functionality with short guides. It is with the goal of
addressing these issues that the editors of the Ateneo Law Journal publish this
Citation Primer.
The Ateneo Law Journal has established itself as a premier law review in
the country. For more than fifty years, it has exhibited unsurpassed zeal and
dedication to the advancement of legal scholarship. It has instituted an
enduring tradition of excellence which has been passed on to, and
maintained and enriched by, each generation of editors. Cognizant of the
importance of honing its editors’ skills in order to live up to the exacting
and elevated standards of being one of the country’s foremost publications,
the system of legal citation has been central to the training of its editors.
Ever the pioneer of progress in the field of law, the Journal now utilizes its
well engraved knowledge in the system of citation to once again break new
ground by providing a solution to the difficulties encountered in legal
citation.
This Citation Primer is the product of hours of deliberation and
research by the present Board of Editors. Each citation form was examined
and deliberated upon to ensure not only accuracy, but also facility in usage.
While it is principally based on the Ateneo Law Journal White Sheets and The
Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, the editors have molded or
reinvented certain citation forms to suit the distinct needs of the Philippine
legal scholar or practitioner. The Board has expended all efforts to make
this primer as simple and user-friendly as possible, without diminution of
content or quality. It must be borne in mind, however, that this
publication is not meant to be all-encompassing, and is exactly what it
purports to be — a primer.
With this, the editors are proud to present to the legal community this
Citation Primer, with hope that it will serve as an essential and lasting
reference in the study and practice of the law.
Bernard Joseph B. Malibiran
Lead Editor
Floralie M. Pamfilo
Associate Lead Editor
Joy Stephanie C. Tajan
Associate Lead Editor
INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL CITATION
An Overview of Citation ....................................................... 1
About This Guide ................................................................ 1
I. FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL CITATION
A. Use of Citations ............................................................. 2
B. Order of Authorities ....................................................... 2
C. Introductory Signals....................................................... 4
1. Direct Citation & Signals That Signify Support or
Attribution ............................................................... 4
2. Signals That Signify Divergence of Views ................... 6
3. Signals That Signify Comparison ............................... 6
4. Signal That Invites Further Research ......................... 7
D. Pinpoint Citations & Subdivision Symbols ......................... 8
E. Short Citation Forms .................................................... 11
1. Supra .................................................................... 11
2. Id. ........................................................................ 12
3. Hereinafter ............................................................ 16
F. Levels of Parenthetical Citations.................................... 19
G. Explanatory Footnotes & Parentheticals ......................... 21
II. PRIMARY AUTHORITIES
A. Constitutions ............................................................... 22
1. Incumbent Constitutions ......................................... 22
2. Repealed Constitutions ........................................... 23
3. Records & Journals of Constitutional Proceedings ..... 23
B. Codes & Statutes ......................................................... 25
4. Codes ................................................................... 25
5. Statutes ................................................................ 26
6. Amendment, Repeal, & Invalidation of Statutes ........ 27
C. Local & Foreign Cases .................................................. 29
7. Reported Cases...................................................... 29
8. Cases Available Online Under Official Domain
Names .................................................................. 31
9. Cases Available on Commercial Electronic
Databases ............................................................. 33
10. Cases Unreported & Unavailable Online ................... 34
11. Pending Cases ....................................................... 35
12. Opinions Other Than the Majority Opinion ............... 36
13. Pleadings, Transcripts of Stenographic Notes,
Interlocutory Orders, & Other Court Documents ....... 37
D. Legislative Materials ..................................................... 39
14. Legislative Bills ...................................................... 39
15. Congressional Resolutions ...................................... 40
16. Committee Reports ................................................ 40
17. Congressional Records ........................................... 41
18. Congressional Journals ........................................... 42
E. Executive Materials ...................................................... 43
19. Executive & Administrative Issuances ...................... 43
20. Advisory Opinions .................................................. 44
21. Implementing Rules & Regulations .......................... 45
22. Quasi-Judicial Decisions .......................................... 46
F. Judicial Issuances ........................................................ 47
23. Court Circulars & Administrative Orders ................... 47
24. Bar Matters ........................................................... 47
25. Issuances from the Office of the
Court Administrator ................................................ 48
G. Ordinances .................................................................. 49
26. Local Government Ordinances ................................. 49
H. Rules of Procedure ...................................................... 50
27. Legislative Rules of Procedure ................................. 50
28. Rules of Procedure of Administrative Agencies ......... 50
29. Rules of Procedure Within the Rules of Court ........... 51
30. Rules of Procedure Issued by the Supreme Court Not
Incorporated in the Rules of Court .......................... 52
31. Superseded Rules of Procedure ............................... 53
III.
I.
SECONDARY AUTHORITIES
Books & Other Non-Periodic Materials ........................... 54
32. Books by a Single Author ........................................ 54
33. Books by Two Authors ............................................ 55
34. Books by Three or More Authors ............................. 55
35. Multi-Volume Works ............................................... 56
36. Works with Editors or Translators ........................... 56
37. Works in Collections ............................................... 57
38. Annotations ........................................................... 58
39. Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, & Epilogues ...... 58
40. Special Citation Forms ............................................ 59
J. Journals & Periodical Articles ........................................ 60
41. Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles .................. 60
42. Non-Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles ........... 61
43. Newsletters & Magazine Articles .............................. 61
44. Newspaper Articles in Print ..................................... 62
K. Internet Sources .......................................................... 63
45. Internet Sources in General .................................... 63
46. Magazine & News Articles Online............................. 65
47. Social Media .......................................................... 66
L. Theses & Unpublished Materials ................................... 68
48. Dissertations & Theses ........................................... 68
49. Memoranda, Letters, E-mail, & Other
Correspondences ................................................... 69
50. Press Releases & Other Unpublished Papers ............. 70
M. Interviews ................................................................... 71
51. Interviews Conducted by the Author........................ 71
52. Interviews Not Conducted by the Author ................. 72
N. Speeches & Addresses ................................................. 73
53. Unpublished & Untranscribed Speeches &
Addresses.............................................................. 73
54. Transcribed Speeches & Addresses ......................... 74
O. Films & Broadcasts ...................................................... 75
55. Films ..................................................................... 75
56. Television & Radio Broadcasts................................. 75
IV. INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
P. Founding Documents ................................................... 76
57. U.N. Charter & League of Nations Covenant ............. 76
Q. Treaties ...................................................................... 77
58. Bilateral Treaties .................................................... 77
59. Multilateral Treaties................................................ 79
R. International Law Cases ............................................... 81
60. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Reported Cases .............................. 81
61. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Cases Available Online .................... 82
62. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Advisory Opinions ........................... 83
63. Cases Before the ICC ............................................. 84
64. CJEU Reported Cases in Print .................................. 85
65. CJEU Cases Available Online ................................... 86
66. Cases Before Other International Judicial
Institutions & Ad Hoc Tribunals ............................... 87
67. International Arbitration Cases ................................ 89
S. Resolutions & Decisions ............................................... 90
68. U.N. General Assembly Resolutions & Decisions ....... 90
69. Resolutions by Other U.N. Organizations &
Other International Bodies ...................................... 91
T. Reports & Other International Materials......................... 92
70. Reports by U.N. Organs & Committees .................... 92
71. Reports by the Secretary-General & Other Officials ... 92
72. Conference Reports................................................ 93
73. WTO Panel & Appellate Body Reports ...................... 94
74. Reports by the WTO Secretariat & Other
WTO Bodies .......................................................... 94
75. WTO Ministerial Documents .................................... 95
76. GATT Panel Decisions ............................................. 95
77. Sales Publications .................................................. 96
V. GENERAL RULES OF USAGE
U. Quotations .................................................................. 97
78. Quotations of 49 Words or Less .............................. 97
79. Quotations of 50 Words or More ............................. 97
80. Alterations ............................................................. 99
81. Omissions.............................................................. 99
82. Emphases.............................................................. 99
V. Footnote References .................................................. 100
83. Footnote References ............................................ 100
W. Punctuations ............................................................. 102
84. Periods ................................................................ 102
85. Commas & Semicolons ......................................... 102
86. Colons ................................................................. 102
87. Hyphens .............................................................. 102
88. Em Dashes .......................................................... 103
89. Ellipses ................................................................ 103
90. Brackets .............................................................. 104
91. Parentheses......................................................... 105
X. Numbers ................................................................... 106
92. Numerals............................................................. 106
93. Ordinals .............................................................. 106
Y. Symbols .................................................................... 107
94. Section & Paragraph Symbols ............................... 107
95. Percentage & Currency Symbols ............................ 107
Z. Other Rules ............................................................... 108
96. Author Names...................................................... 108
97. Dates .................................................................. 108
98. Capitalization ....................................................... 109
99. Abbreviation ........................................................ 110
100. Italicization......................................................... 111
ANNEXES: LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Selected Geographical Terms...................................... 112
Months ..................................................................... 114
Government Issuances ............................................... 115
Subdivisions .............................................................. 116
Selected Philippine Codes ........................................... 117
Foreign Periodicals ..................................................... 118
Selected Terms & Periodicals ...................................... 140
The LEGAL CITATION GUIDE is a special publication of the Ateneo Law
Journal. It is a compilation of methods of citation for the legal field in an
effort to aid legal practitioners and students in writing their legal
documents and papers. The print version is available for sale within the
Philippines.
This free digital version of the fourth edition of the LEGAL CITATION GUIDE is
available for download from the official website of the Ateneo Law
Journal or from its official Facebook page.
The table of contents of this free digital version may be conveniently
accessed using a Portable Document Format (PDF) viewer
(by clicking “View” > “Show/Hide” > “Navigation Panes” > “Bookmarks”
in Adobe Acrobat Reader on Windows and Mac, “View” > “Table of
Contents” in Preview on Mac, or the bookmark icon in Google Chrome).
INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL CITATION
AN OVERVIEW OF CITATION
Citation is particularly essential in the legal profession because legal
analyses depend on the examination of binding rules and norms.
Thus, it is imperative to determine with precision what these rules and
norms are. Citation facilitates this determination.
Accordingly, citation serves at least three purposes. First, it provides
support or contrast to assertions. Second, it allows proper attribution of
non-original input. Third, it helps readers identify sources for further
study or research.
To achieve these purposes, this Guide emphasizes accurate pinpoint
citation, i.e., directing the reader to the specific portion (e.g., article,
section, paragraph, or page) of a source. A pinpoint citation is complete
when a reader is given sufficient information to locate and to verify the
source, when that source is physically or virtually accessible to the
reader.
This Guide, however, is not meant to be
as no citation guide can completely cover all
When confronted with materials for which no
squarely applies, the solution is to use analogous
the purposes of legal citation.
rigid and inflexible,
materials imaginable.
specific citation rule
rules, bearing in mind
ABOUT THIS GUIDE
This Guide is intended for footnote citation. It is divided into five Parts:
Fundamentals of Legal Citation, Primary Authorities, Secondary
Authorities, International Materials, and General Rules of Usage.
Three typefaces are used for the prescribed citation forms in this Guide:
ordinary Roman font, Italics , and LARGE AND SMALL CAPITALS, otherwise
known as SMALL CAPS.
The rules herein were derived from THE BLUEBOOK: A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF
CITATION (21st ed. 2020) and THE MAROONBOOK: THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
MANUAL OF LEGAL CITATION (2019), and were modified for Philippine
practice by taking into consideration the MANUAL OF JUDICIAL WRITING
(2005) by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.
A. USE OF CITATIONS
A.1.
A citation refers to the sentence or clause immediately
preceding it.
A.2.
A citation is intended to:
A.2.1.
attribute non-original ideas;
A.2.2.
provide authorities relevant to the discussion; or
A.2.3.
offer sources for further study or research.
B. ORDER OF AUTHORITIES
B.1.
When citing multiple authorities, cite first the sources to which
non-original ideas are attributed, or those authorities which
directly provide support or opposition to the text.
B.2.
Authorities for support must be given first before those in
opposition. Support or opposition is indicated by introductory
signals (Section C of this Part).
1.
B.3.
JOAQUIN G. BERNAS, S.J., THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY 780
(2009) & Sedfrey M. Candelaria, Testing Constitutional
Waters IV: Power of the Purse in Light of the Belgica and
Araullo Rulings, 59 ATENEO L.J. 317, 346 (2014). Contra
ISAGANI A. CRUZ & CARLO L. CRUZ, CONSTITUTIONAL
LAW 33 (2015).
Support or opposition may be direct, indirect, or analogous. Cite
all authorities for support in the aforesaid order, before those
for the opposition in the same order.
2.
4 ARTURO M. TOLENTINO, COMMENTARIES AND
JURISPRUDENCE ON THE CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
470 (1991). See also MELENCIO S. STA. MARIA JR.,
PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATIONS LAW 220 (7th ed.
FUNDAMENTALS
I. FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL CITATION
OF LEGAL CITATION
2
2019) & Richard Michael Fischl, Ideology and Argument
Construction in Contract Law, in RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON
CRITICAL
LEGAL
THEORY
284-87
(Emilios
Christodoulidis, et al. eds., 2019). Contra Jose B.L. Reyes,
Observations on the New Civil Code on Points Not Covered by
Amendments Already Proposed, in CIVIL CODE READER 440
(Carmelo V. Sison ed., 2005) & Linda Greenhouse, Justices
Rule Press Can Be Sued for Divulging a Source’s Identity,
N.Y. TIMES, June 25, 1991, at A1.
B.4.
Support or opposition may also be given by authorities in their
own right, or when related to other authorities.
B.4.1.
3.
B.5.
Cite first the authorities which support the text in their
own right, before citing those which must be related to
other authorities in order to demonstrate support.
Do the same for the authorities in opposition.
PHIL. CONST. art. III, § 14 (2). See also TRANQUIL
GERVACIO S. SALVADOR III, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 254
(2019). Compare BERNAS, supra note 1, at 499, with
2 FLORENZ D. REGALADO, REMEDIAL LAW
COMPENDIUM 461 (11th ed. 2008). Contra WILLARD B.
RIANO, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (THE BAR LECTURE
SERIES) 349 (2016).
Lastly, cite authorities which are merely intended to provide the
reader with tangential sources for further study, personal
analysis, or research.
4.
Oposa v. Factoran, Jr., G.R. No. 101083, 224 SCRA 792,
812 (1993). Contra 4 TOLENTINO, supra note 2, at 405 &
2 REGALADO, supra note 3, at 733-35. See generally PHIL.
CONST. art. III, § 10; Reyes, supra note 2, at 434;
RUBÉN F. BALANE, JOTTINGS AND JURISPRUDENCE IN
CIVIL LAW (OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS) 502 (2020);
CRUZ & CRUZ, supra note 1, at 574; & David
Schneiderman, A New Global Constitutional Order?,
in
COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
196
(Tom Ginsburg & Rosalind Dixon eds., 2011).
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fundamentals of legal citation
C. INTRODUCTORY SIGNALS
C.1.
C.2.
Signals are used to convey the relation between the text and
the authority cited. These may signify:
C.1.1.
attribution; or
C.1.2.
support or opposition.
They are italicized for emphasis.
1. Direct Citation & Signals That Signify Support or
Attribution
C.3.
Direct citation, without any introductory signal, is used if the
cited authority:
C.3.1.
directly supports the text;
C.3.2.
identifies the source of a quotation or a non-original
idea; or
C.3.3.
identifies the source referred to in the text.
C.4.
“See” is used if the cited authority clearly, but indirectly,
supports the text.
C.5.
“See, e.g.,” is used if the cited authority:
C.5.1.
supplies an example of what is asserted in the text; or
C.5.2.
is supplemented by other authorities stating the same
proposition, but stating all of them is not necessary.
5.
C.6.
See, e.g., MAGDANGAL M. DE LEON, APPELLATE
REMEDIES 262 (2d ed. 2018).
“See also” is used if the cited authority supplies an additional
indirect authority for the text, when the direct authorities have
already been cited, bearing in mind the order of authorities
(Section B of this Part).
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C.7.
ROBERTO A. ABAD & BLESSILDA B. ABAD-GAMO,
FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL WRITING 101-05 (2014).
See also Pamela Samuelson, Good Legal Writing: Of Orwell
and Window Panes, 46 U. PITT. L. REV. 149, 151-57 (1984).
“Cf.” is used if the cited authority supports a proposition
different from the text, but provides sufficiently analogous
support when compared with the text.
C.7.1.
“Cf.” is derived from the Latin word conferre, which is
usually translated as “compare.”
C.7.2.
Use “Cf. also” when direct or indirect supporting
authorities have already been cited.
C.7.3.
“Cf.” and “See” are different. “Cf.” merely invites the
reader to compare the text with the cited authority for
however,
possible
analogous
support.
“See”,
confidently signals that the cited authority, at the very
least, provides indirect support even if it has to be
inferred from the text.
C.7.4.
Parenthetical explanations should be provided
whenever “Cf. ” is used to acquaint the reader with the
analogy or comparison. Meanwhile, the use of
parenthetical explanations is optional whenever “See”
is used.
7.
8.
See Tarrosa v. Singson, G.R. No. 111243, 232 SCRA 553,
557-58 (1994) (While the case did not expressly rule
on the validity of the appointment of the Central Bank
Governor who was not confirmed by the Commission on
Appointments, it may be inferred that the said appointment
was valid given the Supreme Court’s discussion of a
previous ruling in the case itself.).
Cf. Government of the United States of America v.
Purganan, G.R. No. 148571, 389 SCRA 623, 664 (2002)
(explaining that bail is typically not available in extradition
cases, which are analogous to cases when the grant of bail
is denied by the Constitution).
FUNDAMENTALS
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fundamentals of legal citation
2. Signals That Signify Divergence of Views
C.8.
“Contra” is used if the cited authority directly contradicts a
proposition in the text.
C.9.
“But see” is used if the cited authority indirectly contradicts a
proposition in the text.
C.10.
“See also” is used when direct contrary authorities were already
cited.
C.11.
“But cf.” is used if the cited authority supports a proposition
analogous to the contrary of the text.
C.12.
“Cf. also” is used when direct and indirect contrary authorities
have already been cited.
Contra RIANO, supra note 3, at 452. See also Greenhouse,
supra note 2, at A1.
10. But see RULE ON THE WRIT OF HABEAS DATA, A.M.
No. 08-1-16-SC, § 1 (Feb. 2, 2008) & Vivares v. St.
Theresa’s College, G.R. No. 202666, 737 SCRA 92, 107
(2014). Cf. also Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis,
The Right to Privacy, 4 HARV. L. REV. 193, 205 (1890) &
TOBY MENDEL, ET AL., GLOBAL SURVEY ON INTERNET
PRIVACY AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 84 (2012).
9.
3. Signals That Signify Comparison
C.13.
“Compare ... [, and ...], with ... [, and ...]” is used if the cited
authorities, when compared to each other, support or
demonstrate the text.
C.14.
“Contrast ... [, and ...], with ... [, and ...]” is used if the cited
authorities, when compared to each other, evince contrary
positions against the text.
C.14.1. For example, the following citation supports a text
which argues that experts in the field of substance
abuse disagree as to whether substance abuse should
be considered as a form of mental illness. Notice how
FUNDAMENTALS
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only
by
11. Compare National Institute on Drug Abuse, Comorbidity:
Substance Use Disorders and Other Mental Illnesses,
available
at
http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/
drugfacts/comorbidity-substance-use-disorders-othermental-illnesses (last accessed Nov. 16, 2019)
[http://perma.cc/E8ER-9Q5Z] (asserting that drug
addiction causes fundamental changes in brain function,
overriding the ability to control impulses which is one of
the hallmarks of other forms of mental illness), and Kent C.
Berridge, Is Addiction a Brain Disease?, 1 NEUROETHICS 29,
30 (2017) (“Addiction is a brain disease of temptation and
of choice itself.”), with MARK LEWIS, THE BIOLOGY OF
DESIRE: WHY ADDICTION IS NOT A DISEASE 24-26 (2015)
(arguing that the way the brain changes has to do with
learning and development, not disease).
C.15.
Like in “Cf.”, parenthetical explanations may facilitate a better
understanding of the comparison. However, unlike “Cf.”, these
signals tell the reader to compare authorities in order to find
support or opposition to the text, whereas “Cf.” is used to
compare the cited authority with the text itself to provide
analogous support or opposition.
4. Signal That Invites Further Research
C.16.
“See generally”
is used if the cited authority provides
background material to the text.
C.16.1. The use of footnote text or parenthetical explanations
is also encouraged when using “See generally” to
provide information regarding the relevance of the
source. This is used to guide the readers as to what
authorities can be used for further research or study.
12. See generally UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
INFORMATION, BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE UNITED
NATIONS 58 (42d ed. 2017) (discussing the role of the
United Nations Security Council in dispute settlement).
FUNDAMENTALS
support for the text is demonstrated
comparison of the authorities cited.
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D. PINPOINT CITATIONS & SUBDIVISION SYMBOLS
D.1.
To ensure proper pinpoint citation, authorities must be
completely cited from its main divisions down to its subdivisions
where the cited portion may be found.
13. Instituting the “Administrative Code of 1987”
[ADMIN. CODE], Executive Order No. 292, bk. III, tit. I,
ch. 5, § 17 (1) (b) (1987).
D.2.
D.3.
It is sufficient to indicate the page number if the cited authority
contains only page numbers.
D.2.1.
Use the word “at” only to indicate page numbers, not
other subdivisions (e.g., sections, articles, paragraphs).
D.2.2.
When indicating consecutive page numbers (not other
subdivisions), retain only the last two digits of the last
page in the range (e.g., 751-58, 1203-07) except if the
previous digit changes (e.g., 1398-1400).
Use the section symbol (§) or the paragraph symbol (¶) if the
cited authority is divided by sections or paragraph numbers,
respectively.
14. In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration
(Phil. v. China), PCA Case No. 2013-19, Award, ¶ 761
(July 12, 2016).
D.3.1.
However, do not use the paragraph symbol (¶), if the
cited portion is not expressly enumerated by paragraph
numbers. Use the written abbreviation (para.) instead.
15. An Act Establishing the Philippine Identification System
[Philippine Identification System Act], Republic Act No.
11055, § 15, para. 3 (2018).
D.4.
The pinpoint citation must correspond to the internal ordering
system of the cited authority. If the authority is organized other
than by section or paragraph, cite using the abbreviations in
Annex D. For instance, use “art.” if citing an article, “princ.” if
citing a principle, and “n.” if citing a footnote.
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16. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A.
Res. 217 (III) A, art. 28, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217 (III)
(Dec. 10, 1948).
17. U.N. Conference on Environment and Development,
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,
annex I, princ. 16, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1
(Vol. I) (Aug. 12, 1992).
18. Roland Glenn T. Tuazon, Wrongful Capture, Proper
Detention? Challenging the Doctrine of Male Captus, Bene
Detentus in International Law, 56 ATENEO L.J. 37, 55 n. 77
(2011).
D.5.
If the cited authority contains further subdivisions,
use parentheses to separate these from the main divisions of
sections or paragraph numbers.
19. An Act to Institutionalize the Use of an Alternative
Dispute Resolution System in the Philippines and to
Establish the Office for Alternative Dispute Resolution,
and for Other Purposes [Alternative Dispute Resolution
Act of 2004], Republic Act No. 9285, § 28 (b) (2) (iv)
(2004).
D.5.1.
However, do not use parentheses if the cited portion is
not expressly distinguished as a further subdivision.
In such case, again, use the abbreviation (para.) to cite
paragraphs within these divisions.
D.6.
There is a space between the section symbol and the section
number (e.g., § 2). The same rule applies to the use of the
paragraph symbol (e.g., ¶ 7). There is also a space between the
section or paragraph number and the subdivision in parentheses
(e.g., § 4 (d), ¶ 10 (g)).
D.7.
Use two section or paragraph symbols when citing multiple
subdivisions (e.g., §§ 1 & 43 and ¶¶ 12, 17, 45, & 51). Likewise,
use the plural form of the abbreviations in Annex D whenever
proper (e.g., use “arts.” when citing multiple articles).
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fundamentals of legal citation
D.7.1.
If the subdivisions cited are consecutive, use a
hyphen (-) to delineate them (e.g., arts. 124-126).
See Rule 87 on Hyphens for further guidance.
D.7.2.
Use an ampersand (&) to indicate the last item of an
enumeration.
D.7.3.
Use commas to separate items within the same division
level (e.g., main sections or paragraph subdivisions).
20. Philippine Identification System Act, §§ 1, 3, & 5.
21. PHIL. CONST. art. VI, § 16 (1), (3), & (5).
D.7.4.
Use semicolons to separate citations of divisions with
further subdivisions. See Rule 85 on Commas and
Semicolons for further guidance.
22. An Act Providing for a National Competition Policy
Prohibiting Anti-Competitive Agreements, Abuse of
Dominant Position and Anti-Competitive Mergers and
Acquisitions, Establishing the Philippine Competition
Commission and Appropriating Funds Therefor
[Philippine Competition Act], Republic Act No. 10667,
§§ 4 (i); 8, para. 2; & 12 (h) (2) (2015).
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E. SHORT CITATION FORMS
E.1.
Short citation forms are normally used for subsequent citations
of previously fully cited authorities. Specific short citation forms
are usually provided for several materials within this Guide
(see Rules 1 to 77). Otherwise, the following special short
citation forms under this Section on Short Citation Forms (E) are
to be used in the proper cases.
1. Supra
E.2.
“Supra”, a Latin word for “above” or “earlier in this writing”,
is used to subsequently cite an authority which has been fully
cited previously, when no specific short citation form has been
provided in this Guide.
E.3.
Supra, however, cannot be used to cite an immediately
preceding authority. In such case, Id. must instead be used.
E.4.
Follow this format:
<volume
no., if any> <Last Name/s of Author/s or
Title of Work>, supra note <footnote no. of
initial citation>, <pinpoint citation>.
E.4.1.
The shortened form should appear in the same
typeface as in the full citation (i.e., whether in
SMALL CAPS, italics, or ordinary Roman font).
23. 4 TOLENTINO, supra note 2, at 112.
24. Tuazon, supra note 18, at 50.
E.5.
In a work with two authors, indicate each of the authors’ last
names, along with an ampersand (&) in between their names.
If a work was written by three or more authors, indicate the last
name of the first listed author followed by a comma and “et al.”
25. Warren & Brandeis, supra note 10, at 193-95.
26. MENDEL, ET AL., supra note 10, at 12 fig. 1.
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If the author is an institution, use the full institutional name.
27. UNITED
NATIONS
DEPARTMENT
INFORMATION, supra note 12, at 243.
E.7.
OF
PUBLIC
If no author is indicated, use the title of the work.
28. Rio Declaration on Environment
supra note 17, princ. 25.
and
Development,
E.8.
If there is no author nor title indicated in the work, use the
document number or designation.
E.9.
Note that the supra note number (i.e., referring to the footnote
number of the initial citation) must be kept accurate despite the
addition of intervening footnotes in the work (see Rule 83.7).
2. I d .
E.10.
“Id.” , an abbreviation of the Latin word Idem which means
“the same”, is used when citing exactly all the authorities:
E.10.1. in the immediately preceding authority within the same
footnote; or
E.10.2. in the immediately preceding footnote.
E.11.
If neither of the two conditions above apply, a different short
citation form (i.e., supra or the prescribed short citation form)
must instead be used.
E.12.
Id. cannot be used to refer to Incumbent and Repealed
Constitutions (see Rules 1 and 2), but it may be used for all
other authorities.
E.13.
Follow this format:
Id. <pinpoint citation, if different from immediately
preceding citation>.
FUNDAMENTALS
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E.13.1. When used alone without any pinpoint citation, Id.
refers to the identical pinpoint citation referenced in
the immediately preceding citation.
E.13.2. As illustrated, Id. alone was used in Note 30 to refer to
the same pinpoint citation (i.e., page 138) of the
immediately preceding authority in Note 29.
Meanwhile, Id. was not used in Note 33 because not all
the authorities in Note 32 were intended to be cited for
authority. Similarly, Id. was not used in Note 35.
29. Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, G.R.
No. 221697, 786 SCRA 1, 138 (2016).
30. Id.
31. Id. at 142.
32. Id. at 145-46 (citing Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, supra note 16, art. 15; Convention on the
Rights of the Child art. 7, adopted Nov. 20, 1989,
1577 U.N.T.S. 3; & International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights art. 24, opened for signature Dec. 19, 1966,
999 U.N.T.S. 171).
33. Poe-Llamanzares, 786 SCRA at 152.
34. Eilene Zimmerman, The Lawyer, The Addict, N.Y. TIMES,
July 15, 2017, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2017/
07/15/business/lawyers-addiction-mental-health.html (last
accessed Nov. 2, 2019) [http://perma.cc/6D9W-4FJX]
(citing Lawrence S. Krieger & Kennon M. Sheldon,
What Makes Lawyers Happy?: A Data-Driven Prescription to
Redefine Professional Success, 83 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 554,
560 (2015)).
35. Zimmerman, supra note 34.
E.14.
Note that “at” is only placed after Id. when indicating the
pinpoint citation of pages (i.e., if the pages are different from
the immediately preceding citation). For subdivisions other than
pages, “at” must not be used, pursuant to the rules on pinpoint
citations and subdivision symbols (Section D of this Part).
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Use the applicable short citation form if the material has been
cited five consecutive times as Id. in the same footnote or in the
preceding footnotes.
E.15.1. In the example, the applicable short citation form of
the authority first cited in Note 36 is used in Note 42,
instead of a sixth consecutive Id.
36. CHRIS LOWNEY, HEROIC LEADERSHIP: BEST PRACTICES
FROM A 450-YEAR-OLD COMPANY THAT CHANGED THE
WORLD 277 (2003).
37. Id. at 120-22.
38. Id. at 245.
39. Id. at 95.
40. Id.
41. Id.
42. LOWNEY, supra note 36, at 95.
E.16.
Every time Id. appears or is used, whether within a single
footnote or in a set of successive footnotes, it is counted for the
application of the said rule.
E.16.1. As seen below, Id. is not used in Note 48 as Id. has
been used five consecutive times, which includes Id.
being used twice within a single footnote, Note 46.
43. An Act Providing for the Revised Corporation Code of
the Philippines [REV. CORP. CODE], Republic Act
No. 11232, §§ 124-126 (2019).
44. Id. § 35 (h).
45. Id. § 11, paras. 2 & 4.
46. Id. § 2. This Section defines a corporation as “an artificial
being created by operation of law, having the
right of succession and the powers, attributes,
and properties expressly authorized by law or incidental to
its existence.” Id.
47. Id. §§ 8 & 40.
48. REV. CORP. CODE, § 49 (a) (6).
FUNDAMENTALS
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Introductory signals may precede Id. if applicable.
49. THOMAS S. KUHN, THE STRUCTURE
REVOLUTIONS 158 (3d ed. 1996).
50. See id. at 170.
E.18.
OF
SCIENTIFIC
Id. may be used even when the immediately preceding
authorities have an introductory signal.
51. See Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act
No. 3019, § 7 (1960) (as amended).
52. Id. §§ 3 (e) & 4 (a).
E.19.
Id. is also used when passages are quoted in the footnote text.
E.19.1. When the direct quotation contains 49 words or less,
Id. is placed right after the quotation (see Rule 78).
53. Valino v. Adriano, G.R. No. 182894, 723 SCRA 1, 24
(2014) (J. Leonen, dissenting opinion). In his dissent,
Justice Marvic Mario Victor F. Leonen eloquently
explained that “[t]he law reaches into much of our lives
while we live. It constitutes and frames most of our
actions. But at the same time, the law also grants us the
autonomy or the space to define who we are.” Id.
E.19.2. If a block quotation (i.e., consisting of 50 words or
more) is used, Id. is placed on the next line after the
quotation (see Rule 79).
54. Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, § 7 (as amended).
The pertinent portion of Section 7, as amended, reads —
Every public officer ... shall prepare and file ... a true,
detailed[,] sworn statement of assets and liabilities, including a
statement of the amounts and sources of his [or her] income,
the amounts of his [or her] personal and family expenses[,]
and the amount of income taxes paid for the next preceding
calendar year[.]
Id.
FUNDAMENTALS
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3. Hereinafter
E.20.
“Hereinafter” is used when the authority would be too confusing
or burdensome to cite repeatedly, such as when there are
several works by the same author cited in one article or when
the name of the authority is extremely long.
E.21.
To avoid the confusion or ambiguity, the author uses
“hereinafter” and creates a special short citation form which will
aptly identify the authority cited.
E.22.
Follow this format:
<full citation of the source> [hereinafter
citation form>].
<special
short
E.22.1. “Hereinafter” is added at the end of a cited authority,
before any parenthetical explanation, and is placed in
brackets together with the special short citation form.
55. CESAR L. VILLANUEVA, COMMERCIAL LAW REVIEW 381
(2009) [hereinafter VILLANUEVA, COMMERCIAL LAW].
56. Cesar L. Villanueva, Developments in Commercial Law,
PHILJA
JUD.
J.,
Oct.-Dec.
2004,
at
58
[hereinafter Villanueva, Developments].
57. U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Report
of the Conference of the Parties on Its Twenty-First Session, Held
in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015, ¶¶ 47-51,
U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1 (Jan. 29, 2016)
[hereinafter COP 21 Decision].
E.23.
The short citation form should appear in the same typeface as in
the full citation (i.e., whether in SMALL CAPS, italics, or ordinary
Roman font).
58. Villanueva, Developments, supra note 56, at 83.
59. VILLANUEVA, COMMERCIAL LAW, supra note 55, at 382.
60. COP 21 Decision, supra note 57, ¶ 50.
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“Hereinafter” is never used when the citation is mentioned and
used only once.
E.24.1. As illustrated below, Note 63 did not use “hereinafter”
as the source therein was not cited subsequently in the
work,
whereas
“hereinafter”
was
used
in
Notes 61 and 62 considering the succeeding citations in
Notes 65 and 64, respectively.
61. ANTONIO G.M. LA VIÑA, CLIMATE CHANGE AND
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: NEGOTIATING A GLOBAL
REGIME 219 (1997) [hereinafter LA VIÑA, NEGOTIATING A
GLOBAL REGIME].
62. Antonio G.M. La Viña, Climate Justice in Katowice, MANILA
STAND.,
Nov.
17,
2018,
available
at
http://manilastandard.net/opinion/columns/eagle-eyesby-tony-la-vina/280700/climate-justice-in-katowice.html
(last accessed Nov. 6, 2019) [http://perma.cc/TPA5FUC3] [hereinafter La Viña, Climate Justice].
63. Antonio G.M. La Viña, Reducing Uncertainty, Advancing
Equity: Precaution, Trade, and Sustainable Development, 53
ATENEO L.J. 957, 960 (2009).
64. La Viña, Climate Justice, supra note 62.
65. LA VIÑA, NEGOTIATING A GLOBAL REGIME, supra note
61, at 73.
E.25.
A subsequent citation based upon the use of “hereinafter” is
always accompanied by supra.
E.26.
When the simple supra form suffices, “hereinafter” should not
be used.
E.27.
Similarly, if a specific short citation form is prescribed in Rules 1
to 77 of this Guide, “hereinafter” should generally not be used.
E.27.1. However, there could arise extraordinary circumstances
where supra, in conjunction with “hereinafter”, may be
used to refer to codes, statutes, cases, legislative
materials, regulations, etc. (i.e., those with a specific
short citation form prescribed in this Guide), as when
FUNDAMENTALS
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the title of the authority is extremely long or when the
use of ordinarily prescribed short citation forms may
cause confusion or ambiguity.
66. In the Matter of: Save the Supreme Court Judicial
Independence and Fiscal Autonomy Movement v.
Abolition of Judiciary Development Fund (JDF) and
Reduction of Fiscal Autonomy, UDK-15143, 746 SCRA
352, 355 (2015) [hereinafter In Re: Save the
Supreme Court].
67. Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in
Armed Conflict, Advisory Opinion, 1996 I.C.J. 66, 73
(July 8) [hereinafter World Health Organization I.C.J.
Opinion].
68. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons,
Advisory Opinion, 1996 I.C.J. 226, 238 (July 8)
[hereinafter U.N. General Assembly I.C.J. Opinion].
69. In Re: Save the Supreme Court, supra note 66, at 359.
70. World Health Organization I.C.J. Opinion, supra note 67,
at 84.
71. U.N. General Assembly I.C.J. Opinion, supra note 68,
at 245.
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F. LEVELS OF PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
F.1.
A second-level citation is parenthetically added if the information
conveyed is particularly relevant (e.g., when the source cited as
authority itself quotes or cites another source for that point).
72. Leca Realty Corporation v. Manuela Corporation,
G.R. No. 166800, 534 SCRA 97, 109 (2007) (citing
Cesar L. Villanueva, Revisiting the Philippine “Laws” on
Corporate Rehabilitation, 43 ATENEO L.J. 183, 184 (1999)).
73. Mandanas v. Ochoa, Jr., G.R. No. 199802, 869 SCRA
440, 495 (2018) (citing PHIL. CONST. art. X, § 6 &
Province of Batangas v. Romulo, G.R. No. 152774,
429 SCRA 736, 760 (2004)).
F.2.
All the rules in this Guide (e.g., rules on typefaces, short citation
forms, pinpoint citations) shall apply to the parenthetical citation
in the same way as any citation outside the parentheses.
F.2.1.
To illustrate, suppose that certain authorities have
been cited previously in the work (e.g., in Notes 1, 4,
13, and 73) and they are to be cited again, along with
or as part of a parenthetical citation, the
applicable short citation forms (i.e., supra or the
prescribed short citation forms) must be used when
citing the authorities.
74. Araullo v. Aquino III, G.R. 209287, 728 SCRA 1, 67-70
(2014) (citing BERNAS, supra note 1, at 959 &
1 RECORD OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION,
NO. 27, at 436 & 439 (1986)).
75. BERNAS, supra note 1, at 991-93 (citing Marcos v.
Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211, 177 SCRA 668, 708 (1989)
(J. Gutierrez Jr., dissenting opinion); Oposa, 224 SCRA at
809-10; & Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. No.
115455, 235 SCRA 630, 760-61 (1994) (J. Romero,
dissenting opinion)).
76. Mandanas, 869 SCRA at 614 (J. Leonen, dissenting
opinion) (citing ADMIN. CODE, bk. VI, ch. 2, § 3).
FUNDAMENTALS
19
OF LEGAL CITATION
fundamentals of legal citation
One level of recursion may already be sufficient. If a source
cites a source, which itself cites another source, only one level
of parenthetical citation pertaining to the second source may be
indicated if particularly relevant.
F.3.1.
An additional level of recursion (i.e., a third-level
citation) may be included if the information conveyed
by the citation is particularly relevant.
F.3.2.
For example, the case of People v. Adriano quoted the
case of People v. Herrera, which itself quoted the case
of People v. Hilario. If the Herrera case is particularly
relevant, it may be parenthetically cited as illustrated
below. There is no need to include a third-level citation
for the Hilario case if it is not relevant.
77. People v. Adriano, G.R. No. 205228, 763 SCRA 70, 83
(2015) (citing People v. Herrera, 422 Phil. 830, 857
(2001)).
FUNDAMENTALS
F.3.
20
OF LEGAL CITATION
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G. EXPLANATORY FOOTNOTES & PARENTHETICALS
G.1.
Explanatory footnotes and parentheticals may introduce
information related to, but not appropriate for, inclusion in the
body of the work (e.g., when making a tangential point, when
explaining the relevance of an authority cited, or when clarifying
a statement made in the text). Such information may be in the
form of direct quotations lifted from the authority cited.
G.2.
Explanatory footnotes must be complete sentences and must be
accompanied by citations, if necessary.
78. While the decision overturned years of precedent in
various fields of law, the Author humbly submits that the
petition should have been dismissed outright.
79. Rules of statutory construction necessarily come into play
in the case of two conflicting laws where one did not
expressly amend or repeal the other. RICARDO M.
PILARES III, STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION: CONCEPTS
AND CASES 255 (2019).
G.3.
In contrast, explanatory parentheticals may be in the form of
sentences or phrases.
80. ALOYSIUS
P.
LLAMZON,
CORRUPTION
IN
INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION 3 (2014)
(explaining that revolutionary shifts in history were largely
driven by the desire to reform institutions plagued by
corruption).
G.3.1.
If the explanatory parenthetical is in sentence form, it
must end with the appropriate punctuation inside the
parentheses, in addition to the period at the end of the
footnote.
81. Libi v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 70890,
214 SCRA 16, 18 (1992) (“One of the ironic verities of
life, it has been said, is that sorrow is sometimes a
touchstone of love.”).
FUNDAMENTALS
21
OF LEGAL CITATION
fundamentals of legal citation
22
II. PRIMARY AUTHORITIES
On the other hand, secondary authorities, dealt with in Part III of this
Guide, are sources of information which help explain, comment on, or
analyze the law. Unlike primary authorities, secondary authorities are
never binding but are merely persuasive.
The rules provided in this Part are applicable to both domestic and
foreign primary authorities. International materials, however, have their
own citation formats which shall be dealt with later in Part IV of this
Guide.
A. CONSTITUTIONS
1. Incumbent Constitutions
1.1.
Cite incumbent constitutions as:
<ABBREVIATED
citation>.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
STATE
OR
COUNTRY NAME> CONST.
<pinpoint
PHIL. CONST. art. XI, § 3 (6).
PHIL. CONST. art. VII, § 18, para. 4 & art. VIII, §§ 1-2.
INDIA CONST. arts. 15 (2) & 16 (2).
U.S. CONST. amend. IV.
MYAN. CONST. pmbl.
1.2.
Constitutions must always be cited in full, even in subsequent
citations. Do not use supra or Id.
1.3.
Refer to Part I, Section D of this Guide for proper understanding
of pinpoint citation and subdivision symbols.
A. CONSTITUTIONS
Primary authorities are statements of law that issue from the sovereign
body, the legislature, the courts, or any other body with official capacity
to issue or to clarify rules within its jurisdiction. Primary authorities may
either be mandatory (i.e., binding) or persuasive depending on the court
level and jurisdiction involved.
primary authorities
23
See Annex A for the list of abbreviated State or country names.
1.5.
“CONST.” is in a typeface known as LARGE AND SMALL CAPITALS,
otherwise known as SMALL CAPS, which are uppercase letterforms
that are shorter in height than the capitals in a given typeface.
If you are using Microsoft Word in Windows, click
Ctrl + Shift + K (or Cmd + Shift + K in Mac) to format the text
to SMALL CAPS.
2. Repealed Constitutions
2.1.
Cite repealed constitutions as:
<year
of adoption> <ABBREVIATED STATE OR COUNTRY NAME>
CONST. <pinpoint citation> (superseded in <year>).
87. 1935 PHIL. CONST. art. VI, §§ 1 & 5 (superseded in 1973).
88. 1973 PHIL. CONST. art. IV, § 4 (2) (superseded in 1987).
2.2.
Likewise, repealed constitutions must always be cited in full,
even in subsequent citations. Do not use supra or Id.
3. Records & Journals of Constitutional Proceedings
3.1.
The initial citation format for records
constitutional proceedings is as follows:
and
journals of
<volume
no., if any> <OFFICIAL TITLE OF RECORD OR
JOURNAL>, <SESSION NO., IF ANY>, <pinpoint citation>
(<year>) (<Abbreviated State or Country Name>).
3.1.1.
The volume number must be in Arabic Numerals.
The OFFICIAL TITLE OF THE RECORD OR JOURNAL and the
SESSION NUMBER, if any, are in SMALL CAPS.
3.1.2.
There is no need to indicate the country name if it is a
Philippine constitutional proceeding, or if it is evident
from its official title.
A. CONSTITUTIONS
1.4.
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24
3.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<volume
no., if any> <ABBREVIATED TITLE>, <PERTINENT
CONSTITUTION>, <SESSION NO., IF ANY>, <pinpoint citation>.
3.2.1.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
3.3.
Follow the rules under this Section on Constitutions (A)
in citing the constitution pertinent to the journal or
record being cited.
2 JOURNAL, 1935 PHIL. CONST., NO. 56, at 595.
Id. at 594-97.
5 RECORD, PHIL. CONST., NO. 109, at 1011.
Id. at 1012.
RECORD, AUSTL. CONST., 2D SESS., at 106.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
A. CONSTITUTIONS
89. 5 RECORD OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION,
NO. 109, at 1010 (1986).
90. 2 JOURNAL OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF
THE PHILIPPINES, NO. 56, at 594-97 (1934).
91. OFFICIAL RECORD OF THE DEBATES OF THE
AUSTRALASIAN FEDERAL CONFERENCE, 2D SESS., at 95
(1890).
primary authorities
25
B. CODES & STATUTES
4.1.
The initial citation format for codes is as follows:
<Full
Title>
[<SHORT
TITLE>],
<statute
no.>,
citation> (<publisher, if not published by
State officials> <year of enactment>) (<Abbreviated
State or Country Name>).
<pinpoint
4.1.1.
There is no need to indicate the country name if it is a
Philippine code.
97. An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991
[LOCAL GOV’T CODE], Republic Act No. 7160, § 129
(1991).
98. The Family Code of the Philippines [FAMILY CODE],
Executive Order No. 209, art. 68 (1987).
99. Penal Code of California [CAL. PENAL CODE], § 25 (West
2011) (U.S.).
4.2.
The SHORT TITLE is in SMALL CAPS (e.g., LOCAL GOV’T CODE, REV.
PENAL CODE, REV. CORP. CODE, INTELL. PROP. CODE, LABOR CODE).
4.3.
Follow the short title used in the code itself, unless the code has
a well-known abbreviated short title as listed in Annex E.
If no short title is provided, or if the code has no well-known
short title, do not indicate any.
4.3.1.
If the short title of the code includes the phrase “of the
Philippines”, such must be omitted (e.g., “CIVIL CODE”
instead of “CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES”), consistent
with Annex E.
100. An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the
Philippines [CIVIL CODE], Republic Act No. 386,
art. 415 (10) (1949).
B. CODES & STATUTES
4. Codes
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4.4.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<SHORT TITLE>, <pinpoint
citation>.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
101.
102.
103.
104.
LOCAL GOV’T CODE, §§ 16-19.
FAMILY CODE, whereas cl. para. 2.
Id. art. 68.
CAL. PENAL CODE, § 95 (a).
5. Statutes
5.1.
The initial citation format for statutes, other than codes, is as
follows:
<Full
Title> [<Short Title, if any>], <statute no.>,
citation> (<year of enactment>) (<Abbreviated
State or Country Name>).
<pinpoint
5.1.1.
Similarly, there is no need to indicate the country name
if it is a Philippine law.
105. An Act Defining Gender-Based Sexual Harassment in
Streets, Public Spaces, Online, Workplaces, and
Educational or Training Institutions, Providing Protective
Measures
and
Prescribing
Penalties
Therefor
[Safe Spaces Act], Republic Act No. 11313, § 6 (2019).
106. An Act Prohibiting the Imposition of Death Penalty in the
Philippines, Republic Act No. 9346, § 2 (2006).
107. An Act Establishing the Philippine Space Development
and Utilization Policy and Creating the Philippine Space
Agency, and for Other Purposes [Philippine Space Act],
Republic Act No. 11363, §§ 2 (e) & 5 (c) (2019).
108. An Act to Establish a New Law for Trade Marks, to
Enable Singapore to Give Effect to Certain International
Conventions on Intellectual Property and for Matters
Connected Therewith [Trade Marks Act], Act No. 46 of
1998, § 15 (1) (b) (1998) (Sing.).
B. CODES & STATUTES
4.5.
26
primary authorities
27
Note that, unlike codes, the short title for statutes is in ordinary
Roman font, not SMALL CAPS. Follow the short title used in the
statute itself. If no short title is provided, do not indicate any.
5.3.
Even if a statute has no official short title, parenthetical
explanations may be used to indicate the name for which a
statute is better known. This explanation may be included in
subsequent citations for clarity.
109. An Act Penalizing the Making or Drawing and Issuance of
a Check Without Sufficient Funds or Credit and for Other
Purposes, Batas Pambansa Blg. 22, § 1 (1979)
(also known as the Bouncing Checks Law).
5.4.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
Title, if any, otherwise use the statute no.>,
citation>.
<pinpoint
5.5.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
110. Safe Spaces Act, § 3 (a).
111. Id. §§ 17 & 20.
112. Batas Pambansa Blg. 22, § 2 (also known as the Bouncing
Checks Law).
113. Republic Act No. 9346, § 3.
114. Trade Marks Act, § 18 (1).
6. Amendment, Repeal, & Invalidation of Statutes
6.1.
If a code or statute has undergone express amendments,
parenthetically indicate this fact.
6.1.1.
This parenthetical indication may be omitted in
subsequent citations, if not necessary to the text.
115. A Decree Instituting a Labor Code Thereby Revising and
Consolidating Labor and Social Laws to Afford Protection
to Labor, Promote Employment and Human Resources
Development and Ensure Industrial Peace Based on Social
B. CODES & STATUTES
5.2.
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116.
6.2.
Justice [LABOR CODE], Presidential Decree No. 442,
art. 96 (1974) (as amended).
An Act to Institute the Policies of Overseas Employment
and Establish a Higher Standard of Protection and
Promotion of the Welfare of Migrant Workers, Their
Families and Overseas Filipinos in Distress, and for Other
Purposes [Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of
1995], Republic Act No. 8042, § 3 (a) (1995)
(as amended).
Id.
LABOR CODE, art. 6.
Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995, § 1.
When citing a statute no longer in force, parenthetically indicate
the year when it was repealed or invalidated in jurisprudence.
6.2.1.
Always parenthetically indicate the repeal or
invalidation in subsequent citations, except the year
and the pertinent case. But there is no need for such
indication when using Id.
120. An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Laws
[REV. PENAL CODE], Act No. 3815, § 202 (1930)
(repealed in 2011).
121. Id.
122. An Act Providing for a National Policy on Responsible
Parenthood and Reproductive Health [The Responsible
Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012],
Republic Act No. 10354, § 23 (a) (1) (2012) (invalidated by
Imbong v. Ochoa, Jr., G.R. No. 204819, 721 SCRA 146
(2014)).
123. An Act to Impose the Death Penalty on Certain Heinous
Crimes, Amending for That Purpose the Revised Penal
Laws, as Amended, Other Special Penal Laws, and for
Other Purposes, Republic Act No. 7659, whereas cl.
para. 3 (repealed in 2006).
124. The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
Act of 2012, § 23 (a) (3) (invalidated).
B. CODES & STATUTES
117.
118.
119.
28
primary authorities
29
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES
7. Reported Cases
Both local and foreign cases are primary authorities which are
dealt with under this Section (C) on cases. In the Philippines,
foreign cases are, at best, persuasive to local courts. The initial
citation format for reported local and foreign cases is as follows:
<Case
Title>, <case or docket no., if needed>,
no.> <abbreviated name of reporter> <first page
of report>, <pinpoint citation> (<court abbreviation>
<year>) (<Abbreviated State or Country Name>).
<volume
7.1.1.
Follow the abbreviated name of the reporter used by
the reporter itself.
7.1.2.
There is no need to indicate the case or docket number
when citing from the official reporters in a State. Thus,
the case or docket number is omitted when citing a
local case from the Philippine Reports (Phil.) or the
Official Gazette (O.G.).
125. Morfe v. Mutuc, 130 Phil. 415, 440 (1968).
126. Manila Electric Company v. Dominador Madronio, 114
O.G. 3730, 3732-35 (CA 2016).
127. People ex rel. Nonhuman Rights Project, Inc. v. Lavery,
124 A.D.3d 148, 151 (N.Y. App. Div. 2014) (U.S.).
7.1.3.
A commercial reporter may be cited only when it is
certain that it is a faithful reproduction of court
decisions or resolutions. When citing from a
commercial reporter, the case or docket number is
indicated if its inclusion greatly facilitates access to the
case. Accordingly, for local cases from commercial
reporters (e.g., Supreme Court Reports Annotated
(SCRA)), the case or docket number must be indicated.
128. Javier v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-68379,
144 SCRA 194, 198 (1986).
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN
CASES
7.1.
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7.2.
30
There is no need to indicate the deciding court if the case was
decided or resolved by the highest court of a State or country.
7.3.
Likewise, there is no need to indicate the country if it is a
Philippine case, or if it is apparent from the name of the
reporter.
131. Serrano v. Gallant Maritime Services, Inc., G.R. No.
167614, 582 SCRA 254, 295 (2009).
132. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 468-70 (1966).
7.4.
When citing a case, omit the names of all the parties other than
those first listed from the contending sides. If the actions are
consolidated in one decision, cite only the first one listed with its
corresponding docket number.
133. Disini, Jr. v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 203335, 716
SCRA 237, 315 (2014).
7.5.
Generally, there is no need to indicate whether a case is a
resolution of a motion for reconsideration.
7.5.1.
However, if the decision sought to be reconsidered has
already been referred to in the work, the fact that what
is being cited is the resolution of the motion for
reconsideration may be parenthetically indicated.
134. Disini, Jr. v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 203335, 723
SCRA 109, 132 (2014) (resolution of motion
for reconsideration).
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN
CASES
129. Taunoa v. Attorney-General, 1 NZLR 429, ¶ 79 (2008)
(N.Z.).
130. Plaintiff M70/2011 v. Minister for Immigration and
Citizenship, 244 CLR 144, 194 (2011) (Austl.).
primary authorities
7.6.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
name of
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
135.
136.
137.
138.
7.8.
<abbreviated
Morfe, 130 Phil. at 440.
Miranda, 384 U.S. at 474.
Id.
Disini, Jr., 723 SCRA at 120 (resolution of motion for
reconsideration).
For the short case title, shorten the title in a way that would not
cause ambiguity or confusion with other cited cases.
139. People v. Cayat, 68 Phil. 12, 18 (1939).
140. Republic v. Manalo, G.R. No. 221029, 862 SCRA 580,
601 (2018).
141. Cayat, 68 Phil. at 17.
142. Id.
143. Manalo, 862 SCRA at 607.
8. Cases Available Online Under Official Domain Names
8.1.
This Rule applies only to cases available in official domain
names of States.
8.1.1.
8.2.
In the Philippines, the official domain name for the
judiciary is www.judiciary.gov.ph. Under this domain
name are the official websites of the Supreme Court,
the Court of Appeals, the Court of Tax Appeals, and the
Sandiganbayan.
Do not cite case texts found in any other domain or website.
8.2.1.
As an exception, cases faithfully reproduced by
commercial electronic databases may be cited using
Rule 9 of this Guide.
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN
CASES
Case Title>, <volume no.>
reporter> <pinpoint citation>.
7.7.
31
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8.3.
32
The initial citation format for cases available online under official
domain names is as follows:
Title>, <case or docket no.>, <date>, <pinpoint
citation, if possible>, available at <internet address>
(last accessed <date>) (<Abbreviated State or Country
Name>).
144. Uber Technologies Inc. v. Heller, No. 38534,
June 26, 2020, ¶¶ 52, 54, 62, 64, 79, & 99, available at
http://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/18406/1/
document.do (last accessed July 13, 2020) (Can.).
145. Secretary for Justice v. Wong Chi Fung, CACV 14/2018,
May 16, 2019, ¶ 49, available at http://legalref.judiciary.hk/
lrs/common/ju/ju_frame.jsp?DIS=121897 (last accessed
Dec. 21, 2019) (H.K.).
8.4.
There is no need to indicate the country name if it is a Philippine
case.
146. Oscar B. Pimentel, et al. v. Legal Education Board,
G.R. No. 230642, Sept. 10, 2019, available at
http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/
1/65751 (last accessed Nov. 19, 2019).
147. People of the Philippines v. Judy Anne Santos y Lumagui,
CTA Crim. Case No. O-012, Jan. 16, 2013, at 40, available
at
http://cta.judiciary.gov.ph/home/download/52589e7
fdbb6adf34405f6ab0ed2a77d (last accessed May 30, 2020).
8.5.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
Case Title>,
citation, if possible>.
8.6.
<case
or docket no.>,
<pinpoint
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
148. Uber Technologies Inc., No. 38534, ¶¶ 53-55.
149. Id. ¶ 95 n. 7.
150. Judy Anne Santos y Lumagui, CTA Crim. Case No. O-012,
at 41.
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN
CASES
<Case
primary authorities
33
9. Cases Available on Commercial Electronic Databases
9.1.
9.1.1.
9.2.
If the electronic database is not a faithful reproduction,
or does not assign unique identifiers to its contents,
use Rule 10 of this Guide.
The initial citation format for cases available on electronic
databases is as follows:
<Case Title>, <case or docket no.>, <database identifier,
if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<court abbreviation> <year>)
(<database name>, <Abbreviated State or Country
Name>).
9.2.1.
If the name of the electronic database is apparent from
its identifier, it need not be parenthetically indicated.
9.2.2.
The database identifier is usually found at the top page
of the case when viewed in the electronic database.
9.2.3.
Electronic page numbers, when used for pinpoint
citation under this Rule only, are accompanied by an
asterisk.
151. Patel v. Facebook, Inc., No. 18-15982, 2019 WL 3727424,
at *5 (9th Cir. 2019) (Westlaw, U.S.).
152. Rufo v. Simpson, No. B112612, 2001 Cal. App. LEXIS
41, at *2-3 (Cal. Ct. App. 2001) (U.S.).
9.3.
Similarly, there is no need to indicate the deciding court if the
case was decided or resolved by the highest court of a State or
country.
9.4.
There is also no need to indicate the country if it is a Philippine
case, or if it is apparent from the database name or identifier.
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN
CASES
This Rule applies only to commercial electronic databases (e.g.,
Westlaw) which are faithful reproductions of officially published
cases, and which usually assign unique database identifiers to
these cases.
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9.5.
34
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
9.6.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
153. Patel, 2019 WL 3727424, at *6-7.
154. Id. at *3.
10. Cases Unreported & Unavailable Online
10.1.
This Rule covers all judgments, final orders, and resolutions of
any court, which are not available in any reporter or online
under official domain names.
10.2.
The initial citation format for cases unreported and unavailable
online is as follows:
<Case
Title>, <case or docket no.>, <pinpoint citation>
(<court abbreviation> <year>) (unreported).
155. Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc. v. Sugar Regulatory
Administration,
et
al.,
Civil
Case
No.
R-QZN-17-02927-CV, at 4 (RTC 2017) (unreported).
156. People of the Philippines v. Datu Andal “Unsay”
Ampatuan, Jr., et al., Criminal Case No. Q-09-162148-72,
at 657-761 (RTC 2019) (unreported).
10.3.
There is no need to indicate the deciding court or agency if it is
apparent from the case or docket number.
10.4.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
Case Title>, <case or docket no.>,
citation> (unreported).
10.5.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
<pinpoint
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN
CASES
Case Title>, <database identifier, if any, otherwise,
use the case or docket no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
primary authorities
10.6.
35
Do not parenthetically indicate that the case is unreported when
using Id.
11. Pending Cases
11.1.
The initial citation format for pending cases is as follows:
<Case
<date
Title>, <case or docket no.> (<court abbreviation>,
of filing or other significant date>) (pending).
159. People of the Philippines v. Maria Angelita Ressa,
Crim. Case No. R-PSG-19-00737-CR (RTC, filed
Mar. 26, 2019) (pending).
160. Ferdinand “Bongbong” R. Marcos, Jr. v. Maria Leonor
“Leni Daang Matuwid” G. Robredo, PET Case No. 005
(PET, filed June 29, 2016) (pending).
11.2.
This Rule applies to cases that are yet to be fully disposed of by
the court hearing it.
11.2.1. If the case is subject of an appeal, use this Rule when
citing the case pending before the appellate court.
11.2.2. Use Rules 7, 8, 9, or 10 of this Guide, whichever is
applicable, when citing the final judgment or order of
the lower court appealed from, or when the appellate
court has fully disposed of the appeal.
11.3.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
Case Title>, <case or docket no.> (pending).
11.4.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
11.5.
Do not parenthetically indicate that the case is pending when
using Id.
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN
CASES
157. Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc., Civil Case No.
R-QZN-17-02927-CV, at 1 (unreported).
158. Id. at 3.
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36
161. Maria Angelita Ressa, Crim. Case No. R-PSG-19-00737CR (pending).
162. Id.
12.1.
When citing an opinion other than the ponencia, use the citation
formats in this Section on Cases (C) but parenthetically indicate
that such other opinion is being cited.
163. Corpuz v. People, G.R. No. 180016, 724 SCRA 1,
71 (2014) (C.J. Sereno, concurring and dissenting opinion).
164. Id. at 77.
165. Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919)
(J. Holmes, dissenting opinion).
166. Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 144 (2000) (J. Ginsburg,
dissenting opinion).
12.2.
As a general rule, there is no need to indicate whether a
decision or resolution is the opinion of the majority, or if it is
promulgated per curiam.
12.2.1. Nonetheless, if other opinions of the same case have
already been referred to in the work, parenthetically
indicate the fact that what is being cited is the majority
or main opinion.
167. Corpuz, 724 SCRA at 96 (J. Brion, concurring opinion).
168. Id. at 57 (majority opinion).
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN
CASES
12. Opinions Other Than the Majority Opinion
primary authorities
37
13. Pleadings, Transcripts of Stenographic Notes,
Interlocutory Orders, & Other Court Documents
The initial citation format for pleadings, transcripts of
stenographic notes, interlocutory orders, and other court
documents is as follows:
<Document
Title>, <date, if any>, <pinpoint citation>
(on file with <physical repository>), in <pertinent case
citation>.
13.1.1. Follow the rules under this Section on Cases (C)
in citing the case pertinent to the court document
being cited.
169. Motion for Reconsideration by the Accused,
Nov. 16, 2015, at 3 (on file with the Sandiganbayan, Third
Division), in People of the Philippines v. Avelino C.
Ceriola,
SB-14-CRM-0420
(Sandiganbayan
2016)
(unreported).
170. Urgent Motion for Clarification, Dec. 1, 2015, at 1
(on file with the Olongapo City RTC, Branch 74), in
People of the Philippines v. Joseph Scott Pemberton,
Crim. Case No. 865-14 (RTC 2015) (unreported).
171. Order, June 1, 2020, at 1 (on file with Author), in People
of the Philippines v. Karl Mae San Juan y Calopez, et al.,
Crim. Case No. 1372-04-20 (MTC 2020) (unreported).
172. T.S.N., at 22 (on file with the Cagayan de Oro City RTC,
Branch 40), in Alfredo Fernandez v. Ronaldo Chua,
Civil Case No. 1429 (RTC, filed Oct. 5, 2008) (pending).
173. Brief for Appellant, June 25, 1971, app. (on file with the
Supreme Court of the United States), in Reed v. Reed,
404 U.S. 71 (1971).
13.2.
This Rule is intended for court documents other than a final
judgment, order, or resolution of a court. In these latter cases,
use Rules 7, 8, 9, or 10 of this Guide, whichever is applicable.
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN
CASES
13.1.
ateneo law journal
13.3.
38
As a general rule, it is imperative to indicate where the court
document may be physically accessed.
174. Memorandum for the Plaintiff, Sept. 9, 2019, ¶ 7.
13.4.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
175.
176.
177.
178.
Urgent Motion for Clarification, supra note 170, at 1.
Id.
Brief for Appellant, supra note 173, app.
T.S.N., supra note 172, at 6.
C. LOCAL & FOREIGN
CASES
13.3.1. As an exception, the physical repository and pertinent
case citation may be dispensed with if the citation is to
be used for a pleading, motion, or paper to be filed
with the court where the case is pending. This
exception applies only for as long as such court has the
records of the case.
primary authorities
39
D. LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS
14. Legislative Bills
The initial citation format for House and Senate bills is as
follows:
<Title,
if needed>, <H.B. or S.B. No.>, <pinpoint citation>,
<legislature>, <session> (<year>).
179. An Act Defining and Prohibiting the Establishment of
Political Dynasties, S.B. No. 1580, § 3 (b), 16th Cong.,
1st Reg. Sess. (2013).
180. S.B. No. 1418, §§ 5, 7, & 9, 18th Cong., 1st Spec. Sess.
(2020).
181. An Act Providing for a Magna Carta of the Poor,
H.B. No. 5811, § 4 (c) (2), 17th Cong., 2d Reg. Sess.
(2017).
182. H.B. No. 9161, explan. n., 17th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess.
(2019).
183. An Act to Ordain and Institute a New Criminal Code of
the Philippines, Repealing for That Purpose Act No. 3815,
Otherwise Known as the Revised Penal Code, and Other
Related Laws, and for Other Purposes, S.B. No. 1227,
§ 25, 17th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (2016).
14.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<H.B.
14.3.
or S.B. No.>, <pinpoint citation>.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
184. H.B. No. 5811, § 5.
185. S.B. No. 1227, §§ 41, 44, & 48.
186. Id. §§ 12, para. 3; 74 (4) (ii); & 79 (1) (g).
D. LEGISLATIVE
MATERIALS
14.1.
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40
15. Congressional Resolutions
15.1.
<Title,
if needed>, <H. or S. Res. No.> <pinpoint citation>,
<legislature>, <session> (<year>).
187. Resolution Urging the House of Representatives to
Declare Schools as Zones of Peace and Academic
Freedom, H. Res. No. 2341, whereas cl. para. 7,
17th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (2018).
188. Resolution Concurring in the Ratification of the Rome
Statute
of
the
International
Criminal
Court,
S. Res. No. 57, whereas cl. para. 5, 15th Cong.,
2d Reg. Sess. (2011).
189. S. Res. No. 1031, whereas cl. paras. 7, 9, & 22,
17th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (2019).
15.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<H.
15.3.
or S. Res. No.>, <pinpoint citation>.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
190. H. Res. No. 2341, whereas cl. para. 5.
191. Id. whereas cl. paras. 6-8.
16. Committee Reports
16.1.
The initial citation format for legislative committee reports is as
follows:
<Title
of Relevant Bill or Resolution, if needed>,
or S. Comm. Rep. No.>, <pinpoint
citation>, <legislature>, <session> (<year>).
<Committee/s>, <H.
192. An Act Encouraging Corporate Social Responsibility,
Providing Incentives Therefor, Committee on Trade and
D. LEGISLATIVE
MATERIALS
The initial citation format for House and Senate resolutions is as
follows:
primary authorities
41
16.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<H.
16.3.
or S. Comm. Rep. No.>, <pinpoint citation>.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
194. H. Comm. Rep. No. 1219, at 1.
195. Id.
17. Congressional Records
17.1.
The initial citation format for congressional records is as follows:
<H. OR
S. REC.>, <document designation>,
citation>, <legislature>, <session> (<date>).
<pinpoint
17.1.1. The “H. REC.” or “S. REC.” is in SMALL CAPS.
196. H. REC., Vol. 2, No. 23, at 57, 17th Cong., 2d Reg. Sess.
(Sept. 12, 2017).
197. H. REC., Vol. 4, No. 54, at 8-10, 18th Cong., 1st Reg.
Sess. (Mar. 11, 2020).
17.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<H. OR
S. REC.>,
citation>.
17.3.
<document
designation>,
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
198. H. REC., Vol. 2, No. 23, at 60-67.
199. Id. at 68.
<pinpoint
D. LEGISLATIVE
MATERIALS
Industry, H. Comm. Rep. No. 1219, at 1, 17th Cong.,
3d Reg. Sess. (2019).
193. Committee on Justice and Human Rights & Committee
on Public Order and Dangerous Drugs, S. Comm.
Rep. No. 18, at 85-86, 17th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (2016).
ateneo law journal
42
18. Congressional Journals
18.1.
<H. OR
S. JOURNAL NO.>, <pinpoint citation>, <legislature>,
<session> (<date>).
18.1.1. The “H. JOURNAL NO.” or “S. JOURNAL NO.” is in
SMALL CAPS.
200. S. JOURNAL NO. 2, at 1716, 13th Cong., 3d Spec. Sess.
(Feb. 20, 2007).
201. H. JOURNAL NO. 16, at 12, 16th Cong., 2d Reg. Sess.
(Sept. 10, 2014).
18.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<H. OR S. JOURNAL NO.>, <pinpoint
18.3.
citation>.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
202. S. JOURNAL NO. 2, at 1708-09.
203. Id. at 1709.
D. LEGISLATIVE
MATERIALS
The initial citation format for congressional journals is as
follows:
primary authorities
43
E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS
19.1.
The initial citation format for executive and administrative
issuances is as follows:
<Issuing
Agency>, <Title, if any>, <issuance or series no.,
if any> [<Short or Abbreviated Title, if any>],
<abbreviated name of reporter with volume no. & first
page of issuance, if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
19.1.1. Always cite from an official reporter (e.g., Official
Gazette (O.G.)) if published therein.
19.1.2. When using the abbreviated title, refer to Annex C for
the list of abbreviations for government issuances.
204. Office of the President, Providing for the Establishment of
Smoke-Free Environments in Public and Enclosed Spaces,
Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2017 [E.O. No. 26,
s. 2017], 113 O.G. 4053, whereas cl. paras. 2 & 8
(May 16, 2017).
205. Bureau of Internal Revenue, Ruling No. 099-2011
[BIR Ruling No. 099-2011], at 1 (Apr. 6, 2011).
206. Securities and Exchange Commission, Guidelines on the
Establishment of a One Person Corporation (OPC),
Memorandum Circular No. 7, Series of 2019
[SEC Memo. Circ. No. 7, s. 2019], § 15 (Apr. 25, 2019).
207. Civil Service Commission, Strike by Government
Employees, Memorandum Circular No. 6, Series of 1987
[CSC Memo. Circ. No. 6, s. 1987], para. 3
(Apr. 21, 1987).
208. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Monetary Board,
Rate of Interest in the Absence of Stipulation,
Circular No. 799, Series of 2013 [BSP-MB Circ. No. 799,
s. 2013], § 1 (June 21, 2013).
E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS
19. Executive & Administrative Issuances
ateneo law journal
19.2.
44
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
19.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
209. SEC Memo. Circ. No. 7, s. 2019, §§ 1, 5, & 11.
210. Id. § 14.
20. Advisory Opinions
20.1.
The initial citation format for advisory opinions is as follows:
<Issuing
Agency>, <Title, if any>, <issuance or series no.,
if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
211. Department of Justice, Advisory on Plagiarism,
Advisory Opinion No. 02, Series of 2012, at 1
(Sept. 18, 2012).
212. National Privacy Commission, Access to Information in
Relation to Disciplinary Records and/or Administrative
Cases of Students and School Personnel, Advisory Opinion
No. 24, Series of 2017, at 2-3 (Feb. 21, 2020).
20.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Abbreviated
Name of Issuing Agency>, <abbreviated
issuance or series no., if any, otherwise use the Title>,
<pinpoint citation>.
20.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
213. DOJ, Advisory Opinion No. 02, s. 2012, at 6.
214. Id.
E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS
<Short or Abbreviated Title, if any, otherwise, use the
issuance or series no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
primary authorities
45
21. Implementing Rules & Regulations
The initial citation format for implementing rules and regulations
of statutes is as follows:
<Issuing Agency, if needed>, Rules and Regulations
Implementing <Full Title of Statute, if needed, or
Short Title, if any>, <statute no.>, <pinpoint citation>
(<year>).
21.1.1. The short title, if any, may be used if the full title of the
statute is not needed for authority.
215. Department of Education, Rules and Regulations
Implementing the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013,
Republic Act No. 10627, rule III, § 4 (2013).
216. Philippine Statistics Authority, Rules and Regulations
Implementing An Act Establishing the Philippine
Identification System Act, Republic Act No. 11055,
rules I & V (2018).
21.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
Rules and Regulations Implementing <Short Title, if any,
otherwise, use the statute no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
21.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
217. Rules and Regulations Implementing the Anti-Bullying
Act of 2013, rule VI, §§ 8-10.
218. Id. rule II, § 3 (b) (4).
E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS
21.1.
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46
22. Quasi-Judicial Decisions
Decisions rendered by administrative agencies in the exercise of
their quasi-judicial powers are cited analogously to Rules on
Cases (Section C), particularly Rules 8 and 10.
22.1.1. For quasi-judicial decisions available online under the
official domain names of the administrative agencies,
use Rule 8 analogously.
219. Competition Enforcement Office of the Philippine
Competition Commission v. Urban Deca Homes Manila
Condominium Corporation and 8990 Holdings, Inc.,
PCC Case No. E-2019-001, Sept. 30, 2019, ¶ 15, available
at
http://phcc.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/
PCC-Case-No.-E-2019-001_Commission-Decision-No.01-E-001-2019_Urban-Deca-Homes_Sett_30Sept2019.pdf
(last accessed Mar. 19, 2020).
220. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System v. Local
Board of Assessment Appeals of Pasay City,
CBAA Case No. L-103, Aug. 30, 2012, at 10, available at
http://cbaa.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/L103Decision.pdf (last accessed Nov. 18, 2019).
22.1.2. For decisions of quasi-judicial agencies unreported and
unavailable online, use Rule 10 analogously.
221. Leonides C. Buac, Jr. v. Alan Peter S. Cayetano,
SPA No. 18-196 (DC), at 17 (COMELEC 2019)
(unreported).
222. Denmark B. Solar, et al. v. Food Panda Philippines, Inc.,
NLRC Case No. NCR-03-04050-17, at 1 (2018)
(unreported).
22.2.
For subsequent citations, analogously follow Rules 8 or 10, as
the case may be.
22.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS
22.1.
primary authorities
47
F. JUDICIAL ISSUANCES
23.1.
The initial citation format for court circulars and administrative
orders is as follows:
<Issuing Court>, <Title, if any>, <issuance or series no., if
any> [<Short or Abbreviated Title, if any>], <pinpoint
citation> (<date>).
223. Supreme Court, Guidelines in the Observance of a Rule of
Preference in the Imposition of Penalties in Libel Cases,
Administrative Circular No. 08-2008 [SC Admin. Circ.
No. 08-2008], para. 1 (Jan. 25, 2008).
224. Court of Tax Appeals, Reorganizing the Three (3)
Divisions of the Court, Administrative Circular
No. 02-2018 [CTA Admin. Circ. No. 02-2018], para. 2
(Sept. 18, 2018).
23.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short or Abbreviated Title, if any, otherwise, use the
issuance or series no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
23.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
225. SC Admin. Circ. No. 08-2008, para. 6.
226. Id.
24. Bar Matters
24.1.
A Philippine Bar Matter may be in the form of a case or a
Supreme Court issuance.
24.1.1. For cases, follow the Rules on Cases (Section C).
227. Tan v. Sabandal, Bar Matter No. 44, 206 SCRA 473,
481 (1992).
F. JUDICIAL ISSUANCES
23. Court Circulars & Administrative Orders
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48
24.1.2. For issuances, follow Rule 23 on Court Circulars and
Administrative Orders.
24.2.
For subsequent citations, analogously follow the Rules on Cases
(Section C) or Rule 23, as the case may be.
24.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
25. Issuances from the Office of the Court Administrator
25.1.
The initial citation format for issuances from the Office of the
Court Administrator is as follows:
Office of the Court Administrator, <Title, if any>,
<issuance or series no., if any> [<Short Title, if any>],
<pinpoint citation> (<date>).
229. Office of the Court Administrator, Release of Qualified
Persons Deprived of Liberty, OCA Circular No. 91-2020,
at 3 (Apr. 20, 2020).
230. Office of the Court Administrator, Order of Destruction of
Dangerous Drugs Pursuant to Section 21 (4), Republic Act
No. 9165, as Amended, OCA Circular No. 118-2020,
para. 1 (July 15, 2020).
25.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the issuance or series
no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
25.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
231. OCA Circular No. 91-2020, at 2.
232. Id. at 3.
F. JUDICIAL ISSUANCES
228. Supreme Court, Adopting the Rules on Mandatory
Continuing Legal Education for Members of the Integrated
Bar of the Philippines, Bar Matter No. 850 [B.M. No.
850], rule 7, §§ 1-3 (Aug. 22, 2000).
primary authorities
49
G. ORDINANCES
26. Local Government Ordinances
The initial citation format for local government ordinances is as
follows:
Sangguniang
<Barangay,
Bayan,
Panlungsod,
or
Panlalawigan> of <Name of Barangay, Municipality, City,
or Province>, <Full Title> [<Short Title, if
<ordinance no.>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
any>],
233. Sangguniang Bayan of the Municipality of Sagada,
Ordinance Adopting the Cave Management of the
Municipality
of
Sagada,
Mountain
Province
[The Cave Management Ordinance of the Municipality of
Sagada, Mountain Province], Ordinance No. 06-2018,
art. VI, § 1 (Oct. 15, 2018).
234. Sangguniang Panlungsod of the City of Pasig, An Ordinance
Strengthening the Operationalization of Freedom of
Information and Providing for a Mechanism
for the Disclosure of Public Records in Pasig City, and
Providing Penalties for the Violation Thereof
[Pasig Transparency Mechanism Ordinance of 2018],
Ordinance No. 2018-37, § 10 (Sept. 13, 2018).
235. Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the Province of Iloilo,
Sanitation Code of the Province of Iloilo
[Sanitation Code of the Province of Iloilo], Ordinance
No. 2015-120, § 52 (Apr. 21, 2015).
26.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
Title, if any, otherwise, use the ordinance no.>,
citation>.
<pinpoint
26.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
236. Pasig Transparency Mechanism Ordinance of 2018, § 11.
237. Id. §§ 9 & 12.
G. ORDINANCES
26.1.
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50
H. RULES OF PROCEDURE
27.1.
The initial citation format for legislative rules of procedure is as
follows:
<H.
or S.> <Title> [<Short Title, if any>],
citation>, <legislature> (<date>).
<pinpoint
238. H. Rules of Procedure in Impeachment Proceedings,
rule II, § 2 (b), 16th Cong. (July 24, 2013).
239. S. Rules of Procedure Governing Inquiries in Aid of
Legislation, § 7, 15th Cong. (Aug. 9, 2010).
27.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<H.
or S.> <Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the Title>,
citation>.
<pinpoint
27.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
240. H. Rules of Procedure in Impeachment Proceedings,
rule V, § 14.
241. Id.
28. Rules of Procedure of Administrative Agencies
28.1.
The initial citation format for rules
administrative agencies is as follows:
of
<Issuing
Title,
<pinpoint
Agency>, <Title>
citation> (<date>).
[<Short
procedure
if
of
any>],
242. Commission on Elections, COMELEC Rules of
Procedure [COMELEC Rules of Procedure], rule 2,
§ 3 (c) (Feb. 15, 1993).
H. RULES OF PROCEDURE
27. Legislative Rules of Procedure
primary authorities
51
28.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
Title, if any, otherwise, use the Title>, <pinpoint
citation>.
28.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
244. COMELEC Rules of Procedure, rule 8, § 4.
245. Rules of Practice and Procedure of the Department of
Energy, rule 12, §§ 1 & 3.
246. Id. rule 17, § 2 (b).
29. Rules of Procedure Within the Rules of Court
29.1.
The Rules of Court cannot be cited in the citation reference as a
collective repository of rules. It may only be mentioned in the
body or text to refer to the Rules of Court as a collective.
29.2.
The initial citation format for rules of procedure within the Rules
of Court is as follows:
<year> <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint
citation>.
29.2.1. The TITLE is in SMALL CAPS.
247. 1964 SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS, rule 78, § 6 (c).
248. 2000 REVISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE,
rule 110, § 4.
249. 1997 RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, rules 1-5 & 36-71.
250. 2019 AMENDMENTS TO THE 1997 RULES OF CIVIL
PROCEDURE, rule 6, § 5 (b); rule 30, § 1; & rule 35, § 3.
251. 2019 AMENDMENTS TO THE 1989 REVISED RULES ON
EVIDENCE, rule 130, §§ 37 & 54 (c); rule 131, § 1, para. 2;
& rule 133, § 5 (a)-(c).
H. RULES OF PROCEDURE
243. Department of Energy, Rules of Practice and Procedure
Before the Department of Energy [Rules of Practice and
Procedure of the Department of Energy], rule 13, § 1
(July 13, 2002).
ateneo law journal
29.3.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint
citation>.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
252. REVISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 110,
§ 2.
253. Id. rule 114, §§ 4-7.
30. Rules of Procedure Issued by the Supreme Court
Not Incorporated in the Rules of Court
30.1.
The initial citation format for rules of procedure which are not
incorporated in the Rules of Court is as follows:
<TITLE OF
RULES>, <issuance no.>,
(<date of effectivity>).
<pinpoint
citation>
254. JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE, A.M. No. 12-8-8-SC, § 9 (a)
(Jan. 1, 2013).
255. RULE ON CYBERCRIME WARRANTS, A.M. No.
17-11-03-SC, § 7.3 (Aug. 15, 2018).
30.2.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint
30.3.
citation>.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
256. JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE, whereas cl. para. 4.
257. Id. § 2 (a) (1).
H. RULES OF PROCEDURE
29.4.
52
primary authorities
53
31. Superseded Rules of Procedure
The initial citation format for superseded rules of procedure is as
follows:
<year
of effectivity> <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation>
(superseded in <year>).
258. 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 112, § 6 (a)
(superseded in 2000).
259. 1983 RULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE IN SPECIAL
CASES, §§ 10 & 12 (superseded in 1991).
31.2.
For subsequent citations, retain the year when the superseded
rules began to be effective by following this short citation
format:
<year
31.3.
of effectivity> <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation>.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
260. 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 112, § 3 (f).
261. Id.
H. RULES OF PROCEDURE
31.1.
54
III. SECONDARY AUTHORITIES
Secondary authorities are sources of information which help explain,
comment on, or analyze the law. These are never binding statements of
law, but they may be persuasive.
I. BOOKS & OTHER NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS
32. Books by a Single Author
The initial citation format for books by a single author is as
follows:
<AUTHOR>,
<TITLE>
<pinpoint
citation> (<year
publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>).
32.1.1
of
The AUTHOR and the TITLE are both in SMALL CAPS.
262. CHRISTINE BELL, ON THE LAW OF PEACE:
PEACE AGREEMENTS AND THE LEX PACIFICATORIA 290
(2008).
263. ALICIA V. SEMPIO-DIY, HANDBOOK ON THE FAMILY
CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 117 & 121 (2d ed. 1995).
264. MICHAEL J. SANDEL, THE TYRANNY OF MERIT:
WHAT’S BECOME OF THE COMMON GOOD 226 (2020).
265. JAMES CRAWFORD, BROWNLIE’S PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW 228-30 (9th ed. 2019).
32.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
266. BELL, supra note 262, at 166-70.
267. Id. at 183 tbl. 2.
I. BOOKS & OTHER
NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS
32.1.
secondary authorities
55
33. Books by Two Authors
33.1.
The initial citation format for books by two authors is as follows:
<FIRST AUTHOR> & <SECOND AUTHOR>, <TITLE> <pinpoint
citation> (<year of publication> / <edition no.> <year of
edition>).
33.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
270. ACEMOGLU & ROBINSON, supra note 268, at 437-43.
271. Id. at 455.
34. Books by Three or More Authors
34.1.
The initial citation format for books by three or more authors is
as follows:
<FIRST
AUTHOR>, ET AL., <TITLE> <pinpoint citation> (<year
of publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>).
272. MITSUO MATSUSHITA, ET AL., THE WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION: LAW, PRACTICE, AND POLICY 375
(3d ed. 2015).
273. GUNNAR NIELS, ET AL., ECONOMICS FOR COMPETITION
LAWYERS 283-87 (2011).
34.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
274. MATSUSHITA, ET AL., supra note 272, at 787.
275. Id. at 788.
I. BOOKS & OTHER
NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS
268. DARON ACEMOGLU & JAMES A. ROBINSON,
WHY NATIONS FAIL: THE ORIGINS OF POWER,
PROSPERITY, AND POVERTY 428 (2012).
269. WILLIAM STRUNK JR. & ELWYN BROOKS WHITE,
THE ELEMENTS OF STYLE 79 (4th ed. 2000).
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35. Multi-Volume Works
35.1.
The initial citation format for multi-volume works is as follows:
<volume
no.> <AUTHOR/S>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation>
(<year of publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>).
35.1.1. The volume number must be in Arabic Numerals.
35.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
278. 4 PARAS, supra note 276, at 93.
279. Id. at 352.
36. Works with Editors or Translators
36.1.
If the work has indicated editors or translators, follow this initial
citation format:
<AUTHOR/s>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation> (<Editor(s) /
Translator(s)> ed(s). / trans., <year>).
280. REYNATO S. PUNO, EQUAL DIGNITY & RESPECT:
THE SUBSTANCE OF EQUAL PROTECTION AND SOCIAL
JUSTICE 493 (Josephine G. Maribojoc ed., 2012).
281. FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV
209 (Richard Pevear & Larissa Volokhonsky trans., 1992).
282. ANTOINE DE SAINT-EXUPÉRY, THE LITTLE PRINCE 70
(Katherine Woods trans., 1943).
283. THE GOOD CAUSE, THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
CORRUPTION 20 (Gjalt de Graaf, et al. eds., 2010).
I. BOOKS & OTHER
NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS
276. 4 EDGARDO L. PARAS, CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
ANNOTATED 863 (18th ed. 2016).
277. 1 CESARIO A. AZUCENA JR., THE LABOR CODE WITH
COMMENTS AND CASES 17 (9th ed. 2016).
secondary authorities
36.2.
57
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
284. DOSTOEVSKY, supra note 281, at 212.
285. Id. at 223.
37. Works in Collections
37.1.
The initial citation format for works in collections is as follows:
<TITLE
OF
37.1.1. The author and Title of the Shorter Work are not in
SMALL CAPS but, rather, in ordinary Roman font and
italics, respectively. The TITLE OF THE WHOLE COLLECTION,
however, is in SMALL CAPS. The indicator “in” is
italicized.
286. Albert E. Alejo, et al., Anti-Corruption and Third Party
Monitoring, in BUILDING INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACIES IN
ASEAN 418 (Ronald U. Mendoza, et al. eds., 2019).
287. Paul Ducheine, The Notion of Cyber Operations,
in RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
CYBERSPACE 231 fig. 10.1 (Nicholas Tsagourias & Russell
Buchan eds., 2015).
288. Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Ode to October 10, in
HERENCIA: THE ANTHOLOGY OF HISPANIC LITERATURE
OF THE UNITED STATES 562 (Nicolás Kanellos ed. &
Manuel A. Tellechea trans., 2002).
37.2.
If the shorter work has no formal title, provide a description.
37.3.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
289. Alejo, et al., supra note 286, at 423.
290. Id. at 417-19.
I. BOOKS & OTHER
NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS
<Title
of Shorter Work, if any>, in
WHOLE COLLECTION> <pinpoint citation>
(<Editor(s) / Translator(s)> ed(s). / trans., <year>).
<Author/s>,
ateneo law journal
58
38. Annotations
38.1.
The initial citation format for annotations, which are discussions
in selected case reporters (e.g. SCRA), is as follows:
Annotation,
<Title>,
<volume
no.>
name of reporter> <first page of
annotation>, <pinpoint citation> (<year>).
<Author/s>,
<abbreviated
38.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
39. Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, & Epilogues
39.1.
The initial citation format for prefaces, forewords, introductions,
and epilogues, which are written by persons other than the
authors of the cited works, is as follows:
Preface / Foreword / Introduction / Epilogue
to <AUTHOR/S>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation of preface,
et al.> (<year of publication> / <edition no.> <year of
edition>).
<Author/s>,
292. Joseph Christopher Mijares-Gurango, Preface to PRIMITIVO
MIJARES, THE CONJUGAL DICTATORSHIP OF FERDINAND
AND IMELDA MARCOS xiii (2d ed. 2017).
293. Hilario G. Davide Jr., Foreword to ARTEMIO V.
PANGANIBAN, JUDICIAL RENAISSANCE xi (2005).
294. Albert French, Introduction to HARPER LEE, TO KILL A
MOCKINGBIRD 5 (1996).
39.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
I. BOOKS & OTHER
NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS
291. Jorge R. Coquia, Annotation, The Enforcement of the Hawaii
District Court Judgment Awarding $2.5 Billion to Human
Rights Victims Under the Marcos Administration,
455 SCRA 427, 434 (2005).
secondary authorities
59
295. Mijares-Gurango, supra note 292, at xiii.
296. Id.
40. Special Citation Forms
40.1.
Below are examples of frequently cited works that require
special citation:
40.2.
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 687 (1oth ed. 2014).
OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY 447 (5th ed. 2002).
John 15:13 (New International).
66 AM. JUR. 2D Restitution and Implied Contracts § 3 (2019).
19 C.J.S. Corporations § 771 (2018).
RESTATEMENT (FOURTH) OF THE FOREIGN RELATIONS
LAW OF THE UNITED STATES § 451 (Am. Law Inst. 2018).
For subsequent citations, use a special short citation form that
omits the year or edition but retains it if a different subdivision
was updated in a different year. Do not use supra, but Id. may
be used when proper.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 454.
i Corinthians 1:27-31.
66 AM. JUR. 2D Restitution and Implied Contracts §§ 8 & 12.
Id. § 9.
RESTATEMENT (FOURTH) OF THE FOREIGN RELATIONS
LAW OF THE UNITED STATES § 401 cmt. a.
I. BOOKS & OTHER
NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
ateneo law journal
60
J. JOURNALS & PERIODICAL ARTICLES
41. Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles
41.1.
The initial citation format for consecutively paginated journal
articles is as follows:
<Author/s>, <Title>, <volume
JOURNAL>
(<year>).
<first
no.> <ABBREVIATED NAME OF
page of article>, <pinpoint citation>
41.1.2. For the abbreviated name of the journal, refer to
Annex F and Annex G. When the abbreviation for the
name of a particular journal is not contained in the said
Annexes, consult the other entries therein for common
words to be abbreviated.
308. Barack H. Obama, The President’s Role in Advancing
Criminal Justice Reform, 130 HARV. L. REV. 811, 848
(2017).
309. Terence Conrad H. Bello, There’s No Business Like Show
Business ... Until the Taxman Comes Knocking: Analyzing
Common Tax Issues in the Entertainment Industry,
63 ATENEO L.J. 722, 749 (2019).
310. Derrick Wang, Scalia/Ginsburg: A Gentle Parody of Operatic
Proportions, 38 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 237, 247-50 (2015).
41.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
311. Obama, supra note 308, at 817 fig. 1.
312. Id. at 843-45.
J. JOURNALS & PERIODICAL
ARTICLES
41.1.1. A journal is consecutively paginated if the works are
paginated in sequence throughout the whole volume.
The author and title are in ordinary Roman font and
italics, respectively.
secondary authorities
61
42. Non-Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles
42.1.
The initial citation format for non-consecutively paginated
journal articles is as follows:
<Title>, <ABBREVIATED NAME OF JOURNAL>,
month,
quarter,
period,
or
year;
or
volume no., issue no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
<Author/s>,
<date,
42.1.2. For the abbreviated name of the journal, refer to
Annex F and Annex G. When the abbreviation for the
name of a particular journal is not contained in the said
Annexes, consult the other entries therein for common
words to be abbreviated.
313. Florin T. Hilbay, The Flunker: The Bar Examinations
and the Miseducation of the Filipino Lawyer, IBP J.,
Volume No. 33, Issue No. 1, at 62.
314. Amal Clooney & Philippa Webb, The Right to Insult in
International Law, COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV.,
Spring 2017, at 3.
42.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
315. Hilbay, supra note 313, at 58.
316. Id.
43. Newsletters & Magazine Articles
43.1.
The initial citation format for newsletters and magazine articles
is as follows:
<Author/s>, <Title>, <ABBREVIATED
NAME OF NEWSLETTER OR
MAGAZINE>, <date, month, quarter, period, or year>,
<pinpoint citation>.
J. JOURNALS & PERIODICAL
ARTICLES
42.1.1. Non-consecutively paginated journals are those whose
issues per volume are separately paginated.
ateneo law journal
62
43.1.1. For the abbreviated names of selected terms and
periodicals, refer to Annex G.
317. Clayton M. Christensen & Michael Overdorf, Meeting the
Challenge of Disruptive Change, HARV. BUS. REV.,
Mar.-Apr. 2000, at 67.
318. Paul David Hewson, Why Men Must Also Fight for Women
and Girls, TIME, Jan. 15, 2018, at 30.
43.2.
319. Christensen & Overdorf, supra note 317, at 72 & 75.
320. Id. at 74.
44. Newspaper Articles in Print
44.1.
The initial citation format for newspaper articles in print is as
follows:
<Author/s>, <Title>, <ABBREVIATED
<date>, <pinpoint
citation>.
NAME
OF
NEWSPAPER>,
44.1.1. For the abbreviated names of selected terms and
periodicals, refer to Annex G.
321. Edgardo J. Angara, Erap’s Final Hours Told, PHIL. DAILY
INQ., Feb. 4, 2001, at A16.
322. Neil Sheehan, Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3
Decades of Growing U.S. Involvement, N.Y. TIMES,
June 13, 1971, at 1.
44.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
323. Angara, supra note 321, at A1 & A16.
324. Id.
J. JOURNALS & PERIODICAL
ARTICLES
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
secondary authorities
63
K. INTERNET SOURCES
45. Internet Sources in General
This is the general rule when citing internet sources. Rule 46 on
Magazine and News Articles Online and Rule 47 on Social Media
are the exceptions to this general rule.
45.2.
Note that this Rule should only be resorted to if no other rule
within this Guide is applicable to the source intended to be
cited. Typically, citations under this Rule point to sources in
Portable Document Format (PDF) and sources that were
generated by owners or managers of web pages or domains.
45.3.
The initial citation format for internet sources in general is as
follows:
<Author/s
or Organization>, <Title> (<description of
material, if needed>), <pinpoint citation, if possible>,
available at <internet address> (last accessed <date>)
[<permanent link, if possible>].
45.3.1. A permanent link is an internet address, or uniform
resource locator (URL), that provides an alternate but
permanent web address to the original web page.
45.3.2. Whenever possible, the use of permanent links
is encouraged to ensure that the web page is
preserved and made available for future research,
despite changes to the original link that may
subsequently occur (e.g., when the link leads to a
broken or blank web page).
325. Francis Mark A. Quimba & Maureen Ane D. Rosellon,
Impact of Government Incentive on MSME Innovation
(Philippine Institute for Development Studies Discussion
Paper Series No. 2019-27, Dec. 2019), at 14, available at
http://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/
pidsdps1927.pdf
(last
accessed
Apr.
7,
2020)
[http://perma.cc/5R4M-WU7H].
K. INTERNET SOURCES
45.1.
ateneo law journal
64
45.4.
In case the URL is too long or unwieldy, citation may be made
to a shorter URL provided the reader is given directions as to
how the cited source may be accessed. Direction is done
through parenthetical explanations.
330. World Bank, Current Health Expenditure (% of GDP),
available at http://data.worldbank.org (last accessed Aug.
20, 2019) (follow the hyperlink “Indicator”; click on “All
indicators”; then follow the hyperlink labeled “Current
health expenditure (% of GDP)”; select a preferred option
under “Download” to access the annual data per country).
45.5.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
331.
332.
333.
334.
Quimba & Rosellon, supra note 325, at 9.
Id. at 17 tbl. 8.
Id. at 18-20.
Villarin, et al., supra note 329, at 34 fig. 8.
K. INTERNET SOURCES
326. Tim Urban, The AI Revolution: The Road to
Superintelligence, available at http://waitbutwhy.com/
2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html
(last accessed Dec. 1, 2019) [http://perma.cc/CKD989NZ].
327. Harvard Law School Library, What Is Perma.cc, available at
http://guides.library.harvard.edu/perma (last accessed
June 10, 2020) [http://perma.cc/8W3W-BL2K].
328. Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Definition of Plagiarism,
available
at
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
dictionary/plagiarism (last accessed Dec. 19, 2019)
[http://perma.cc/ZJA7-UEJP].
329. Jose Ramon T. Villarin, S.J., et al., In the Eye of the
Perfect Storm: What the Philippines Should Do About
Climate Change (S.C. Johnson Professional Lecture
Working Paper, July 8, 2008), at 70-73, available at
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=
10.1.1.504.2436&rep=rep1&type=pdf
(last
accessed
May 22, 2020) [http://perma.cc/BZ8D-PP47].
secondary authorities
65
46. Magazine & News Articles Online
46.1.
This is the first exception to Rule 45. This Rule applies to
newsletters, magazines, broadsheets, and news articles
available online. Cite articles only from the official domain
names of their respective magazine and news publications.
46.2.
The initial citation format for magazine and news articles online
is as follows:
46.2.1. Note that the author and title are not in SMALL CAPS but,
rather, in ordinary Roman font and italics, respectively.
The ABBREVIATED NAME OF THE MAGAZINE, NEWSPAPER, OR
NEWS AGENCY, however, is in SMALL CAPS.
335. Chiara Zambrano, Chinese Vessel Blocks Pinoy Fishermen in
Scarborough Shoal, ABS-CBN NEWS, July 14, 2016, available
at
http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/14/16/chinesevessel-blocks-pinoy-fishermen-in-scarborough-shoal (last
accessed Nov. 5, 2019) [http://perma.cc/R44M-3RP8].
336. Alex Tizon, My Family’s Slave, ATLANTIC, June 2017,
available at http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/
2017/06/lolas-story/524490/ (last accessed May 11, 2020)
[http://perma.cc/B9TR-27H4].
337. Maria A. Ressa, How Facebook Algorithms Impact Democracy,
RAPPLER,
Oct.
8,
2016,
available
at
http://rappler.com/newsbreak/facebook-algorithmsimpact-democracy (last accessed Aug. 15, 2019)
[http://perma.cc/VLH9-7HYL].
46.3.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
338. Tizon, supra note 336.
339. Id.
K. INTERNET SOURCES
<Author/s>, <Title>, <ABBREVIATED NAME OF MAGAZINE,
NEWSPAPER, OR NEWS AGENCY>, <date of publication or
report>, available at <internet address> (last accessed
<date>) [<permanent link, if possible>].
ateneo law journal
66
47. Social Media
47.1.
This is the second exception to Rule 45. This Rule applies to
every internet medium which allows end-users, not the owners
or managers of web pages, to generate, participate, or share
content on the internet (e.g., social networking sites,
video-sharing sites), and even comments on a general internet
source or a magazine or news article online.
47.2.
The initial citation format for social media is as follows:
or Content Creator>, <username, if available>,
or description of content>, <Title of Cited Content, if
any>, <PLATFORM OR WEBSITE>, <date of posting>: <time of
posting, if any>, available at <internet address> (last
accessed <date>) [<permanent link, if possible>].
<kind
47.2.1. The date and time of posting must be the same as the
timestamp provided by the platform or website.
340. Meera Nair, Article, Adjudication by Algorithm,
WORDPRESS, Jan. 3, 2018: 8:33 a.m., available at
http://fairduty.wordpress.com/2018/01/03/adjudicationby-algorithm/
(last
accessed
May
7,
2020)
[http://perma.cc/2TVX-V39E].
341. Barack H. Obama, @POTUS44, Tweet, TWITTER,
Aug.
29,
2016:
9:28
a.m.,
available
at
http://twitter.com/POTUS44/status/770297035
274584068
(last
accessed
Sept.
26,
2019)
[http://perma.cc/Y4FP-GYML].
342. Ateneo Law Journal, Status Update, FACEBOOK,
Apr.
22,
2016:
2:23
p.m.,
available
at
http://www.facebook.com/ateneolawjournal/posts/81667
7568478093
(last
accessed
June
22,
2019)
[http://perma.cc/4TF5-6B6T].
343. Areté Ateneo, Video, Magisterial Lectures: Roberto Conrado
O. Guevara, Ph.D. – On Journeys & Crossroads: Reflections on
Exodus, YOUTUBE, Aug. 11, 2020, available at
K. INTERNET SOURCES
<Author
secondary authorities
67
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geVah0hecPQ
(last accessed Aug. 27, 2020).
344. Kenneth Isaiah I. Abante, Article, Awakening Vocations in
the Service of the Poor, MEDIUM, Aug. 23, 2019, available at
http://medium.com/@kabante/awakening-vocations-inthe-service-of-the-poor-46dfdb1ba475 (last accessed Nov.
26, 2019) [http://perma.cc/ZG6D-M3XG].
47.3.
Use of parenthetical explanations is encouraged to clarify how
the cited source could be appreciated or accessed by the reader.
47.4.
Note that this Rule does not necessarily pertain to the main
content in the website or platform. It can also be used to cite
the comments on the status update, blog post, article, or video.
346. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook Comment, FACEBOOK,
Feb.
29,
2016:
4:19
a.m.,
available
at
http://www.facebook.com/notes/bill-gates/if-you-couldhave-one-superpower-what-would-it-be/10153387136491
961?comment_id=915530428544738&comment_tracking=
%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D (last accessed Oct. 21,
2019) [http://perma.cc/8CHB-89WK].
347. Steve Benjamins, Disqus Comment, TORONTO
STANDARD,
Oct.
31,
2014,
available
at
http://www.torontostandard.com/uncategorized/thefuture-of-toronto-standard/#comment-1703853692 (last
accessed May 5, 2019) [http://perma.cc/2PDU-PL85].
47.5.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
348. Abante, supra note 344.
349. Id.
K. INTERNET SOURCES
345. Areté Ateneo, Video, Magisterial Lectures: Antonette
Palma-Angeles, Ph.D. – How Do We Decide? Tools for Ethical
Decision-Making, YOUTUBE, Aug. 17, 2020, available at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tma1GDcefeQ (last
accessed Aug. 24, 2020) (discussion on the proposed model
for ethical decision-making begins at 6:50).
ateneo law journal
68
L. THESES & UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
48. Dissertations & Theses
48.1
The initial citation format for dissertations and theses is as
follows:
<Author/s>,
<Title>,
<pinpoint
citation> (<date>)
(<type of work>, <institution which awarded the
degree>) (on file with <physical repository>).
48.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
354. Hawking, supra note 350, at 38.
355. Id. at 20.
L. THESES & UNPUBLISHED
MATERIALS
350. Stephen W. Hawking, Properties of Expanding Universes,
at 17 (Feb. 1, 1966) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Cambridge) (on file with Author).
351. Jose Maria G. Hofileña, A Comment on the Constitutional
Institutionalization of State Participation in the Philippine
Mining Industry, at 10 (Spring 1990) (unpublished LL.M.
thesis, Harvard University) (on file with the Harvard
Law School Library, Harvard University).
352. Sedfrey M. Candelaria, State Responsibility and
International Financial Obligations: A Case Study of the
International Monetary Fund Stand-By Arrangements with
Developing Country Members, at 151-54 (Dec. 1989)
(unpublished LL.M. thesis, University of British Columbia)
(on file with the University of British Columbia Library).
353. Rafael Christopher L. Yap, Bouncing Doctrine:
Re-Examining the Supreme Court’s Pronouncements of
Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 as a Crime of Moral Turpitude,
at 13 (2006) (unpublished J.D. thesis, Ateneo de Manila
University) (on file with the Professional Schools Library,
Ateneo de Manila University).
secondary authorities
69
49. Memoranda, Letters, E-mail, &
Other Correspondences
49.1.
The initial citation format for memoranda, letters, e-mail, and
other correspondences is as follows:
<Type of Correspondence> from <Author/s>, <title or
institutional affiliation, if needed>, to <Addressee/s>,
<title or institutional affiliation, if needed> (<date>)
(on file with <physical repository>).
356. Memorandum from Maria Luz C. Vilches, Vice President
for the Loyola Schools, Ateneo de Manila University,
to the Loyola Schools Community (Apr. 7, 2020)
(on file with Author).
357. E-mail from Jose Maria G. Hofileña, Dean of the
School of Law, Ateneo de Manila University,
to All Students of the Ateneo de Manila University School
of Law (Apr. 2, 2020) (on file with Author).
358. Letter from Jose “Ka Pepe” W. Diokno to Jose Ramon
“Popoy” I. Diokno (Oct. 23, 1972) (on file with Author).
49.2.
If the material is authored by, or is addressed to, two persons,
separate their names with an ampersand (“&”). If the material is
authored by, or is addressed to, more than two persons,
indicate only the first listed author or addressee followed by a
comma and “et al.”
359. Letter from Malala Yousafzai, et al. to António
Guterres, et al. (Jan. 30, 2020) (on file with Author).
49.3.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
360. Vilches, supra note 356.
361. Id.
L. THESES & UNPUBLISHED
MATERIALS
49.1.1. The prepositions (i.e., “from” and “to”) indicating the
authors and addresses are italicized.
ateneo law journal
70
50. Press Releases & Other Unpublished Papers
50.1.
The initial citation format for press releases and other
unpublished papers not available online is as follows:
of Document> by <Author/s, if any>,
institutional
affiliation,
if
needed>,
<Title of Press Release or Paper, if any> (<date>)
(on file with <physical repository>).
<Description
<title
or
50.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
364. Concerned Members of the Ateneo de Manila University,
supra note 362.
365. Id.
L. THESES & UNPUBLISHED
MATERIALS
362. Community Statement by Concerned Members of the
Ateneo de Manila University, We Are Not Blind to the
Darkness and Oppression of the Marcos Years! (Mar. 7, 2016)
(on file with Author).
363. Press Release by Benjamin Perrin, Professor, University of
British Columbia, Human Trafficking Charges on International
Day for the Abolition of Slavery (Dec. 2, 2009) (on file with
the Senate of Canada).
secondary authorities
71
M. INTERVIEWS
51. Interviews Conducted by the Author
51.1.
The initial citation format for interviews conducted by the author
is as follows:
Interview with <Name of Interviewee>, <title or
institutional affiliation, if needed>, in <location of
interview> / through <medium of interview> (<date of
interview>).
51.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra with this particular format:
Interview with <Last Name of Interviewee>, supra note
<footnote no. of initial citation>.
51.3.
Id. may also be used when proper.
368. Interview with Levinas, supra note 366.
369. Id.
M. INTERVIEWS
366. Interview with Emmanuel Levinas, Professor, University of
Fribourg, in Iseltwald, Switzerland (Jan. 27, 1970).
367. Interview with Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez, Retired
Associate Justice, Supreme Court, through Zoom
(July 30, 2016).
ateneo law journal
72
52. Interviews Not Conducted by the Author
52.1.
The initial citation format for interviews not conducted by the
author is as follows:
Interview by <Name of Interviewer>, <title or
institutional affiliation, if needed>, with <Name of
Interviewee>, <title or institutional affiliation, if
needed>, in <location of interview> / through <medium
of interview> (<date of interview>).
52.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra with this particular format:
Interview by <Last Name of Interviewer> with
<Last Name of Interviewee>, supra note <footnote no. of
initial citation>.
52.3.
Id. may also be used when proper.
372. Interview by Dávila-Sta. Ana with Sotto, supra note 370.
373. Id.
M. INTERVIEWS
370. Interview by Kristin Karen Dávila-Sta. Ana with Victor Ma.
Regis N. Sotto, Mayor, Pasig City, in Rockwell Center,
Makati City (Apr. 3, 2019).
371. Interview by James Menendez, Journalist, BBC News, with
Robert E. Kelly, Professor, Pusan National University,
through Skype (Mar. 10, 2017).
secondary authorities
73
N. SPEECHES & ADDRESSES
53. Unpublished & Untranscribed Speeches & Addresses
53.1.
The initial citation format for unpublished and untranscribed
speeches and addresses is as follows:
<Speaker>, <title
<Title
or institutional affiliation, if needed>,
of Speech, if any>, Speech / Address / Remarks at
or place of address> (<date delivered>).
53.1.1. The Title of the Speech, if any, is italicized. If the
speech has no formal title, provide a description, in
addition to the event or place of address.
374. Conchita C. Carpio-Morales, Ombudsman, Corruption and
Anti-Corruption Efforts in the Philippines – 25 Years of the
Office of the Ombudsman, Address at the Forum on
Corruption and Development – How Anti-Corruption
Can Be Integrated into Development Measures to Ensure
Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth
(May 30, 2013).
375. Pope Francis, Head, Catholic Church, Address to the
Filipino Youth at the University of Santo Tomas, Manila
(Jan. 18, 2015).
376. Francis H. Jardeleza, Associate Justice, Supreme Court,
Author’s Speech at the Launch of the March 2017 Special
Issue of the Ateneo Law Journal Entitled Navigating
Uncharted Waters: Moving Forward with the
Philippines-China Arbitral Award (Mar. 30, 2017).
53.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
377. Carpio-Morales, supra note 374.
378. Id.
N. SPEECHES & ADDRESSES
<event
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74
54. Transcribed Speeches & Addresses
54.1.
The initial citation format for transcribed speeches and
addresses is as follows:
<Speaker>, <title
<Title
or institutional affiliation, if needed>,
of Speech, if any>, Speech / Address / Remarks at
<event
54.1.1. The Title of the Speech, if any, is italicized. If the
speech has no formal title, provide a description, in
addition to the event or place of address.
379. Claudio Teehankee, Associate Justice, Supreme Court, The
Rule of Law and an Independent Bench and Bar, Address at the
Induction of Officers of the Movement for the
Advancement of Young Advocates of Pampanga
(July 29, 1983) (transcript on file with Author).
54.1.2. If the transcript is available online, use available at.
380. Pompeyo Diaz, Former Presiding Justice, Court of
Appeals, Passion for Justice, Address at the Commencement
Exercises of the College of Law, Ateneo de Manila
University (Mar. 25, 1981) (transcript available at
http://www.ateneo.edu/aps/law/about-law/
commencement-addresses (last accessed Aug. 11, 2019)
[http://perma.cc/6F6Z-SYNX]).
54.2.
This Rule does not apply if the speech or address is published as
part of a print collection, as in such case Rule 37 is applicable.
54.3.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
381. Teehankee, supra note 379.
382. Id.
N. SPEECHES & ADDRESSES
or place of address> (<date delivered>)
(transcript on file with <location of transcript> /
available at <internet address> (last accessed <date>)
[<permanent link, if possible>]).
secondary authorities
75
O. FILMS & BROADCASTS
55. Films
55.1.
The initial citation format for films is as follows:
<TITLE> (<Production
Company> <year>).
383. THE PAPER CHASE (Thompson-Paul Productions 1973).
384. IGNACIO DE LOYOLA (Jesuit Communications 2016).
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
385. THE PAPER CHASE, supra note 383.
386. Id.
56. Television & Radio Broadcasts
56.1.
The initial citation format for television and radio broadcasts is
as follows:
<Title>: <Episode
Name> (<Production Company, if any, or
Broadcasting Company> <date>).
56.1.1. The Title, Episode Name, and colon (:) are italicized. If
there is no information as to the production company,
indicate the company that aired the broadcast.
387. Avatar: The Last Airbender: The Tales of Ba Sing Se
(Nickelodeon Animation Studio Sept. 29, 2006).
388. Coronavirus, Explained: How to Cope (Vox Media
June 16, 2020).
56.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
389. Avatar, supra note 387.
390. Id.
O. FILMS & BROADCASTS
55.2.
76
IV. INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
International materials may either be binding or persuasive to the courts
of a State, including the Philippines, depending on context. These
materials often involve two or more States or international bodies,
necessitating their own set of citation rules as set forth herein.
P. FOUNDING DOCUMENTS
57. U.N. Charter & League of Nations Covenant
57.1.
The initial citation format for the Charter of the United Nations
(U.N.) and the Covenant of the League of Nations is as follows:
U.N. CHARTER / LEAGUE
citation>.
OF
NATIONS COVENANT
OF
NATIONS COVENANT” is
391. U.N. CHARTER art. 43, ¶ 1.
392. LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT arts. 8, 11, 19, & 21.
57.2.
Similar to the Rules on Constitutions, these two founding
documents must always be cited in full.
57.3.
Hence, do not use supra for subsequent citations of the
U.N. Charter and the League of Nations Covenant. Nevertheless,
Id. may be used for both of these documents.
393. U.N. CHARTER pmbl.
394. Id. art. 27, ¶¶ 1 & 3.
P. FOUNDING DOCUMENTS
57.1.1. The “U.N. CHARTER” or “LEAGUE
in SMALL CAPS.
<pinpoint
international materials
77
Q. TREATIES
58. Bilateral Treaties
58.1
The initial citation format for treaties between two parties is as
follows:
<Name
of Treaty>, <Abbreviated Names of Parties>,
citation>, <date of signing>, <treaty
compilation>.
<pinpoint
395. Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at
Camp David, Isr.-Egypt, pmbl., Sept. 17, 1978,
1138 U.N.T.S. 39.
Indicate the exact date of signing. If there are multiple dates of
signing (like in the case of exchanges of notes), indicate the
period covered by specifying the first and last dates of signing.
58.3.
If relevant, the date of entry into force of a treaty or the fact
that the same is not yet in force may be parenthetically
indicated at the end of the citation.
58.4.
If the Philippines is a party to the treaty cited, place its country
abbreviation (Phil.) before that of the other party.
396. Mutual Defense Treaty, Phil.-U.S., art. IV, Aug. 30, 1951,
177 U.N.T.S. 133 (entered into force Aug. 27, 1952).
58.5.
Treaties must be cited from an official treaty compilation
published by an international organization, such as the United
Nations Treaty Series (U.N.T.S.), League of Nations Treaty
Series (L.N.T.S.), Organization of American States Treaty Series
(O.A.S.T.S.), Official Journal of the European Union (O.J.),
European Treaty Series (E.T.S.), or Council of Europe Treaty
Series (C.E.T.S.).
58.6.
If the treaty cannot be cited from an official treaty compilation
published by an international organization, cite the treaty from
an official domestic compilation of a party thereto.
Q. TREATIES
58.2.
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58.6.1. For example, in cases where the Philippines is a party
to a treaty, such treaty may be cited from these official
treaty compilations: the Department of Foreign Affairs
Treaty Series (D.F.A.T.S.), or the Philippine Treaty
Series (P.T.S.).
397. Air Transport Agreement Between the Republic of the
Philippines and the Kingdom of Norway, Phil.-Nor.,
art. 12, May 8, 1969, 8 D.F.A.T.S. 12 (entered into force
May 30, 1969).
398. Treaty Between the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines and the Government of the Kingdom of
Thailand
Relating
to
Extradition,
Phil.-Thai.,
art. XVI, ¶ 2 (a), Mar. 16, 1981, 8 P.T.S. 668.
58.7.
If the treaty has not appeared in any official international or
domestic treaty compilation, cite such treaty from an unofficial
treaty compilation such as the International Legal Materials
(I.L.M.) if available therein.
399. Treaty Establishing a Special Associative Relationship,
Arg.-It., art. 9, Dec. 10, 1987, 28 I.L.M. 1212.
Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged when the treaty
will be cited subsequently, with the special short citation form
preferably indicating the name or abbreviation for which the
treaty is better known, if any.
400. Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong,
China-U.K., ¶ 3, Dec. 19, 1984, 1399 U.N.T.S. 33
[hereinafter Sino-British Joint Declaration].
58.9.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
401. Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at
Camp David, supra note 395, pmbl.
402. Sino-British Joint Declaration, supra note 400, ¶ 1.
403. Id. ¶¶ 2 & 8.
Q. TREATIES
58.8.
international materials
79
59. Multilateral Treaties
59.1.
The initial citation format for treaties among three or more
parties is as follows:
of Treaty> <pinpoint citation>, <signification>
of signing or other significant date>, <treaty
compilation>.
<Name
<date
59.1.1. Note that there is no comma between the name of the
treaty and the pinpoint citation.
404. Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia art. 2,
signed Feb. 24, 1976, 1025 U.N.T.S. 297.
405. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees art. 33, ¶ 1,
signed July 28, 1951, 189 U.N.T.S. 137.
59.2.
406. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties art. 31,
opened for signature May 23, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331.
407. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change arts. 18 & 22, adopted
Dec. 11, 1997, 2303 U.N.T.S. 162.
59.3.
Multilateral treaties must be cited from an official treaty
compilation published by an international organization, or from
an official domestic compilation of a party to the treaty. In the
absence thereof, cite from an unofficial treaty compilation
(e.g., I.L.M.). Refer to Rules 58.5 to 58.7 for further guidance.
408. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights art. 26, ¶¶ 2-5, opened for signature Dec. 19, 1966,
993 U.N.T.S. 3.
409. Convention on Rights and Duties of States art. 1,
signed Dec. 26, 1933, 165 L.N.T.S. 19.
Q. TREATIES
The exact date of signing must be indicated. If for some reason
the date of signing cannot be indicated (as when a treaty was
not signed on a single date), then the date on which a
multilateral treaty was opened for signature, approved, ratified,
or adopted may be used. The signification must be in italics.
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410. Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights
to Abolish the Death Penalty art. 2, adopted June 8, 1990,
O.A.S.T.S. No. 73.
411. Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on
European Union and the Treaty Establishing the
European Community arts. 3-7, signed Dec. 13, 2007,
2007 O.J. (C 306) 1.
412. Association of Southeast Asian Nations Declaration pmbl.,
signed Aug. 8, 1967, 6 I.L.M. 1233.
59.4.
If relevant, the date of entry into force of a treaty or the fact
that the same is not yet in force may be parenthetically
indicated at the end of the citation.
413. Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of
Terrorism arts. 2 & 4, opened for signature May 16, 2005,
C.E.T.S. No. 196 (entered into force June 1, 2007).
59.5.
414. Convention on Cybercrime art. 7, opened for signature
Nov. 23, 2001, E.T.S. No. 185 [hereinafter Budapest
Convention].
415. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
art. 296, ¶ 1, opened for signature Dec. 10, 1982,
1833 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter UNCLOS] (entered into
force Nov. 16, 1994).
59.6.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
416. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, supra note
406, art. 72, ¶ 1 (b).
417. UNCLOS, supra note 415, arts. 286 & 288, ¶ 4.
418. Id. art. 287, ¶¶ 1 & 3.
419. Budapest Convention, supra note 414, pmbl.
Q. TREATIES
Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged when the treaty
will be cited subsequently, with the special short citation form
preferably indicating the name or abbreviation for which the
treaty is better known, if any.
international materials
81
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES
60. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Reported Cases
60.1.
The initial citation format for reported cases of the International
Court of Justice (I.C.J.) and the Permanent Court of
International Justice (P.C.I.J.) is as follows:
<Case
Title> (<Abbreviated Names of Parties>), <matter
of decision, if needed>, <type of court document>,
<volume no.> <abbreviated name of reporter> <first page
of report>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
60.1.1. For I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases, the year is used to identify
the volume number. Thus, the year is omitted from the
date at the end of the citation where only the month
and day are given (e.g., 2006 I.C.J. 6 (Feb. 3), 1925
P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 5 (Mar. 26)).
420. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against
Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Merits, Judgment,
1986 I.C.J. 14, ¶ 205 (June 27).
421. Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between
Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahr.), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment, 1995 I.C.J. 6, 18 (Feb. 15).
422. Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia
(Ger. v. Pol.), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
1925 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 6, at 15 (Aug. 25).
423. Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Den. v. Nor.),
Judgment, 1933 P.C.I.J. (ser. A/B) No. 53, at 71 (Apr. 5).
60.1.3. On the other hand, if the controversy was brought by
special agreement of the parties, the abbreviated
names must be separated instead by a slash (/).
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW
CASES
60.1.2. The indicator “v.” between the abbreviated names of
the parties is used if the case was brought by unilateral
application of one party against the other (e.g., Austl.
v. Fr., U.K. v. Ice.). Refer to Annex A for the
abbreviated names.
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424. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hung./Slovk.), Judgment,
1997 I.C.J. 7, ¶¶ 83-87 (Sept. 25).
60.2.
The case title that appears on the first page of the case report
must be used. The word “Case” may be used if a person’s name
was mentioned in the case title.
425. Haya de la Torre Case (Colom./Peru), Judgment,
1951 I.C.J. 71, 83 (June 13).
60.3.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
Case Title>, <volume no.>
reporter> <pinpoint citation>.
60.4.
<abbreviated
name of
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
426. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project, 1997 I.C.J. at 19, 21, & 26.
427. Id. ¶¶ 53 & 85.
61.1.
This Rule applies only to I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases available in the
official website of the I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. (i.e., http://www.icjcij.org).
61.1.1. Do not cite from any other domain or website.
61.2.
The initial citation format for I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases available
online is as follows:
<Case
Title> (<Abbreviated Names of Parties>), <matter
of decision, if needed>, <type of court document>,
<pinpoint citation> (<date>), available at <internet
address> (last accessed <date>).
428. Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean
(Bol. v. Chile), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, ¶ 26
(Sept. 24, 2015), available at http://www.icj-cij.org/
public/files/case-related/153/153-20150924-JUD-01-00EN.pdf (last accessed Sept. 24, 2019).
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW
CASES
61. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Cases Available Online
international materials
83
429. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Arg. v. Uru.),
Judgment, ¶ 52 (Apr. 20, 2010), available at
http://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/135/13520100420-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (last accessed Jan. 8, 2020).
61.3.
Note that the type of court document being cited
(e.g., judgments) must always be indicated if the case was cited
online, even if irrelevant to the text referred to by the citation.
61.3.1. This is necessary to guide the reader in locating the
citation, especially in cases where the court has issued
or promulgated multiple documents that are all
available online.
61.4.
All the rules in Rule 60 suppletorily apply to I.C.J. and P.C.I.J.
cases available online.
61.5.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
61.6.
<type
of court
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
430. Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean, I.C.J.
Judgment, ¶ 27.
431. Id. ¶¶ 28-29.
62. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Advisory Opinions
62.1.
The initial citation format for I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. advisory opinions
is as follows:
<Case
Title>,
Advisory
Opinion,
<volume
no.>
name of reporter> <first page of report>,
<pinpoint citation> (<date>).
<abbreviated
432. Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion,
1951 I.C.J. 15, 21 (May 18).
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW
CASES
<Short Case Title>, I.C.J. / P.C.I.J.
document>, <pinpoint citation>.
ateneo law journal
62.2.
The parties requesting the opinion are not listed.
62.3.
If citing from the official website, use Rule 61 analogously.
84
433. Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos
Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965, Advisory Opinion,
¶¶ 170-174 (Feb. 25, 2019), available at http://www.icjcij.org/public/files/case-related/169/169-20190225-ADV01-00-EN.pdf (last accessed Dec. 28, 2019).
62.4.
For subsequent citations, follow Rules 60 or 61, if the Advisory
Opinion is cited from a reporter or from the official website of
the I.C.J. and P.C.I.J., respectively.
62.5.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
63. Cases Before the ICC
63.1.
<Case Title>, <case no.>, <type & description
court document>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
of
434. Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Case No.
ICC-01/12-01/15, Decision on Prosecution’s Request for
Provision of Certain Individual Reparations Applications,
¶ 6 (Feb. 28, 2020).
63.2.
If the case has been made available in the official website of the
ICC (i.e., http://www.icc-cpi.int), include its internet address.
63.2.1. Do not cite from any other domain or website.
435. Prosecutor v. Al-Tuhamy Mohamed Khaled, Case No.
ICC-01/11-01/13, Decision on Reclassification of the
Warrant of Arrest, ¶¶ 2 & 4 (Apr. 24, 2017), available at
http://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/
CR2017_02560.PDF (last accessed June 1, 2020).
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW
CASES
The initial citation format for cases before the International
Criminal Court (ICC) is as follows:
international materials
63.3.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
63.4.
85
Case Title>, <case no.>, <pinpoint citation>.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
436. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15, ¶ 1.
437. Id. ¶¶ 5-7.
64. CJEU Reported Cases in Print
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) consists of
two separate courts: the Court of Justice and the General Court.
The Civil Service Tribunal used to be part of the CJEU as a
specialized court, until it was dissolved on 1 September 2016.
64.2.
The official reporter for the first two aforesaid courts is the
64.3.
ECR and ECR-SC, however, have ceased publication in print
after the release of the Court of Justice and General Court
cases decided in 2011, and the Civil Service Tribunal cases
decided in 2009, respectively. Thereafter, cases have been
reported
exclusively
in digital format on
EUR-Lex
(i.e., http://eur-lex.europa.eu), the official publication of
laws and cases of the European Union. For more
information, see the official website of the CJEU
(i.e., http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/P_101083).
64.4.
The initial citation format for CJEU reported cases in print is as
follows:
Reports of Cases Before the Court of Justice and the Court of
First Instance (ECR). Staff cases decided by the now-defunct
Civil Service Tribunal were reported separately in the Reports of
European Community Staff Cases (ECR-SC).
<Case
Title>, <case no.>, <year> ECR <volume no.>-<first
page of report>, <pinpoint citation>.
64.4.1. There is a hyphen, but no space, between the ECR
volume number and the first page of the cited case
(e.g., I-7367).
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW
CASES
64.1.
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64.4.2. Cases before the Court of Justice are reported in
Volume I of the ECR (e.g., I-2971), while those cases
before the General Court are reported in Volume II
(e.g., II-415).
438. Van Duyn v. Home Office, Case C-41/74, 1974 ECR
I-1337, at 1343.
439. Microsoft v. Commission, Case T-201/04, 2007 ECR
II-3619, ¶ 842.
64.5.
Note that case numbers before the Court of Justice begin with
the letter “C” (e.g., C-151/07); those before the General Court
begin with the letter “T” (e.g., T-70/17); and those before the
Civil Service Tribunal begin with the letter “F” (e.g., F-128/5).
64.6.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
Case Title>, <year> ECR
of report> <pinpoint citation>.
no.>-<first page
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
440. Van Duyn, 1974 ECR I-1337 at 1344-45.
441. Id. at 1345.
65. CJEU Cases Available Online
65.1.
This Rule is used to cite CJEU cases available at the official
website of the CJEU (i.e., http://curia.europa.eu) and from
EUR-Lex (i.e., http://eur-lex.europa.eu).
65.1.1. Do not cite from any other domain or website.
65.2.
The initial citation format for CJEU cases available online is as
follows:
<Case
Title>,
<type
<ECLI>, <pinpoint
of court document>,
citation> (CJEU <date>).
<case
no.>,
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW
CASES
64.7.
<volume
international materials
87
65.2.1. The European Case Law Identifier (ECLI) is unique to
every CJEU case. The ECLI may be used to search for
CJEU cases on EUR-Lex. See the CJEU official website
for more information.
442. Red Bull GmbH v. European Union Intellectual
Property Office, Judgment, Case C-124/18 P,
EU:C:2019:641, ¶ 64 (CJEU July 29, 2019).
443. Patrick
Breyer
v.
Bundesrepublik
Deutschland,
Judgment, Case C-582/14, EU:C:2016:779, ¶ 49 (CJEU
Oct. 19, 2016).
65.3.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short
65.4.
Case Title>, <ECLI>, <pinpoint citation>.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
444. Red Bull GmbH, EU:C:2019:641, ¶ 100.
445. Id. ¶ 79.
Institutions & Ad Hoc Tribunals
66.1.
The initial citation format for cases before other international
judicial institutions and ad hoc tribunals is as follows:
<Case Title> (<Abbreviated Names of Parties, if
applicable>), <case no., if any>, <matter of decision, if
needed>, <type of court document>, <abbreviated name
of official reporter, if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>).
446. The “Arctic Sunrise” Case (Neth. v. Russ.), Case No. 22,
Provisional Measures, Order, ITLOS Rep. 2013, ¶ 88
(Nov. 22, 2013).
447. Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community v. Paraguay,
Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 214, Merits, Reparations,
and Costs, Judgment, ¶ 309 (Aug. 24, 2010).
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW
CASES
66. Cases Before Other International Judicial
ateneo law journal
66.2.
88
When the name of the judicial institution which rendered the
decision cannot be gleaned from the case number or reporter,
indicate the abbreviated name of the tribunal before the date.
448. Prosecutor v. Tadić, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72,
Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal
on Jurisdiction, Appeals Judgment, ¶ 137 (Int’l Crim. Trib.
for the Former Yugoslavia Oct. 2, 1995).
66.3.
For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format:
<Short Case Title>, <abbreviated name of official
reporter, if any, or case no., if any; otherwise, indicate
the Abbreviated Name of Judicial Institution & type of
court document>, <pinpoint citation>.
66.3.1. If the international judicial institution has an official
reporter, cite thereto. Otherwise, use the case number.
66.4.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
449. The “Arctic Sunrise” Case, ITLOS Rep. 2013, ¶ 34.
450. Id. ¶¶ 90-94.
451. Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R.
(ser. C) No. 214, ¶ 337.
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW
CASES
66.3.2. In the absence of reporters and case numbers, indicate
the abbreviated name of the judicial institution and the
type of court document being cited.
international materials
89
67. International Arbitration Cases
67.1.
International arbitration cases are cited fairly analogously to
I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. decisions under Rule 60.
452. North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case (Gr. Brit./U.S.),
Award, 11 R.I.A.A. 167, 187 (1910).
67.2.
For the case title, the indicated names of the parties may be
used. Otherwise, the subject matter of the case may be
indicated as the case title.
67.3.
Do not indicate anymore the countries involved through
parentheticals when their names are already evident in the case
title.
67.4.
For awards of the International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes (ICSID), the full diplomatic names of the
country involved should be indicated.
67.5.
For subsequent citations, analogously follow Rule 60.
67.6.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
R. INTERNATIONAL LAW
CASES
453. SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A. v. Republic of
the Philippines, Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction,
8 ICSID Rep. 518, 533 (2005).
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S. RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS
68. U.N. General Assembly Resolutions & Decisions
68.1.
The initial citation format for United Nations (U.N.) General
Assembly (G.A.) Resolutions (Res.) and Decisions (Dec.) is as
follows:
<Title,
if needed>, <resolution or decision no. & session
no.>, <pinpoint citation>, <U.N. Document Symbol>
(<date of adoption>).
68.1.1. After 1976, G.A. resolutions are designated by the
session number and the resolution number in the said
session (e.g., the 337th resolution adopted during the
fifty-seventh G.A. will appear as “G.A. Res. 57/337”).
68.1.2. Prior to 1976, however, G.A. resolution numbers were
increased from year to year with the session number
indicated by Roman numerals.
457. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial
Countries and Peoples, G.A. Res. 1514 (XV), ¶ 2,
U.N. Doc. A/RES/1514 (XV) (Dec. 14, 1960).
68.2.
Note that the U.N. Document Symbol may be placed at the end
of the URL, “http://undocs.org”, to access the U.N. document
(e.g., http://undocs.org/A/RES/59/38). For more information,
consult the guide found in the official website of the U.N.
(i.e., http://research.un.org/en/docs/symbols).
S. RESOLUTIONS &
DECISIONS
454. Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts,
G.A. Res. 56/83, annex, art. 22, U.N. Doc. A/RES/56/83
(Dec. 12, 2001).
455. Promoting the Culture of Peace with Love and
Conscience, G.A. Res. 73/329, ¶ 3, U.N. Doc.
A/RES/73/329 (July 25, 2019).
456. G.A. Dec. 62/557, at 106, U.N. Doc. A/62/49 (Vol. III)
(Sept. 15, 2008).
international materials
68.3.
91
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
458. Promoting the Culture of Peace with Love and
Conscience, supra note 455, ¶ 1.
459. Id. ¶¶ 4-6.
460. G.A. Dec. 62/557, supra note 456, at 107.
69. Resolutions by Other U.N. Organizations &
Other International Bodies
69.1.
Resolutions issued by other international bodies (e.g., U.N.
Security Council (S.C.), Economic and Social Council, Human
Rights Council) are cited analogously to U.N. G.A. Resolutions
and Decisions under Rule 68.
69.2.
For subsequent citations, analogously follow Rule 68.
69.3.
Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper.
S. RESOLUTIONS &
DECISIONS
461. Science, Technology and Innovation for Development,
Economic and Social Council Res. 2019/25, at 7,
U.N. Doc. E/RES/2019/25 (July 23, 2019).
462. Outcome of the Universal Periodic Review: Philippines,
Human Rights Council Dec. 36/110, para. 2, U.N. Doc.
A/HRC/DEC/36/110 (Sept. 22, 2017).
463. S.C. Res. 2535, ¶¶ 2, 9, & 23, U.N. Doc. S/RES/2535
(2020) (July 14, 2020).
464. S.C. President Statement 2019/14, at 1, U.N. Doc.
S/PRST/2019/14 (Nov. 22, 2019).
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T. REPORTS & OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
70. Reports by U.N. Organs & Committees
70.1
The initial citation format for reports issued by U.N. organs and
committees is as follows:
Body & Subcommittee, if any>, <Report Title, if
citation>, <U.N. Document Symbol>
(<year for annual or sessional reports, otherwise, use
the date of document for other reports>).
<Issuing
any>,
<pinpoint
465. International Law Commission, Report on the Work of Its
Seventy-First Session, ¶ 47, U.N. Doc. A/74/10 (2019).
466. Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, Global Issue
of Unaccompanied Migrant Children and Human Rights,
at 17-19, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/36/51 (July 24, 2017).
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
467. International Law Commission, supra note 465, ¶ 279 (c).
468. Id. ¶¶ 228-234.
71. Reports by the Secretary-General & Other Officials
71.1.
The initial citation format for reports by the Secretary-General,
and by anyone acting in an official capacity as in the position of
an envoy, spokesperson, or special rapporteur, is as follows:
or Position>, <Report Title, if any>, <pinpoint
citation>, <Institution or Committee to which the Report
was Delivered, if any>, <U.N. Document Symbol>
(<date of document>) (by <Author/s, if any>).
<Capacity
469. U.N. Secretary-General, International Migration and
Development, at 5, 73d Session of the General Assembly,
U.N. Doc. A/73/286 (Aug. 1, 2018).
T. REPORTS & OTHER
INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
70.2.
international materials
93
470. Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary
Executions, Investigation of, Accountability for and Prevention
of Intentional State Killings of Human Rights Defenders,
Journalists and Prominent Dissidents, ¶ 71 (b),
Human Rights Council, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/41/36
(Oct. 4, 2019) (by Agnès Callamard).
71.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
471. U.N. Secretary-General, supra note 469, at 6 fig. 3.
472. Id. ¶¶ 101-105.
72. Conference Reports
72.1.
The initial citation format for conference reports is as follows:
Name>, <Report Title>, <pinpoint citation>,
designation, if any>, (<date of document>).
<Conference
473. World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration
and Programme of Action, ¶¶ 83 & 85, U.N. Doc.
A/CONF.157/23 (July 12, 1993).
474. U.N. Conference on the Human Environment, Declaration
of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,
princ. 20, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1 (June 16,
1972).
72.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
72.2.1. Since there are usually no identifiable authors in these
cases, note that the title of the document must be
used in accordance with the rules on supra .
475. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, supra note 473,
¶ 98.
476. Id. ¶ 5.
T. REPORTS & OTHER
INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
<document
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73. WTO Panel & Appellate Body Reports
73.1.
The initial citation format for World Trade Organization (WTO)
panel and appellate body reports is as follows:
<Type
<WTO
73.2.
of Report>, <Title of Dispute>, <pinpoint citation>,
Document Symbol> (<date>).
Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged, particularly
when citing multiple WTO panel or appellate body reports.
477. Panel Report, Canada — Measures Affecting the Export of
Civilian Aircraft, ¶ 5.153, WTO Doc. WT/DS70/RW
(May 9, 2000) [hereinafter Canada — Aircraft].
478. Appellate Body Report, Australia — Measures Affecting
Importation of Salmon, ¶ 88, WTO Doc. WT/DS18/AB/R
(Oct. 20, 1998) [hereinafter Australia — Salmon].
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
479. Canada — Aircraft, supra note 477, at 43.
480. Australia — Salmon, supra note 478, ¶ 4.
481. Id. ¶ 279 (m).
74. Reports by the WTO Secretariat & Other WTO Bodies
74.1.
The initial citation format for reports by the WTO Secretariat
and other WTO bodies is as follows:
Body>, <Report Title>, <pinpoint citation>,
Document Symbol> (<date>).
<Issuing
<WTO
482. WTO Secretariat, Trade Policy Review: The Philippines,
at 82 tbl. IV.8, WTO Doc. WT/TPR/S/261/Rev.2
(May 9, 2012).
483. WTO Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices, Reports
Under Article 16.4 of the Agreement, at 2-4,
WTO Doc. G/ADP/N/337 (Jan. 29, 2020).
T. REPORTS & OTHER
INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
73.3.
international materials
95
484. WTO Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights, Annual Report (2019) of the Council for
TRIPS, ¶ 30, WTO Doc. IP/C/85 (Dec. 6, 2019).
74.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
485. WTO Secretariat, supra note 482, at 93.
486. Id. at 71 tbl. IV.3.
75. WTO Ministerial Documents
75.1.
The initial citation format for WTO ministerial documents is as
follows:
World Trade Organization, <Title, if any>,
citation>, <WTO Document Symbol> (<year>).
<pinpoint
75.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
489. Doha Declaration, supra note 487, ¶¶ 4-6.
490. Id. ¶ 3.
76. GATT Panel Decisions
76.1.
The initial citation format for General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) panel decisions is as follows:
<Type of Report>, <Title>, <case no., if any> (<date>),
GATT B.I.S.D. (<annual volume>), <pinpoint citation>
(<year of publication>).
T. REPORTS & OTHER
INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
487. World Trade Organization, Declaration on the
TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, ¶¶ 4 & 5 (c),
WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2 (2001) [hereinafter
Doha Declaration].
488. World Trade Organization, Work Programme on Small
Economies, at 1, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(17)/63 (2017).
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76.1.1. GATT panel decisions must be cited from the GATT
Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (B.I.S.D.).
76.2.
Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged, particularly
when citing multiple GATT panel decisions.
491. Panel Report, Norway — Procurement of Toll Collection
Equipment for the City of Trondheim, GPR.DS2/R
(May 13, 1992), GATT B.I.S.D. (40th Supp.), ¶ 4.17
(1993) [hereinafter Panel Report, Norway — Trondheim
Toll Ring].
492. Panel Report, United States — Prohibition of Imports of Tuna
and Tuna Products from Canada, L/5198 (Feb. 22, 1982),
GATT B.I.S.D. (29th Supp.), tbl. 3 (1983).
76.3.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
77. Sales Publications
77.1.
Many U.N. agencies release materials (other than official
documents and records) that are for sale to the public. These
materials may be in the form of reports, studies, or statistics.
They are cited analogously to books and other non-periodic
materials in Section I.
495. OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER
FOR
HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND
CONSTITUTION MAKING 22 (2018).
77.2.
For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when
proper.
T. REPORTS & OTHER
INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS
493. Panel Report, Norway — Trondheim Toll Ring, supra note
491, ¶¶ 3.6, 3.8, 3.11, 3.14, & 3.20.
494. Id. ¶ 5.1.
97
V. GENERAL RULES OF USAGE
U. QUOTATIONS
78. Quotations of 49 Words or Less
78.1.
Quotations consisting of 49 words or less should be enclosed in
double quotation marks (“ ”).
78.1.1. Quotations within the quoted material should be
enclosed in single quotation marks (‘ ’). However, if the
exact passage being cited is itself quoted material in
the original, only one set of double quotation marks
should be used.
78.2.
All punctuation marks should be placed inside the quotation
marks, except:
78.2.1. colons (:) and semicolons (;); and
78.2.2. question marks (?) and exclamation points (!), if they
were not part of the original quotation.
78.3.
Thus, commas (,) and periods (.) are placed within the
quotation marks, even if the original text of the quoted material
does not contain them. This is for plain aesthetic purposes and
must only be used if the integrity of the quoted material will not
be compromised.
79.1.
Quotations consisting of 50 words or more should be in the form
of a block quotation. A block quotation must be single-spaced,
indented on both sides, and justified, and must not be enclosed
in double quotation marks. The footnote reference should be
placed after the final punctuation of the block quotation.
79.1.1. Quotations within the block quotation should be
retained using single quotation marks.
U. QUOTATIONS
79. Quotations of 50 Words or More
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79.2.
The first line of the block quotation may be further indented on
the left margin if it is also the first line in the paragraph in the
original text being cited.
79.3.
If a word, or words, at the beginning of the paragraph of the
original text is, or are, omitted in the block quotation, do not
further indent on the left side nor use an ellipsis to indicate the
omission.
79.4.
Indicate the omission of an entire paragraph or paragraphs in
the block quotation by placing on the next line of the quoted
paragraph an ellipsis consisting of three periods (“ ... ”). This is
only done when one or more paragraphs are omitted in the
length of a single block quotation.
79.5.
If the block quotation is not contained in the body but, rather, in
the footnote text, the citation reference should not be indented
but should begin at the left margin on the line immediately
following the quotation.
496. In the oral arguments before the Supreme Court of the
United States, Ruth Bader Ginsburg asserted —
Transcript of Oral Arguments, Jan. 17, 1973, at 16, 17, &
20 (on file with the Supreme Court of the United States),
in Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973).
U. QUOTATIONS
Appellees concede that the principal ingredient [involving]
strict scrutiny is present in the sex criterion.
Sex, like race, is a visible, immutable characteristic, bearing
no necessary relationship to [ability].
Sex, like race, has been made the basis for unjustified, or at
least unproved assumptions, concerning an individual’s
potential to perform or to contribute to society.
...
In asking the [Supreme] Court to declare sex a suspect
criterion, [the Amicus Curiae] urges a position forcibly stated
in 1837 by Sarah [Grimké], noted abolitionist and advocate of
equal rights for men and women.
She spoke, not elegantly, but with unmistakable clarity. She
said, ‘I ask no favor for my sex. All I ask of our brethren is
that they take their feet off our necks.’
general rules of usage
99
80. Alterations
80.1.
Alterations (e.g., substitution of letters or words, insertion of
material, or conversion of letter case) made to quotations are
indicated by enclosing such changes in square brackets (“[ ]”).
80.2.
When quoting a passage, significant mistakes found in the
original should be followed by “[sic]” (see Rule 90.4).
80.3.
Omitted letters or punctuations must be indicated by empty
square brackets (“[ ]”) (see Rule 90).
81. Omissions
81.1.
Omissions in the quotation must be indicated by an ellipsis,
consisting of three periods, with a space before the first period
and a space after the last period (“ ... ”).
81.2.
An ellipsis must not begin a quotation. It is used generally when
the omission is in the middle of the quotation (see Rule 89).
82. Emphases
82.1.
When emphasis is added to or omitted from the quoted text,
parenthetically indicate the same (i.e., “emphasis supplied” or
“emphasis omitted”) after the citation reference in the footnote.
Justice Claudio Teehankee stated,
497. Teehankee, supra note 379 (emphasis supplied).
82.2.
There is no need to indicate that the emphasis was sustained
from the original text, if such was the case.
U. QUOTATIONS
The fundamental principles of justice necessarily connote a
Rule of Law and not of men[,] and an acceptance of the concept
of human rights inhering in [every person] by virtue of his [or her]
very humanity and not granted to him [or her] by the State ... [,]
and fearless and committed lawyers to seek their enforcement
by a free and independent judiciary sworn to protect and
enforce the law without fear or favor.497
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V. FOOTNOTE REFERENCES
83. Footnote References
83.1.
Every sentence or clause requiring any of the three functions of
citation (i.e., attribution, authority, or research) must be
accompanied by a citation, using footnote references at the very
instance when the need for it arises.
83.2.
Thus, footnote references need not always be placed at the end
of sentences.
83.3.
The footnote reference must be placed after a comma (,) or a
period (.) when such comma or period is used to indicate a
break or signify the end of a sentence, except if the integrity of
the quoted material will be prejudiced by doing so.
83.4.
On the contrary, footnote references must be placed at the end
of a word immediately preceding a hyphen (-) or
an em dash (—).
83.4.1. There must be a space between the footnote reference
and the hyphen or em dash following it.
83.5.
Footnote references should also be placed outside of quotation
marks and brackets, but not parentheses.
83.6.
If a footnote itself contains an assertion requiring support, a
citation to the relevant authority should appear directly after the
assertion. Refer to Part I, Section G of this Guide for proper
understanding of explanatory footnotes.
V. FOOTNOTE REFERENCES
After all, politics is a social activity through which people make,
preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.1
As such, politics necessitates dialogue, not monologue2 —
which is why Hannah Arendt, to a certain extent, defined
political power as people “acting in concert”3 towards some
measure of political efficacy.4
general rules of usage
83.7.
101
If authorities are subsequently cited using supra, the supra note
numbers (i.e., each properly referring to the footnote number of
the initial citation) must be kept accurate, even after the
addition of intervening footnotes in the work.
83.7.1. If you are using Microsoft Word, use the
Cross-reference feature to create supra note numbers
by going to “References,” clicking “Cross-reference,”
choosing “Footnote” under the “Reference type”
dropdown menu, and selecting the footnote number of
the initial citation of the authority intended to be cited.
83.7.2. To update all supra note numbers after having added
intervening footnotes in the work, press Ctrl + A
in Windows (or Cmd + A in Mac) within the footnote
section of the document to select all footnotes therein
and then click F9 in Windows (or Fn + F9 in Mac).
83.8.
When a case is mentioned for the first time in the body and
is found in the middle of a sentence or a clause, the case must
be followed by a footnote reference which provides for the initial
case citation without any pinpoint citation. Another footnote
reference is placed at the end of the sentence or clause if the
text requires a citation (i.e., using Id. with the pinpoint citation).
498. Department of Education, Culture and Sports v. San
Diego, G.R. No. 89572, 180 SCRA 533 (1989).
499. Id. at 539.
83.8.1. However, if the said case is mentioned for the first time
in the body but is found at the end of a sentence or
clause, only one footnote reference (i.e., containing the
initial case citation with the pertinent pinpoint citation)
placed at the end of such sentence or clause is
sufficient.
V. FOOTNOTE REFERENCES
In Department of Education, Culture and Sports v. San Diego,498
Justice Isagani Cruz stressed that “[w]e cannot have a society of
square pegs in round holes, of dentists who should never have
left the farm[,] and engineers who should have studied
banking[,] and teachers who could be better as merchants.”499
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W. PUNCTUATIONS
84. Periods
84.1.
Periods (.) are used to end declarative sentences and indirect
questions.
85. Commas & Semicolons
85.1.
In a series of three or more elements, separate the elements by
commas (,).
85.1.1. If the elements in a series are long and complex, or
involve internal punctuation or internal conjunctions,
separate them by semicolons (;).
85.2.
While commas are used to connect dependent clauses to
independent clauses, semicolons (;) are used to connect closely
related independent clauses.
85.3.
When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series,
a serial comma, otherwise known as an Oxford comma, or
a semicolon, when proper, is placed before the conjunction
(e.g., Math, English, and Physics).
86. Colons
86.1.
87. Hyphens
87.1.
Use a hyphen (-) to:
87.1.1. connect continuing or inclusive numbers, such as
dates, times, and reference numbers;
87.1.2. separate numbers that are not inclusive, such as
telephone numbers and social security numbers; or
W. PUNCTUATIONS
A colon (:) is used to introduce a list or an illustrative quotation,
amplification, or appositive.
general rules of usage
103
87.1.3. separate the elements of a compound word that is
ordinarily hyphenated in a dictionary or other
authoritative source, such as a wordbook.
87.2.
There should be no space before or after the hyphen.
88. Em Dashes
88.1.
Use an em dash (—) to:
88.1.1. denote a sudden break in thought that causes an
abrupt change in sentence structure; or
88.1.2. set apart an element added to give emphasis or
explanation by expanding a phrase occurring in the
main clause.
88.2.
Em dashes should be preceded and followed by a space.
88.3.
To avoid confusion, do not use more than a single em dash or,
in the proper case, a pair of em dashes in any given sentence.
89. Ellipses
An ellipsis is a group of three consecutive dots with a space on
both sides of the ellipsis, but no spaces in between the three
dots (“ … ”).
89.2.
Indicate the omission of words within a quoted passage by
replacing the omitted text with an ellipsis (see Rule 81).
89.3.
The general rule is that a quotation may end with a punctuation
mark even if some words in the original text are thereby omitted
(see Rule 78.2).
89.4.
To indicate the omission of words at the end of a quoted
sentence, replace the omitted text with an ellipsis followed by
the final punctuation of the sentence (e.g., “ ... .”).
W. PUNCTUATIONS
89.1.
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89.5.
104
Indicate the omission of a complete sentence within a quoted
text by replacing the omitted text with an ellipsis between the
final punctuation of the preceding quoted sentence and the first
word of the following sentence (e.g., “. ...”). This may be used
in a single, continuous quotation or in a block quotation.
Article XIII, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution provides that
“[t]he State shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen,
especially of local communities, to the preferential use of the
communal marine and fishing resources, both inland and
offshore. ... Fishworkers shall receive a just share from their
labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources.”
89.6.
If the omitted passage consists of one or more complete
paragraphs, then the ellipsis must appear alone in the center of
a new line (see Rule 79.4).
89.7.
An ellipsis should not begin a quotation.
90. Brackets
Where only one letter, word, or punctuation mark is removed
from a quoted text, use empty square brackets (“[ ]”) instead of
an ellipsis. There must be a space between the brackets.
90.2.
When the first letter in a quoted sentence must be changed
from lower to upper case or vice versa, enclose it in square
brackets. Refer to Rule 98 on Capitalization for further guidance.
90.3.
Substitution of letters or words, insertion of any material, and
conversion of letter case in a quoted text should be enclosed in
square brackets.
90.4.
Significant mistakes in the original, if maintained and
uncorrected, should be followed by “[sic]” but otherwise left as
it is in the original.
W. PUNCTUATIONS
90.1.
general rules of usage
105
91. Parentheses
91.1.
Parentheses, like em dashes, may be used to set apart an
amplifying, explanatory, or digressive thought. However,
parentheses are more informal.
91.2.
Parentheses are
(see Rule 99).
91.3.
When parentheses are used to enclose an independent
sentence, the appropriate punctuation must be placed inside
the parentheses, in addition to the period at the end of
the footnote.
also
used
to
introduce
abbreviations
500. PHIL. CONST. art. XI, § 1 (“Public office is a public trust.
Public officers and employees must at all times be
accountable to the people, serve them with utmost
responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with
patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.”).
W. PUNCTUATIONS
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X. NUMBERS
92. Numerals
92.1.
The numbers zero to nine (0-9) are spelled out.
92.2.
The first word of any sentence must always be spelled out.
Thus, any number that begins a sentence must be spelled out.
92.3.
If a number includes decimal numbers, do not spell it out.
92.4.
If a number in a series includes decimal numbers, numerals
should be used uniformly for the whole series.
92.5.
When percentages or peso or other currency amounts are
referred to, use numerals accompanied by the appropriate
symbol (e.g., %, P, $) (see Rule 95).
92.5.1. As an exception, when the amounts are within the
range of zero to nine (0-9), then the whole amount
must be spelled out, including the words “percent,”
“pesos,” or “dollars.”
92.6.
Numerals must always be used when referring to sections or
subdivisions of statutes or other legal documents.
93. Ordinals
Ordinal numbers used in the body or text as well as in the
citation references must not be indicated by superscripts
(e.g., 1st, 14th, 27th, 145th, 1951st).
93.2.
In the body or text, including explanatory footnotes and
parentheticals, use “2nd” or “3rd” for figures representing
ordinal numbers that end in two or three (e.g., 42nd, 43rd).
Note, however, that spelling out ordinals in the body or text
is advisable.
93.3.
In citation references (i.e., based on the citation forms
prescribed in Rules 1 to 77 of this Guide), however, use “2d” or
“3d” (e.g., 42d, 43d), not “2nd” or “3rd.”
X. NUMBERS
93.1.
general rules of usage
107
Y. SYMBOLS
94. Section & Paragraph Symbols
94.1.
Spell out the words “Section” or “Paragraph” when they are
contained in the body or text.
94.2.
In citation references in the footnote text, use the respective
symbol forms of “Section” or “Paragraph” (i.e., §, ¶, and para.).
94.2.1. Refer to Part I, Section D of this Guide as to the
proper usage of the written abbreviation of
“Paragraph” (para.) in citation references, instead of
the paragraph symbol (¶).
94.2.2. For Windows users, the section symbol or silcrow (“§”)
is inserted by clicking Alt + 0167 (or Option + 6 in
Mac) while the paragraph symbol or pilcrow (“¶”) is
inserted by clicking Alt + 0182 (or Option + 7 in Mac).
95. Percentage & Currency Symbols
The percentage, peso, or dollar symbols are used when the
numbers accompanying them are in numeral form. Otherwise,
spell them out. They should be spelled out when the numbers
are spelled out. Likewise, when these symbols begin a sentence,
they should be spelled out.
95.2.
Do not insert a space between the percentage (%), peso (P),
and dollar ($) symbols and the corresponding number or
amount (e.g., 10%, P10,000, $100,000).
95.2.1. Indicate the peso sign in Microsoft Word by using the
double strikethrough function.
Y. SYMBOLS
95.1.
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Z. OTHER RULES
96. Author Names
96.1.
When a work written by one author is cited for the first time,
sufficiently indicate the author’s name in the citation reference.
96.1.1. If the author is a natural person, cite using the author’s
given name followed by the surname.
96.1.2. If the author is an institution, cite using the
institutional author’s official or registered name.
96.1.3. If the author does not have any given name, cite the
name by which the author is known to the public.
For subsequent citations of a work written by one author,
indicate the last name of the author or the full institutional
name, as the case may be.
96.3.
If a cited work is written by two authors, the initial citation
reference must list the authors’ full names in the order in which
they appear on the title page of the work, separated by an
ampersand (&). In subsequent citations using supra, only their
last names are indicated, with an ampersand (&) in between.
96.4.
If a cited work is written by three or more authors, the initial
citation reference should indicate the first listed author’s full
name followed by a comma and “et al.” In subsequent citations
using supra, only the last name of the first listed author is
indicated, along with a comma and “et al.”
97. Dates
97.1.
Dates in the body or text are written with the day first, followed
by the month, spelled in its entirety, and the year
(e.g., 10 December 1948).
97.2.
Dates found in citation references in the footnote text begin
with the month, as abbreviated in Annex B, followed by the day
and the year (e.g., Dec. 10, 1948).
Z. OTHER RULES
96.2.
general rules of usage
109
98. Capitalization
98.1.
Quotations embedded in the text of a piece may begin with an
uppercase or lowercase letter, depending on the context.
98.1.1. A quotation used as an essential syntactic part of a
sentence should begin with a lowercase letter.
98.1.2. In most cases, the Rule above means that a quotation
introduced by “that” will not be capitalized, while one
introduced as a free-standing sentence will be.
Justice Caguioa stated that “[t]he Bill of Rights should never be
sacrificed on the altar of convenience. Otherwise, the
malevolent mantle of the rule of men dislodges the rule of law.”
Justice Caguioa stated, “The Bill of Rights should never be
sacrificed on the altar of convenience. Otherwise, the
malevolent mantle of the rule of men dislodges the rule of law.”
Justice Caguioa reiterated the value of constitutional rights in
Sapla — “The Bill of Rights should never be sacrificed on the
altar of convenience. Otherwise, the malevolent mantle of the
rule of men dislodges the rule of law.”
98.2.
The words Article, Essay, Comment, Note, Work, Study, Thesis,
or Paper should be capitalized when referring to the written
work itself.
98.2.1. When referring to a specific part, section, or chapter of
a written work, capitalize Part, Section, or Chapter.
Words in a heading or title are capitalized, including the first
word and the word immediately following a colon (e.g., Holmes’
Ideological Influence: An Examination).
98.3.1. Articles, coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions in
a heading or title should not be capitalized when they
consist of four or fewer letters, unless they are used as
the first word of the heading or title, or when they
immediately follow a colon (e.g., Discipline, Liberty,
and the Limits of Police Power: Introducing Alternative
Confinement as a Unified Framework to Explain
Z. OTHER RULES
98.3.
ateneo law journal
110
“Hospital and House Arrests,” as well as Temporary
Releases from Jail or Prison, and Providing Mechanisms
Against Its Abuse).
98.4.
Capitalize nouns referring to people or groups (e.g., the
Administrator, the Board) only when they identify specific
persons, officials, groups, or government offices.
98.5.
Similarly, capitalize such phrases as “the Act,” “the Code,”
“the Executive,” “the Senate,” “the Congress,” “the Petition,”
and so forth only when the reference is unambiguously
identified.
98.6.
The phrases “the Court” and “the Constitution” should be
capitalized only when referring to the Philippine Supreme Court
and the current Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
98.7.
Names of parts of a constitution or statute may be capitalized
when used as proper nouns, as in “First Amendment,”
“Article III,” or “Section 8 (e).”
99. Abbreviation
Abbreviations are shortened forms of words. Acronyms are
abbreviations formed by using the first letter of each word to
form a pronounceable word (e.g., ASEAN, NASA, laser, scuba).
Initialisms are abbreviations read as a series of letters
(e.g., DNA, IQ, PBA, RSVP, URL).
99.2.
Abbreviations should be used only if they are easily recognized,
and then sparingly.
99.2.1. Parentheses are used to introduce abbreviations.
99.3.
In the body or text, periods are generally omitted in
abbreviations (e.g., UN, ICJ).
99.4.
In the footnotes, for citation references requiring abbreviations,
periods are used in conformity with Rules 1 to 77 of this Guide
(e.g., U.N., I.C.J.), and with reference to the Lists of
Abbreviations found in the Annexes of this Guide.
Z. OTHER RULES
99.1.
general rules of usage
111
100. Italicization
100.1.
Italicize words and phrases to indicate emphasis.
100.2.
In the body or text, the case title is always italicized. Use the
full case title when the case is mentioned for the first time in the
body or text (e.g., Cruz v. Santos), and use the short case title
when the case is subsequently mentioned therein (e.g., Cruz).
100.3.
Italicize non-English words and phrases (e.g., kalikasan), except
if they have been incorporated into common English
(e.g., vis-à-vis).
100.4.
Latin words and phrases are generally italicized (e.g., duces
tecum, ejusdem generis, habeas corpus, ignorantia legis
neminem excusat, pro hac vice, res gestae, sub judice), unless
they are considered to be of common usage and are widely
used in legal writing (e.g., ad hoc, alma mater, certiorari,
de jure, mens rea, obiter dictum, prima facie).
100.5.
Letters representing hypothetical parties, places, or things are
also italicized for distinction.
Z. OTHER RULES
112
ANNEXES: LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
A. SELECTED GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS
Afg.
Afr.
Alb.
Alg.
Andorra
Angl.
Anguilla
Antarctica
Ant. & Barb.
Arg.
Arm.
Asia
Austl.
Austria
Azer.
Bah.
Bahr.
Bangl.
Barb.
Belr.
Belg.
Belize
Benin
Berm.
Bhutan
Bol.
Bosn. & Herz.
Bots.
Braz.
Brunei
Bulg.
Burk. Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Can.
Cape Verde
Cayman Is.
Cent. Afr. Rep.
Chad
Chile
China, People’s
Republic of
Colombia
Comoros
Congo, Democratic
Republic of the
Congo, Republic of
Costa Rica
Côte d’Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
England
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Europe
Falkland Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Great Britain
Greece
Greenland
Chad
Chile
China
Colom.
Comoros
Dem. Rep. Congo
Congo
Costa Rica
Côte d’Ivoire
Croat.
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech
Den.
Djib.
Dominica
Dom. Rep.
Ecuador
Egypt
El Sal.
Eng.
Eq. Guinea
Eri.
Est.
Eth.
Eur.
Falkland Is.
Fiji
Fin.
Fr.
Gabon
Gam.
Geor.
Ger.
Ghana
Gib.
Gr. Brit.
Greece
Green.
ANNEX A. SELECTED
GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS
Afghanistan
Africa
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antarctica
Antigua & Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Asia
Australia
Austria
Azerbajian
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia &
Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African
Republic
annexes
Gren.
Guad.
Guat.
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guy.
Haiti
Hond.
H.K.
Hung.
Ice.
India
Indon.
Iran
Iraq
Ir.
Isr.
It.
Jam.
Japan
Jordan
Kaz.
Kenya
Kiribati
N. Kor.
S. Kor.
Kos.
Kuwait
Kyrg.
Laos
Lat.
Leb.
Lesotho
Liber.
Libya
Liech.
Lith.
Lux.
Mac.
Maced.
Madag.
Malawi
Malay.
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marsh. Is.
Mart.
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
North America
Northern Ireland
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn Island
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Réunion
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Helena
Saint Kitts & Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent & the
Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
São Tomé and
Príncipe
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mex.
Micr.
Mold.
Monaco
Mong.
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozam.
Myan.
Namib.
Nauru
Nepal
Neth.
N.Z.
Nicar.
Niger
Nigeria
N. Am.
N. Ir.
Nor.
Oman
Pak.
Palau
Pan.
Papua N.G.
Para.
Peru
Phil.
Pitcairn Is.
Pol.
Port.
Qatar
Réunion
Rom.
Russ.
Rwanda
St. Helena
St. Kitts & Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent
Samoa
San Marino
São Tomé &
Príncipe
ANNEX A. SELECTED
GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, North
Korea, South
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique
113
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Saudi Arabia
Scotland
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South America
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste (East
Timor)
Saudi Arabia
Scot.
Sen.
Serb.
Sey.
Sierra Leone
Sing.
Slovk.
Slovn.
Solom. Is.
Som.
S. Afr.
S. Am.
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Surin.
Swaz.
Swed.
Switz.
Syria
Taiwan
Taj.
Tanz.
Thai.
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad & Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks & Caicos
Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab
Emirates
United Kingdom
United States of
America
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vatican City
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands,
British
Wales
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
114
Togo
Tonga
Trin. & Tobago
Tunis.
Turk.
Turkm.
Turks & Caicos Is.
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukr.
U.A.E.
U.K.
U.S.
Uru.
Uzb.
Vanuatu
Vatican
Venez.
Viet.
Virgin Is.
Wales
Yemen
Zam.
Zim.
B. MONTHS
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
ANNEX B. MONTHS
annexes
115
C. GOVERNMENT ISSUANCES
Administrative Circular
Administrative Matter
Administrative Order
Circular
Committee
Committee Report
Committee Resolution
Concurrent Resolution
Department
Department Advisory
Department Circular
Department Order
Executive Order
General Circular
General Order
House Record
House Resolution
Joint Resolution
Letters of Instruction
Memorand[-um, -a]
Memorandum Circular
Number[-s]
Presidential Proclamation
Proclamation
Regulation
Report
Resolution
Resolution of Both Houses
Revenue Audit Memorandum Circular
Revenue Bulletin
Revenue Delegation Authority Order
Revenue Memorandum Circular
Revenue Memorandum Order
Revenue Memorandum Ruling
Revenue Operations Order
Revenue Regulations
Revenue Special Order
Senate Record
Senate Resolution
Special Order
Transcript of Stenographic Notes
Value-Added Tax Ruling
Admin. Circ.
A.M.
A.O.
Circ.
Comm.
Comm. Rep.
Comm. Res.
Concur. Res.
Dept.
Dept. Advisory
Dept. Circ.
D.O.
E.O.
Gen. Circ.
G.O.
H. Rec.
H. Res.
Jt. Res.
LOI
Memo.
Memo. Circ.
No. / Nos.
P.P.
Proc.
Reg.
Rep.
Res.
R.B.H.
RAMC
Rev. Bull.
RDAO
RMC
RMO
RMR
ROO
RR
RSO
S. Rec.
S. Res.
Spec. Order
T.S.N.
VAT Ruling
ANNEX C. GOVERNMENT
ISSUANCES
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116
D. SUBDIVISIONS
Amendment
Annotation
Appendi[-x, -ces]
Article[-s]
Book
Canon
Chapter
Clause
Comment[-ary]
Example
Explanatory Note
Figure[-s]
Footnote[-s]
Form
Introduction
Number[-s]
Paragraph[-s]
if numbered in the source
if otherwise
Part
Preamble
Principle
Rationale
Rule[-s]
Section[-s]
Series, Serial
Subdivision
Subsection
Supplement
Table[-s]
Title
Volume
Whereas Clause
amend.
annot.
app. / apps.
art. / arts.
bk.
canon
ch.
cl.
cmt.
ex.
explan. n.
fig. / figs.
n. / nn.
form
intro.
no. / nos.
¶ / ¶¶
para. / paras.
pt.
pmbl.
princ.
ratio.
rule / rules
§ / §§
ser.
subdiv.
subsec.
supp.
tbl. / tbls.
tit.
vol.
whereas cl.
ANNEX D. SUBDIVISIONS
annexes
117
E. SELECTED PHILIPPINE CODES
Administrative Code of 1987
Agricultural Land Reform Code
Child and Youth Welfare Code
Civil Code
Coconut Industry Code
Code of Commerce
Cooperative Code
Family Code
Fire Code
Flag and Heraldic Code
Insurance Code
Intellectual Property Code
Labor Code
Land Transportation and Traffic Code
Local Government Code
Meat Inspection Code
Muslim Code of Personal Laws
National Building Code
National Code of Marketing Breastmilk
Substitutes, Breastmilk Supplements
and Related Products
National Internal Revenue Code
Omnibus Election Code
Omnibus Investments Code
Philippine Environment Code
Philippine Fisheries Code
Pre-Need Code of the Philippines
Revised Corporation Code
Revised Forestry Code
Revised Penal Code
Sanitation Code
Securities Regulation Code
State Auditing Code
Tariff and Customs Code
Water Code
ADMIN. CODE
AGRARIAN CODE
CHILD & YOUTH WELFARE CODE
CIVIL CODE
COCONUT INDUS. CODE
COM. CODE
COOP. CODE
FAMILY CODE
FIRE CODE
FLAG & HERALDIC CODE
INS. CODE
INTELL. PROP. CODE
LABOR CODE
TRANSP. & TRAFFIC CODE
LOCAL GOV’T CODE
MEAT INSP. CODE
MUSLIM CODE
NAT’L BLDG. CODE
MILK CODE
NAT’L INTERNAL REVENUE CODE
OMN. ELECTION CODE
OMN. INVESTMENTS CODE
ENVIRON. CODE
FISHERIES CODE
PRE-NEED CODE
REV. CORP. CODE
REV. FORESTRY CODE
REV. PENAL CODE
SANITATION CODE
SEC. REG. CODE
ST. AUDIT CODE
TARIFF & CUSTOMS CODE
WATER CODE
ANNEX E. SELECTED
PHILIPPINE CODES
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118
F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS
A.B.A. J. LAB. & EMP. L.
ADEL. L. REV.
ADMIN. L. REV.
AFR.-AM. L. & POL’Y REP.
A.F. L. REV.
AKRON INTELL. PROP. J.
AKRON L. REV.
AKRON TAX J.
ALA. L. REV.
ALASKA L. REV.
ALB. GOV’T L. REV.
ALB. L.J. SCI. & TECH.
ALB. L. REV.
AM. BANKR. INST. L. REV.
AM. BANKR. L.J.
A.B.A. J.
AM. BAR. FOUND. RESEARCH J.
AM. CRIM. L. REV.
AM. INDIAN L. REV.
AM. J. COMP. L.
AM. J. CRIM. L.
AM. J. INT’L L.
AM. J. JURIS.
AM. J.L. & MED.
AM. J. LEGAL HIST.
AM. J. TAX POL’Y
AM. J. TRIAL ADVOC.
AM. REV. INT’L ARB.
AM. U. INT’L L. REV.
AM. U. J. GENDER SOC. POL’Y & L.
AM. U. L. REV.
ANIMAL L.
ANNALS HEALTH L.
ANN. REV. BANKING & FIN. L.
ANN. SURV. AM. L.
ANN. SURV. INT’L & COMP. L.
ANTIOCH L.J.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
ABA Journal of Labor & Employment
Law
Adelaide Law Review
Administrative Law Review
African-American Law & Policy Report
Air Force Law Review
Akron Intellectual Property Journal
Akron Law Review
Akron Tax Journal
Alabama Law Review
Alaska Law Review
Albany Government Law Review
Albany Law Journal of Science &
Technology
Albany Law Review
American Bankruptcy Institute Law
Review
American Bankruptcy Law Journal
American Bar Association Journal
American Bar Foundation Research
Journal
American Criminal Law Review
American Indian Law Review
American Journal of Comparative Law
American Journal of Criminal Law
American Journal of International Law
American Journal of Jurisprudence
American Journal of Law & Medicine
American Journal of Legal History
American Journal of Tax Policy
American Journal of Trial Advocacy
American Review of International
Arbitration
American University International Law
Review
American University Journal of
Gender, Social Policy & the Law
American University Law Review
Animal Law
Annals of Health Law
Annual Review of Banking and
Financial Law
Annual Survey of American Law
Annual Survey of International &
Comparative Law
Antioch Law Journal
annexes
ANTITRUST L.J.
APPALACHIAN J.L.
ARIZ. J. INT’L & COMP. L.
ARIZ. L. REV.
ARIZ. ST. L.J.
ARK. L. REV.
ARMY LAW.
ASIA PAC. J. ENVTL. L.
ASIAN AM. L.J.
ATOMIC ENERGY L.J.
AUCK. U. L. REV.
AUSTL. J. ASIAN L.
AUSTL. L.J.
AVE MARIA L. REV.
BANKING L.J.
BARRY L. REV.
BAYLOR L. REV.
BERKELEY BUS. L.J.
BERKELEY J. AFR.-AM. L. & POL’Y
BERKELEY J. CRIM. L.
BERKELEY J. EMP. & LAB. L.
BERKELEY J. GENDER L. & JUST.
BERKELEY J. INT’L L.
BERKELEY LA RAZA L.J.
BERKELEY TECH. L.J.
BLACK L.J.
B.C. ENVTL. AFF. L. REV.
B.C. INDUS. & COM. L. REV.
B.C. INT’L & COMP. L. REV.
B.C. L. REV.
B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J.
B.U. INT’L L.J.
B.U. J. SCI. & TECH. L.
B.U. L. REV.
B.U. PUB. INT. L.J.
BRACTON L.J.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Antitrust Law Journal
Appalachian Journal of Law
Arizona Journal of International and
Comparative Law
Arizona Law Review
Arizona State Law Journal
Arkansas Law Review
Army Lawyer
Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental
Law
Asian American Law Journal
Atomic Energy Law Journal
Auckland University Law Review
Australian Journal of Asian Law
Australian Law Journal
Ave Maria Law Review
Banking Law Journal
Barry Law Review
Baylor Law Review
Berkeley Business Law Journal
Berkeley Journal of African-American
Law & Policy
Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law
Berkeley Journal of Employment and
Labor Law
Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law &
Justice
Berkeley Journal of International Law
Berkeley La Raza Law Journal
Berkeley Technology Law Journal
Black Law Journal
Boston College Environmental Affairs
Law Review
Boston College Industrial and
Commercial Law Review
Boston College International and
Comparative Law Review
Boston College Law Review
Boston College Third World Law
Journal
Boston University International Law
Journal
Boston University Journal of Science &
Technology Law
Boston University Law Review
Boston University Public Interest Law
Journal
Bracton Law Journal
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BRANDEIS L.J.
BYU EDUC. & L.J.
BYU L. REV.
BROOK. J. CORP. FIN. & COM. L.
BROOK. J. INT’L L.
BROOK. L. REV.
BUFF. CRIM. L. REV.
BUFF. ENVTL. L.J.
BUFF. HUM. RTS. L. REV.
BUFF. INTELL. PROP. L.J.
BUFF. J. GENDER L. & SOC. POL’Y
BUFF. L. REV.
BUFF. PUB. INTEREST L.J.
BUFF. WOMEN’S L.J.
BUS. LAW.
BYU J. PUB. L.
CAL. L. REV.
CAL. W. INT’L L.J.
CAL. W. L. REV.
CAMB. L.J.
CAMPBELL L. REV.
CAN.-U.S. L.J.
CAP. DEF. J.
CAP. U. L. REV.
CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J.
CARDOZO J. CONFLICT RESOL.
CARDOZO J. INT’L & COMP. L.
CARDOZO J.L. & GENDER
CARDOZO L. REV.
CARDOZO PUB. L. POL’Y & ETHICS J.
CASE & COMMENT
CASE W. RES. J. INT’L L.
CASE W. RES. L. REV.
CATH. LAW.
CATH. U. L. REV.
CHAPMAN J. CRIM. JUST.
CHAPMAN L. REV.
CHARLESTON L. REV.
CHARLOTTE L. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Brandeis Law Journal
Brigham Young University Education
and Law Journal
Brigham Young University Law Review
Brooklyn Journal of Corporate,
Financial & Commercial Law
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Brooklyn Law Review
Buffalo Criminal Law Review
Buffalo Environmental Law Journal
Buffalo Human Rights Law Review
Buffalo Intellectual Property Law
Journal
Buffalo Journal of Gender, Law &
Social Policy
Buffalo Law Review
Buffalo Public Interest Law Journal
Buffalo Women’s Law Journal
Business Lawyer
BYU Journal of Public Law
California Law Review
California Western International Law
Journal
California Western Law Review
Cambridge Law Journal
Campbell Law Review
Canada-United States Law Journal
Capital Defense Journal
Capital University Law Review
Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law
Journal
Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution
Cardozo Journal of International and
Comparative Law
Cardozo Journal of Law & Gender
Cardozo Law Review
Cardozo Public Law, Policy & Ethics
Journal
Case & Comment
Case Western Reserve Journal of
International Law
Case Western Reserve Law Review
Catholic Lawyer
Catholic University Law Review
Chapman Journal of Criminal Justice
Chapman Law Review
Charleston Law Review
Charlotte Law Review
120
annexes
CHI. J. INT’L L.
CHI.-KENT J. INTELL. PROP.
CHI.-KENT. L. REV.
CHICANA/O-LATINA/O L. REV.
CLEV. ST. L. REV.
CLINICAL L. REV.
COLO. J. INT’L ENVTL. L. & POL’Y
COLO. LAW.
COLUM. BUS. L. REV.
COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV.
COLUM. J. ASIAN L.
COLUM. J. E. EUR. L.
COLUM. J. ENVTL. L.
COLUM. J. EUR. L.
COLUM. J. GENDER & L.
COLUM. J.L. & SOC. PROBS.
COLUM. J.L. & ARTS
COLUM. J. TRANSNAT’L L.
COLUM. L. REV.
COMMLAW CONSPECTUS
COMMON MKT. L. REV.
COMP. LAB. L. & POL’Y J.
COMPUTER L. REV. & TECH. L.J.
CONFLICT RESOL. Q.
CONN. INS. L.J.
CONN. J. INT’L L.
CONN. L. REV.
CONN. PUB. INT. L.J.
CONST. COMMENT.
CONV. & PROP. LAW.
COOLEY L. REV.
CORNELL INT’L L.J.
CORNELL J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
CORNELL L. REV.
CREIGHTON L. REV.
CRIM. JUST. J.
CRIM. L. FORUM
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Chicago Journal of International Law
Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual
Property
Chicago-Kent Law Review
Chicana/o-Latina/o Law Review
Cleveland State Law Review
Clinical Law Review
Colorado Journal of International
Environmental Law and Policy
Colorado Lawyer
Columbia Business Law Review
Columbia Human Rights Law Review
Columbia Journal of Asian Law
Columbia Journal of East European
Law
Columbia Journal of Environmental
Law
Columbia Journal of European Law
Columbia Journal of Gender and Law
Columbia Journal of Law and Social
Problems
Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts
Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
Columbia Law Review
CommLaw Conspectus: Journal of
Communications Law and Policy
Common Market Law Review
Comparative Labor Law & Policy
Journal
Computer Law Review and
Technology Law Journal
Conflict Resolution Quarterly
Connecticut Insurance Law Journal
Connecticut Journal of International
Law
Connecticut Law Review
Connecticut Public Interest Law
Journal
Constitutional Commentary
Conveyance & Property Lawyer
Cooley Law Review
Cornell International Law Journal
Cornell Journal of Law and Public
Policy
Cornell Law Review
Creighton Law Review
Criminal Justice Journal
Criminal Law Forum
121
ateneo law journal
CRIM. L.J.
CRIM. L.Q.
CRIM. L. REV.
CUMB. L. REV.
DALHOUSIE L.J.
DEL. J. CORP. L.
DENNING L. REV.
DENV. J. INTL’L L. & POL’Y
DENV. U. L. REV.
DEPAUL BUS. & COM. L.J.
DEPAUL J. FOR SOC. JUST.
DEPAUL J. ART, TECH. & INTELL. PROP. L.
DEPAUL J. HEALTH CARE L.
DEPAUL L. REV.
DICK. J. ENVTL. L. & POL’Y
DICK. L. REV.
DRAKE L. REV.
DUKE ENVTL. L. & POL’Y F.
DUKE F. FOR L. & SOC. CHANGE
DUKE J. COMP. & INT’L L.
DUKE J. CONST. L. & PUB. POL’Y
DUKE J. GENDER L. & POL’Y
DUKE L.J.
DUQ. BUS. L.J.
DUQ. L. REV.
ECOLOGY L.Q.
ELDER L.J.
ELON L. REV.
EMORY BANKR. DEV. J.
EMORY INT’L L. REV.
EMORY L.J.
EM. RTS. & EMP. POL’Y J.
ENERGY L.J.
ENTREPRENEURIAL BUS. L.J.
ENVTL. & ENERGY L. & POL’Y J.
ENVTL. L.
ENVTL. L. REP. NEWS & ANALYSIS
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Criminal Law Journal
Criminal Law Quarterly
Criminal Law Review
Cumberland Law Review
Dalhousie Law Journal
Delaware Journal of Corporate Law
Denning Law Review
Denver Journal of International Law
and Policy
Denver University Law Review
DePaul Business & Commercial Law
Journal
DePaul Journal for Social Justice
DePaul Journal of Art, Technology &
Intellectual Property Law
DePaul Journal of Health Care Law
DePaul Law Review
Dickinson Journal of Environmental
Law & Policy
Dickinson Law Review
Drake Law Review
Duke Environmental Law & Policy
Forum
Duke Forum for Law & Social Change
Duke Journal of Comparative &
International Law
Duke Journal of Constitutional Law &
Public Policy
Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy
Duke Law Journal
Duquesne Business Law Journal
Duquesne Law Review
Ecology Law Quarterly
Elder Law Journal
Elon Law Review
Emory Bankruptcy Developments
Journal
Emory International Law Review
Emory Law Journal
Employee Rights and Employment
Policy Journal
Energy Law Journal
Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal
Environmental & Energy Law & Policy
Journal
Environmental Law
Environmental Law Reporter News &
Analysis
122
annexes
ENVTL. LAW.
ENVIRONS
EUR. J. INT’L L.
FAM. L.Q.
FED. COMM. L.J.
FIRST AMEND. L. REV.
FIU L. REV.
FLA. A&M U. L. REV.
FLA. COASTAL L.J.
FLA. COASTAL L. REV.
FLA. ENT. ART & SPORT L.J.
FLA. ENT. L. REV.
FLA. J. INT’L L.
FLA. L. REV.
FLA. ST. U. BUS. L. REV.
FLA. ST. U. L. REV.
FLA. TAX REV.
FOOD DRUG COSM. L.J.
FORDHAM ENVTL. L. REV.
FORDHAM INTELL. PROP. MEDIA & ENT.
L.J.
FORDHAM INT’L L.J.
FORDHAM L. REV.
FORDHAM URB. L.J.
FREEDOM CENTER J.
GEO. MASON L. REV.
GEO. MASON U. CIV. RTS. L.J.
GEO. MASON L. REV.
GEO. WASH. INT’L L. REV.
GEO. WASH. J. ENERGY & ENVTL. L.
GEO. WASH. L. REV.
GEO. IMMIGR. L.J.
GEO. INT’L ENVTL. L. REV.
GEO. J. GENDER & L.
GEO. J. INT’L L.
GEO. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS
GEO. J. ON POVERTY L. & POL’Y
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Environmental Lawyer
Environs
European Journal of International Law
Family Law Quarterly
Federal Communications Law Journal
First Amendment Law Review
FIU Law Review
Florida A&M University Law Review
Florida Coastal Law Journal
Florida Coastal Law Review
Florida Entertainment, Art & Sport Law
Journal
Florida Entertainment Law Review
Florida Journal of International Law
Florida Law Review
Florida State University Business Law
Review
Florida State University Law Review
Florida Tax Review
Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal
Fordham Environmental Law Review
Fordham Intellectual Property, Media
& Entertainment Law Journal
Fordham International Law Journal
Fordham Law Review
Fordham Urban Law Journal
Freedom Center Journal
George Mason Law Review
George Mason University Civil Rights
Law Journal
George Mason University Law Review
George Washington International Law
Review
George Washington Journal of Energy
and Environmental Law
George Washington Law Review
Georgetown Immigration Law Journal
Georgetown International
Environmental Law Review
Georgetown Journal of Gender and
the Law
Georgetown Journal of International
Law
Georgetown Journal of Law & Public
Policy
Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics
Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law &
Policy
123
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GEO. L.J.
GEO. L.J. ANN. REV. CRIM. PROC.
GA. J. INT’L & COMP. L.
GA. L. REV.
GA. ST. U. L. REV.
GLENDALE L. REV.
GOLDEN GATE U. ENVTL. L.J.
GOLDEN GATE U. L. REV.
GONZ. L. REV.
GRAVEN IMAGES
GREAT PLAINS NAT. RESOURCES J.
HAMLINE J. PUB. L. & POL’Y
HAMLINE L. REV.
HARV. BLACKLETTER L.J.
HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV.
HARV. ENVTL. L. REV.
HARV. HUM. RTS. J.
HARV. INT’L L.J.
HARV. J.L. & GENDER
HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
HARV. J.L. & TECH.
HARV. J. ON LEGIS.
HARV. J. ON RACIAL & ETHNIC JUST.
HARV. LATINO L. REV.
HARV. L. & POL’Y REV.
HARV. L. REV.
HARV. NEGOT. L. REV.
HARV. WOMEN’S L.J.
HASTINGS BUS. L.J.
HASTINGS COMM. & ENT. L.J.
HASTINGS CONST. L.Q.
HASTINGS INT’L & COMP. L. REV.
HASTINGS L.J.
HASTINGS RACE & POVERTY L.J.
HASTINGS SCI. & TECH. L.J.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Georgetown Law Journal
Georgetown Law Journal Annual
Review of Criminal Procedure
Georgia Journal of International and
Comparative Law
Georgia Law Review
Georgia State University Law Review
Glendale Law Review
Golden Gate University Environmental
Law Journal
Golden Gate University Law Review
Gonzaga Law Review
Graven Images: A Journal of Culture,
Law, and the Sacred
Great Plains Natural Resources Journal
Hamline Journal of Public Law and
Policy
Hamline Law Review
Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal
Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law
Review
Harvard Environmental Law Review
Harvard Human Rights Journal
Harvard International Law Journal
Harvard Journal of Law & Gender
Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
Harvard Journal on Legislation
Harvard Journal on Racial & Ethnic
Justice
Harvard Latino Law Review
Harvard Law & Policy Review
Harvard Law Review
Harvard Negotiation Law Review
Harvard Women’s Law Journal
Hastings Business Law Journal
Hastings Communications and
Entertainment Law Journal
(Comm/Ent)
Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly
Hastings International and
Comparative Law Review
Hastings Law Journal
Hastings Race and Poverty Law
Journal
Hastings Science & Technology Law
Journal
124
annexes
HASTINGS W.-NW. J. ENVTL. L. & POL’Y
HASTINGS WOMEN’S L.J.
HEALTH MATRIX
HECKERLING INST. EST. PLAN.
HOFSTRA LAB. & EMP. L.J.
HOFSTRA L. & POL’Y SYMP.
HOFSTRA L. REV.
HOUS. J. HEALTH L. & POL’Y
HOUS. J. INT’L L.
HOUS. L. REV.
HOW. L.J.
HOW. SCROLL
HUM. RTS. & GLOBALIZATION L. REV.
HUM. RTS. Q.
I/S
IDAHO L. REV.
IDEA
IIC: INT’L REV.
COMPETITION L.
INTELL.
PROP.
&
IIC
ILL. BAR J.
ILSA J. INT’L & COMP. L.
IND. HEALTH L. REV.
IND. INT’L & COMP. L. REV.
IND. J. GLOBAL LEGAL STUD.
IND. L.J.
IND. L. REV.
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ J.L. CULTURE &
RESIST.
INST. FED. TAX.
INST. SEC. REG. INT’L & COMP. L.Q.
INTERCULTURAL HUM. RTS. L. REV.
INTELL. PROP. L. BULL.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Hastings West-Northwest Journal of
Environmental Law & Policy
Hastings Women’s Law Journal
Health Matrix
Heckerling Institute on Estate Planning
Hofstra Labor & Employment Law
Journal
Hofstra Law & Policy Symposium
Hofstra Law Review
Houston Journal of Health Law &
Policy
Houston Journal of International Law
Houston Law Review
Howard Law Journal
Howard Scroll: The Social Justice
Review
Human Rights & Globalization Law
Review
Human Rights Quarterly
I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for
the Information Society
Idaho Law Review
IDEA: The Intellectual Property Law
Review
IIC: International Review of
Intellectual Property and
Competition Law
IIC: Journal of Intellectual Property
and Competition Law
Illinois Bar Journal
ILSA Journal of International and
Comparative Law
Indiana Health Law Review
Indiana International & Comparative
Law Review
Indiana Journal of Global Legal
Studies
Indiana Law Journal
Indiana Law Review
Indigenous Peoples’ Journal of Law,
Culture & Resistance
Institute on Federal Taxation
Institute on Securities Regulation
International and Comparative Law
Quarterly
Intercultural Human Rights Law
Review
Intellectual Property Law Bulletin
125
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INT’L & COMP. L.Q.
INT’L ENVTL. AFF.
INT’L J. FOR SEMIOTICS L.
INT’L J.L. & PSYCHIATRY
INT’L J. LEGAL PROF.
INT’L L. REV.
INT’L LAW.
INT’L REV. L. & ECON.
INT’L TAX & BUS. LAW.
IOWA L. REV.
JAG J.
J. MARSHALL J. COMPUTER & INFO. L.
J. MARSHALL L. REV.
J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L.
J. AFFORDABLE HOUSING & COMMUN.
DEV. L.
J. AIR L. & COM.
J. ANIMAL L. & ETHICS
J. APP. PRAC. & PROCESS
J. BUS. & SEC. L.
J. BUS. & TECH. L.
J. BUS. L.
J. BUS. ENTREPRENEURSHIP & L.
J. CATH. LEGAL STUD.
J. CIV. RTS. & ECON. DEV.
J.C. & U.L.
J. CONTEMP. HEALTH L. & POL’Y
J. CONTEMP. L.
J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES
J. CORP. TAX.
J. CORP. L.
J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY
J. DISP. RESOL.
J. E. EUR. L.
J. EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUD.
J. ENERGY L. & POL’Y
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
International and Comparative Law
Quarterly
International Environmental Affairs
International Journal for the Semiotics
of Law
International Journal of Law and
Psychiatry
International Journal of the Legal
Profession
International Law Review
International Lawyer
International Review of Law and
Economics
International Tax & Business Lawyer
Iowa Law Review
JAG Journal
John Marshall Journal of Computer &
Information Law
John Marshall Law Review
John Marshall Review of Intellectual
Property Law
Journal of Affordable Housing &
Community Development Law
Journal of Air Law and Commerce
Journal of Animal Law and Ethics
Journal of Appellate Practice and
Process
Journal of Business & Securities Law
Journal of Business & Technology Law
Journal of Business Law
Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship
& the Law
Journal of Catholic Legal Studies
Journal of Civil Rights and Economic
Development
Journal of College and University Law
Journal of Contemporary Health Law &
Policy
Journal of Contemporary Law
Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues
Journal of Corporate Taxation
Journal of Corporation Law
Journal of Criminal Law and
Criminology
Journal of Dispute Resolution
Journal of East European Law
Journal of Empirical Legal Studies
Journal of Energy Law and Policy
126
annexes
J. ENVTL. L. & LITIG.
J. EURASIAN L.
J. FAM. L.
J. FOOD L. & POL’Y
J. GENDER RACE & JUST.
J. HATE STUD.
J. HEALTH & BIOMED. L.
J. HEALTH CARE L. & POL’Y
J. INTELL. PROP.
J. INTELL. PROP. L.
J. INT’L AGING L. & POL’Y
J. INT’L BUS. & L.
J. INT’L ECON. L.
J. INT’L LEGAL STUD.
J. INT’L MEDIA & ENT. L.
J. LAND RESOURCES & ENVTL. L.
J. LAND USE & ENVTL. L.
J.L. & COM.
J.L. & ECON.
J.L. & EDUC.
J.L. & FAM. STUD.
J.L. & POL’Y
J.L. & POL.
J.L. & RELIG.
J.L. & SOC. CHALLENGES
J.L. & SOC. CHANGE
J.L. ECON. & ORG.
J.L. ECON. & POL’Y
J.L. SOC’Y
J.L. PHIL. & CULTURE
J. LEGAL ANALYSIS
J. LEGAL EDUC.
J. LEGAL HIST.
J. LEGAL STUD.
J. LEGIS.
J. MAR. L. & COM.
J. MED. & L.
J. NAT’L SEC. L.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Journal of Environmental Law and
Litigation
Journal of Eurasian Law
Journal of Family Law
Journal of Food Law & Policy
Journal of Gender, Race and Justice
Journal of Hate Studies
Journal of Health & Biomedical Law
Journal of Health Care Law & Policy
Journal of Intellectual Property
Journal of Intellectual Property Law
Journal of International Aging, Law &
Policy
Journal of International Business &
Law
Journal of International Economic Law
Journal of International Legal Studies
Journal of International Media &
Entertainment Law
Journal of Land, Resources, &
Environmental Law
Journal of Land Use and
Environmental Law
Journal of Law and Commerce
Journal of Law and Economics
Journal of Law & Education
Journal of Law and Family Studies
Journal of Law and Policy
Journal of Law and Politics
Journal of Law and Religion
Journal of Law & Social Challenges
Journal of Law and Social Change
Journal of Law, Economics, &
Organization
Journal of Law, Economics and Policy
Journal of Law in Society
Journal of Law, Philosophy and
Culture
Journal of Legal Analysis
Journal of Legal Education
Journal of Legal History
Journal of Legal Studies
Journal of Legislation
Journal of Maritime Law and
Commerce
Journal of Medicine and Law
Journal of National Security Law
127
ateneo law journal
J. NAT’L SEC. L. & POL’Y
J. NAT. RESOURCES & ENVTL. L.
J. PHARMACY & L.
J. PROD. LIAB.
J. RACE, GENDER & POVERTY
J. S. LEGAL HIST.
J. SPACE L.
J. SUP. CT. HIST.
J. TAX.
J. TECH. L. & POL’Y
J. ASS’N LEGAL WRITING DIRECTORS
J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A.
J. INST. FOR STUDY LEGAL ETHICS
J. LEGAL PROF.
J. NAT’L ASS’N ADMIN. L. JUDICIARY
J. PHIL. HIST.
J. SUFFOLK ACAD. L.
J. TRANSNAT’L L. & POL’Y
J. TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L.
JURID. REV.
JURIMET. J.
JUST. SYS. J.
KAN. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
KY. J. EQUINE AGRI. & NAT. RESOURCES
L.
KY. L.J.
LA RAZA L.J.
LAB. L.J.
LAB. LAW.
LAND & WATER L. REV.
LAW & BUS. REV. AM.
LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS.
LAW & CRITIQUE
LAW & HIST. REV.
LAW & HUM. BEHAV.
LAW & INEQ.
LAW & LIT.
LAW & POL’Y
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Journal of National Security Law &
Policy
Journal of Natural Resources &
Environmental Law
Journal of Pharmacy & Law
Journal of Products Liability
Journal of Race, Gender, and Poverty
Journal of Southern Legal History
Journal of Space Law
Journal of Supreme Court History
Journal of Taxation
Journal of Technology Law & Policy
Journal of the Association of Legal
Writing Directors
Journal of the Copyright Society of the
U.S.A.
Journal of the Institute for the Study
of Legal Ethics
Journal of the Legal Profession
Journal of the National Association of
Administrative Law Judiciary
Journal of the Philosophy of History
Journal of the Suffolk Academy of Law
Journal of Transnational Law & Policy
Journal on Telecommunications &
High Technology Law
Juridical Review
Jurimetrics Journal
Justice System Journal
Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy
Kentucky Journal of Equine,
Agriculture, and Natural Resources
Law
Kentucky Law Journal
La Raza Law Journal
Labor Law Journal
Labor Lawyer
Land and Water Law Review
Law and Business Review of the
Americas
Law and Contemporary Problems
Law and Critique
Law and History Review
Law and Human Behavior
Law and Inequality
Law and Literature
Law and Policy
128
annexes
LAW & POL’Y INT’L BUS.
LAW & PSYCHOL. REV.
LAW & SEXUALITY
LAW & SOC. INQUIRY
LAW & SOC’Y REV.
LAW IN JAPAN
LAW LIB. J.
LAW TEXT CULTURE
LEGAL REF. SERV. Q.
LEGAL STUD. F.
LEGAL WRITING
LEWIS & CLARK L. REV.
LIBERTY, LIFE & FAM.
LIBERTY U. L. REV.
LINCOLN L. REV.
LA. L. REV.
LOY. CONSUMER L. REV.
LOY. J. PUB. INT. L.
LOY. L. & TECH. ANNUAL
LOY. L. REV.
LOY. MAR. L.J.
LOY. L.A. ENT. L. REV.
LOY. L.A. INT’L & COMP. L. REV.
LOY. L.A. L. REV.
LOY. U. CHI. INT’L L. REV.
LOY. U. CHI. L.J.
LOY. U. N.O. INTELL. PROP. & HIGH
TECH. J.
ME. L. REV.
MANITOBA L.J.
MARQ. ELDER’S ADVISOR
MARQ. INTELL. PROP. L. REV.
MARQ. L. REV.
MARQ. SPORTS L. REV.
MD. J. INT’L L.
MD. J. INT’L L. & TRADE
MD. L. REV.
MCGEORGE L. REV.
MASS. L. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Law and Policy in International
Business
Law and Psychology Review
Law and Sexuality
Law and Social Inquiry: Journal of the
American Bar Foundation
Law and Society Review
Law in Japan
Law Library Journal
Law Text Culture
Legal Reference Services Quarterly
Legal Studies Forum
Legal Writing: The Journal of the
Legal Writing Institute
Lewis & Clark Law Review
Liberty, Life and Family
Liberty University Law Review
Lincoln Law Review
Louisiana Law Review
Loyola Consumer Law Review
Loyola Journal of Public Interest Law
Loyola Law & Technology Annual
Loyola Law Review
Loyola Maritime Law Journal
Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment
Law Review
Loyola of Los Angeles International
and Comparative Law Review
Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review
Loyola University Chicago
International Law Review
Loyola University Chicago Law Journal
Loyola University New Orleans
Intellectual Property & High
Technology Journal
Maine Law Review
Manitoba Law Journal
Marquette Elder’s Advisor
Marquette Intellectual Property Law
Review
Marquette Law Review
Marquette Sports Law Review
Maryland Journal of International Law
Maryland Journal of International Law
and Trade
Maryland Law Review
McGeorge Law Review
Massachusetts Law Review
129
ateneo law journal
MEDIA L. & POL’Y
MCGILL L.J.
MEDIATION Q.
MELB. U.L. REV.
MEMPHIS ST. U.L. REV.
MERCER L. REV.
MICH. J. GENDER & L.
MICH. J. INT’L L.
MICH. J. RACE & L.
MICH. L. REV.
MICH. ST. J. INT’L L.
MICH. ST. L. REV.
MICH. ST. U.-DCL J. INT’L L.
MICH. ST. U. J. MED. & L.
MICH. TELECOMM. & TECH. L. REV.
MIL. L. REV.
MINN. INTELL. PROP. REV.
MINN. J. INT’L L.
MINN. J. L. SCI. & TECH.
MINN. L. REV.
MISS. C. L. REV.
MISS. L.J.
MO. ENVTL. L. & POL’Y REV.
MO. L. REV.
MOD. L. REV.
MONASH U.L. REV.
MONT. L. REV.
MSL L. REV.
NAT’L BLACK L.J.
NAT. RESOURCES J.
NEB. L. REV.
NEGOTIATION J.
NEV. L.J.
NEW CRIM. L. REV.
NEW ENG. J. ON CRIM.
CONFINEMENT
NEW ENG. J. INT’L & COMP. L.
NEW ENG. L. REV.
NEW L.J.
&
CIV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Media Law & Policy
McGill Law Journal
Mediation Quarterly
Melbourne University Law Review
Memphis State University Law Review
Mercer Law Review
Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
Michigan Journal of International Law
Michigan Journal of Race & Law
Michigan Law Review
Michigan State Journal of International
Law
Michigan State Law Review
Michigan State University-DCL Journal
of International Law
Michigan State University Journal of
Medicine and Law
Michigan Telecommunications and
Technology Law Review
Military Law Review
Minnesota Intellectual Property
Review
Minnesota Journal of International
Law
Minnesota Journal of Law, Science &
Technology
Minnesota Law Review
Mississippi College Law Review
Mississippi Law Journal
Missouri Environmental Law and Policy
Review
Missouri Law Review
Modern Law Review
Monash University Law Review
Montana Law Review
MSL Law Review
National Black Law Journal
Natural Resources Journal
Nebraska Law Review
Negotiation Journal
Nevada Law Journal
New Criminal Law Review
New England Journal on Criminal and
Civil Confinement
New England Journal of International
and Comparative Law
New England Law Review
New Law Journal
130
annexes
N.M. L. REV.
N.Y. CITY L. REV.
N.Y.L. SCH. J. HUM. RTS.
N.Y.L. SCH. J. INT’L & COMP. L.
N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV.
N.Y.U. ANN. SURV. AM. L.
N.Y.U. ENVTL. L.J.
N.Y.U. J. INT’L L. & POL.
N.Y.U. J. L. & BUS.
N.Y.U. J. LEGIS. & PUB. POL’Y
N.Y.U. L. REV.
N.Y.U. REV. L. & SOC. CHANGE
NEXUS
N.C. BANK. INST.
N.C. CENT. L. REV.
N.C. J. INT’L L. & COM. REG.
N.C. J.L. & TECH.
N.C. L. REV.
N.D. L. REV.
N. ILL. U. L. REV.
N. KY. L. REV.
NW. J. INT’L L. & BUS.
NW. U. L. REV.
NOTRE DAME J.L. ETHICS & PUB. POL’Y
NOTRE DAME L. REV.
NOVA L. REV.
NU FORUM
NYU J.L. & LIBERTY
OCEAN & COASTAL L.J.
OCEAN DEV. & INT’L L.
OHIO N.U. L. REV.
OHIO ST. J. CRIM. L.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
New Mexico Law Review
New York City Law Review
New York Law School Journal of
Human Rights
New York Law School Journal of
International and Comparative Law
New York Law School Law Review
New York University Annual Survey of
American Law
New York University Environmental
Law Journal
New York University Journal of
International Law and Politics
New York University Journal of Law &
Business
New York University Journal of
Legislation and Public Policy
New York University Law Review
New York University Review of Law &
Social Change
NEXUS: Chapman’s Journal of Law &
Policy
North Carolina Banking Institute
North Carolina Central Law Review
North Carolina Journal of International
Law and Commercial Regulation
North Carolina Journal of Law &
Technology
North Carolina Law Review
North Dakota Law Review
Northern Illinois University Law
Review
Northern Kentucky Law Review
Northwestern Journal of International
Law & Business
Northwestern University Law Review
Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics &
Public Policy
Notre Dame Law Review
Nova Law Review
NU Forum
NYU Journal of Law & Liberty
Ocean and Coastal Law Journal
Ocean Development and International
Law
Ohio Northern University Law Review
Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law
131
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OHIO ST. J. ON DISP. RESOL.
OHIO ST. L.J.
OKLA. CITY U. L. REV.
OKLA. L. REV.
OR. L. REV.
OR. REV. INT’L L.
OSGOODE HALL L.J.
OTAGO L. REV.
OTTAWA L. REV.
OXFORD J. LEGAL STUD.
PACE ENVTL. L. REV.
PACE INT’L L. REV.
PACE L. REV.
PAC. L.J.
PAC. MCGEORGE GLOBAL BUS. & DEV. L.J.
PAC. RIM L. & POL’Y J.
PENN ST. ENVTL. L. REV.
PENN ST. INT’L L. REV.
PENN ST. L. REV.
PEPP. DISP. RESOL. L.J.
PEPP. L. REV.
PERSPECTIVES
PHOENIX L. REV.
PIERCE L. REV.
PITT. J. ENVTL. & PUB. HEALTH L.
PITT. TAX REV.
POTOMAC L. REV.
PRAC. LAW.
PROB. L.J.
PROF. LAW.
PSYCHOL. PUB. POL’Y & L.
PUB. CONT. L.J.
PUB. LAND & RESOURCES L. REV.
QLR
QUINNIPIAC HEALTH L.
QUINNIPIAC L. REV.
QUINNIPIAC PROB. L.J.
REAL PROP. PROB. & TR. J.
REAL PROP. TR. & EST. L.J.
REGENT J. INT’L L.
REGENT J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Ohio State Journal on Dispute
Resolution
Ohio State Law Journal
Oklahoma City University Law Review
Oklahoma Law Review
Oregon Law Review
Oregon Review of International Law
Osgoode Hall Law Journal
Otago Law Review
Ottawa Law Review
Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
Pace Environmental Law Review
Pace International Law Review
Pace Law Review
Pacific Law Journal
Pacific McGeorge Global Business &
Development Law Journal
Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal
Penn State Environmental Law Review
Penn State International Law Review
Penn State Law Review
Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law
Journal
Pepperdine Law Review
Perspectives: Teaching Legal Research
and Writing
Phoenix Law Review
Pierce Law Review
Pittsburgh Journal of Environmental
and Public Health Law
Pittsburgh Tax Review
Potomac Law Review
Practical Lawyer
Probate Law Journal
Professional Lawyer
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
Public Contract Law Journal
Public Land & Resources Law Review
QLR
Quinnipiac Health Law
Quinnipiac Law Review
Quinnipiac Probate Law Journal
Real Property, Probate and Trust
Journal
Real Property, Trust and Estate Law
Journal
Regent Journal of International Law
Regent Journal of Law & Public Policy
132
annexes
REGENT U. L. REV.
RESEARCH IN L. & ECON.
REV. BANKING & FIN. L.
REV. DISABILITY STUD.
REV. LITIG.
RICH. J. GLOBAL L. & BUS.
ROGER WILLLIAMS U. L. REV.
RUTGERS COMPUTER & TECH. L.J.
RUTGERS L.J.
RUTGERS L. REV.
RUTGERS RACE & L. REV.
ST. LOUIS U. J. HEALTH L. & POL’Y
ST. LOUIS U. L.J.
ST. LOUIS U. PUB. L. REV.
ST. LOUIS-WARSAW TRANSATLANTIC L.J.
SAN DIEGO INT’L L.J.
SAN DIEGO J. CLIMATE & ENERGY L.
SAN DIEGO L. REV.
SAN FERNANDO V. L. REV.
SANTA CLARA COMPUTER & HIGH TECH.
L.J.
SANTA CLARA J. INT’L L.
SANTA CLARA L. REV.
SCHOLAR
SCRIBES J. LEGAL WRITING
SEATTLE J. FOR SOC. JUST.
SEATTLE U. L. REV.
SEC. REG. L.J.
SETON HALL CIR. REV.
SETON HALL CONST. L.J.
SETON HALL J. SPORTS & ENT. L.
SETON HALL L. REV.
SETON HALL LEGIS. J.
SMU L. REV.
SMU SCI. & TECH. L. REV.
S.C. ENVTL. L.J.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Regent University Law Review
Research in Law and Economics
Review of Banking and Financial Law
Review of Disability Studies: An
International Journal
Review of Litigation
Richmond Journal of Global Law and
Business
Roger Williams University Law Review
Rutgers Computer and Technology
Law Journal
Rutgers Law Journal
Rutgers Law Review
Rutgers Race and the Law Review
Saint Louis University Journal of
Health Law & Policy
Saint Louis University Law Journal
Saint Louis University Public Law
Review
Saint Louis-Warsaw Transatlantic Law
Journal
San Diego International Law Journal
San Diego Journal of Climate & Energy
Law
San Diego Law Review
San Fernando Valley Law Review
Santa Clara Computer and High
Technology Law Journal
Santa Clara Journal of International
Law
Santa Clara Law Review
Scholar: St. Mary’s Law Review on
Minority Issues
Scribes Journal of Legal Writing
Seattle Journal for Social Justice
Seattle University Law Review
Securities Regulation Law Journal
Seton Hall Circuit Review
Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal
Seton Hall Journal of Sports and
Entertainment Law
Seton Hall Law Review
Seton Hall Legislative Journal
SMU Law Review
SMU Science and Technology Law
Review
South Carolina Environmental Law
Journal
133
ateneo law journal
S.C. J. INT’L L. & BUS.
S.C. L. REV.
S.D. L. REV.
S. TEX. L. REV.
SOUTHEASTERN ENVTL. L.J.
S. CAL. INTERDISC. L.J.
S. CAL. L. REV.
S. CAL. REV. L. & SOC. JUST.
S. CAL. REV. L. & WOMEN’S STUD.
S. ILL. U. L.J.
S. NEW ENG. ROUNDTABLE SYMP. L.J.
S.U. L. REV.
SW. J. INT’L L.
SW. J.L. & TRADE AMERICAS
SW. L. REV.
SW. U. L. REV.
SPORTS LAW. J.
ST. JOHN’S J. LEGAL COMMENT.
ST. JOHN’S L. REV.
ST. MARY’S L.J.
ST. THOMAS L. REV.
STAN. ENVTL. L.J.
STAN. J. C.R. & C.L.
STAN. J. INT’L L.
STAN. J.L. BUS. & FIN.
STAN. L. & POL’Y REV.
STAN. L. REV.
STETSON L. REV.
SUFFOLK J. TRIAL & APP. ADVOC.
SUFFOLK TRANSNAT’L L. REV.
SUFFOLK U.L. REV.
SUP. CT. ECON. REV.
SUP. CT. REV.
SYDNEY L. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
South Carolina Journal of International
Law and Business
South Carolina Law Review
South Dakota Law Review
South Texas Law Review
Southeastern Environmental Law
Journal
Southern California Interdisciplinary
Law Journal
Southern California Law Review
Southern California Review of Law and
Social Justice
Southern California Review of Law and
Women’s Studies
Southern Illinois University Law
Journal
Southern New England Roundtable
Symposium Law Journal
Southern University Law Review
Southwestern Journal of International
Law
Southwestern Journal of Law and
Trade in the Americas
Southwestern Law Review
Southwestern University Law Review
Sports Lawyers Journal
St. John’s Journal of Legal
Commentary
St. John’s Law Review
St. Mary’s Law Journal
St. Thomas Law Review
Stanford Environmental Law Journal
Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil
Liberties
Stanford Journal of International Law
Stanford Journal of Law, Business &
Finance
Stanford Law & Policy Review
Stanford Law Review
Stetson Law Review
Suffolk Journal of Trial & Appellate
Advocacy
Suffolk Transnational Law Review
Suffolk University Law Review
Supreme Court Economic Review
Supreme Court Review
Sydney Law Review
134
annexes
SYRACUSE J. INT’L L. & COM.
SYRACUSE L. REV.
SYRACUSE SCI. & TECH. L. REP.
TAX ADVISER
TAX L. REV.
TAX LAW.
TEMP. INT’L & COMP. L.J.
TEMP. J. SCI. TECH. & ENVTL. L.
TEMP. L. REV.
TEMP. POL. & CIV. RTS. L. REV.
TENN. J.L. & POL’Y
TENN. L. REV.
TEX. A&M L. REV.
TEX. HISP. J.L. & POL’Y
TEX. INTELL. PROP. L.J.
TEX. INT’L L.J.
TEX. J. C.L. & C.R.
TEX. J. OIL GAS & ENERGY L.
TEX. J. WOMEN & L.
TEX. L. REV.
TEX. REV. ENT. & SPORTS L.
TEX. REV. L. & POL.
TEX. TECH J. TEX. ADMIN. L.
TEX. TECH L. REV.
TEX. WESLEYAN L. REV.
T. JEFFERSON L. REV.
T.M. COOLEY J. PRAC. & CLIN. L.
T.M. COOLEY L. REV.
T. MARSHALL L. REV.
TORT TRIAL & INS. PRAC. L.J.
TOURO INT’L L. REV.
TOURO L. REV.
TRANSACTIONS
TRANSNAT’L L. & CONTEMP. PROBS.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Syracuse Journal of International Law
and Commerce
Syracuse Law Review
Syracuse Science & Technology Law
Reporter
Tax Adviser
Tax Law Review
Tax Lawyer
Temple International and Comparative
Law Journal
Temple Journal of Science,
Technology & Environmental Law
Temple Law Review
Temple Political & Civil Rights Law
Review
Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy
Tennessee Law Review
Texas A&M Law Review
Texas Hispanic Journal of Law & Policy
Texas Intellectual Property Law
Journal
Texas International Law Journal
Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil
Rights
Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy
Law
Texas Journal of Women and the Law
Texas Law Review
Texas Review of Entertainment &
Sports Law
Texas Review of Law & Politics
Texas Tech Journal of Texas
Administrative Law
Texas Tech Law Review
Texas Wesleyan Law Review
Thomas Jefferson Law Review
Thomas M. Cooley Journal of Practical
and Clinical Law
Thomas M. Cooley Law Review
Thurgood Marshall Law Review
Tort Trial & Insurance Practice Law
Journal
Touro International Law Review
Touro Law Review
Transactions: The Tennessee Journal
of Business Law
Transnational Law & Contemporary
Problems
135
ateneo law journal
TRANSP. L.J.
TRIAL LAW. Q.
TUL. ENVTL. L.J.
TUL. EUR. & CIV. L.F.
TUL. J. INT’L & COMP. L.
TUL. J.L. & SEXUALITY
TUL. J. TECH. & INTELL. PROP.
TUL. L. REV.
TUL. MAR. L.J.
TULSA J. COMP. & INT’L L.
TULSA L. REV.
U.C. DAVIS BUS. L.J.
U.C. DAVIS J. INT’L L. & POL’Y
U.C. DAVIS J. JUV. L. & POL’Y
U.C. DAVIS L. REV.
UCLA ASIAN PAC. AM. L.J.
UCLA ENT. L. REV.
UCLA J. ENVTL. L. AND POL’Y
UCLA J. INT’L L. & FOREIGN AFF.
UCLA J. ISLAMIC & NEAR E.L.
UCLA L. REV.
UCLA PAC. BASIN L.J.
UCLA WOMEN’S L.J.
UMKC L. REV.
UCC L.J.
U.S.-MEX. L.J.
U. ARK. LITTLE ROCK L. REV.
U. BALT. INTELL. PROP. L.J.
U. BALT. J. ENVTL. L.
U. BALT. L.F.
U. BALT. L. REV.
U. BRIDGEPORT L. REV.
U. CHI. L. REV.
U. CHI. L. SCH. ROUNDTABLE
U. CHI. LEGAL F.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Transportation Law Journal
Trial Lawyers Quarterly
Tulane Environmental Law Journal
Tulane European and Civil Law Forum
Tulane Journal of International and
Comparative Law
Tulane Journal of Law & Sexuality
Tulane Journal of Technology and
Intellectual Property
Tulane Law Review
Tulane Maritime Law Journal
Tulsa Journal of Comparative and
International Law
Tulsa Law Review
UC Davis Business Law Journal
UC Davis Journal of International Law
and Policy
UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law &
Policy
UC Davis Law Review
UCLA Asian Pacific American Law
Journal
UCLA Entertainment Law Review
UCLA Journal of Environmental Law &
Policy
UCLA Journal of International Law and
Foreign Affairs
UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near
Eastern Law
UCLA Law Review
UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal
UCLA Women’s Law Journal
UMKC Law Review
Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal
United States-Mexico Law Journal
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Law Review
University of Baltimore Intellectual
Property Law Journal
University of Baltimore Journal of
Environmental Law
University of Baltimore Law Forum
University of Baltimore Law Review
University of Bridgeport Law Review
University of Chicago Law Review
University of Chicago Law School
Roundtable
University of Chicago Legal Forum
136
annexes
U. CIN. L. REV.
U. COLO. L. REV.
U. DAYTON L. REV.
U. DENV. WATER L. REV.
U. DET. MERCY L. REV.
U. FLA. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
U. HAW. L. REV.
U. ILL. J.L. TECH. & POL’Y
U. ILL. L. REV.
U. KAN. L. REV.
U. MD. L.J. RACE RELIG. GENDER & CLASS
U. MEM. L. REV.
U. MIAMI BUS. L. REV.
U. MIAMI ENT. & SPORTS L. REV.
U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV.
U. MIAMI INT’L & COMP. L. REV.
U. MIAMI L. REV.
U. MICH. J.L. REFORM
U.N.H. L. REV.
U. PA. J. CONST. L.
U. PA. J. BUS. L.
U. PA. J. INT’L ECON. L.
U. PA. J. INT’L L.
U. PA. J.L. & SOC. CHANGE
U. PA. L. REV.
U. PITT. L. REV.
U. PUGET SOUND L. REV.
U. RICH. L. REV.
U.S.F. J.L. & SOC. CHALLENGES
U.S.F. L. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
University of Cincinnati Law Review
University of Colorado Law Review
University of Dayton Law Review
University of Denver Water Law
Review
University of Detroit Mercy Law
Review
University of Florida Journal of Law
and Public Policy
University of Hawaii Law Review
University of Illinois Journal of Law,
Technology & Policy
University of Illinois Law Review
University of Kansas Law Review
University of Maryland Law Journal of
Race, Religion, Gender and Class
University of Memphis Law Review
University of Miami Business Law
Review
University of Miami Entertainment &
Sports Law Review
University of Miami Inter-American
Law Review
University of Miami International and
Comparative Law Review
University of Miami Law Review
University of Michigan Journal of Law
Reform
University of New Hampshire Law
Review
University of Pennsylvania Journal of
Constitutional Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of
Business Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of
International Economic Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of
International Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of
Law and Social Change
University of Pennsylvania Law Review
University of Pittsburgh Law Review
University of Puget Sound Law Review
University of Richmond Law Review
University of San Francisco Journal of
Law & Social Challenges
University of San Francisco Law
Review
137
ateneo law journal
U.S.F. MAR. L.J.
U. ST. THOMAS J.L. & PUB. POL’Y
U. ST. THOMAS L.J.
U.D.C. L. REV.
U. TOL. L. REV.
U. TORONTO FAC. L. REV.
U. TORONTO L.J.
U. W. L.A. L. REV.
UNLV GAMING L.J.
URB. LAW.
UTAH L. REV.
VAL. U. L. REV.
VAND. J. ENT. & TECH. L.
VAND. J. TRANSNAT’L L.
VAND. L. REV.
VT. J. ENVTL. L.
VT. L. REV.
VILL. ENVTL. L.J.
VILL. J.L. & INVESTMENT MGMT.
VILL. L. REV.
VILL. SPORTS & ENT. L.J.
VA. ENVTL. L.J.
VA. J. INT’L L.
VA. J. SOC. POL’Y & L.
VA. J. SPORTS & L.
VA. L. & BUS. REV.
VA. L. REV.
VA. SPORTS & ENT. L.J.
VA. TAX REV.
WAKE FOREST L. REV.
WASHBURN L.J.
WASH. & LEE. J. C.R. & SOC. JUST.
WASH. & LEE L. REV.
WASH. J.L. TECH. & ARTS
WASH. L. REV.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
University of San Francisco Maritime
Law Journal
University of St. Thomas Journal of
Law & Public Policy
University of St. Thomas Law Journal
University of the District of Columbia
Law Review
University of Toledo Law Review
University of Toronto Faculty of Law
Review
University of Toronto Law Journal
University of West Los Angeles Law
Review
UNLV Gaming Law Journal
Urban Lawyer
Utah Law Review
Valparaiso University Law Review
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment &
Technology Law
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational
Law
Vanderbilt Law Review
Vermont Journal of Environmental Law
Vermont Law Review
Villanova Environmental Law Journal
Villanova Journal of Law and
Investment Management
Villanova Law Review
Villanova Sports & Entertainment Law
Journal
Virginia Environmental Law Journal
Virginia Journal of International Law
Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the
Law
Virginia Journal of Sports and the Law
Virginia Law & Business Review
Virginia Law Review
Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law
Journal
Virginia Tax Review
Wake Forest Law Review
Washburn Law Journal
Washington and Lee Journal of Civil
Rights and Social Justice
Washington and Lee Law Review
Washington Journal of Law,
Technology & Arts
Washington Law Review
138
annexes
WASH. U. GLOBAL STUD. L. REV.
WASH. U. J.L. & POL’Y
WASH. U. JUR. REV.
WASH. U. L.Q.
WASH. U. L. REV.
WAYNE L. REV.
W. VA. L. REV.
W. LEGAL HIST.
W. NEW ENG. L. REV.
W. ST. U. L. REV.
WHITTIER J. CHILD & FAM. ADVOC.
WHITTIER L. REV.
WIDENER L.J.
WIDENER L. REV.
WILLAMETTE J. INT’L L. & DISP. RESOL.
WILLAMETTE L. REV.
WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J.
WM. & MARY BUS. L. REV.
WM. & MARY ENVTL. L. & POL’Y REV.
WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L.
WM. & MARY L. REV.
WM. & MARY POL’Y REV.
WM. MITCHELL L. REV.
WIS. INT’L L.J.
WIS. J.L. GENDER & SOC.
WIS. L. REV.
WIS. WOMEN’S L.J.
WOMEN’S RTS. L. REP.
WYOMING L. REV.
YALE HUM. RTS. & DEV. L.J.
YALE J. HEALTH POL’Y L. & ETHICS
YALE J. INT’L L.
YALE J.L. & FEMINISM
YALE J.L. & HUMAN.
YALE J. ON REG.
YALE L. & POL’Y REV.
YALE L.J.
ANNEX F. FOREIGN
PERIODICALS
Washington University Global Studies
Law Review
Washington University Journal of Law
& Policy
Washington University Jurisprudence
Review
Washington University Law Quarterly
Washington University Law Review
Wayne Law Review
West Virginia Law Review
Western Legal History
Western New England Law Review
Western State University Law Review
Whittier Journal of Child and Family
Advocacy
Whittier Law Review
Widener Law Journal
Widener Law Review
Willamette Journal of International
Law and Dispute Resolution
Willamette Law Review
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
William & Mary Business Law Review
William & Mary Environmental Law
and Policy Review
William & Mary Journal of Women and
the Law
William & Mary Law Review
William & Mary Policy Review
William Mitchell Law Review
Wisconsin International Law Journal
Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender &
Society
Wisconsin Law Review
Wisconsin Women’s Law Journal
Women’s Rights Law Reporter
Wyoming Law Review
Yale Human Rights & Development
Law Journal
Yale Journal of Health, Policy, Law,
and Ethics
Yale Journal of International Law
Yale Journal of Law and Feminism
Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities
Yale Journal on Regulation
Yale Law & Policy Review
Yale Law Journal
139
ateneo law journal
140
G. SELECTED TERMS & PERIODICALS
ACAD.
ACCT.
ADMIN.
ADAMSON L.J.
AGRIC.
&
ANN.
ARB.
ATENEO L.J.
AGSB J. BUS. MGMT. &
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
ATLANTIC
B.C.F. L.J.
BEDAN L. REV.
BULL.
BUS.
BUSINESSWORLD
BUSINESSMIRROR
CHI. TRIB.
CHRON.
CIV.
COM.
C.O.A. J.
CT. SYSTEMS J.
COMP.
CONG.
CONST.
CONTEMP.
CORP.
CRIM.
DEV.
DIG.
ECON.
ECONOMIST
ENV’T
ENVTL.
FAR EAST L. REV.
FILIPINO LAW.
FIN.
FIN. TIMES
FOR
F.
FOUNDATION L. REV.
GEN.
ANNEX G. SELECTED TERMS
& PERIODICALS
Academ[-ic, -y]
Account[-ant, -ants, -ing,- ancy]
Administrat[-ive, -or, -ion]
Adamson Law Journal
Agricultur[-e, -al]
and
Annual
Arbitrat[-ion, -ors]
Ateneo Law Journal
Ateneo Graduate School of Business
Journal of Business Management
and Entrepreneurship
The Atlantic
Baguio Colleges Foundation Law
Journal
Bedan Law Review
Bulletin
Business
BusinessWorld
BusinessMirror
Chicago Tribune
Chronicle
Civil
Commerc[-e, -ial]
Commission on Audit Journal
Court Systems Journal
Comparative
Congressional
Constitution[-al]
Contemporary
Corporat[-e, -ion]
Criminal
Development[-s]
Digest
Econom[-ic, ics, -y]
The Economist
Environment
Environmental
Far Eastern Law Review
Filipino Lawyer
Financial
Financial Times
for
Forum
Foundation Law Review
General
annexes
GOV’T
GUARDIAN
HARV. BUS. REV.
HIST.
IMMIGR.
INS.
IBP J.
INTELL.
INT’L
J.
LAB.
LAB. REV.
LAW
L.
LAW.
LAW. REV.
LEGAL
L.A. TIMES
LY. PHIL. L. REV.
MAG.
MANILA BULL.
MANILA STAND.
MANILA TIMES
MINDANAO L.J.
M.L.Q. U. L.Q.
NAT’L
N.Y. TIMES
NEWSBREAK
NEWSL.
NEWSWEEK
ON
OFF.
ORG.
PHIL.
PHIL.
PHIL.
PHIL.
PHIL.
PHIL.
DAILY INQ.
L. GAZ.
L.J.
STUD.
STAR
Y.B. INT’L LAW
PHILJA JUD. J.
POL’Y
PROP.
PUB.
Q.
RES.
REV.
ANNEX G. SELECTED TERMS
& PERIODICALS
Government
The Guardian
Harvard Business Review
Histor[-ical, -y]
Immigration
Insurance
Integrated Bar of the Philippines
Journal
Intellectual
International
Journal
Labor
Labor Review
Law (first word)
Law
Lawyer[-s, -s’, -‘s]
The Lawyers Review
Legal
Los Angeles Times
Lyceum of the Philippines Law Review
Magazine
The Manila Bulletin
Manila Standard
The Manila Times
Mindanao Law Journal
M.L.Q. University Law Quarterly
National
The New York Times
Newsbreak
Newsletter
Newsweek
on
Office
Organization
Philippine Daily Inquirer
Philippine Law Gazette
Philippine Law Journal
Philippine Studies
The Philippine Star
Philippine Yearbook of International
Law
PHILJA Judicial Journal
Policy
Property
Public
Quarterly
Research
Review
141
ateneo law journal
Rights
San Beda Law Journal
Siliman Law Journal
San Francisco Chronicle
South China Morning Post
The Straits Times
Tax
The Telegraph
Time
Tribune
University of San Carlos Law Review
University of Santo Tomas Law Review
University of the East Law Journal
University of Manila Law Gazette
The Wall Street Journal
The Washington Post
142
RTS.
SAN BEDA L.J.
SILIMAN L.J.
S.F. CHRON.
S. CHINA MORNING POST
STRAITS TIMES
TAX
TELEGRAPH
TIME
TRIB.
U.S.C. L. REV.
U.S.T. L. REV.
U.E. L.J.
U.M. L. GAZ.
WALL ST. J.
WASH. POST
ANNEX G. SELECTED TERMS
& PERIODICALS