Legal Citation Guide Ateneo Law Journal ATENEO LAW JOURNAL LEGAL CITATION GUIDE Fourth Edition ATENEO ATENEO LAW LAW JOURNAL JOURNAL ISSN ISSN0115-6136 0115-6136 The TheAteneo AteneoLaw LawJournal Journalisispublished publishedfour fourtimes timesaayear, year,August Augustthrough throughMay, May,by bythe thestudents studentsofofthe the Ateneo Ateneo de de Manila Manila University University School School ofof Law. Law. The The Journal Journal contains contains articles articles and and contributions contributions ofof interest interest toto law law students students and and practitioners. practitioners. The The views views expressed expressed by by the the contributors contributors do do not not necessarily necessarily reflect reflect the the views views ofof either either the the Ateneo Ateneo de de Manila Manila University University School School ofof Law Law or or the the Board of Editors of the Ateneo Law Journal. 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ItIt isis aa compilation compilation ofof methods methods ofof citation citation for for the the legal legal field field inin an an effort effort toto aid aid legal legal practitioners practitioners and and students students inin writing writing their their legal legal documents documents and and papers. papers. The The print print version version isis available availablefor forsale salewithin withinthe thePhilippines. Philippines. CONTRIBUTIONS CONTRIBUTIONS. . The The Ateneo Ateneo Law Law Journal Journal invites invites the the submission submission ofof unsolicited unsolicited articles, articles, essays, essays, comments, comments, notes, notes, and and reviews. reviews. Please Please include include the the author’s author’s name, name, biographical biographical information, information, and and contact contact information. information. Contributions Contributions may may be be sent sent toto ateneolj@gmail.com. ateneolj@gmail.com. The The Board Board ofof Editors Editors reserves reservesthe theright righttotoedit editarticles articlessubmitted submittedfor forpublication. publication. Copyright Copyright©©2020 2020by bythe theAteneo AteneoLaw LawJournal. Journal.All Allrights rightsreserved. reserved. The TheAteneo AteneoLaw LawJournal Journalhomepage homepageisislocated locatedat: at:http://www.ateneolawjournal.com. http://www.ateneolawjournal.com. ATENEO ATENEO LAW LAW JOURNAL JOURNAL ATENEO Ateneo Ateneode deManila ManilaProfessional ProfessionalSchools SchoolsLibrary Library Rockwell RockwellDrive, Drive,Rockwell RockwellCenter, Center,Makati MakatiCity, City,Philippines Philippines Please Please enter enter my my subscription subscription toto the the AATENEO TENEO LLAW AW JJOURNAL OURNAL,, commencing commencing with with the the succeeding 500.00.Foreign Foreignsubscription subscriptionrates ratesvary varyper perregion. region. succeedingissue, issue,atatPP500.00. NAME NAME::........................................................................................................................ ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION::...................................................................................................... ATENEO ADDRESS ADDRESS::.................................................................................................................. TELEPHONE TELEPHONENUMBER NUMBER::.............................................................................................. Kindly Kindly make make checks checks payable payable toto the the Ateneo Ateneo de de Manila Manila University. University. Unless Unless notice notice toto the the contrary is received, each subscription will be automatically renewed. contrary is received, each subscription will be automatically renewed. ateneo law journal LEGAL CITATION GUIDE 2020 BOARD OF EDITORS PATRICIA ANNE ALARIOS JOHN STEPHEN B. PANGILINAN PATRICK EDWARD L. BALISONG JOSE RYAN S. PELONGCO JUSTIN MARK C. CHAN KATRINA ISABELLE G. PIMENTEL KATHLEEN TRACI P. DEL ROSARIO FRANCES CHRISTINE P. SAYSON BRIAN EARL A. LESHEN JASON L. SY (lead editor) SERGIO LUIS M. MERCADO KORINA D. TORRES MARIAN GAE V. MERINO JOHN PAULO S. VICENCIO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE PATRICK EDWARD L. BALISONG JOHN PAULO S. VICENCIO JOHN STEPHEN B. PANGILINAN ATTY. JACINTO D. JIMENEZ ATTY. LEE BENJAMIN Z. LERMA FACULTY ADVISER FACULTY ADVISER Preface to the Fourth Edition The Ateneo Law Journal humbly offers this fourth edition of the Legal Citation Guide as it renews its commitment to provide a coherent and simple yet extensive system of citation. Grateful for the gift of mentorship and the wealth of experience imparted by past Boards, the present Board of Editors sought to build on the foundations laid down by previous editions. Every aspect of this new edition has been met with intense scrutiny and thorough deliberation by the Board of Editors, guided by the cardinal principles of clarity, simplicity, consistency, and identifiability. This fourth edition has benefitted from updates and additions in response to developments in the legal landscape within the Philippines and beyond its shores. Several rules relating to primary and secondary authorities have been refined to facilitate efficient identification of sources. The Guide now provides for simplified citation rules for various international materials, including United Nations sources, and features rules dedicated to quasi-judicial decisions as well as films and broadcasts. Considerable attention is given to the levels of citations and explanatory footnote texts to provide guidance in attributing relevant sources and in enriching incisive discussions of one’s work. Permanent links have also been introduced for internet sources to make them easily available for future research and study. Citation is undeniably a tedious task; nevertheless, it remains indispensable in the legal profession heavily built on precedent. Likewise, citation, when done conscientiously, is an exercise in humility; one recognizes the debt of gratitude he or she has for others whose works made possible one’s insights and expositions. With this fourth edition, the Journal hopes that this Guide supports the work of jurists, practitioners, and learners of the law as they advance the cause of truth and justice. Ultimately, more than the mastery of the rules herein, what remains of paramount importance is one’s keen understanding of academic and professional integrity which this Guide endeavors to impress upon its users. May this Guide continue the Journal’s enduring mission of promoting legal scholarship since its founding in 1951. Ad maiorem Dei gloriam. Jason L. Sy Lead Editor Preface to the Third Edition Every legal analysis, to be persuasive, requires proper citation of authorities for support, opposition, or comparison. Unfortunately, due to the complexity of other citation systems, members of the Philippine legal community have expressed the need for a simpler and more practical guide to legal citation. Through the years, the Ateneo Law Journal has humbly responded to that need through its Legal Citation Guide, which has been well-received since its first iteration in 2008. Accordingly, to ensure that it remains responsive to the needs of the legal community, the Journal dutifully presents this third edition of its Guide. Notably, this edition now includes rules on how to cite matters found on social media, case texts available online other than those maintained by commercial electronic databases, European case law available in the new EUR-Lex database, as well as formal rules in citing court documents such as transcripts of stenographic notes. Yet, even with these additions, the Guide remains true to its ethos of providing a relatively small, practical, but comprehensive citation system. Again, every rule in this Guide has been meticulously studied and deliberated upon by the Journal’s Board of Editors. The Guide also remains consistent with and up to par with other citation systems in various jurisdictions. As such, with this latest edition, the Journal trusts that this Guide will continue to serve as an essential companion to members of the Philippine legal community for years to come. Paolo Miguel S. Consignado Lead Editor Preface to the Second Edition The publication of the Ateneo Law Journal Legal Citation Primer in 2008 paved the way for a systematic and convenient guide for legal citation and scholarship. Primarily a compilation of the Ateneo Law Journal White Sheets, the Publication’s informal editing and citation guide, and based on The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, the Citation Primer served both as a tool for training the Members of the Board of Editors and a benchmark of the Ateneo Law Journal’s tradition of excellence. Recent developments in law and media, however, have rendered the Citation Primer inadequate to cover the growing body of available legal authorities and sources. This Legal Citation Guide serves as the revised and updated edition of the Journal’s citation system. Published in commemoration of the Journal’s 60th anniversary, this Guide promises a more refined and nuanced approach to legal citation than its precursor. Foremost among the changes introduced is a reduction of the Citation Guide’s size for portability and ease of use. Moreover, the citation rules are now laid down in a more user-friendly and concise manner. Then as now, each citation was thoroughly deliberated upon by the Journal’s Board of Editors to ensure a balanced and comprehensive representation of the needs of legal citation. Refining the Journal’s citations included greater attention to Supreme Court issuances and decisions. There are now citation formats for separate and dissenting opinions accompanying the majority opinions of the Court, unpublished decisions, and rules of procedure not incorporated within the Rules of Court. Ordinances also now have their own citation style in this edition. There is greater detail for executive, legislative, and administrative issuances given their inevitable importance when conducting extensive research on relevant legal documents. The Guide also fine-tuned its adherence to Bluebook rules and styles as far as practicable in order to conform with international standards of legal citation. Most importantly, this Guide also presents a more Philippine-centric approach to citation. Built upon the standards and styles of The Bluebook, the rules herein have been revamped to suit the needs of a localized body of statutes, jurisprudence, sources, and authorities. The country of origin is now indicated for each foreign statute, jurisprudence, or material, even including materials from the United States’ jurisdiction. As legal sources and materials transform into electronic and online formats, the Guide developed more citations for different types of internet texts. As libraries continue to enable greater access to online sources, rules of citation to electronic databases have also been added. For easier reference, an annex which compiles some of the most commonly used citation abbreviations have also been appended. The legal citation style guide project of the Ateneo Law Journal is by no means completed by this edition. Legal citation is ever evolving. It requires constant review and development. As a testament to this fact, this Citation Guide embodies the codification of 60 years of the Journal’s experience and traditions in legal scholarship. It cannot stop there, however. With this Legal Citation Guide, the Journal only affirms its duty to continually develop and expand the scope of legal scholarship and, necessarily, that of legal citation, too. Oscar Carlo F. Cajucom Lead Editor Vicente Carlos S. Lo Lead Editor Preface to the First Edition The system of legal citation can be confusing, even daunting, for students of the law and experienced practitioners alike. It requires careful attention to detail to ensure that those reading a piece of work will be able to trace its roots and sources. In, perhaps, no other field is there a greater reliance on precedent than in the law — thus, prompting a seemingly complex and impenetrable method of citation. Law students and lawyers are all too often easily intimidated or overwhelmed by this. The problem, however, lies not so much in lack of skill, than in the lack of a clear and understandable reference. While The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, published by American law reviews, is useful and comprehensive, many practical difficulties exist in relation to its use. Not only is access to it quite limited, as it is not locally available, its focus is also primarily geared towards American sources, at times making application challenging. Also, while a longer length may be indicative of extensiveness, realistically-speaking, many users associate convenience and functionality with short guides. It is with the goal of addressing these issues that the editors of the Ateneo Law Journal publish this Citation Primer. The Ateneo Law Journal has established itself as a premier law review in the country. For more than fifty years, it has exhibited unsurpassed zeal and dedication to the advancement of legal scholarship. It has instituted an enduring tradition of excellence which has been passed on to, and maintained and enriched by, each generation of editors. Cognizant of the importance of honing its editors’ skills in order to live up to the exacting and elevated standards of being one of the country’s foremost publications, the system of legal citation has been central to the training of its editors. Ever the pioneer of progress in the field of law, the Journal now utilizes its well engraved knowledge in the system of citation to once again break new ground by providing a solution to the difficulties encountered in legal citation. This Citation Primer is the product of hours of deliberation and research by the present Board of Editors. Each citation form was examined and deliberated upon to ensure not only accuracy, but also facility in usage. While it is principally based on the Ateneo Law Journal White Sheets and The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, the editors have molded or reinvented certain citation forms to suit the distinct needs of the Philippine legal scholar or practitioner. The Board has expended all efforts to make this primer as simple and user-friendly as possible, without diminution of content or quality. It must be borne in mind, however, that this publication is not meant to be all-encompassing, and is exactly what it purports to be — a primer. With this, the editors are proud to present to the legal community this Citation Primer, with hope that it will serve as an essential and lasting reference in the study and practice of the law. Bernard Joseph B. Malibiran Lead Editor Floralie M. Pamfilo Associate Lead Editor Joy Stephanie C. Tajan Associate Lead Editor INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL CITATION An Overview of Citation ....................................................... 1 About This Guide ................................................................ 1 I. FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL CITATION A. Use of Citations ............................................................. 2 B. Order of Authorities ....................................................... 2 C. Introductory Signals....................................................... 4 1. Direct Citation & Signals That Signify Support or Attribution ............................................................... 4 2. Signals That Signify Divergence of Views ................... 6 3. Signals That Signify Comparison ............................... 6 4. Signal That Invites Further Research ......................... 7 D. Pinpoint Citations & Subdivision Symbols ......................... 8 E. Short Citation Forms .................................................... 11 1. Supra .................................................................... 11 2. Id. ........................................................................ 12 3. Hereinafter ............................................................ 16 F. Levels of Parenthetical Citations.................................... 19 G. Explanatory Footnotes & Parentheticals ......................... 21 II. PRIMARY AUTHORITIES A. Constitutions ............................................................... 22 1. Incumbent Constitutions ......................................... 22 2. Repealed Constitutions ........................................... 23 3. Records & Journals of Constitutional Proceedings ..... 23 B. Codes & Statutes ......................................................... 25 4. Codes ................................................................... 25 5. Statutes ................................................................ 26 6. Amendment, Repeal, & Invalidation of Statutes ........ 27 C. Local & Foreign Cases .................................................. 29 7. Reported Cases...................................................... 29 8. Cases Available Online Under Official Domain Names .................................................................. 31 9. Cases Available on Commercial Electronic Databases ............................................................. 33 10. Cases Unreported & Unavailable Online ................... 34 11. Pending Cases ....................................................... 35 12. Opinions Other Than the Majority Opinion ............... 36 13. Pleadings, Transcripts of Stenographic Notes, Interlocutory Orders, & Other Court Documents ....... 37 D. Legislative Materials ..................................................... 39 14. Legislative Bills ...................................................... 39 15. Congressional Resolutions ...................................... 40 16. Committee Reports ................................................ 40 17. Congressional Records ........................................... 41 18. Congressional Journals ........................................... 42 E. Executive Materials ...................................................... 43 19. Executive & Administrative Issuances ...................... 43 20. Advisory Opinions .................................................. 44 21. Implementing Rules & Regulations .......................... 45 22. Quasi-Judicial Decisions .......................................... 46 F. Judicial Issuances ........................................................ 47 23. Court Circulars & Administrative Orders ................... 47 24. Bar Matters ........................................................... 47 25. Issuances from the Office of the Court Administrator ................................................ 48 G. Ordinances .................................................................. 49 26. Local Government Ordinances ................................. 49 H. Rules of Procedure ...................................................... 50 27. Legislative Rules of Procedure ................................. 50 28. Rules of Procedure of Administrative Agencies ......... 50 29. Rules of Procedure Within the Rules of Court ........... 51 30. Rules of Procedure Issued by the Supreme Court Not Incorporated in the Rules of Court .......................... 52 31. Superseded Rules of Procedure ............................... 53 III. I. SECONDARY AUTHORITIES Books & Other Non-Periodic Materials ........................... 54 32. Books by a Single Author ........................................ 54 33. Books by Two Authors ............................................ 55 34. Books by Three or More Authors ............................. 55 35. Multi-Volume Works ............................................... 56 36. Works with Editors or Translators ........................... 56 37. Works in Collections ............................................... 57 38. Annotations ........................................................... 58 39. Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, & Epilogues ...... 58 40. Special Citation Forms ............................................ 59 J. Journals & Periodical Articles ........................................ 60 41. Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles .................. 60 42. Non-Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles ........... 61 43. Newsletters & Magazine Articles .............................. 61 44. Newspaper Articles in Print ..................................... 62 K. Internet Sources .......................................................... 63 45. Internet Sources in General .................................... 63 46. Magazine & News Articles Online............................. 65 47. Social Media .......................................................... 66 L. Theses & Unpublished Materials ................................... 68 48. Dissertations & Theses ........................................... 68 49. Memoranda, Letters, E-mail, & Other Correspondences ................................................... 69 50. Press Releases & Other Unpublished Papers ............. 70 M. Interviews ................................................................... 71 51. Interviews Conducted by the Author........................ 71 52. Interviews Not Conducted by the Author ................. 72 N. Speeches & Addresses ................................................. 73 53. Unpublished & Untranscribed Speeches & Addresses.............................................................. 73 54. Transcribed Speeches & Addresses ......................... 74 O. Films & Broadcasts ...................................................... 75 55. Films ..................................................................... 75 56. Television & Radio Broadcasts................................. 75 IV. INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS P. Founding Documents ................................................... 76 57. U.N. Charter & League of Nations Covenant ............. 76 Q. Treaties ...................................................................... 77 58. Bilateral Treaties .................................................... 77 59. Multilateral Treaties................................................ 79 R. International Law Cases ............................................... 81 60. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Reported Cases .............................. 81 61. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Cases Available Online .................... 82 62. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Advisory Opinions ........................... 83 63. Cases Before the ICC ............................................. 84 64. CJEU Reported Cases in Print .................................. 85 65. CJEU Cases Available Online ................................... 86 66. Cases Before Other International Judicial Institutions & Ad Hoc Tribunals ............................... 87 67. International Arbitration Cases ................................ 89 S. Resolutions & Decisions ............................................... 90 68. U.N. General Assembly Resolutions & Decisions ....... 90 69. Resolutions by Other U.N. Organizations & Other International Bodies ...................................... 91 T. Reports & Other International Materials......................... 92 70. Reports by U.N. Organs & Committees .................... 92 71. Reports by the Secretary-General & Other Officials ... 92 72. Conference Reports................................................ 93 73. WTO Panel & Appellate Body Reports ...................... 94 74. Reports by the WTO Secretariat & Other WTO Bodies .......................................................... 94 75. WTO Ministerial Documents .................................... 95 76. GATT Panel Decisions ............................................. 95 77. Sales Publications .................................................. 96 V. GENERAL RULES OF USAGE U. Quotations .................................................................. 97 78. Quotations of 49 Words or Less .............................. 97 79. Quotations of 50 Words or More ............................. 97 80. Alterations ............................................................. 99 81. Omissions.............................................................. 99 82. Emphases.............................................................. 99 V. Footnote References .................................................. 100 83. Footnote References ............................................ 100 W. Punctuations ............................................................. 102 84. Periods ................................................................ 102 85. Commas & Semicolons ......................................... 102 86. Colons ................................................................. 102 87. Hyphens .............................................................. 102 88. Em Dashes .......................................................... 103 89. Ellipses ................................................................ 103 90. Brackets .............................................................. 104 91. Parentheses......................................................... 105 X. Numbers ................................................................... 106 92. Numerals............................................................. 106 93. Ordinals .............................................................. 106 Y. Symbols .................................................................... 107 94. Section & Paragraph Symbols ............................... 107 95. Percentage & Currency Symbols ............................ 107 Z. Other Rules ............................................................... 108 96. Author Names...................................................... 108 97. Dates .................................................................. 108 98. Capitalization ....................................................... 109 99. Abbreviation ........................................................ 110 100. Italicization......................................................... 111 ANNEXES: LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Selected Geographical Terms...................................... 112 Months ..................................................................... 114 Government Issuances ............................................... 115 Subdivisions .............................................................. 116 Selected Philippine Codes ........................................... 117 Foreign Periodicals ..................................................... 118 Selected Terms & Periodicals ...................................... 140 The LEGAL CITATION GUIDE is a special publication of the Ateneo Law Journal. It is a compilation of methods of citation for the legal field in an effort to aid legal practitioners and students in writing their legal documents and papers. The print version is available for sale within the Philippines. This free digital version of the fourth edition of the LEGAL CITATION GUIDE is available for download from the official website of the Ateneo Law Journal or from its official Facebook page. The table of contents of this free digital version may be conveniently accessed using a Portable Document Format (PDF) viewer (by clicking “View” > “Show/Hide” > “Navigation Panes” > “Bookmarks” in Adobe Acrobat Reader on Windows and Mac, “View” > “Table of Contents” in Preview on Mac, or the bookmark icon in Google Chrome). INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL CITATION AN OVERVIEW OF CITATION Citation is particularly essential in the legal profession because legal analyses depend on the examination of binding rules and norms. Thus, it is imperative to determine with precision what these rules and norms are. Citation facilitates this determination. Accordingly, citation serves at least three purposes. First, it provides support or contrast to assertions. Second, it allows proper attribution of non-original input. Third, it helps readers identify sources for further study or research. To achieve these purposes, this Guide emphasizes accurate pinpoint citation, i.e., directing the reader to the specific portion (e.g., article, section, paragraph, or page) of a source. A pinpoint citation is complete when a reader is given sufficient information to locate and to verify the source, when that source is physically or virtually accessible to the reader. This Guide, however, is not meant to be as no citation guide can completely cover all When confronted with materials for which no squarely applies, the solution is to use analogous the purposes of legal citation. rigid and inflexible, materials imaginable. specific citation rule rules, bearing in mind ABOUT THIS GUIDE This Guide is intended for footnote citation. It is divided into five Parts: Fundamentals of Legal Citation, Primary Authorities, Secondary Authorities, International Materials, and General Rules of Usage. Three typefaces are used for the prescribed citation forms in this Guide: ordinary Roman font, Italics , and LARGE AND SMALL CAPITALS, otherwise known as SMALL CAPS. The rules herein were derived from THE BLUEBOOK: A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION (21st ed. 2020) and THE MAROONBOOK: THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MANUAL OF LEGAL CITATION (2019), and were modified for Philippine practice by taking into consideration the MANUAL OF JUDICIAL WRITING (2005) by the Supreme Court of the Philippines. A. USE OF CITATIONS A.1. A citation refers to the sentence or clause immediately preceding it. A.2. A citation is intended to: A.2.1. attribute non-original ideas; A.2.2. provide authorities relevant to the discussion; or A.2.3. offer sources for further study or research. B. ORDER OF AUTHORITIES B.1. When citing multiple authorities, cite first the sources to which non-original ideas are attributed, or those authorities which directly provide support or opposition to the text. B.2. Authorities for support must be given first before those in opposition. Support or opposition is indicated by introductory signals (Section C of this Part). 1. B.3. JOAQUIN G. BERNAS, S.J., THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY 780 (2009) & Sedfrey M. Candelaria, Testing Constitutional Waters IV: Power of the Purse in Light of the Belgica and Araullo Rulings, 59 ATENEO L.J. 317, 346 (2014). Contra ISAGANI A. CRUZ & CARLO L. CRUZ, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 33 (2015). Support or opposition may be direct, indirect, or analogous. Cite all authorities for support in the aforesaid order, before those for the opposition in the same order. 2. 4 ARTURO M. TOLENTINO, COMMENTARIES AND JURISPRUDENCE ON THE CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 470 (1991). See also MELENCIO S. STA. MARIA JR., PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATIONS LAW 220 (7th ed. FUNDAMENTALS I. FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL CITATION OF LEGAL CITATION 2 2019) & Richard Michael Fischl, Ideology and Argument Construction in Contract Law, in RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON CRITICAL LEGAL THEORY 284-87 (Emilios Christodoulidis, et al. eds., 2019). Contra Jose B.L. Reyes, Observations on the New Civil Code on Points Not Covered by Amendments Already Proposed, in CIVIL CODE READER 440 (Carmelo V. Sison ed., 2005) & Linda Greenhouse, Justices Rule Press Can Be Sued for Divulging a Source’s Identity, N.Y. TIMES, June 25, 1991, at A1. B.4. Support or opposition may also be given by authorities in their own right, or when related to other authorities. B.4.1. 3. B.5. Cite first the authorities which support the text in their own right, before citing those which must be related to other authorities in order to demonstrate support. Do the same for the authorities in opposition. PHIL. CONST. art. III, § 14 (2). See also TRANQUIL GERVACIO S. SALVADOR III, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 254 (2019). Compare BERNAS, supra note 1, at 499, with 2 FLORENZ D. REGALADO, REMEDIAL LAW COMPENDIUM 461 (11th ed. 2008). Contra WILLARD B. RIANO, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (THE BAR LECTURE SERIES) 349 (2016). Lastly, cite authorities which are merely intended to provide the reader with tangential sources for further study, personal analysis, or research. 4. Oposa v. Factoran, Jr., G.R. No. 101083, 224 SCRA 792, 812 (1993). Contra 4 TOLENTINO, supra note 2, at 405 & 2 REGALADO, supra note 3, at 733-35. See generally PHIL. CONST. art. III, § 10; Reyes, supra note 2, at 434; RUBÉN F. BALANE, JOTTINGS AND JURISPRUDENCE IN CIVIL LAW (OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS) 502 (2020); CRUZ & CRUZ, supra note 1, at 574; & David Schneiderman, A New Global Constitutional Order?, in COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 196 (Tom Ginsburg & Rosalind Dixon eds., 2011). FUNDAMENTALS 3 OF LEGAL CITATION fundamentals of legal citation C. INTRODUCTORY SIGNALS C.1. C.2. Signals are used to convey the relation between the text and the authority cited. These may signify: C.1.1. attribution; or C.1.2. support or opposition. They are italicized for emphasis. 1. Direct Citation & Signals That Signify Support or Attribution C.3. Direct citation, without any introductory signal, is used if the cited authority: C.3.1. directly supports the text; C.3.2. identifies the source of a quotation or a non-original idea; or C.3.3. identifies the source referred to in the text. C.4. “See” is used if the cited authority clearly, but indirectly, supports the text. C.5. “See, e.g.,” is used if the cited authority: C.5.1. supplies an example of what is asserted in the text; or C.5.2. is supplemented by other authorities stating the same proposition, but stating all of them is not necessary. 5. C.6. See, e.g., MAGDANGAL M. DE LEON, APPELLATE REMEDIES 262 (2d ed. 2018). “See also” is used if the cited authority supplies an additional indirect authority for the text, when the direct authorities have already been cited, bearing in mind the order of authorities (Section B of this Part). FUNDAMENTALS 4 OF LEGAL CITATION ateneo law journal C.7. ROBERTO A. ABAD & BLESSILDA B. ABAD-GAMO, FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL WRITING 101-05 (2014). See also Pamela Samuelson, Good Legal Writing: Of Orwell and Window Panes, 46 U. PITT. L. REV. 149, 151-57 (1984). “Cf.” is used if the cited authority supports a proposition different from the text, but provides sufficiently analogous support when compared with the text. C.7.1. “Cf.” is derived from the Latin word conferre, which is usually translated as “compare.” C.7.2. Use “Cf. also” when direct or indirect supporting authorities have already been cited. C.7.3. “Cf.” and “See” are different. “Cf.” merely invites the reader to compare the text with the cited authority for however, possible analogous support. “See”, confidently signals that the cited authority, at the very least, provides indirect support even if it has to be inferred from the text. C.7.4. Parenthetical explanations should be provided whenever “Cf. ” is used to acquaint the reader with the analogy or comparison. Meanwhile, the use of parenthetical explanations is optional whenever “See” is used. 7. 8. See Tarrosa v. Singson, G.R. No. 111243, 232 SCRA 553, 557-58 (1994) (While the case did not expressly rule on the validity of the appointment of the Central Bank Governor who was not confirmed by the Commission on Appointments, it may be inferred that the said appointment was valid given the Supreme Court’s discussion of a previous ruling in the case itself.). Cf. Government of the United States of America v. Purganan, G.R. No. 148571, 389 SCRA 623, 664 (2002) (explaining that bail is typically not available in extradition cases, which are analogous to cases when the grant of bail is denied by the Constitution). FUNDAMENTALS 6. 5 OF LEGAL CITATION fundamentals of legal citation 2. Signals That Signify Divergence of Views C.8. “Contra” is used if the cited authority directly contradicts a proposition in the text. C.9. “But see” is used if the cited authority indirectly contradicts a proposition in the text. C.10. “See also” is used when direct contrary authorities were already cited. C.11. “But cf.” is used if the cited authority supports a proposition analogous to the contrary of the text. C.12. “Cf. also” is used when direct and indirect contrary authorities have already been cited. Contra RIANO, supra note 3, at 452. See also Greenhouse, supra note 2, at A1. 10. But see RULE ON THE WRIT OF HABEAS DATA, A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC, § 1 (Feb. 2, 2008) & Vivares v. St. Theresa’s College, G.R. No. 202666, 737 SCRA 92, 107 (2014). Cf. also Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 HARV. L. REV. 193, 205 (1890) & TOBY MENDEL, ET AL., GLOBAL SURVEY ON INTERNET PRIVACY AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 84 (2012). 9. 3. Signals That Signify Comparison C.13. “Compare ... [, and ...], with ... [, and ...]” is used if the cited authorities, when compared to each other, support or demonstrate the text. C.14. “Contrast ... [, and ...], with ... [, and ...]” is used if the cited authorities, when compared to each other, evince contrary positions against the text. C.14.1. For example, the following citation supports a text which argues that experts in the field of substance abuse disagree as to whether substance abuse should be considered as a form of mental illness. Notice how FUNDAMENTALS 6 OF LEGAL CITATION ateneo law journal only by 11. Compare National Institute on Drug Abuse, Comorbidity: Substance Use Disorders and Other Mental Illnesses, available at http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/ drugfacts/comorbidity-substance-use-disorders-othermental-illnesses (last accessed Nov. 16, 2019) [http://perma.cc/E8ER-9Q5Z] (asserting that drug addiction causes fundamental changes in brain function, overriding the ability to control impulses which is one of the hallmarks of other forms of mental illness), and Kent C. Berridge, Is Addiction a Brain Disease?, 1 NEUROETHICS 29, 30 (2017) (“Addiction is a brain disease of temptation and of choice itself.”), with MARK LEWIS, THE BIOLOGY OF DESIRE: WHY ADDICTION IS NOT A DISEASE 24-26 (2015) (arguing that the way the brain changes has to do with learning and development, not disease). C.15. Like in “Cf.”, parenthetical explanations may facilitate a better understanding of the comparison. However, unlike “Cf.”, these signals tell the reader to compare authorities in order to find support or opposition to the text, whereas “Cf.” is used to compare the cited authority with the text itself to provide analogous support or opposition. 4. Signal That Invites Further Research C.16. “See generally” is used if the cited authority provides background material to the text. C.16.1. The use of footnote text or parenthetical explanations is also encouraged when using “See generally” to provide information regarding the relevance of the source. This is used to guide the readers as to what authorities can be used for further research or study. 12. See generally UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INFORMATION, BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE UNITED NATIONS 58 (42d ed. 2017) (discussing the role of the United Nations Security Council in dispute settlement). FUNDAMENTALS support for the text is demonstrated comparison of the authorities cited. 7 OF LEGAL CITATION fundamentals of legal citation D. PINPOINT CITATIONS & SUBDIVISION SYMBOLS D.1. To ensure proper pinpoint citation, authorities must be completely cited from its main divisions down to its subdivisions where the cited portion may be found. 13. Instituting the “Administrative Code of 1987” [ADMIN. CODE], Executive Order No. 292, bk. III, tit. I, ch. 5, § 17 (1) (b) (1987). D.2. D.3. It is sufficient to indicate the page number if the cited authority contains only page numbers. D.2.1. Use the word “at” only to indicate page numbers, not other subdivisions (e.g., sections, articles, paragraphs). D.2.2. When indicating consecutive page numbers (not other subdivisions), retain only the last two digits of the last page in the range (e.g., 751-58, 1203-07) except if the previous digit changes (e.g., 1398-1400). Use the section symbol (§) or the paragraph symbol (¶) if the cited authority is divided by sections or paragraph numbers, respectively. 14. In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration (Phil. v. China), PCA Case No. 2013-19, Award, ¶ 761 (July 12, 2016). D.3.1. However, do not use the paragraph symbol (¶), if the cited portion is not expressly enumerated by paragraph numbers. Use the written abbreviation (para.) instead. 15. An Act Establishing the Philippine Identification System [Philippine Identification System Act], Republic Act No. 11055, § 15, para. 3 (2018). D.4. The pinpoint citation must correspond to the internal ordering system of the cited authority. If the authority is organized other than by section or paragraph, cite using the abbreviations in Annex D. For instance, use “art.” if citing an article, “princ.” if citing a principle, and “n.” if citing a footnote. FUNDAMENTALS 8 OF LEGAL CITATION ateneo law journal 16. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, art. 28, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217 (III) (Dec. 10, 1948). 17. U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, annex I, princ. 16, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1 (Vol. I) (Aug. 12, 1992). 18. Roland Glenn T. Tuazon, Wrongful Capture, Proper Detention? Challenging the Doctrine of Male Captus, Bene Detentus in International Law, 56 ATENEO L.J. 37, 55 n. 77 (2011). D.5. If the cited authority contains further subdivisions, use parentheses to separate these from the main divisions of sections or paragraph numbers. 19. An Act to Institutionalize the Use of an Alternative Dispute Resolution System in the Philippines and to Establish the Office for Alternative Dispute Resolution, and for Other Purposes [Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004], Republic Act No. 9285, § 28 (b) (2) (iv) (2004). D.5.1. However, do not use parentheses if the cited portion is not expressly distinguished as a further subdivision. In such case, again, use the abbreviation (para.) to cite paragraphs within these divisions. D.6. There is a space between the section symbol and the section number (e.g., § 2). The same rule applies to the use of the paragraph symbol (e.g., ¶ 7). There is also a space between the section or paragraph number and the subdivision in parentheses (e.g., § 4 (d), ¶ 10 (g)). D.7. Use two section or paragraph symbols when citing multiple subdivisions (e.g., §§ 1 & 43 and ¶¶ 12, 17, 45, & 51). Likewise, use the plural form of the abbreviations in Annex D whenever proper (e.g., use “arts.” when citing multiple articles). FUNDAMENTALS 9 OF LEGAL CITATION fundamentals of legal citation D.7.1. If the subdivisions cited are consecutive, use a hyphen (-) to delineate them (e.g., arts. 124-126). See Rule 87 on Hyphens for further guidance. D.7.2. Use an ampersand (&) to indicate the last item of an enumeration. D.7.3. Use commas to separate items within the same division level (e.g., main sections or paragraph subdivisions). 20. Philippine Identification System Act, §§ 1, 3, & 5. 21. PHIL. CONST. art. VI, § 16 (1), (3), & (5). D.7.4. Use semicolons to separate citations of divisions with further subdivisions. See Rule 85 on Commas and Semicolons for further guidance. 22. An Act Providing for a National Competition Policy Prohibiting Anti-Competitive Agreements, Abuse of Dominant Position and Anti-Competitive Mergers and Acquisitions, Establishing the Philippine Competition Commission and Appropriating Funds Therefor [Philippine Competition Act], Republic Act No. 10667, §§ 4 (i); 8, para. 2; & 12 (h) (2) (2015). FUNDAMENTALS 10 OF LEGAL CITATION ateneo law journal E. SHORT CITATION FORMS E.1. Short citation forms are normally used for subsequent citations of previously fully cited authorities. Specific short citation forms are usually provided for several materials within this Guide (see Rules 1 to 77). Otherwise, the following special short citation forms under this Section on Short Citation Forms (E) are to be used in the proper cases. 1. Supra E.2. “Supra”, a Latin word for “above” or “earlier in this writing”, is used to subsequently cite an authority which has been fully cited previously, when no specific short citation form has been provided in this Guide. E.3. Supra, however, cannot be used to cite an immediately preceding authority. In such case, Id. must instead be used. E.4. Follow this format: <volume no., if any> <Last Name/s of Author/s or Title of Work>, supra note <footnote no. of initial citation>, <pinpoint citation>. E.4.1. The shortened form should appear in the same typeface as in the full citation (i.e., whether in SMALL CAPS, italics, or ordinary Roman font). 23. 4 TOLENTINO, supra note 2, at 112. 24. Tuazon, supra note 18, at 50. E.5. In a work with two authors, indicate each of the authors’ last names, along with an ampersand (&) in between their names. If a work was written by three or more authors, indicate the last name of the first listed author followed by a comma and “et al.” 25. Warren & Brandeis, supra note 10, at 193-95. 26. MENDEL, ET AL., supra note 10, at 12 fig. 1. FUNDAMENTALS 11 OF LEGAL CITATION fundamentals of legal citation If the author is an institution, use the full institutional name. 27. UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT INFORMATION, supra note 12, at 243. E.7. OF PUBLIC If no author is indicated, use the title of the work. 28. Rio Declaration on Environment supra note 17, princ. 25. and Development, E.8. If there is no author nor title indicated in the work, use the document number or designation. E.9. Note that the supra note number (i.e., referring to the footnote number of the initial citation) must be kept accurate despite the addition of intervening footnotes in the work (see Rule 83.7). 2. I d . E.10. “Id.” , an abbreviation of the Latin word Idem which means “the same”, is used when citing exactly all the authorities: E.10.1. in the immediately preceding authority within the same footnote; or E.10.2. in the immediately preceding footnote. E.11. If neither of the two conditions above apply, a different short citation form (i.e., supra or the prescribed short citation form) must instead be used. E.12. Id. cannot be used to refer to Incumbent and Repealed Constitutions (see Rules 1 and 2), but it may be used for all other authorities. E.13. Follow this format: Id. <pinpoint citation, if different from immediately preceding citation>. FUNDAMENTALS E.6. 12 OF LEGAL CITATION ateneo law journal E.13.1. When used alone without any pinpoint citation, Id. refers to the identical pinpoint citation referenced in the immediately preceding citation. E.13.2. As illustrated, Id. alone was used in Note 30 to refer to the same pinpoint citation (i.e., page 138) of the immediately preceding authority in Note 29. Meanwhile, Id. was not used in Note 33 because not all the authorities in Note 32 were intended to be cited for authority. Similarly, Id. was not used in Note 35. 29. Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 221697, 786 SCRA 1, 138 (2016). 30. Id. 31. Id. at 142. 32. Id. at 145-46 (citing Universal Declaration of Human Rights, supra note 16, art. 15; Convention on the Rights of the Child art. 7, adopted Nov. 20, 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3; & International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights art. 24, opened for signature Dec. 19, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171). 33. Poe-Llamanzares, 786 SCRA at 152. 34. Eilene Zimmerman, The Lawyer, The Addict, N.Y. TIMES, July 15, 2017, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2017/ 07/15/business/lawyers-addiction-mental-health.html (last accessed Nov. 2, 2019) [http://perma.cc/6D9W-4FJX] (citing Lawrence S. Krieger & Kennon M. Sheldon, What Makes Lawyers Happy?: A Data-Driven Prescription to Redefine Professional Success, 83 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 554, 560 (2015)). 35. Zimmerman, supra note 34. E.14. Note that “at” is only placed after Id. when indicating the pinpoint citation of pages (i.e., if the pages are different from the immediately preceding citation). For subdivisions other than pages, “at” must not be used, pursuant to the rules on pinpoint citations and subdivision symbols (Section D of this Part). FUNDAMENTALS 13 OF LEGAL CITATION fundamentals of legal citation Use the applicable short citation form if the material has been cited five consecutive times as Id. in the same footnote or in the preceding footnotes. E.15.1. In the example, the applicable short citation form of the authority first cited in Note 36 is used in Note 42, instead of a sixth consecutive Id. 36. CHRIS LOWNEY, HEROIC LEADERSHIP: BEST PRACTICES FROM A 450-YEAR-OLD COMPANY THAT CHANGED THE WORLD 277 (2003). 37. Id. at 120-22. 38. Id. at 245. 39. Id. at 95. 40. Id. 41. Id. 42. LOWNEY, supra note 36, at 95. E.16. Every time Id. appears or is used, whether within a single footnote or in a set of successive footnotes, it is counted for the application of the said rule. E.16.1. As seen below, Id. is not used in Note 48 as Id. has been used five consecutive times, which includes Id. being used twice within a single footnote, Note 46. 43. An Act Providing for the Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines [REV. CORP. CODE], Republic Act No. 11232, §§ 124-126 (2019). 44. Id. § 35 (h). 45. Id. § 11, paras. 2 & 4. 46. Id. § 2. This Section defines a corporation as “an artificial being created by operation of law, having the right of succession and the powers, attributes, and properties expressly authorized by law or incidental to its existence.” Id. 47. Id. §§ 8 & 40. 48. REV. CORP. CODE, § 49 (a) (6). FUNDAMENTALS E.15. 14 OF LEGAL CITATION ateneo law journal Introductory signals may precede Id. if applicable. 49. THOMAS S. KUHN, THE STRUCTURE REVOLUTIONS 158 (3d ed. 1996). 50. See id. at 170. E.18. OF SCIENTIFIC Id. may be used even when the immediately preceding authorities have an introductory signal. 51. See Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, Republic Act No. 3019, § 7 (1960) (as amended). 52. Id. §§ 3 (e) & 4 (a). E.19. Id. is also used when passages are quoted in the footnote text. E.19.1. When the direct quotation contains 49 words or less, Id. is placed right after the quotation (see Rule 78). 53. Valino v. Adriano, G.R. No. 182894, 723 SCRA 1, 24 (2014) (J. Leonen, dissenting opinion). In his dissent, Justice Marvic Mario Victor F. Leonen eloquently explained that “[t]he law reaches into much of our lives while we live. It constitutes and frames most of our actions. But at the same time, the law also grants us the autonomy or the space to define who we are.” Id. E.19.2. If a block quotation (i.e., consisting of 50 words or more) is used, Id. is placed on the next line after the quotation (see Rule 79). 54. Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, § 7 (as amended). The pertinent portion of Section 7, as amended, reads — Every public officer ... shall prepare and file ... a true, detailed[,] sworn statement of assets and liabilities, including a statement of the amounts and sources of his [or her] income, the amounts of his [or her] personal and family expenses[,] and the amount of income taxes paid for the next preceding calendar year[.] Id. FUNDAMENTALS E.17. 15 OF LEGAL CITATION fundamentals of legal citation 3. Hereinafter E.20. “Hereinafter” is used when the authority would be too confusing or burdensome to cite repeatedly, such as when there are several works by the same author cited in one article or when the name of the authority is extremely long. E.21. To avoid the confusion or ambiguity, the author uses “hereinafter” and creates a special short citation form which will aptly identify the authority cited. E.22. Follow this format: <full citation of the source> [hereinafter citation form>]. <special short E.22.1. “Hereinafter” is added at the end of a cited authority, before any parenthetical explanation, and is placed in brackets together with the special short citation form. 55. CESAR L. VILLANUEVA, COMMERCIAL LAW REVIEW 381 (2009) [hereinafter VILLANUEVA, COMMERCIAL LAW]. 56. Cesar L. Villanueva, Developments in Commercial Law, PHILJA JUD. J., Oct.-Dec. 2004, at 58 [hereinafter Villanueva, Developments]. 57. U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Twenty-First Session, Held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015, ¶¶ 47-51, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1 (Jan. 29, 2016) [hereinafter COP 21 Decision]. E.23. The short citation form should appear in the same typeface as in the full citation (i.e., whether in SMALL CAPS, italics, or ordinary Roman font). 58. Villanueva, Developments, supra note 56, at 83. 59. VILLANUEVA, COMMERCIAL LAW, supra note 55, at 382. 60. COP 21 Decision, supra note 57, ¶ 50. FUNDAMENTALS 16 OF LEGAL CITATION ateneo law journal “Hereinafter” is never used when the citation is mentioned and used only once. E.24.1. As illustrated below, Note 63 did not use “hereinafter” as the source therein was not cited subsequently in the work, whereas “hereinafter” was used in Notes 61 and 62 considering the succeeding citations in Notes 65 and 64, respectively. 61. ANTONIO G.M. LA VIÑA, CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: NEGOTIATING A GLOBAL REGIME 219 (1997) [hereinafter LA VIÑA, NEGOTIATING A GLOBAL REGIME]. 62. Antonio G.M. La Viña, Climate Justice in Katowice, MANILA STAND., Nov. 17, 2018, available at http://manilastandard.net/opinion/columns/eagle-eyesby-tony-la-vina/280700/climate-justice-in-katowice.html (last accessed Nov. 6, 2019) [http://perma.cc/TPA5FUC3] [hereinafter La Viña, Climate Justice]. 63. Antonio G.M. La Viña, Reducing Uncertainty, Advancing Equity: Precaution, Trade, and Sustainable Development, 53 ATENEO L.J. 957, 960 (2009). 64. La Viña, Climate Justice, supra note 62. 65. LA VIÑA, NEGOTIATING A GLOBAL REGIME, supra note 61, at 73. E.25. A subsequent citation based upon the use of “hereinafter” is always accompanied by supra. E.26. When the simple supra form suffices, “hereinafter” should not be used. E.27. Similarly, if a specific short citation form is prescribed in Rules 1 to 77 of this Guide, “hereinafter” should generally not be used. E.27.1. However, there could arise extraordinary circumstances where supra, in conjunction with “hereinafter”, may be used to refer to codes, statutes, cases, legislative materials, regulations, etc. (i.e., those with a specific short citation form prescribed in this Guide), as when FUNDAMENTALS E.24. 17 OF LEGAL CITATION fundamentals of legal citation the title of the authority is extremely long or when the use of ordinarily prescribed short citation forms may cause confusion or ambiguity. 66. In the Matter of: Save the Supreme Court Judicial Independence and Fiscal Autonomy Movement v. Abolition of Judiciary Development Fund (JDF) and Reduction of Fiscal Autonomy, UDK-15143, 746 SCRA 352, 355 (2015) [hereinafter In Re: Save the Supreme Court]. 67. Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict, Advisory Opinion, 1996 I.C.J. 66, 73 (July 8) [hereinafter World Health Organization I.C.J. Opinion]. 68. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 1996 I.C.J. 226, 238 (July 8) [hereinafter U.N. General Assembly I.C.J. Opinion]. 69. In Re: Save the Supreme Court, supra note 66, at 359. 70. World Health Organization I.C.J. Opinion, supra note 67, at 84. 71. U.N. General Assembly I.C.J. Opinion, supra note 68, at 245. FUNDAMENTALS 18 OF LEGAL CITATION ateneo law journal F. LEVELS OF PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS F.1. A second-level citation is parenthetically added if the information conveyed is particularly relevant (e.g., when the source cited as authority itself quotes or cites another source for that point). 72. Leca Realty Corporation v. Manuela Corporation, G.R. No. 166800, 534 SCRA 97, 109 (2007) (citing Cesar L. Villanueva, Revisiting the Philippine “Laws” on Corporate Rehabilitation, 43 ATENEO L.J. 183, 184 (1999)). 73. Mandanas v. Ochoa, Jr., G.R. No. 199802, 869 SCRA 440, 495 (2018) (citing PHIL. CONST. art. X, § 6 & Province of Batangas v. Romulo, G.R. No. 152774, 429 SCRA 736, 760 (2004)). F.2. All the rules in this Guide (e.g., rules on typefaces, short citation forms, pinpoint citations) shall apply to the parenthetical citation in the same way as any citation outside the parentheses. F.2.1. To illustrate, suppose that certain authorities have been cited previously in the work (e.g., in Notes 1, 4, 13, and 73) and they are to be cited again, along with or as part of a parenthetical citation, the applicable short citation forms (i.e., supra or the prescribed short citation forms) must be used when citing the authorities. 74. Araullo v. Aquino III, G.R. 209287, 728 SCRA 1, 67-70 (2014) (citing BERNAS, supra note 1, at 959 & 1 RECORD OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION, NO. 27, at 436 & 439 (1986)). 75. BERNAS, supra note 1, at 991-93 (citing Marcos v. Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211, 177 SCRA 668, 708 (1989) (J. Gutierrez Jr., dissenting opinion); Oposa, 224 SCRA at 809-10; & Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. No. 115455, 235 SCRA 630, 760-61 (1994) (J. Romero, dissenting opinion)). 76. Mandanas, 869 SCRA at 614 (J. Leonen, dissenting opinion) (citing ADMIN. CODE, bk. VI, ch. 2, § 3). FUNDAMENTALS 19 OF LEGAL CITATION fundamentals of legal citation One level of recursion may already be sufficient. If a source cites a source, which itself cites another source, only one level of parenthetical citation pertaining to the second source may be indicated if particularly relevant. F.3.1. An additional level of recursion (i.e., a third-level citation) may be included if the information conveyed by the citation is particularly relevant. F.3.2. For example, the case of People v. Adriano quoted the case of People v. Herrera, which itself quoted the case of People v. Hilario. If the Herrera case is particularly relevant, it may be parenthetically cited as illustrated below. There is no need to include a third-level citation for the Hilario case if it is not relevant. 77. People v. Adriano, G.R. No. 205228, 763 SCRA 70, 83 (2015) (citing People v. Herrera, 422 Phil. 830, 857 (2001)). FUNDAMENTALS F.3. 20 OF LEGAL CITATION ateneo law journal G. EXPLANATORY FOOTNOTES & PARENTHETICALS G.1. Explanatory footnotes and parentheticals may introduce information related to, but not appropriate for, inclusion in the body of the work (e.g., when making a tangential point, when explaining the relevance of an authority cited, or when clarifying a statement made in the text). Such information may be in the form of direct quotations lifted from the authority cited. G.2. Explanatory footnotes must be complete sentences and must be accompanied by citations, if necessary. 78. While the decision overturned years of precedent in various fields of law, the Author humbly submits that the petition should have been dismissed outright. 79. Rules of statutory construction necessarily come into play in the case of two conflicting laws where one did not expressly amend or repeal the other. RICARDO M. PILARES III, STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION: CONCEPTS AND CASES 255 (2019). G.3. In contrast, explanatory parentheticals may be in the form of sentences or phrases. 80. ALOYSIUS P. LLAMZON, CORRUPTION IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT ARBITRATION 3 (2014) (explaining that revolutionary shifts in history were largely driven by the desire to reform institutions plagued by corruption). G.3.1. If the explanatory parenthetical is in sentence form, it must end with the appropriate punctuation inside the parentheses, in addition to the period at the end of the footnote. 81. Libi v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 70890, 214 SCRA 16, 18 (1992) (“One of the ironic verities of life, it has been said, is that sorrow is sometimes a touchstone of love.”). FUNDAMENTALS 21 OF LEGAL CITATION fundamentals of legal citation 22 II. PRIMARY AUTHORITIES On the other hand, secondary authorities, dealt with in Part III of this Guide, are sources of information which help explain, comment on, or analyze the law. Unlike primary authorities, secondary authorities are never binding but are merely persuasive. The rules provided in this Part are applicable to both domestic and foreign primary authorities. International materials, however, have their own citation formats which shall be dealt with later in Part IV of this Guide. A. CONSTITUTIONS 1. Incumbent Constitutions 1.1. Cite incumbent constitutions as: <ABBREVIATED citation>. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. STATE OR COUNTRY NAME> CONST. <pinpoint PHIL. CONST. art. XI, § 3 (6). PHIL. CONST. art. VII, § 18, para. 4 & art. VIII, §§ 1-2. INDIA CONST. arts. 15 (2) & 16 (2). U.S. CONST. amend. IV. MYAN. CONST. pmbl. 1.2. Constitutions must always be cited in full, even in subsequent citations. Do not use supra or Id. 1.3. Refer to Part I, Section D of this Guide for proper understanding of pinpoint citation and subdivision symbols. A. CONSTITUTIONS Primary authorities are statements of law that issue from the sovereign body, the legislature, the courts, or any other body with official capacity to issue or to clarify rules within its jurisdiction. Primary authorities may either be mandatory (i.e., binding) or persuasive depending on the court level and jurisdiction involved. primary authorities 23 See Annex A for the list of abbreviated State or country names. 1.5. “CONST.” is in a typeface known as LARGE AND SMALL CAPITALS, otherwise known as SMALL CAPS, which are uppercase letterforms that are shorter in height than the capitals in a given typeface. If you are using Microsoft Word in Windows, click Ctrl + Shift + K (or Cmd + Shift + K in Mac) to format the text to SMALL CAPS. 2. Repealed Constitutions 2.1. Cite repealed constitutions as: <year of adoption> <ABBREVIATED STATE OR COUNTRY NAME> CONST. <pinpoint citation> (superseded in <year>). 87. 1935 PHIL. CONST. art. VI, §§ 1 & 5 (superseded in 1973). 88. 1973 PHIL. CONST. art. IV, § 4 (2) (superseded in 1987). 2.2. Likewise, repealed constitutions must always be cited in full, even in subsequent citations. Do not use supra or Id. 3. Records & Journals of Constitutional Proceedings 3.1. The initial citation format for records constitutional proceedings is as follows: and journals of <volume no., if any> <OFFICIAL TITLE OF RECORD OR JOURNAL>, <SESSION NO., IF ANY>, <pinpoint citation> (<year>) (<Abbreviated State or Country Name>). 3.1.1. The volume number must be in Arabic Numerals. The OFFICIAL TITLE OF THE RECORD OR JOURNAL and the SESSION NUMBER, if any, are in SMALL CAPS. 3.1.2. There is no need to indicate the country name if it is a Philippine constitutional proceeding, or if it is evident from its official title. A. CONSTITUTIONS 1.4. ateneo law journal 24 3.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <volume no., if any> <ABBREVIATED TITLE>, <PERTINENT CONSTITUTION>, <SESSION NO., IF ANY>, <pinpoint citation>. 3.2.1. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 3.3. Follow the rules under this Section on Constitutions (A) in citing the constitution pertinent to the journal or record being cited. 2 JOURNAL, 1935 PHIL. CONST., NO. 56, at 595. Id. at 594-97. 5 RECORD, PHIL. CONST., NO. 109, at 1011. Id. at 1012. RECORD, AUSTL. CONST., 2D SESS., at 106. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. A. CONSTITUTIONS 89. 5 RECORD OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION, NO. 109, at 1010 (1986). 90. 2 JOURNAL OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF THE PHILIPPINES, NO. 56, at 594-97 (1934). 91. OFFICIAL RECORD OF THE DEBATES OF THE AUSTRALASIAN FEDERAL CONFERENCE, 2D SESS., at 95 (1890). primary authorities 25 B. CODES & STATUTES 4.1. The initial citation format for codes is as follows: <Full Title> [<SHORT TITLE>], <statute no.>, citation> (<publisher, if not published by State officials> <year of enactment>) (<Abbreviated State or Country Name>). <pinpoint 4.1.1. There is no need to indicate the country name if it is a Philippine code. 97. An Act Providing for a Local Government Code of 1991 [LOCAL GOV’T CODE], Republic Act No. 7160, § 129 (1991). 98. The Family Code of the Philippines [FAMILY CODE], Executive Order No. 209, art. 68 (1987). 99. Penal Code of California [CAL. PENAL CODE], § 25 (West 2011) (U.S.). 4.2. The SHORT TITLE is in SMALL CAPS (e.g., LOCAL GOV’T CODE, REV. PENAL CODE, REV. CORP. CODE, INTELL. PROP. CODE, LABOR CODE). 4.3. Follow the short title used in the code itself, unless the code has a well-known abbreviated short title as listed in Annex E. If no short title is provided, or if the code has no well-known short title, do not indicate any. 4.3.1. If the short title of the code includes the phrase “of the Philippines”, such must be omitted (e.g., “CIVIL CODE” instead of “CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES”), consistent with Annex E. 100. An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the Philippines [CIVIL CODE], Republic Act No. 386, art. 415 (10) (1949). B. CODES & STATUTES 4. Codes ateneo law journal 4.4. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <SHORT TITLE>, <pinpoint citation>. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 101. 102. 103. 104. LOCAL GOV’T CODE, §§ 16-19. FAMILY CODE, whereas cl. para. 2. Id. art. 68. CAL. PENAL CODE, § 95 (a). 5. Statutes 5.1. The initial citation format for statutes, other than codes, is as follows: <Full Title> [<Short Title, if any>], <statute no.>, citation> (<year of enactment>) (<Abbreviated State or Country Name>). <pinpoint 5.1.1. Similarly, there is no need to indicate the country name if it is a Philippine law. 105. An Act Defining Gender-Based Sexual Harassment in Streets, Public Spaces, Online, Workplaces, and Educational or Training Institutions, Providing Protective Measures and Prescribing Penalties Therefor [Safe Spaces Act], Republic Act No. 11313, § 6 (2019). 106. An Act Prohibiting the Imposition of Death Penalty in the Philippines, Republic Act No. 9346, § 2 (2006). 107. An Act Establishing the Philippine Space Development and Utilization Policy and Creating the Philippine Space Agency, and for Other Purposes [Philippine Space Act], Republic Act No. 11363, §§ 2 (e) & 5 (c) (2019). 108. An Act to Establish a New Law for Trade Marks, to Enable Singapore to Give Effect to Certain International Conventions on Intellectual Property and for Matters Connected Therewith [Trade Marks Act], Act No. 46 of 1998, § 15 (1) (b) (1998) (Sing.). B. CODES & STATUTES 4.5. 26 primary authorities 27 Note that, unlike codes, the short title for statutes is in ordinary Roman font, not SMALL CAPS. Follow the short title used in the statute itself. If no short title is provided, do not indicate any. 5.3. Even if a statute has no official short title, parenthetical explanations may be used to indicate the name for which a statute is better known. This explanation may be included in subsequent citations for clarity. 109. An Act Penalizing the Making or Drawing and Issuance of a Check Without Sufficient Funds or Credit and for Other Purposes, Batas Pambansa Blg. 22, § 1 (1979) (also known as the Bouncing Checks Law). 5.4. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short Title, if any, otherwise use the statute no.>, citation>. <pinpoint 5.5. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 110. Safe Spaces Act, § 3 (a). 111. Id. §§ 17 & 20. 112. Batas Pambansa Blg. 22, § 2 (also known as the Bouncing Checks Law). 113. Republic Act No. 9346, § 3. 114. Trade Marks Act, § 18 (1). 6. Amendment, Repeal, & Invalidation of Statutes 6.1. If a code or statute has undergone express amendments, parenthetically indicate this fact. 6.1.1. This parenthetical indication may be omitted in subsequent citations, if not necessary to the text. 115. A Decree Instituting a Labor Code Thereby Revising and Consolidating Labor and Social Laws to Afford Protection to Labor, Promote Employment and Human Resources Development and Ensure Industrial Peace Based on Social B. CODES & STATUTES 5.2. ateneo law journal 116. 6.2. Justice [LABOR CODE], Presidential Decree No. 442, art. 96 (1974) (as amended). An Act to Institute the Policies of Overseas Employment and Establish a Higher Standard of Protection and Promotion of the Welfare of Migrant Workers, Their Families and Overseas Filipinos in Distress, and for Other Purposes [Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995], Republic Act No. 8042, § 3 (a) (1995) (as amended). Id. LABOR CODE, art. 6. Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995, § 1. When citing a statute no longer in force, parenthetically indicate the year when it was repealed or invalidated in jurisprudence. 6.2.1. Always parenthetically indicate the repeal or invalidation in subsequent citations, except the year and the pertinent case. But there is no need for such indication when using Id. 120. An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Laws [REV. PENAL CODE], Act No. 3815, § 202 (1930) (repealed in 2011). 121. Id. 122. An Act Providing for a National Policy on Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health [The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012], Republic Act No. 10354, § 23 (a) (1) (2012) (invalidated by Imbong v. Ochoa, Jr., G.R. No. 204819, 721 SCRA 146 (2014)). 123. An Act to Impose the Death Penalty on Certain Heinous Crimes, Amending for That Purpose the Revised Penal Laws, as Amended, Other Special Penal Laws, and for Other Purposes, Republic Act No. 7659, whereas cl. para. 3 (repealed in 2006). 124. The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012, § 23 (a) (3) (invalidated). B. CODES & STATUTES 117. 118. 119. 28 primary authorities 29 C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES 7. Reported Cases Both local and foreign cases are primary authorities which are dealt with under this Section (C) on cases. In the Philippines, foreign cases are, at best, persuasive to local courts. The initial citation format for reported local and foreign cases is as follows: <Case Title>, <case or docket no., if needed>, no.> <abbreviated name of reporter> <first page of report>, <pinpoint citation> (<court abbreviation> <year>) (<Abbreviated State or Country Name>). <volume 7.1.1. Follow the abbreviated name of the reporter used by the reporter itself. 7.1.2. There is no need to indicate the case or docket number when citing from the official reporters in a State. Thus, the case or docket number is omitted when citing a local case from the Philippine Reports (Phil.) or the Official Gazette (O.G.). 125. Morfe v. Mutuc, 130 Phil. 415, 440 (1968). 126. Manila Electric Company v. Dominador Madronio, 114 O.G. 3730, 3732-35 (CA 2016). 127. People ex rel. Nonhuman Rights Project, Inc. v. Lavery, 124 A.D.3d 148, 151 (N.Y. App. Div. 2014) (U.S.). 7.1.3. A commercial reporter may be cited only when it is certain that it is a faithful reproduction of court decisions or resolutions. When citing from a commercial reporter, the case or docket number is indicated if its inclusion greatly facilitates access to the case. Accordingly, for local cases from commercial reporters (e.g., Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA)), the case or docket number must be indicated. 128. Javier v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. L-68379, 144 SCRA 194, 198 (1986). C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES 7.1. ateneo law journal 7.2. 30 There is no need to indicate the deciding court if the case was decided or resolved by the highest court of a State or country. 7.3. Likewise, there is no need to indicate the country if it is a Philippine case, or if it is apparent from the name of the reporter. 131. Serrano v. Gallant Maritime Services, Inc., G.R. No. 167614, 582 SCRA 254, 295 (2009). 132. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 468-70 (1966). 7.4. When citing a case, omit the names of all the parties other than those first listed from the contending sides. If the actions are consolidated in one decision, cite only the first one listed with its corresponding docket number. 133. Disini, Jr. v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 203335, 716 SCRA 237, 315 (2014). 7.5. Generally, there is no need to indicate whether a case is a resolution of a motion for reconsideration. 7.5.1. However, if the decision sought to be reconsidered has already been referred to in the work, the fact that what is being cited is the resolution of the motion for reconsideration may be parenthetically indicated. 134. Disini, Jr. v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 203335, 723 SCRA 109, 132 (2014) (resolution of motion for reconsideration). C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES 129. Taunoa v. Attorney-General, 1 NZLR 429, ¶ 79 (2008) (N.Z.). 130. Plaintiff M70/2011 v. Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, 244 CLR 144, 194 (2011) (Austl.). primary authorities 7.6. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short name of Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 135. 136. 137. 138. 7.8. <abbreviated Morfe, 130 Phil. at 440. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 474. Id. Disini, Jr., 723 SCRA at 120 (resolution of motion for reconsideration). For the short case title, shorten the title in a way that would not cause ambiguity or confusion with other cited cases. 139. People v. Cayat, 68 Phil. 12, 18 (1939). 140. Republic v. Manalo, G.R. No. 221029, 862 SCRA 580, 601 (2018). 141. Cayat, 68 Phil. at 17. 142. Id. 143. Manalo, 862 SCRA at 607. 8. Cases Available Online Under Official Domain Names 8.1. This Rule applies only to cases available in official domain names of States. 8.1.1. 8.2. In the Philippines, the official domain name for the judiciary is www.judiciary.gov.ph. Under this domain name are the official websites of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, the Court of Tax Appeals, and the Sandiganbayan. Do not cite case texts found in any other domain or website. 8.2.1. As an exception, cases faithfully reproduced by commercial electronic databases may be cited using Rule 9 of this Guide. C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES Case Title>, <volume no.> reporter> <pinpoint citation>. 7.7. 31 ateneo law journal 8.3. 32 The initial citation format for cases available online under official domain names is as follows: Title>, <case or docket no.>, <date>, <pinpoint citation, if possible>, available at <internet address> (last accessed <date>) (<Abbreviated State or Country Name>). 144. Uber Technologies Inc. v. Heller, No. 38534, June 26, 2020, ¶¶ 52, 54, 62, 64, 79, & 99, available at http://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/18406/1/ document.do (last accessed July 13, 2020) (Can.). 145. Secretary for Justice v. Wong Chi Fung, CACV 14/2018, May 16, 2019, ¶ 49, available at http://legalref.judiciary.hk/ lrs/common/ju/ju_frame.jsp?DIS=121897 (last accessed Dec. 21, 2019) (H.K.). 8.4. There is no need to indicate the country name if it is a Philippine case. 146. Oscar B. Pimentel, et al. v. Legal Education Board, G.R. No. 230642, Sept. 10, 2019, available at http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/ 1/65751 (last accessed Nov. 19, 2019). 147. People of the Philippines v. Judy Anne Santos y Lumagui, CTA Crim. Case No. O-012, Jan. 16, 2013, at 40, available at http://cta.judiciary.gov.ph/home/download/52589e7 fdbb6adf34405f6ab0ed2a77d (last accessed May 30, 2020). 8.5. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short Case Title>, citation, if possible>. 8.6. <case or docket no.>, <pinpoint Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 148. Uber Technologies Inc., No. 38534, ¶¶ 53-55. 149. Id. ¶ 95 n. 7. 150. Judy Anne Santos y Lumagui, CTA Crim. Case No. O-012, at 41. C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES <Case primary authorities 33 9. Cases Available on Commercial Electronic Databases 9.1. 9.1.1. 9.2. If the electronic database is not a faithful reproduction, or does not assign unique identifiers to its contents, use Rule 10 of this Guide. The initial citation format for cases available on electronic databases is as follows: <Case Title>, <case or docket no.>, <database identifier, if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<court abbreviation> <year>) (<database name>, <Abbreviated State or Country Name>). 9.2.1. If the name of the electronic database is apparent from its identifier, it need not be parenthetically indicated. 9.2.2. The database identifier is usually found at the top page of the case when viewed in the electronic database. 9.2.3. Electronic page numbers, when used for pinpoint citation under this Rule only, are accompanied by an asterisk. 151. Patel v. Facebook, Inc., No. 18-15982, 2019 WL 3727424, at *5 (9th Cir. 2019) (Westlaw, U.S.). 152. Rufo v. Simpson, No. B112612, 2001 Cal. App. LEXIS 41, at *2-3 (Cal. Ct. App. 2001) (U.S.). 9.3. Similarly, there is no need to indicate the deciding court if the case was decided or resolved by the highest court of a State or country. 9.4. There is also no need to indicate the country if it is a Philippine case, or if it is apparent from the database name or identifier. C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES This Rule applies only to commercial electronic databases (e.g., Westlaw) which are faithful reproductions of officially published cases, and which usually assign unique database identifiers to these cases. ateneo law journal 9.5. 34 For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short 9.6. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 153. Patel, 2019 WL 3727424, at *6-7. 154. Id. at *3. 10. Cases Unreported & Unavailable Online 10.1. This Rule covers all judgments, final orders, and resolutions of any court, which are not available in any reporter or online under official domain names. 10.2. The initial citation format for cases unreported and unavailable online is as follows: <Case Title>, <case or docket no.>, <pinpoint citation> (<court abbreviation> <year>) (unreported). 155. Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc. v. Sugar Regulatory Administration, et al., Civil Case No. R-QZN-17-02927-CV, at 4 (RTC 2017) (unreported). 156. People of the Philippines v. Datu Andal “Unsay” Ampatuan, Jr., et al., Criminal Case No. Q-09-162148-72, at 657-761 (RTC 2019) (unreported). 10.3. There is no need to indicate the deciding court or agency if it is apparent from the case or docket number. 10.4. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short Case Title>, <case or docket no.>, citation> (unreported). 10.5. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. <pinpoint C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES Case Title>, <database identifier, if any, otherwise, use the case or docket no.>, <pinpoint citation>. primary authorities 10.6. 35 Do not parenthetically indicate that the case is unreported when using Id. 11. Pending Cases 11.1. The initial citation format for pending cases is as follows: <Case <date Title>, <case or docket no.> (<court abbreviation>, of filing or other significant date>) (pending). 159. People of the Philippines v. Maria Angelita Ressa, Crim. Case No. R-PSG-19-00737-CR (RTC, filed Mar. 26, 2019) (pending). 160. Ferdinand “Bongbong” R. Marcos, Jr. v. Maria Leonor “Leni Daang Matuwid” G. Robredo, PET Case No. 005 (PET, filed June 29, 2016) (pending). 11.2. This Rule applies to cases that are yet to be fully disposed of by the court hearing it. 11.2.1. If the case is subject of an appeal, use this Rule when citing the case pending before the appellate court. 11.2.2. Use Rules 7, 8, 9, or 10 of this Guide, whichever is applicable, when citing the final judgment or order of the lower court appealed from, or when the appellate court has fully disposed of the appeal. 11.3. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short Case Title>, <case or docket no.> (pending). 11.4. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 11.5. Do not parenthetically indicate that the case is pending when using Id. C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES 157. Coca-Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc., Civil Case No. R-QZN-17-02927-CV, at 1 (unreported). 158. Id. at 3. ateneo law journal 36 161. Maria Angelita Ressa, Crim. Case No. R-PSG-19-00737CR (pending). 162. Id. 12.1. When citing an opinion other than the ponencia, use the citation formats in this Section on Cases (C) but parenthetically indicate that such other opinion is being cited. 163. Corpuz v. People, G.R. No. 180016, 724 SCRA 1, 71 (2014) (C.J. Sereno, concurring and dissenting opinion). 164. Id. at 77. 165. Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919) (J. Holmes, dissenting opinion). 166. Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98, 144 (2000) (J. Ginsburg, dissenting opinion). 12.2. As a general rule, there is no need to indicate whether a decision or resolution is the opinion of the majority, or if it is promulgated per curiam. 12.2.1. Nonetheless, if other opinions of the same case have already been referred to in the work, parenthetically indicate the fact that what is being cited is the majority or main opinion. 167. Corpuz, 724 SCRA at 96 (J. Brion, concurring opinion). 168. Id. at 57 (majority opinion). C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES 12. Opinions Other Than the Majority Opinion primary authorities 37 13. Pleadings, Transcripts of Stenographic Notes, Interlocutory Orders, & Other Court Documents The initial citation format for pleadings, transcripts of stenographic notes, interlocutory orders, and other court documents is as follows: <Document Title>, <date, if any>, <pinpoint citation> (on file with <physical repository>), in <pertinent case citation>. 13.1.1. Follow the rules under this Section on Cases (C) in citing the case pertinent to the court document being cited. 169. Motion for Reconsideration by the Accused, Nov. 16, 2015, at 3 (on file with the Sandiganbayan, Third Division), in People of the Philippines v. Avelino C. Ceriola, SB-14-CRM-0420 (Sandiganbayan 2016) (unreported). 170. Urgent Motion for Clarification, Dec. 1, 2015, at 1 (on file with the Olongapo City RTC, Branch 74), in People of the Philippines v. Joseph Scott Pemberton, Crim. Case No. 865-14 (RTC 2015) (unreported). 171. Order, June 1, 2020, at 1 (on file with Author), in People of the Philippines v. Karl Mae San Juan y Calopez, et al., Crim. Case No. 1372-04-20 (MTC 2020) (unreported). 172. T.S.N., at 22 (on file with the Cagayan de Oro City RTC, Branch 40), in Alfredo Fernandez v. Ronaldo Chua, Civil Case No. 1429 (RTC, filed Oct. 5, 2008) (pending). 173. Brief for Appellant, June 25, 1971, app. (on file with the Supreme Court of the United States), in Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971). 13.2. This Rule is intended for court documents other than a final judgment, order, or resolution of a court. In these latter cases, use Rules 7, 8, 9, or 10 of this Guide, whichever is applicable. C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES 13.1. ateneo law journal 13.3. 38 As a general rule, it is imperative to indicate where the court document may be physically accessed. 174. Memorandum for the Plaintiff, Sept. 9, 2019, ¶ 7. 13.4. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 175. 176. 177. 178. Urgent Motion for Clarification, supra note 170, at 1. Id. Brief for Appellant, supra note 173, app. T.S.N., supra note 172, at 6. C. LOCAL & FOREIGN CASES 13.3.1. As an exception, the physical repository and pertinent case citation may be dispensed with if the citation is to be used for a pleading, motion, or paper to be filed with the court where the case is pending. This exception applies only for as long as such court has the records of the case. primary authorities 39 D. LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS 14. Legislative Bills The initial citation format for House and Senate bills is as follows: <Title, if needed>, <H.B. or S.B. No.>, <pinpoint citation>, <legislature>, <session> (<year>). 179. An Act Defining and Prohibiting the Establishment of Political Dynasties, S.B. No. 1580, § 3 (b), 16th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (2013). 180. S.B. No. 1418, §§ 5, 7, & 9, 18th Cong., 1st Spec. Sess. (2020). 181. An Act Providing for a Magna Carta of the Poor, H.B. No. 5811, § 4 (c) (2), 17th Cong., 2d Reg. Sess. (2017). 182. H.B. No. 9161, explan. n., 17th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (2019). 183. An Act to Ordain and Institute a New Criminal Code of the Philippines, Repealing for That Purpose Act No. 3815, Otherwise Known as the Revised Penal Code, and Other Related Laws, and for Other Purposes, S.B. No. 1227, § 25, 17th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (2016). 14.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <H.B. 14.3. or S.B. No.>, <pinpoint citation>. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 184. H.B. No. 5811, § 5. 185. S.B. No. 1227, §§ 41, 44, & 48. 186. Id. §§ 12, para. 3; 74 (4) (ii); & 79 (1) (g). D. LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS 14.1. ateneo law journal 40 15. Congressional Resolutions 15.1. <Title, if needed>, <H. or S. Res. No.> <pinpoint citation>, <legislature>, <session> (<year>). 187. Resolution Urging the House of Representatives to Declare Schools as Zones of Peace and Academic Freedom, H. Res. No. 2341, whereas cl. para. 7, 17th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (2018). 188. Resolution Concurring in the Ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, S. Res. No. 57, whereas cl. para. 5, 15th Cong., 2d Reg. Sess. (2011). 189. S. Res. No. 1031, whereas cl. paras. 7, 9, & 22, 17th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (2019). 15.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <H. 15.3. or S. Res. No.>, <pinpoint citation>. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 190. H. Res. No. 2341, whereas cl. para. 5. 191. Id. whereas cl. paras. 6-8. 16. Committee Reports 16.1. The initial citation format for legislative committee reports is as follows: <Title of Relevant Bill or Resolution, if needed>, or S. Comm. Rep. No.>, <pinpoint citation>, <legislature>, <session> (<year>). <Committee/s>, <H. 192. An Act Encouraging Corporate Social Responsibility, Providing Incentives Therefor, Committee on Trade and D. LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS The initial citation format for House and Senate resolutions is as follows: primary authorities 41 16.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <H. 16.3. or S. Comm. Rep. No.>, <pinpoint citation>. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 194. H. Comm. Rep. No. 1219, at 1. 195. Id. 17. Congressional Records 17.1. The initial citation format for congressional records is as follows: <H. OR S. REC.>, <document designation>, citation>, <legislature>, <session> (<date>). <pinpoint 17.1.1. The “H. REC.” or “S. REC.” is in SMALL CAPS. 196. H. REC., Vol. 2, No. 23, at 57, 17th Cong., 2d Reg. Sess. (Sept. 12, 2017). 197. H. REC., Vol. 4, No. 54, at 8-10, 18th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (Mar. 11, 2020). 17.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <H. OR S. REC.>, citation>. 17.3. <document designation>, Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 198. H. REC., Vol. 2, No. 23, at 60-67. 199. Id. at 68. <pinpoint D. LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS Industry, H. Comm. Rep. No. 1219, at 1, 17th Cong., 3d Reg. Sess. (2019). 193. Committee on Justice and Human Rights & Committee on Public Order and Dangerous Drugs, S. Comm. Rep. No. 18, at 85-86, 17th Cong., 1st Reg. Sess. (2016). ateneo law journal 42 18. Congressional Journals 18.1. <H. OR S. JOURNAL NO.>, <pinpoint citation>, <legislature>, <session> (<date>). 18.1.1. The “H. JOURNAL NO.” or “S. JOURNAL NO.” is in SMALL CAPS. 200. S. JOURNAL NO. 2, at 1716, 13th Cong., 3d Spec. Sess. (Feb. 20, 2007). 201. H. JOURNAL NO. 16, at 12, 16th Cong., 2d Reg. Sess. (Sept. 10, 2014). 18.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <H. OR S. JOURNAL NO.>, <pinpoint 18.3. citation>. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 202. S. JOURNAL NO. 2, at 1708-09. 203. Id. at 1709. D. LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS The initial citation format for congressional journals is as follows: primary authorities 43 E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS 19.1. The initial citation format for executive and administrative issuances is as follows: <Issuing Agency>, <Title, if any>, <issuance or series no., if any> [<Short or Abbreviated Title, if any>], <abbreviated name of reporter with volume no. & first page of issuance, if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>). 19.1.1. Always cite from an official reporter (e.g., Official Gazette (O.G.)) if published therein. 19.1.2. When using the abbreviated title, refer to Annex C for the list of abbreviations for government issuances. 204. Office of the President, Providing for the Establishment of Smoke-Free Environments in Public and Enclosed Spaces, Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2017 [E.O. No. 26, s. 2017], 113 O.G. 4053, whereas cl. paras. 2 & 8 (May 16, 2017). 205. Bureau of Internal Revenue, Ruling No. 099-2011 [BIR Ruling No. 099-2011], at 1 (Apr. 6, 2011). 206. Securities and Exchange Commission, Guidelines on the Establishment of a One Person Corporation (OPC), Memorandum Circular No. 7, Series of 2019 [SEC Memo. Circ. No. 7, s. 2019], § 15 (Apr. 25, 2019). 207. Civil Service Commission, Strike by Government Employees, Memorandum Circular No. 6, Series of 1987 [CSC Memo. Circ. No. 6, s. 1987], para. 3 (Apr. 21, 1987). 208. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Monetary Board, Rate of Interest in the Absence of Stipulation, Circular No. 799, Series of 2013 [BSP-MB Circ. No. 799, s. 2013], § 1 (June 21, 2013). E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS 19. Executive & Administrative Issuances ateneo law journal 19.2. 44 For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: 19.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 209. SEC Memo. Circ. No. 7, s. 2019, §§ 1, 5, & 11. 210. Id. § 14. 20. Advisory Opinions 20.1. The initial citation format for advisory opinions is as follows: <Issuing Agency>, <Title, if any>, <issuance or series no., if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>). 211. Department of Justice, Advisory on Plagiarism, Advisory Opinion No. 02, Series of 2012, at 1 (Sept. 18, 2012). 212. National Privacy Commission, Access to Information in Relation to Disciplinary Records and/or Administrative Cases of Students and School Personnel, Advisory Opinion No. 24, Series of 2017, at 2-3 (Feb. 21, 2020). 20.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Abbreviated Name of Issuing Agency>, <abbreviated issuance or series no., if any, otherwise use the Title>, <pinpoint citation>. 20.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 213. DOJ, Advisory Opinion No. 02, s. 2012, at 6. 214. Id. E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS <Short or Abbreviated Title, if any, otherwise, use the issuance or series no.>, <pinpoint citation>. primary authorities 45 21. Implementing Rules & Regulations The initial citation format for implementing rules and regulations of statutes is as follows: <Issuing Agency, if needed>, Rules and Regulations Implementing <Full Title of Statute, if needed, or Short Title, if any>, <statute no.>, <pinpoint citation> (<year>). 21.1.1. The short title, if any, may be used if the full title of the statute is not needed for authority. 215. Department of Education, Rules and Regulations Implementing the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013, Republic Act No. 10627, rule III, § 4 (2013). 216. Philippine Statistics Authority, Rules and Regulations Implementing An Act Establishing the Philippine Identification System Act, Republic Act No. 11055, rules I & V (2018). 21.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: Rules and Regulations Implementing <Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the statute no.>, <pinpoint citation>. 21.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 217. Rules and Regulations Implementing the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013, rule VI, §§ 8-10. 218. Id. rule II, § 3 (b) (4). E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS 21.1. ateneo law journal 46 22. Quasi-Judicial Decisions Decisions rendered by administrative agencies in the exercise of their quasi-judicial powers are cited analogously to Rules on Cases (Section C), particularly Rules 8 and 10. 22.1.1. For quasi-judicial decisions available online under the official domain names of the administrative agencies, use Rule 8 analogously. 219. Competition Enforcement Office of the Philippine Competition Commission v. Urban Deca Homes Manila Condominium Corporation and 8990 Holdings, Inc., PCC Case No. E-2019-001, Sept. 30, 2019, ¶ 15, available at http://phcc.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ PCC-Case-No.-E-2019-001_Commission-Decision-No.01-E-001-2019_Urban-Deca-Homes_Sett_30Sept2019.pdf (last accessed Mar. 19, 2020). 220. Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System v. Local Board of Assessment Appeals of Pasay City, CBAA Case No. L-103, Aug. 30, 2012, at 10, available at http://cbaa.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/L103Decision.pdf (last accessed Nov. 18, 2019). 22.1.2. For decisions of quasi-judicial agencies unreported and unavailable online, use Rule 10 analogously. 221. Leonides C. Buac, Jr. v. Alan Peter S. Cayetano, SPA No. 18-196 (DC), at 17 (COMELEC 2019) (unreported). 222. Denmark B. Solar, et al. v. Food Panda Philippines, Inc., NLRC Case No. NCR-03-04050-17, at 1 (2018) (unreported). 22.2. For subsequent citations, analogously follow Rules 8 or 10, as the case may be. 22.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. E. EXECUTIVE MATERIALS 22.1. primary authorities 47 F. JUDICIAL ISSUANCES 23.1. The initial citation format for court circulars and administrative orders is as follows: <Issuing Court>, <Title, if any>, <issuance or series no., if any> [<Short or Abbreviated Title, if any>], <pinpoint citation> (<date>). 223. Supreme Court, Guidelines in the Observance of a Rule of Preference in the Imposition of Penalties in Libel Cases, Administrative Circular No. 08-2008 [SC Admin. Circ. No. 08-2008], para. 1 (Jan. 25, 2008). 224. Court of Tax Appeals, Reorganizing the Three (3) Divisions of the Court, Administrative Circular No. 02-2018 [CTA Admin. Circ. No. 02-2018], para. 2 (Sept. 18, 2018). 23.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short or Abbreviated Title, if any, otherwise, use the issuance or series no.>, <pinpoint citation>. 23.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 225. SC Admin. Circ. No. 08-2008, para. 6. 226. Id. 24. Bar Matters 24.1. A Philippine Bar Matter may be in the form of a case or a Supreme Court issuance. 24.1.1. For cases, follow the Rules on Cases (Section C). 227. Tan v. Sabandal, Bar Matter No. 44, 206 SCRA 473, 481 (1992). F. JUDICIAL ISSUANCES 23. Court Circulars & Administrative Orders ateneo law journal 48 24.1.2. For issuances, follow Rule 23 on Court Circulars and Administrative Orders. 24.2. For subsequent citations, analogously follow the Rules on Cases (Section C) or Rule 23, as the case may be. 24.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 25. Issuances from the Office of the Court Administrator 25.1. The initial citation format for issuances from the Office of the Court Administrator is as follows: Office of the Court Administrator, <Title, if any>, <issuance or series no., if any> [<Short Title, if any>], <pinpoint citation> (<date>). 229. Office of the Court Administrator, Release of Qualified Persons Deprived of Liberty, OCA Circular No. 91-2020, at 3 (Apr. 20, 2020). 230. Office of the Court Administrator, Order of Destruction of Dangerous Drugs Pursuant to Section 21 (4), Republic Act No. 9165, as Amended, OCA Circular No. 118-2020, para. 1 (July 15, 2020). 25.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the issuance or series no.>, <pinpoint citation>. 25.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 231. OCA Circular No. 91-2020, at 2. 232. Id. at 3. F. JUDICIAL ISSUANCES 228. Supreme Court, Adopting the Rules on Mandatory Continuing Legal Education for Members of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, Bar Matter No. 850 [B.M. No. 850], rule 7, §§ 1-3 (Aug. 22, 2000). primary authorities 49 G. ORDINANCES 26. Local Government Ordinances The initial citation format for local government ordinances is as follows: Sangguniang <Barangay, Bayan, Panlungsod, or Panlalawigan> of <Name of Barangay, Municipality, City, or Province>, <Full Title> [<Short Title, if <ordinance no.>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>). any>], 233. Sangguniang Bayan of the Municipality of Sagada, Ordinance Adopting the Cave Management of the Municipality of Sagada, Mountain Province [The Cave Management Ordinance of the Municipality of Sagada, Mountain Province], Ordinance No. 06-2018, art. VI, § 1 (Oct. 15, 2018). 234. Sangguniang Panlungsod of the City of Pasig, An Ordinance Strengthening the Operationalization of Freedom of Information and Providing for a Mechanism for the Disclosure of Public Records in Pasig City, and Providing Penalties for the Violation Thereof [Pasig Transparency Mechanism Ordinance of 2018], Ordinance No. 2018-37, § 10 (Sept. 13, 2018). 235. Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the Province of Iloilo, Sanitation Code of the Province of Iloilo [Sanitation Code of the Province of Iloilo], Ordinance No. 2015-120, § 52 (Apr. 21, 2015). 26.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the ordinance no.>, citation>. <pinpoint 26.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 236. Pasig Transparency Mechanism Ordinance of 2018, § 11. 237. Id. §§ 9 & 12. G. ORDINANCES 26.1. ateneo law journal 50 H. RULES OF PROCEDURE 27.1. The initial citation format for legislative rules of procedure is as follows: <H. or S.> <Title> [<Short Title, if any>], citation>, <legislature> (<date>). <pinpoint 238. H. Rules of Procedure in Impeachment Proceedings, rule II, § 2 (b), 16th Cong. (July 24, 2013). 239. S. Rules of Procedure Governing Inquiries in Aid of Legislation, § 7, 15th Cong. (Aug. 9, 2010). 27.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <H. or S.> <Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the Title>, citation>. <pinpoint 27.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 240. H. Rules of Procedure in Impeachment Proceedings, rule V, § 14. 241. Id. 28. Rules of Procedure of Administrative Agencies 28.1. The initial citation format for rules administrative agencies is as follows: of <Issuing Title, <pinpoint Agency>, <Title> citation> (<date>). [<Short procedure if of any>], 242. Commission on Elections, COMELEC Rules of Procedure [COMELEC Rules of Procedure], rule 2, § 3 (c) (Feb. 15, 1993). H. RULES OF PROCEDURE 27. Legislative Rules of Procedure primary authorities 51 28.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short Title, if any, otherwise, use the Title>, <pinpoint citation>. 28.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 244. COMELEC Rules of Procedure, rule 8, § 4. 245. Rules of Practice and Procedure of the Department of Energy, rule 12, §§ 1 & 3. 246. Id. rule 17, § 2 (b). 29. Rules of Procedure Within the Rules of Court 29.1. The Rules of Court cannot be cited in the citation reference as a collective repository of rules. It may only be mentioned in the body or text to refer to the Rules of Court as a collective. 29.2. The initial citation format for rules of procedure within the Rules of Court is as follows: <year> <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation>. 29.2.1. The TITLE is in SMALL CAPS. 247. 1964 SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS, rule 78, § 6 (c). 248. 2000 REVISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 110, § 4. 249. 1997 RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, rules 1-5 & 36-71. 250. 2019 AMENDMENTS TO THE 1997 RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, rule 6, § 5 (b); rule 30, § 1; & rule 35, § 3. 251. 2019 AMENDMENTS TO THE 1989 REVISED RULES ON EVIDENCE, rule 130, §§ 37 & 54 (c); rule 131, § 1, para. 2; & rule 133, § 5 (a)-(c). H. RULES OF PROCEDURE 243. Department of Energy, Rules of Practice and Procedure Before the Department of Energy [Rules of Practice and Procedure of the Department of Energy], rule 13, § 1 (July 13, 2002). ateneo law journal 29.3. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation>. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 252. REVISED RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 110, § 2. 253. Id. rule 114, §§ 4-7. 30. Rules of Procedure Issued by the Supreme Court Not Incorporated in the Rules of Court 30.1. The initial citation format for rules of procedure which are not incorporated in the Rules of Court is as follows: <TITLE OF RULES>, <issuance no.>, (<date of effectivity>). <pinpoint citation> 254. JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE, A.M. No. 12-8-8-SC, § 9 (a) (Jan. 1, 2013). 255. RULE ON CYBERCRIME WARRANTS, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC, § 7.3 (Aug. 15, 2018). 30.2. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint 30.3. citation>. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 256. JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT RULE, whereas cl. para. 4. 257. Id. § 2 (a) (1). H. RULES OF PROCEDURE 29.4. 52 primary authorities 53 31. Superseded Rules of Procedure The initial citation format for superseded rules of procedure is as follows: <year of effectivity> <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation> (superseded in <year>). 258. 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 112, § 6 (a) (superseded in 2000). 259. 1983 RULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE IN SPECIAL CASES, §§ 10 & 12 (superseded in 1991). 31.2. For subsequent citations, retain the year when the superseded rules began to be effective by following this short citation format: <year 31.3. of effectivity> <TITLE OF RULES>, <pinpoint citation>. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 260. 1985 RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, rule 112, § 3 (f). 261. Id. H. RULES OF PROCEDURE 31.1. 54 III. SECONDARY AUTHORITIES Secondary authorities are sources of information which help explain, comment on, or analyze the law. These are never binding statements of law, but they may be persuasive. I. BOOKS & OTHER NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS 32. Books by a Single Author The initial citation format for books by a single author is as follows: <AUTHOR>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation> (<year publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>). 32.1.1 of The AUTHOR and the TITLE are both in SMALL CAPS. 262. CHRISTINE BELL, ON THE LAW OF PEACE: PEACE AGREEMENTS AND THE LEX PACIFICATORIA 290 (2008). 263. ALICIA V. SEMPIO-DIY, HANDBOOK ON THE FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 117 & 121 (2d ed. 1995). 264. MICHAEL J. SANDEL, THE TYRANNY OF MERIT: WHAT’S BECOME OF THE COMMON GOOD 226 (2020). 265. JAMES CRAWFORD, BROWNLIE’S PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 228-30 (9th ed. 2019). 32.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 266. BELL, supra note 262, at 166-70. 267. Id. at 183 tbl. 2. I. BOOKS & OTHER NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS 32.1. secondary authorities 55 33. Books by Two Authors 33.1. The initial citation format for books by two authors is as follows: <FIRST AUTHOR> & <SECOND AUTHOR>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation> (<year of publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>). 33.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 270. ACEMOGLU & ROBINSON, supra note 268, at 437-43. 271. Id. at 455. 34. Books by Three or More Authors 34.1. The initial citation format for books by three or more authors is as follows: <FIRST AUTHOR>, ET AL., <TITLE> <pinpoint citation> (<year of publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>). 272. MITSUO MATSUSHITA, ET AL., THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: LAW, PRACTICE, AND POLICY 375 (3d ed. 2015). 273. GUNNAR NIELS, ET AL., ECONOMICS FOR COMPETITION LAWYERS 283-87 (2011). 34.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 274. MATSUSHITA, ET AL., supra note 272, at 787. 275. Id. at 788. I. BOOKS & OTHER NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS 268. DARON ACEMOGLU & JAMES A. ROBINSON, WHY NATIONS FAIL: THE ORIGINS OF POWER, PROSPERITY, AND POVERTY 428 (2012). 269. WILLIAM STRUNK JR. & ELWYN BROOKS WHITE, THE ELEMENTS OF STYLE 79 (4th ed. 2000). ateneo law journal 56 35. Multi-Volume Works 35.1. The initial citation format for multi-volume works is as follows: <volume no.> <AUTHOR/S>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation> (<year of publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>). 35.1.1. The volume number must be in Arabic Numerals. 35.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 278. 4 PARAS, supra note 276, at 93. 279. Id. at 352. 36. Works with Editors or Translators 36.1. If the work has indicated editors or translators, follow this initial citation format: <AUTHOR/s>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation> (<Editor(s) / Translator(s)> ed(s). / trans., <year>). 280. REYNATO S. PUNO, EQUAL DIGNITY & RESPECT: THE SUBSTANCE OF EQUAL PROTECTION AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 493 (Josephine G. Maribojoc ed., 2012). 281. FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV 209 (Richard Pevear & Larissa Volokhonsky trans., 1992). 282. ANTOINE DE SAINT-EXUPÉRY, THE LITTLE PRINCE 70 (Katherine Woods trans., 1943). 283. THE GOOD CAUSE, THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CORRUPTION 20 (Gjalt de Graaf, et al. eds., 2010). I. BOOKS & OTHER NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS 276. 4 EDGARDO L. PARAS, CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES ANNOTATED 863 (18th ed. 2016). 277. 1 CESARIO A. AZUCENA JR., THE LABOR CODE WITH COMMENTS AND CASES 17 (9th ed. 2016). secondary authorities 36.2. 57 For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 284. DOSTOEVSKY, supra note 281, at 212. 285. Id. at 223. 37. Works in Collections 37.1. The initial citation format for works in collections is as follows: <TITLE OF 37.1.1. The author and Title of the Shorter Work are not in SMALL CAPS but, rather, in ordinary Roman font and italics, respectively. The TITLE OF THE WHOLE COLLECTION, however, is in SMALL CAPS. The indicator “in” is italicized. 286. Albert E. Alejo, et al., Anti-Corruption and Third Party Monitoring, in BUILDING INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACIES IN ASEAN 418 (Ronald U. Mendoza, et al. eds., 2019). 287. Paul Ducheine, The Notion of Cyber Operations, in RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CYBERSPACE 231 fig. 10.1 (Nicholas Tsagourias & Russell Buchan eds., 2015). 288. Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Ode to October 10, in HERENCIA: THE ANTHOLOGY OF HISPANIC LITERATURE OF THE UNITED STATES 562 (Nicolás Kanellos ed. & Manuel A. Tellechea trans., 2002). 37.2. If the shorter work has no formal title, provide a description. 37.3. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 289. Alejo, et al., supra note 286, at 423. 290. Id. at 417-19. I. BOOKS & OTHER NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS <Title of Shorter Work, if any>, in WHOLE COLLECTION> <pinpoint citation> (<Editor(s) / Translator(s)> ed(s). / trans., <year>). <Author/s>, ateneo law journal 58 38. Annotations 38.1. The initial citation format for annotations, which are discussions in selected case reporters (e.g. SCRA), is as follows: Annotation, <Title>, <volume no.> name of reporter> <first page of annotation>, <pinpoint citation> (<year>). <Author/s>, <abbreviated 38.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 39. Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, & Epilogues 39.1. The initial citation format for prefaces, forewords, introductions, and epilogues, which are written by persons other than the authors of the cited works, is as follows: Preface / Foreword / Introduction / Epilogue to <AUTHOR/S>, <TITLE> <pinpoint citation of preface, et al.> (<year of publication> / <edition no.> <year of edition>). <Author/s>, 292. Joseph Christopher Mijares-Gurango, Preface to PRIMITIVO MIJARES, THE CONJUGAL DICTATORSHIP OF FERDINAND AND IMELDA MARCOS xiii (2d ed. 2017). 293. Hilario G. Davide Jr., Foreword to ARTEMIO V. PANGANIBAN, JUDICIAL RENAISSANCE xi (2005). 294. Albert French, Introduction to HARPER LEE, TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD 5 (1996). 39.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. I. BOOKS & OTHER NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS 291. Jorge R. Coquia, Annotation, The Enforcement of the Hawaii District Court Judgment Awarding $2.5 Billion to Human Rights Victims Under the Marcos Administration, 455 SCRA 427, 434 (2005). secondary authorities 59 295. Mijares-Gurango, supra note 292, at xiii. 296. Id. 40. Special Citation Forms 40.1. Below are examples of frequently cited works that require special citation: 40.2. BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 687 (1oth ed. 2014). OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY 447 (5th ed. 2002). John 15:13 (New International). 66 AM. JUR. 2D Restitution and Implied Contracts § 3 (2019). 19 C.J.S. Corporations § 771 (2018). RESTATEMENT (FOURTH) OF THE FOREIGN RELATIONS LAW OF THE UNITED STATES § 451 (Am. Law Inst. 2018). For subsequent citations, use a special short citation form that omits the year or edition but retains it if a different subdivision was updated in a different year. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 454. i Corinthians 1:27-31. 66 AM. JUR. 2D Restitution and Implied Contracts §§ 8 & 12. Id. § 9. RESTATEMENT (FOURTH) OF THE FOREIGN RELATIONS LAW OF THE UNITED STATES § 401 cmt. a. I. BOOKS & OTHER NON-PERIODIC MATERIALS 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. ateneo law journal 60 J. JOURNALS & PERIODICAL ARTICLES 41. Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles 41.1. The initial citation format for consecutively paginated journal articles is as follows: <Author/s>, <Title>, <volume JOURNAL> (<year>). <first no.> <ABBREVIATED NAME OF page of article>, <pinpoint citation> 41.1.2. For the abbreviated name of the journal, refer to Annex F and Annex G. When the abbreviation for the name of a particular journal is not contained in the said Annexes, consult the other entries therein for common words to be abbreviated. 308. Barack H. Obama, The President’s Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform, 130 HARV. L. REV. 811, 848 (2017). 309. Terence Conrad H. Bello, There’s No Business Like Show Business ... Until the Taxman Comes Knocking: Analyzing Common Tax Issues in the Entertainment Industry, 63 ATENEO L.J. 722, 749 (2019). 310. Derrick Wang, Scalia/Ginsburg: A Gentle Parody of Operatic Proportions, 38 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 237, 247-50 (2015). 41.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 311. Obama, supra note 308, at 817 fig. 1. 312. Id. at 843-45. J. JOURNALS & PERIODICAL ARTICLES 41.1.1. A journal is consecutively paginated if the works are paginated in sequence throughout the whole volume. The author and title are in ordinary Roman font and italics, respectively. secondary authorities 61 42. Non-Consecutively Paginated Journal Articles 42.1. The initial citation format for non-consecutively paginated journal articles is as follows: <Title>, <ABBREVIATED NAME OF JOURNAL>, month, quarter, period, or year; or volume no., issue no.>, <pinpoint citation>. <Author/s>, <date, 42.1.2. For the abbreviated name of the journal, refer to Annex F and Annex G. When the abbreviation for the name of a particular journal is not contained in the said Annexes, consult the other entries therein for common words to be abbreviated. 313. Florin T. Hilbay, The Flunker: The Bar Examinations and the Miseducation of the Filipino Lawyer, IBP J., Volume No. 33, Issue No. 1, at 62. 314. Amal Clooney & Philippa Webb, The Right to Insult in International Law, COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV., Spring 2017, at 3. 42.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 315. Hilbay, supra note 313, at 58. 316. Id. 43. Newsletters & Magazine Articles 43.1. The initial citation format for newsletters and magazine articles is as follows: <Author/s>, <Title>, <ABBREVIATED NAME OF NEWSLETTER OR MAGAZINE>, <date, month, quarter, period, or year>, <pinpoint citation>. J. JOURNALS & PERIODICAL ARTICLES 42.1.1. Non-consecutively paginated journals are those whose issues per volume are separately paginated. ateneo law journal 62 43.1.1. For the abbreviated names of selected terms and periodicals, refer to Annex G. 317. Clayton M. Christensen & Michael Overdorf, Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change, HARV. BUS. REV., Mar.-Apr. 2000, at 67. 318. Paul David Hewson, Why Men Must Also Fight for Women and Girls, TIME, Jan. 15, 2018, at 30. 43.2. 319. Christensen & Overdorf, supra note 317, at 72 & 75. 320. Id. at 74. 44. Newspaper Articles in Print 44.1. The initial citation format for newspaper articles in print is as follows: <Author/s>, <Title>, <ABBREVIATED <date>, <pinpoint citation>. NAME OF NEWSPAPER>, 44.1.1. For the abbreviated names of selected terms and periodicals, refer to Annex G. 321. Edgardo J. Angara, Erap’s Final Hours Told, PHIL. DAILY INQ., Feb. 4, 2001, at A16. 322. Neil Sheehan, Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3 Decades of Growing U.S. Involvement, N.Y. TIMES, June 13, 1971, at 1. 44.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 323. Angara, supra note 321, at A1 & A16. 324. Id. J. JOURNALS & PERIODICAL ARTICLES For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. secondary authorities 63 K. INTERNET SOURCES 45. Internet Sources in General This is the general rule when citing internet sources. Rule 46 on Magazine and News Articles Online and Rule 47 on Social Media are the exceptions to this general rule. 45.2. Note that this Rule should only be resorted to if no other rule within this Guide is applicable to the source intended to be cited. Typically, citations under this Rule point to sources in Portable Document Format (PDF) and sources that were generated by owners or managers of web pages or domains. 45.3. The initial citation format for internet sources in general is as follows: <Author/s or Organization>, <Title> (<description of material, if needed>), <pinpoint citation, if possible>, available at <internet address> (last accessed <date>) [<permanent link, if possible>]. 45.3.1. A permanent link is an internet address, or uniform resource locator (URL), that provides an alternate but permanent web address to the original web page. 45.3.2. Whenever possible, the use of permanent links is encouraged to ensure that the web page is preserved and made available for future research, despite changes to the original link that may subsequently occur (e.g., when the link leads to a broken or blank web page). 325. Francis Mark A. Quimba & Maureen Ane D. Rosellon, Impact of Government Incentive on MSME Innovation (Philippine Institute for Development Studies Discussion Paper Series No. 2019-27, Dec. 2019), at 14, available at http://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/ pidsdps1927.pdf (last accessed Apr. 7, 2020) [http://perma.cc/5R4M-WU7H]. K. INTERNET SOURCES 45.1. ateneo law journal 64 45.4. In case the URL is too long or unwieldy, citation may be made to a shorter URL provided the reader is given directions as to how the cited source may be accessed. Direction is done through parenthetical explanations. 330. World Bank, Current Health Expenditure (% of GDP), available at http://data.worldbank.org (last accessed Aug. 20, 2019) (follow the hyperlink “Indicator”; click on “All indicators”; then follow the hyperlink labeled “Current health expenditure (% of GDP)”; select a preferred option under “Download” to access the annual data per country). 45.5. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 331. 332. 333. 334. Quimba & Rosellon, supra note 325, at 9. Id. at 17 tbl. 8. Id. at 18-20. Villarin, et al., supra note 329, at 34 fig. 8. K. INTERNET SOURCES 326. Tim Urban, The AI Revolution: The Road to Superintelligence, available at http://waitbutwhy.com/ 2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html (last accessed Dec. 1, 2019) [http://perma.cc/CKD989NZ]. 327. Harvard Law School Library, What Is Perma.cc, available at http://guides.library.harvard.edu/perma (last accessed June 10, 2020) [http://perma.cc/8W3W-BL2K]. 328. Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Definition of Plagiarism, available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/plagiarism (last accessed Dec. 19, 2019) [http://perma.cc/ZJA7-UEJP]. 329. Jose Ramon T. Villarin, S.J., et al., In the Eye of the Perfect Storm: What the Philippines Should Do About Climate Change (S.C. Johnson Professional Lecture Working Paper, July 8, 2008), at 70-73, available at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi= 10.1.1.504.2436&rep=rep1&type=pdf (last accessed May 22, 2020) [http://perma.cc/BZ8D-PP47]. secondary authorities 65 46. Magazine & News Articles Online 46.1. This is the first exception to Rule 45. This Rule applies to newsletters, magazines, broadsheets, and news articles available online. Cite articles only from the official domain names of their respective magazine and news publications. 46.2. The initial citation format for magazine and news articles online is as follows: 46.2.1. Note that the author and title are not in SMALL CAPS but, rather, in ordinary Roman font and italics, respectively. The ABBREVIATED NAME OF THE MAGAZINE, NEWSPAPER, OR NEWS AGENCY, however, is in SMALL CAPS. 335. Chiara Zambrano, Chinese Vessel Blocks Pinoy Fishermen in Scarborough Shoal, ABS-CBN NEWS, July 14, 2016, available at http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/14/16/chinesevessel-blocks-pinoy-fishermen-in-scarborough-shoal (last accessed Nov. 5, 2019) [http://perma.cc/R44M-3RP8]. 336. Alex Tizon, My Family’s Slave, ATLANTIC, June 2017, available at http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/ 2017/06/lolas-story/524490/ (last accessed May 11, 2020) [http://perma.cc/B9TR-27H4]. 337. Maria A. Ressa, How Facebook Algorithms Impact Democracy, RAPPLER, Oct. 8, 2016, available at http://rappler.com/newsbreak/facebook-algorithmsimpact-democracy (last accessed Aug. 15, 2019) [http://perma.cc/VLH9-7HYL]. 46.3. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 338. Tizon, supra note 336. 339. Id. K. INTERNET SOURCES <Author/s>, <Title>, <ABBREVIATED NAME OF MAGAZINE, NEWSPAPER, OR NEWS AGENCY>, <date of publication or report>, available at <internet address> (last accessed <date>) [<permanent link, if possible>]. ateneo law journal 66 47. Social Media 47.1. This is the second exception to Rule 45. This Rule applies to every internet medium which allows end-users, not the owners or managers of web pages, to generate, participate, or share content on the internet (e.g., social networking sites, video-sharing sites), and even comments on a general internet source or a magazine or news article online. 47.2. The initial citation format for social media is as follows: or Content Creator>, <username, if available>, or description of content>, <Title of Cited Content, if any>, <PLATFORM OR WEBSITE>, <date of posting>: <time of posting, if any>, available at <internet address> (last accessed <date>) [<permanent link, if possible>]. <kind 47.2.1. The date and time of posting must be the same as the timestamp provided by the platform or website. 340. Meera Nair, Article, Adjudication by Algorithm, WORDPRESS, Jan. 3, 2018: 8:33 a.m., available at http://fairduty.wordpress.com/2018/01/03/adjudicationby-algorithm/ (last accessed May 7, 2020) [http://perma.cc/2TVX-V39E]. 341. Barack H. Obama, @POTUS44, Tweet, TWITTER, Aug. 29, 2016: 9:28 a.m., available at http://twitter.com/POTUS44/status/770297035 274584068 (last accessed Sept. 26, 2019) [http://perma.cc/Y4FP-GYML]. 342. Ateneo Law Journal, Status Update, FACEBOOK, Apr. 22, 2016: 2:23 p.m., available at http://www.facebook.com/ateneolawjournal/posts/81667 7568478093 (last accessed June 22, 2019) [http://perma.cc/4TF5-6B6T]. 343. Areté Ateneo, Video, Magisterial Lectures: Roberto Conrado O. Guevara, Ph.D. – On Journeys & Crossroads: Reflections on Exodus, YOUTUBE, Aug. 11, 2020, available at K. INTERNET SOURCES <Author secondary authorities 67 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geVah0hecPQ (last accessed Aug. 27, 2020). 344. Kenneth Isaiah I. Abante, Article, Awakening Vocations in the Service of the Poor, MEDIUM, Aug. 23, 2019, available at http://medium.com/@kabante/awakening-vocations-inthe-service-of-the-poor-46dfdb1ba475 (last accessed Nov. 26, 2019) [http://perma.cc/ZG6D-M3XG]. 47.3. Use of parenthetical explanations is encouraged to clarify how the cited source could be appreciated or accessed by the reader. 47.4. Note that this Rule does not necessarily pertain to the main content in the website or platform. It can also be used to cite the comments on the status update, blog post, article, or video. 346. Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook Comment, FACEBOOK, Feb. 29, 2016: 4:19 a.m., available at http://www.facebook.com/notes/bill-gates/if-you-couldhave-one-superpower-what-would-it-be/10153387136491 961?comment_id=915530428544738&comment_tracking= %7B%22tn%22%3A%22R0%22%7D (last accessed Oct. 21, 2019) [http://perma.cc/8CHB-89WK]. 347. Steve Benjamins, Disqus Comment, TORONTO STANDARD, Oct. 31, 2014, available at http://www.torontostandard.com/uncategorized/thefuture-of-toronto-standard/#comment-1703853692 (last accessed May 5, 2019) [http://perma.cc/2PDU-PL85]. 47.5. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 348. Abante, supra note 344. 349. Id. K. INTERNET SOURCES 345. Areté Ateneo, Video, Magisterial Lectures: Antonette Palma-Angeles, Ph.D. – How Do We Decide? Tools for Ethical Decision-Making, YOUTUBE, Aug. 17, 2020, available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tma1GDcefeQ (last accessed Aug. 24, 2020) (discussion on the proposed model for ethical decision-making begins at 6:50). ateneo law journal 68 L. THESES & UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS 48. Dissertations & Theses 48.1 The initial citation format for dissertations and theses is as follows: <Author/s>, <Title>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>) (<type of work>, <institution which awarded the degree>) (on file with <physical repository>). 48.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 354. Hawking, supra note 350, at 38. 355. Id. at 20. L. THESES & UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS 350. Stephen W. Hawking, Properties of Expanding Universes, at 17 (Feb. 1, 1966) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge) (on file with Author). 351. Jose Maria G. Hofileña, A Comment on the Constitutional Institutionalization of State Participation in the Philippine Mining Industry, at 10 (Spring 1990) (unpublished LL.M. thesis, Harvard University) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library, Harvard University). 352. Sedfrey M. Candelaria, State Responsibility and International Financial Obligations: A Case Study of the International Monetary Fund Stand-By Arrangements with Developing Country Members, at 151-54 (Dec. 1989) (unpublished LL.M. thesis, University of British Columbia) (on file with the University of British Columbia Library). 353. Rafael Christopher L. Yap, Bouncing Doctrine: Re-Examining the Supreme Court’s Pronouncements of Batas Pambansa Blg. 22 as a Crime of Moral Turpitude, at 13 (2006) (unpublished J.D. thesis, Ateneo de Manila University) (on file with the Professional Schools Library, Ateneo de Manila University). secondary authorities 69 49. Memoranda, Letters, E-mail, & Other Correspondences 49.1. The initial citation format for memoranda, letters, e-mail, and other correspondences is as follows: <Type of Correspondence> from <Author/s>, <title or institutional affiliation, if needed>, to <Addressee/s>, <title or institutional affiliation, if needed> (<date>) (on file with <physical repository>). 356. Memorandum from Maria Luz C. Vilches, Vice President for the Loyola Schools, Ateneo de Manila University, to the Loyola Schools Community (Apr. 7, 2020) (on file with Author). 357. E-mail from Jose Maria G. Hofileña, Dean of the School of Law, Ateneo de Manila University, to All Students of the Ateneo de Manila University School of Law (Apr. 2, 2020) (on file with Author). 358. Letter from Jose “Ka Pepe” W. Diokno to Jose Ramon “Popoy” I. Diokno (Oct. 23, 1972) (on file with Author). 49.2. If the material is authored by, or is addressed to, two persons, separate their names with an ampersand (“&”). If the material is authored by, or is addressed to, more than two persons, indicate only the first listed author or addressee followed by a comma and “et al.” 359. Letter from Malala Yousafzai, et al. to António Guterres, et al. (Jan. 30, 2020) (on file with Author). 49.3. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 360. Vilches, supra note 356. 361. Id. L. THESES & UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS 49.1.1. The prepositions (i.e., “from” and “to”) indicating the authors and addresses are italicized. ateneo law journal 70 50. Press Releases & Other Unpublished Papers 50.1. The initial citation format for press releases and other unpublished papers not available online is as follows: of Document> by <Author/s, if any>, institutional affiliation, if needed>, <Title of Press Release or Paper, if any> (<date>) (on file with <physical repository>). <Description <title or 50.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 364. Concerned Members of the Ateneo de Manila University, supra note 362. 365. Id. L. THESES & UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS 362. Community Statement by Concerned Members of the Ateneo de Manila University, We Are Not Blind to the Darkness and Oppression of the Marcos Years! (Mar. 7, 2016) (on file with Author). 363. Press Release by Benjamin Perrin, Professor, University of British Columbia, Human Trafficking Charges on International Day for the Abolition of Slavery (Dec. 2, 2009) (on file with the Senate of Canada). secondary authorities 71 M. INTERVIEWS 51. Interviews Conducted by the Author 51.1. The initial citation format for interviews conducted by the author is as follows: Interview with <Name of Interviewee>, <title or institutional affiliation, if needed>, in <location of interview> / through <medium of interview> (<date of interview>). 51.2. For subsequent citations, use supra with this particular format: Interview with <Last Name of Interviewee>, supra note <footnote no. of initial citation>. 51.3. Id. may also be used when proper. 368. Interview with Levinas, supra note 366. 369. Id. M. INTERVIEWS 366. Interview with Emmanuel Levinas, Professor, University of Fribourg, in Iseltwald, Switzerland (Jan. 27, 1970). 367. Interview with Angelina Sandoval-Gutierrez, Retired Associate Justice, Supreme Court, through Zoom (July 30, 2016). ateneo law journal 72 52. Interviews Not Conducted by the Author 52.1. The initial citation format for interviews not conducted by the author is as follows: Interview by <Name of Interviewer>, <title or institutional affiliation, if needed>, with <Name of Interviewee>, <title or institutional affiliation, if needed>, in <location of interview> / through <medium of interview> (<date of interview>). 52.2. For subsequent citations, use supra with this particular format: Interview by <Last Name of Interviewer> with <Last Name of Interviewee>, supra note <footnote no. of initial citation>. 52.3. Id. may also be used when proper. 372. Interview by Dávila-Sta. Ana with Sotto, supra note 370. 373. Id. M. INTERVIEWS 370. Interview by Kristin Karen Dávila-Sta. Ana with Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto, Mayor, Pasig City, in Rockwell Center, Makati City (Apr. 3, 2019). 371. Interview by James Menendez, Journalist, BBC News, with Robert E. Kelly, Professor, Pusan National University, through Skype (Mar. 10, 2017). secondary authorities 73 N. SPEECHES & ADDRESSES 53. Unpublished & Untranscribed Speeches & Addresses 53.1. The initial citation format for unpublished and untranscribed speeches and addresses is as follows: <Speaker>, <title <Title or institutional affiliation, if needed>, of Speech, if any>, Speech / Address / Remarks at or place of address> (<date delivered>). 53.1.1. The Title of the Speech, if any, is italicized. If the speech has no formal title, provide a description, in addition to the event or place of address. 374. Conchita C. Carpio-Morales, Ombudsman, Corruption and Anti-Corruption Efforts in the Philippines – 25 Years of the Office of the Ombudsman, Address at the Forum on Corruption and Development – How Anti-Corruption Can Be Integrated into Development Measures to Ensure Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth (May 30, 2013). 375. Pope Francis, Head, Catholic Church, Address to the Filipino Youth at the University of Santo Tomas, Manila (Jan. 18, 2015). 376. Francis H. Jardeleza, Associate Justice, Supreme Court, Author’s Speech at the Launch of the March 2017 Special Issue of the Ateneo Law Journal Entitled Navigating Uncharted Waters: Moving Forward with the Philippines-China Arbitral Award (Mar. 30, 2017). 53.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 377. Carpio-Morales, supra note 374. 378. Id. N. SPEECHES & ADDRESSES <event ateneo law journal 74 54. Transcribed Speeches & Addresses 54.1. The initial citation format for transcribed speeches and addresses is as follows: <Speaker>, <title <Title or institutional affiliation, if needed>, of Speech, if any>, Speech / Address / Remarks at <event 54.1.1. The Title of the Speech, if any, is italicized. If the speech has no formal title, provide a description, in addition to the event or place of address. 379. Claudio Teehankee, Associate Justice, Supreme Court, The Rule of Law and an Independent Bench and Bar, Address at the Induction of Officers of the Movement for the Advancement of Young Advocates of Pampanga (July 29, 1983) (transcript on file with Author). 54.1.2. If the transcript is available online, use available at. 380. Pompeyo Diaz, Former Presiding Justice, Court of Appeals, Passion for Justice, Address at the Commencement Exercises of the College of Law, Ateneo de Manila University (Mar. 25, 1981) (transcript available at http://www.ateneo.edu/aps/law/about-law/ commencement-addresses (last accessed Aug. 11, 2019) [http://perma.cc/6F6Z-SYNX]). 54.2. This Rule does not apply if the speech or address is published as part of a print collection, as in such case Rule 37 is applicable. 54.3. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 381. Teehankee, supra note 379. 382. Id. N. SPEECHES & ADDRESSES or place of address> (<date delivered>) (transcript on file with <location of transcript> / available at <internet address> (last accessed <date>) [<permanent link, if possible>]). secondary authorities 75 O. FILMS & BROADCASTS 55. Films 55.1. The initial citation format for films is as follows: <TITLE> (<Production Company> <year>). 383. THE PAPER CHASE (Thompson-Paul Productions 1973). 384. IGNACIO DE LOYOLA (Jesuit Communications 2016). For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 385. THE PAPER CHASE, supra note 383. 386. Id. 56. Television & Radio Broadcasts 56.1. The initial citation format for television and radio broadcasts is as follows: <Title>: <Episode Name> (<Production Company, if any, or Broadcasting Company> <date>). 56.1.1. The Title, Episode Name, and colon (:) are italicized. If there is no information as to the production company, indicate the company that aired the broadcast. 387. Avatar: The Last Airbender: The Tales of Ba Sing Se (Nickelodeon Animation Studio Sept. 29, 2006). 388. Coronavirus, Explained: How to Cope (Vox Media June 16, 2020). 56.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 389. Avatar, supra note 387. 390. Id. O. FILMS & BROADCASTS 55.2. 76 IV. INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS International materials may either be binding or persuasive to the courts of a State, including the Philippines, depending on context. These materials often involve two or more States or international bodies, necessitating their own set of citation rules as set forth herein. P. FOUNDING DOCUMENTS 57. U.N. Charter & League of Nations Covenant 57.1. The initial citation format for the Charter of the United Nations (U.N.) and the Covenant of the League of Nations is as follows: U.N. CHARTER / LEAGUE citation>. OF NATIONS COVENANT OF NATIONS COVENANT” is 391. U.N. CHARTER art. 43, ¶ 1. 392. LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT arts. 8, 11, 19, & 21. 57.2. Similar to the Rules on Constitutions, these two founding documents must always be cited in full. 57.3. Hence, do not use supra for subsequent citations of the U.N. Charter and the League of Nations Covenant. Nevertheless, Id. may be used for both of these documents. 393. U.N. CHARTER pmbl. 394. Id. art. 27, ¶¶ 1 & 3. P. FOUNDING DOCUMENTS 57.1.1. The “U.N. CHARTER” or “LEAGUE in SMALL CAPS. <pinpoint international materials 77 Q. TREATIES 58. Bilateral Treaties 58.1 The initial citation format for treaties between two parties is as follows: <Name of Treaty>, <Abbreviated Names of Parties>, citation>, <date of signing>, <treaty compilation>. <pinpoint 395. Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David, Isr.-Egypt, pmbl., Sept. 17, 1978, 1138 U.N.T.S. 39. Indicate the exact date of signing. If there are multiple dates of signing (like in the case of exchanges of notes), indicate the period covered by specifying the first and last dates of signing. 58.3. If relevant, the date of entry into force of a treaty or the fact that the same is not yet in force may be parenthetically indicated at the end of the citation. 58.4. If the Philippines is a party to the treaty cited, place its country abbreviation (Phil.) before that of the other party. 396. Mutual Defense Treaty, Phil.-U.S., art. IV, Aug. 30, 1951, 177 U.N.T.S. 133 (entered into force Aug. 27, 1952). 58.5. Treaties must be cited from an official treaty compilation published by an international organization, such as the United Nations Treaty Series (U.N.T.S.), League of Nations Treaty Series (L.N.T.S.), Organization of American States Treaty Series (O.A.S.T.S.), Official Journal of the European Union (O.J.), European Treaty Series (E.T.S.), or Council of Europe Treaty Series (C.E.T.S.). 58.6. If the treaty cannot be cited from an official treaty compilation published by an international organization, cite the treaty from an official domestic compilation of a party thereto. Q. TREATIES 58.2. ateneo law journal 78 58.6.1. For example, in cases where the Philippines is a party to a treaty, such treaty may be cited from these official treaty compilations: the Department of Foreign Affairs Treaty Series (D.F.A.T.S.), or the Philippine Treaty Series (P.T.S.). 397. Air Transport Agreement Between the Republic of the Philippines and the Kingdom of Norway, Phil.-Nor., art. 12, May 8, 1969, 8 D.F.A.T.S. 12 (entered into force May 30, 1969). 398. Treaty Between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand Relating to Extradition, Phil.-Thai., art. XVI, ¶ 2 (a), Mar. 16, 1981, 8 P.T.S. 668. 58.7. If the treaty has not appeared in any official international or domestic treaty compilation, cite such treaty from an unofficial treaty compilation such as the International Legal Materials (I.L.M.) if available therein. 399. Treaty Establishing a Special Associative Relationship, Arg.-It., art. 9, Dec. 10, 1987, 28 I.L.M. 1212. Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged when the treaty will be cited subsequently, with the special short citation form preferably indicating the name or abbreviation for which the treaty is better known, if any. 400. Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, China-U.K., ¶ 3, Dec. 19, 1984, 1399 U.N.T.S. 33 [hereinafter Sino-British Joint Declaration]. 58.9. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 401. Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David, supra note 395, pmbl. 402. Sino-British Joint Declaration, supra note 400, ¶ 1. 403. Id. ¶¶ 2 & 8. Q. TREATIES 58.8. international materials 79 59. Multilateral Treaties 59.1. The initial citation format for treaties among three or more parties is as follows: of Treaty> <pinpoint citation>, <signification> of signing or other significant date>, <treaty compilation>. <Name <date 59.1.1. Note that there is no comma between the name of the treaty and the pinpoint citation. 404. Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia art. 2, signed Feb. 24, 1976, 1025 U.N.T.S. 297. 405. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees art. 33, ¶ 1, signed July 28, 1951, 189 U.N.T.S. 137. 59.2. 406. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties art. 31, opened for signature May 23, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331. 407. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change arts. 18 & 22, adopted Dec. 11, 1997, 2303 U.N.T.S. 162. 59.3. Multilateral treaties must be cited from an official treaty compilation published by an international organization, or from an official domestic compilation of a party to the treaty. In the absence thereof, cite from an unofficial treaty compilation (e.g., I.L.M.). Refer to Rules 58.5 to 58.7 for further guidance. 408. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights art. 26, ¶¶ 2-5, opened for signature Dec. 19, 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3. 409. Convention on Rights and Duties of States art. 1, signed Dec. 26, 1933, 165 L.N.T.S. 19. Q. TREATIES The exact date of signing must be indicated. If for some reason the date of signing cannot be indicated (as when a treaty was not signed on a single date), then the date on which a multilateral treaty was opened for signature, approved, ratified, or adopted may be used. The signification must be in italics. ateneo law journal 80 410. Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty art. 2, adopted June 8, 1990, O.A.S.T.S. No. 73. 411. Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community arts. 3-7, signed Dec. 13, 2007, 2007 O.J. (C 306) 1. 412. Association of Southeast Asian Nations Declaration pmbl., signed Aug. 8, 1967, 6 I.L.M. 1233. 59.4. If relevant, the date of entry into force of a treaty or the fact that the same is not yet in force may be parenthetically indicated at the end of the citation. 413. Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism arts. 2 & 4, opened for signature May 16, 2005, C.E.T.S. No. 196 (entered into force June 1, 2007). 59.5. 414. Convention on Cybercrime art. 7, opened for signature Nov. 23, 2001, E.T.S. No. 185 [hereinafter Budapest Convention]. 415. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea art. 296, ¶ 1, opened for signature Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter UNCLOS] (entered into force Nov. 16, 1994). 59.6. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 416. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, supra note 406, art. 72, ¶ 1 (b). 417. UNCLOS, supra note 415, arts. 286 & 288, ¶ 4. 418. Id. art. 287, ¶¶ 1 & 3. 419. Budapest Convention, supra note 414, pmbl. Q. TREATIES Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged when the treaty will be cited subsequently, with the special short citation form preferably indicating the name or abbreviation for which the treaty is better known, if any. international materials 81 R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES 60. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Reported Cases 60.1. The initial citation format for reported cases of the International Court of Justice (I.C.J.) and the Permanent Court of International Justice (P.C.I.J.) is as follows: <Case Title> (<Abbreviated Names of Parties>), <matter of decision, if needed>, <type of court document>, <volume no.> <abbreviated name of reporter> <first page of report>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>). 60.1.1. For I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases, the year is used to identify the volume number. Thus, the year is omitted from the date at the end of the citation where only the month and day are given (e.g., 2006 I.C.J. 6 (Feb. 3), 1925 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 5 (Mar. 26)). 420. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Merits, Judgment, 1986 I.C.J. 14, ¶ 205 (June 27). 421. Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahr.), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, 1995 I.C.J. 6, 18 (Feb. 15). 422. Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia (Ger. v. Pol.), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, 1925 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 6, at 15 (Aug. 25). 423. Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Den. v. Nor.), Judgment, 1933 P.C.I.J. (ser. A/B) No. 53, at 71 (Apr. 5). 60.1.3. On the other hand, if the controversy was brought by special agreement of the parties, the abbreviated names must be separated instead by a slash (/). R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES 60.1.2. The indicator “v.” between the abbreviated names of the parties is used if the case was brought by unilateral application of one party against the other (e.g., Austl. v. Fr., U.K. v. Ice.). Refer to Annex A for the abbreviated names. ateneo law journal 82 424. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hung./Slovk.), Judgment, 1997 I.C.J. 7, ¶¶ 83-87 (Sept. 25). 60.2. The case title that appears on the first page of the case report must be used. The word “Case” may be used if a person’s name was mentioned in the case title. 425. Haya de la Torre Case (Colom./Peru), Judgment, 1951 I.C.J. 71, 83 (June 13). 60.3. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short Case Title>, <volume no.> reporter> <pinpoint citation>. 60.4. <abbreviated name of Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 426. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project, 1997 I.C.J. at 19, 21, & 26. 427. Id. ¶¶ 53 & 85. 61.1. This Rule applies only to I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases available in the official website of the I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. (i.e., http://www.icjcij.org). 61.1.1. Do not cite from any other domain or website. 61.2. The initial citation format for I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases available online is as follows: <Case Title> (<Abbreviated Names of Parties>), <matter of decision, if needed>, <type of court document>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>), available at <internet address> (last accessed <date>). 428. Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bol. v. Chile), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, ¶ 26 (Sept. 24, 2015), available at http://www.icj-cij.org/ public/files/case-related/153/153-20150924-JUD-01-00EN.pdf (last accessed Sept. 24, 2019). R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES 61. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Cases Available Online international materials 83 429. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Arg. v. Uru.), Judgment, ¶ 52 (Apr. 20, 2010), available at http://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/135/13520100420-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (last accessed Jan. 8, 2020). 61.3. Note that the type of court document being cited (e.g., judgments) must always be indicated if the case was cited online, even if irrelevant to the text referred to by the citation. 61.3.1. This is necessary to guide the reader in locating the citation, especially in cases where the court has issued or promulgated multiple documents that are all available online. 61.4. All the rules in Rule 60 suppletorily apply to I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. cases available online. 61.5. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: 61.6. <type of court Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 430. Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean, I.C.J. Judgment, ¶ 27. 431. Id. ¶¶ 28-29. 62. I.C.J. & P.C.I.J. Advisory Opinions 62.1. The initial citation format for I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. advisory opinions is as follows: <Case Title>, Advisory Opinion, <volume no.> name of reporter> <first page of report>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>). <abbreviated 432. Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, 1951 I.C.J. 15, 21 (May 18). R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES <Short Case Title>, I.C.J. / P.C.I.J. document>, <pinpoint citation>. ateneo law journal 62.2. The parties requesting the opinion are not listed. 62.3. If citing from the official website, use Rule 61 analogously. 84 433. Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965, Advisory Opinion, ¶¶ 170-174 (Feb. 25, 2019), available at http://www.icjcij.org/public/files/case-related/169/169-20190225-ADV01-00-EN.pdf (last accessed Dec. 28, 2019). 62.4. For subsequent citations, follow Rules 60 or 61, if the Advisory Opinion is cited from a reporter or from the official website of the I.C.J. and P.C.I.J., respectively. 62.5. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 63. Cases Before the ICC 63.1. <Case Title>, <case no.>, <type & description court document>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>). of 434. Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15, Decision on Prosecution’s Request for Provision of Certain Individual Reparations Applications, ¶ 6 (Feb. 28, 2020). 63.2. If the case has been made available in the official website of the ICC (i.e., http://www.icc-cpi.int), include its internet address. 63.2.1. Do not cite from any other domain or website. 435. Prosecutor v. Al-Tuhamy Mohamed Khaled, Case No. ICC-01/11-01/13, Decision on Reclassification of the Warrant of Arrest, ¶¶ 2 & 4 (Apr. 24, 2017), available at http://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/ CR2017_02560.PDF (last accessed June 1, 2020). R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES The initial citation format for cases before the International Criminal Court (ICC) is as follows: international materials 63.3. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short 63.4. 85 Case Title>, <case no.>, <pinpoint citation>. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 436. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Case No. ICC-01/12-01/15, ¶ 1. 437. Id. ¶¶ 5-7. 64. CJEU Reported Cases in Print The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) consists of two separate courts: the Court of Justice and the General Court. The Civil Service Tribunal used to be part of the CJEU as a specialized court, until it was dissolved on 1 September 2016. 64.2. The official reporter for the first two aforesaid courts is the 64.3. ECR and ECR-SC, however, have ceased publication in print after the release of the Court of Justice and General Court cases decided in 2011, and the Civil Service Tribunal cases decided in 2009, respectively. Thereafter, cases have been reported exclusively in digital format on EUR-Lex (i.e., http://eur-lex.europa.eu), the official publication of laws and cases of the European Union. For more information, see the official website of the CJEU (i.e., http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/P_101083). 64.4. The initial citation format for CJEU reported cases in print is as follows: Reports of Cases Before the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance (ECR). Staff cases decided by the now-defunct Civil Service Tribunal were reported separately in the Reports of European Community Staff Cases (ECR-SC). <Case Title>, <case no.>, <year> ECR <volume no.>-<first page of report>, <pinpoint citation>. 64.4.1. There is a hyphen, but no space, between the ECR volume number and the first page of the cited case (e.g., I-7367). R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES 64.1. ateneo law journal 86 64.4.2. Cases before the Court of Justice are reported in Volume I of the ECR (e.g., I-2971), while those cases before the General Court are reported in Volume II (e.g., II-415). 438. Van Duyn v. Home Office, Case C-41/74, 1974 ECR I-1337, at 1343. 439. Microsoft v. Commission, Case T-201/04, 2007 ECR II-3619, ¶ 842. 64.5. Note that case numbers before the Court of Justice begin with the letter “C” (e.g., C-151/07); those before the General Court begin with the letter “T” (e.g., T-70/17); and those before the Civil Service Tribunal begin with the letter “F” (e.g., F-128/5). 64.6. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short Case Title>, <year> ECR of report> <pinpoint citation>. no.>-<first page Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 440. Van Duyn, 1974 ECR I-1337 at 1344-45. 441. Id. at 1345. 65. CJEU Cases Available Online 65.1. This Rule is used to cite CJEU cases available at the official website of the CJEU (i.e., http://curia.europa.eu) and from EUR-Lex (i.e., http://eur-lex.europa.eu). 65.1.1. Do not cite from any other domain or website. 65.2. The initial citation format for CJEU cases available online is as follows: <Case Title>, <type <ECLI>, <pinpoint of court document>, citation> (CJEU <date>). <case no.>, R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES 64.7. <volume international materials 87 65.2.1. The European Case Law Identifier (ECLI) is unique to every CJEU case. The ECLI may be used to search for CJEU cases on EUR-Lex. See the CJEU official website for more information. 442. Red Bull GmbH v. European Union Intellectual Property Office, Judgment, Case C-124/18 P, EU:C:2019:641, ¶ 64 (CJEU July 29, 2019). 443. Patrick Breyer v. Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Judgment, Case C-582/14, EU:C:2016:779, ¶ 49 (CJEU Oct. 19, 2016). 65.3. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short 65.4. Case Title>, <ECLI>, <pinpoint citation>. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 444. Red Bull GmbH, EU:C:2019:641, ¶ 100. 445. Id. ¶ 79. Institutions & Ad Hoc Tribunals 66.1. The initial citation format for cases before other international judicial institutions and ad hoc tribunals is as follows: <Case Title> (<Abbreviated Names of Parties, if applicable>), <case no., if any>, <matter of decision, if needed>, <type of court document>, <abbreviated name of official reporter, if any>, <pinpoint citation> (<date>). 446. The “Arctic Sunrise” Case (Neth. v. Russ.), Case No. 22, Provisional Measures, Order, ITLOS Rep. 2013, ¶ 88 (Nov. 22, 2013). 447. Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 214, Merits, Reparations, and Costs, Judgment, ¶ 309 (Aug. 24, 2010). R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES 66. Cases Before Other International Judicial ateneo law journal 66.2. 88 When the name of the judicial institution which rendered the decision cannot be gleaned from the case number or reporter, indicate the abbreviated name of the tribunal before the date. 448. Prosecutor v. Tadić, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, Appeals Judgment, ¶ 137 (Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia Oct. 2, 1995). 66.3. For subsequent citations, follow this short citation format: <Short Case Title>, <abbreviated name of official reporter, if any, or case no., if any; otherwise, indicate the Abbreviated Name of Judicial Institution & type of court document>, <pinpoint citation>. 66.3.1. If the international judicial institution has an official reporter, cite thereto. Otherwise, use the case number. 66.4. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. 449. The “Arctic Sunrise” Case, ITLOS Rep. 2013, ¶ 34. 450. Id. ¶¶ 90-94. 451. Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 214, ¶ 337. R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES 66.3.2. In the absence of reporters and case numbers, indicate the abbreviated name of the judicial institution and the type of court document being cited. international materials 89 67. International Arbitration Cases 67.1. International arbitration cases are cited fairly analogously to I.C.J. and P.C.I.J. decisions under Rule 60. 452. North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case (Gr. Brit./U.S.), Award, 11 R.I.A.A. 167, 187 (1910). 67.2. For the case title, the indicated names of the parties may be used. Otherwise, the subject matter of the case may be indicated as the case title. 67.3. Do not indicate anymore the countries involved through parentheticals when their names are already evident in the case title. 67.4. For awards of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), the full diplomatic names of the country involved should be indicated. 67.5. For subsequent citations, analogously follow Rule 60. 67.6. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. R. INTERNATIONAL LAW CASES 453. SGS Société Générale de Surveillance S.A. v. Republic of the Philippines, Decision on Objections to Jurisdiction, 8 ICSID Rep. 518, 533 (2005). ateneo law journal 90 S. RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS 68. U.N. General Assembly Resolutions & Decisions 68.1. The initial citation format for United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly (G.A.) Resolutions (Res.) and Decisions (Dec.) is as follows: <Title, if needed>, <resolution or decision no. & session no.>, <pinpoint citation>, <U.N. Document Symbol> (<date of adoption>). 68.1.1. After 1976, G.A. resolutions are designated by the session number and the resolution number in the said session (e.g., the 337th resolution adopted during the fifty-seventh G.A. will appear as “G.A. Res. 57/337”). 68.1.2. Prior to 1976, however, G.A. resolution numbers were increased from year to year with the session number indicated by Roman numerals. 457. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, G.A. Res. 1514 (XV), ¶ 2, U.N. Doc. A/RES/1514 (XV) (Dec. 14, 1960). 68.2. Note that the U.N. Document Symbol may be placed at the end of the URL, “http://undocs.org”, to access the U.N. document (e.g., http://undocs.org/A/RES/59/38). For more information, consult the guide found in the official website of the U.N. (i.e., http://research.un.org/en/docs/symbols). S. RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS 454. Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, G.A. Res. 56/83, annex, art. 22, U.N. Doc. A/RES/56/83 (Dec. 12, 2001). 455. Promoting the Culture of Peace with Love and Conscience, G.A. Res. 73/329, ¶ 3, U.N. Doc. A/RES/73/329 (July 25, 2019). 456. G.A. Dec. 62/557, at 106, U.N. Doc. A/62/49 (Vol. III) (Sept. 15, 2008). international materials 68.3. 91 For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 458. Promoting the Culture of Peace with Love and Conscience, supra note 455, ¶ 1. 459. Id. ¶¶ 4-6. 460. G.A. Dec. 62/557, supra note 456, at 107. 69. Resolutions by Other U.N. Organizations & Other International Bodies 69.1. Resolutions issued by other international bodies (e.g., U.N. Security Council (S.C.), Economic and Social Council, Human Rights Council) are cited analogously to U.N. G.A. Resolutions and Decisions under Rule 68. 69.2. For subsequent citations, analogously follow Rule 68. 69.3. Do not use supra, but Id. may be used when proper. S. RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS 461. Science, Technology and Innovation for Development, Economic and Social Council Res. 2019/25, at 7, U.N. Doc. E/RES/2019/25 (July 23, 2019). 462. Outcome of the Universal Periodic Review: Philippines, Human Rights Council Dec. 36/110, para. 2, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/DEC/36/110 (Sept. 22, 2017). 463. S.C. Res. 2535, ¶¶ 2, 9, & 23, U.N. Doc. S/RES/2535 (2020) (July 14, 2020). 464. S.C. President Statement 2019/14, at 1, U.N. Doc. S/PRST/2019/14 (Nov. 22, 2019). ateneo law journal 92 T. REPORTS & OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS 70. Reports by U.N. Organs & Committees 70.1 The initial citation format for reports issued by U.N. organs and committees is as follows: Body & Subcommittee, if any>, <Report Title, if citation>, <U.N. Document Symbol> (<year for annual or sessional reports, otherwise, use the date of document for other reports>). <Issuing any>, <pinpoint 465. International Law Commission, Report on the Work of Its Seventy-First Session, ¶ 47, U.N. Doc. A/74/10 (2019). 466. Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, Global Issue of Unaccompanied Migrant Children and Human Rights, at 17-19, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/36/51 (July 24, 2017). For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 467. International Law Commission, supra note 465, ¶ 279 (c). 468. Id. ¶¶ 228-234. 71. Reports by the Secretary-General & Other Officials 71.1. The initial citation format for reports by the Secretary-General, and by anyone acting in an official capacity as in the position of an envoy, spokesperson, or special rapporteur, is as follows: or Position>, <Report Title, if any>, <pinpoint citation>, <Institution or Committee to which the Report was Delivered, if any>, <U.N. Document Symbol> (<date of document>) (by <Author/s, if any>). <Capacity 469. U.N. Secretary-General, International Migration and Development, at 5, 73d Session of the General Assembly, U.N. Doc. A/73/286 (Aug. 1, 2018). T. REPORTS & OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS 70.2. international materials 93 470. Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Investigation of, Accountability for and Prevention of Intentional State Killings of Human Rights Defenders, Journalists and Prominent Dissidents, ¶ 71 (b), Human Rights Council, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/41/36 (Oct. 4, 2019) (by Agnès Callamard). 71.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 471. U.N. Secretary-General, supra note 469, at 6 fig. 3. 472. Id. ¶¶ 101-105. 72. Conference Reports 72.1. The initial citation format for conference reports is as follows: Name>, <Report Title>, <pinpoint citation>, designation, if any>, (<date of document>). <Conference 473. World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, ¶¶ 83 & 85, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/23 (July 12, 1993). 474. U.N. Conference on the Human Environment, Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, princ. 20, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1 (June 16, 1972). 72.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 72.2.1. Since there are usually no identifiable authors in these cases, note that the title of the document must be used in accordance with the rules on supra . 475. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, supra note 473, ¶ 98. 476. Id. ¶ 5. T. REPORTS & OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS <document ateneo law journal 94 73. WTO Panel & Appellate Body Reports 73.1. The initial citation format for World Trade Organization (WTO) panel and appellate body reports is as follows: <Type <WTO 73.2. of Report>, <Title of Dispute>, <pinpoint citation>, Document Symbol> (<date>). Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged, particularly when citing multiple WTO panel or appellate body reports. 477. Panel Report, Canada — Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft, ¶ 5.153, WTO Doc. WT/DS70/RW (May 9, 2000) [hereinafter Canada — Aircraft]. 478. Appellate Body Report, Australia — Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, ¶ 88, WTO Doc. WT/DS18/AB/R (Oct. 20, 1998) [hereinafter Australia — Salmon]. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 479. Canada — Aircraft, supra note 477, at 43. 480. Australia — Salmon, supra note 478, ¶ 4. 481. Id. ¶ 279 (m). 74. Reports by the WTO Secretariat & Other WTO Bodies 74.1. The initial citation format for reports by the WTO Secretariat and other WTO bodies is as follows: Body>, <Report Title>, <pinpoint citation>, Document Symbol> (<date>). <Issuing <WTO 482. WTO Secretariat, Trade Policy Review: The Philippines, at 82 tbl. IV.8, WTO Doc. WT/TPR/S/261/Rev.2 (May 9, 2012). 483. WTO Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices, Reports Under Article 16.4 of the Agreement, at 2-4, WTO Doc. G/ADP/N/337 (Jan. 29, 2020). T. REPORTS & OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS 73.3. international materials 95 484. WTO Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Annual Report (2019) of the Council for TRIPS, ¶ 30, WTO Doc. IP/C/85 (Dec. 6, 2019). 74.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 485. WTO Secretariat, supra note 482, at 93. 486. Id. at 71 tbl. IV.3. 75. WTO Ministerial Documents 75.1. The initial citation format for WTO ministerial documents is as follows: World Trade Organization, <Title, if any>, citation>, <WTO Document Symbol> (<year>). <pinpoint 75.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 489. Doha Declaration, supra note 487, ¶¶ 4-6. 490. Id. ¶ 3. 76. GATT Panel Decisions 76.1. The initial citation format for General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) panel decisions is as follows: <Type of Report>, <Title>, <case no., if any> (<date>), GATT B.I.S.D. (<annual volume>), <pinpoint citation> (<year of publication>). T. REPORTS & OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS 487. World Trade Organization, Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, ¶¶ 4 & 5 (c), WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2 (2001) [hereinafter Doha Declaration]. 488. World Trade Organization, Work Programme on Small Economies, at 1, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(17)/63 (2017). ateneo law journal 96 76.1.1. GATT panel decisions must be cited from the GATT Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (B.I.S.D.). 76.2. Use of the rules on “hereinafter” is encouraged, particularly when citing multiple GATT panel decisions. 491. Panel Report, Norway — Procurement of Toll Collection Equipment for the City of Trondheim, GPR.DS2/R (May 13, 1992), GATT B.I.S.D. (40th Supp.), ¶ 4.17 (1993) [hereinafter Panel Report, Norway — Trondheim Toll Ring]. 492. Panel Report, United States — Prohibition of Imports of Tuna and Tuna Products from Canada, L/5198 (Feb. 22, 1982), GATT B.I.S.D. (29th Supp.), tbl. 3 (1983). 76.3. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. 77. Sales Publications 77.1. Many U.N. agencies release materials (other than official documents and records) that are for sale to the public. These materials may be in the form of reports, studies, or statistics. They are cited analogously to books and other non-periodic materials in Section I. 495. OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTION MAKING 22 (2018). 77.2. For subsequent citations, use supra. Id. may also be used when proper. T. REPORTS & OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS 493. Panel Report, Norway — Trondheim Toll Ring, supra note 491, ¶¶ 3.6, 3.8, 3.11, 3.14, & 3.20. 494. Id. ¶ 5.1. 97 V. GENERAL RULES OF USAGE U. QUOTATIONS 78. Quotations of 49 Words or Less 78.1. Quotations consisting of 49 words or less should be enclosed in double quotation marks (“ ”). 78.1.1. Quotations within the quoted material should be enclosed in single quotation marks (‘ ’). However, if the exact passage being cited is itself quoted material in the original, only one set of double quotation marks should be used. 78.2. All punctuation marks should be placed inside the quotation marks, except: 78.2.1. colons (:) and semicolons (;); and 78.2.2. question marks (?) and exclamation points (!), if they were not part of the original quotation. 78.3. Thus, commas (,) and periods (.) are placed within the quotation marks, even if the original text of the quoted material does not contain them. This is for plain aesthetic purposes and must only be used if the integrity of the quoted material will not be compromised. 79.1. Quotations consisting of 50 words or more should be in the form of a block quotation. A block quotation must be single-spaced, indented on both sides, and justified, and must not be enclosed in double quotation marks. The footnote reference should be placed after the final punctuation of the block quotation. 79.1.1. Quotations within the block quotation should be retained using single quotation marks. U. QUOTATIONS 79. Quotations of 50 Words or More ateneo law journal 98 79.2. The first line of the block quotation may be further indented on the left margin if it is also the first line in the paragraph in the original text being cited. 79.3. If a word, or words, at the beginning of the paragraph of the original text is, or are, omitted in the block quotation, do not further indent on the left side nor use an ellipsis to indicate the omission. 79.4. Indicate the omission of an entire paragraph or paragraphs in the block quotation by placing on the next line of the quoted paragraph an ellipsis consisting of three periods (“ ... ”). This is only done when one or more paragraphs are omitted in the length of a single block quotation. 79.5. If the block quotation is not contained in the body but, rather, in the footnote text, the citation reference should not be indented but should begin at the left margin on the line immediately following the quotation. 496. In the oral arguments before the Supreme Court of the United States, Ruth Bader Ginsburg asserted — Transcript of Oral Arguments, Jan. 17, 1973, at 16, 17, & 20 (on file with the Supreme Court of the United States), in Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973). U. QUOTATIONS Appellees concede that the principal ingredient [involving] strict scrutiny is present in the sex criterion. Sex, like race, is a visible, immutable characteristic, bearing no necessary relationship to [ability]. Sex, like race, has been made the basis for unjustified, or at least unproved assumptions, concerning an individual’s potential to perform or to contribute to society. ... In asking the [Supreme] Court to declare sex a suspect criterion, [the Amicus Curiae] urges a position forcibly stated in 1837 by Sarah [Grimké], noted abolitionist and advocate of equal rights for men and women. She spoke, not elegantly, but with unmistakable clarity. She said, ‘I ask no favor for my sex. All I ask of our brethren is that they take their feet off our necks.’ general rules of usage 99 80. Alterations 80.1. Alterations (e.g., substitution of letters or words, insertion of material, or conversion of letter case) made to quotations are indicated by enclosing such changes in square brackets (“[ ]”). 80.2. When quoting a passage, significant mistakes found in the original should be followed by “[sic]” (see Rule 90.4). 80.3. Omitted letters or punctuations must be indicated by empty square brackets (“[ ]”) (see Rule 90). 81. Omissions 81.1. Omissions in the quotation must be indicated by an ellipsis, consisting of three periods, with a space before the first period and a space after the last period (“ ... ”). 81.2. An ellipsis must not begin a quotation. It is used generally when the omission is in the middle of the quotation (see Rule 89). 82. Emphases 82.1. When emphasis is added to or omitted from the quoted text, parenthetically indicate the same (i.e., “emphasis supplied” or “emphasis omitted”) after the citation reference in the footnote. Justice Claudio Teehankee stated, 497. Teehankee, supra note 379 (emphasis supplied). 82.2. There is no need to indicate that the emphasis was sustained from the original text, if such was the case. U. QUOTATIONS The fundamental principles of justice necessarily connote a Rule of Law and not of men[,] and an acceptance of the concept of human rights inhering in [every person] by virtue of his [or her] very humanity and not granted to him [or her] by the State ... [,] and fearless and committed lawyers to seek their enforcement by a free and independent judiciary sworn to protect and enforce the law without fear or favor.497 ateneo law journal 100 V. FOOTNOTE REFERENCES 83. Footnote References 83.1. Every sentence or clause requiring any of the three functions of citation (i.e., attribution, authority, or research) must be accompanied by a citation, using footnote references at the very instance when the need for it arises. 83.2. Thus, footnote references need not always be placed at the end of sentences. 83.3. The footnote reference must be placed after a comma (,) or a period (.) when such comma or period is used to indicate a break or signify the end of a sentence, except if the integrity of the quoted material will be prejudiced by doing so. 83.4. On the contrary, footnote references must be placed at the end of a word immediately preceding a hyphen (-) or an em dash (—). 83.4.1. There must be a space between the footnote reference and the hyphen or em dash following it. 83.5. Footnote references should also be placed outside of quotation marks and brackets, but not parentheses. 83.6. If a footnote itself contains an assertion requiring support, a citation to the relevant authority should appear directly after the assertion. Refer to Part I, Section G of this Guide for proper understanding of explanatory footnotes. V. FOOTNOTE REFERENCES After all, politics is a social activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.1 As such, politics necessitates dialogue, not monologue2 — which is why Hannah Arendt, to a certain extent, defined political power as people “acting in concert”3 towards some measure of political efficacy.4 general rules of usage 83.7. 101 If authorities are subsequently cited using supra, the supra note numbers (i.e., each properly referring to the footnote number of the initial citation) must be kept accurate, even after the addition of intervening footnotes in the work. 83.7.1. If you are using Microsoft Word, use the Cross-reference feature to create supra note numbers by going to “References,” clicking “Cross-reference,” choosing “Footnote” under the “Reference type” dropdown menu, and selecting the footnote number of the initial citation of the authority intended to be cited. 83.7.2. To update all supra note numbers after having added intervening footnotes in the work, press Ctrl + A in Windows (or Cmd + A in Mac) within the footnote section of the document to select all footnotes therein and then click F9 in Windows (or Fn + F9 in Mac). 83.8. When a case is mentioned for the first time in the body and is found in the middle of a sentence or a clause, the case must be followed by a footnote reference which provides for the initial case citation without any pinpoint citation. Another footnote reference is placed at the end of the sentence or clause if the text requires a citation (i.e., using Id. with the pinpoint citation). 498. Department of Education, Culture and Sports v. San Diego, G.R. No. 89572, 180 SCRA 533 (1989). 499. Id. at 539. 83.8.1. However, if the said case is mentioned for the first time in the body but is found at the end of a sentence or clause, only one footnote reference (i.e., containing the initial case citation with the pertinent pinpoint citation) placed at the end of such sentence or clause is sufficient. V. FOOTNOTE REFERENCES In Department of Education, Culture and Sports v. San Diego,498 Justice Isagani Cruz stressed that “[w]e cannot have a society of square pegs in round holes, of dentists who should never have left the farm[,] and engineers who should have studied banking[,] and teachers who could be better as merchants.”499 ateneo law journal 102 W. PUNCTUATIONS 84. Periods 84.1. Periods (.) are used to end declarative sentences and indirect questions. 85. Commas & Semicolons 85.1. In a series of three or more elements, separate the elements by commas (,). 85.1.1. If the elements in a series are long and complex, or involve internal punctuation or internal conjunctions, separate them by semicolons (;). 85.2. While commas are used to connect dependent clauses to independent clauses, semicolons (;) are used to connect closely related independent clauses. 85.3. When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series, a serial comma, otherwise known as an Oxford comma, or a semicolon, when proper, is placed before the conjunction (e.g., Math, English, and Physics). 86. Colons 86.1. 87. Hyphens 87.1. Use a hyphen (-) to: 87.1.1. connect continuing or inclusive numbers, such as dates, times, and reference numbers; 87.1.2. separate numbers that are not inclusive, such as telephone numbers and social security numbers; or W. PUNCTUATIONS A colon (:) is used to introduce a list or an illustrative quotation, amplification, or appositive. general rules of usage 103 87.1.3. separate the elements of a compound word that is ordinarily hyphenated in a dictionary or other authoritative source, such as a wordbook. 87.2. There should be no space before or after the hyphen. 88. Em Dashes 88.1. Use an em dash (—) to: 88.1.1. denote a sudden break in thought that causes an abrupt change in sentence structure; or 88.1.2. set apart an element added to give emphasis or explanation by expanding a phrase occurring in the main clause. 88.2. Em dashes should be preceded and followed by a space. 88.3. To avoid confusion, do not use more than a single em dash or, in the proper case, a pair of em dashes in any given sentence. 89. Ellipses An ellipsis is a group of three consecutive dots with a space on both sides of the ellipsis, but no spaces in between the three dots (“ … ”). 89.2. Indicate the omission of words within a quoted passage by replacing the omitted text with an ellipsis (see Rule 81). 89.3. The general rule is that a quotation may end with a punctuation mark even if some words in the original text are thereby omitted (see Rule 78.2). 89.4. To indicate the omission of words at the end of a quoted sentence, replace the omitted text with an ellipsis followed by the final punctuation of the sentence (e.g., “ ... .”). W. PUNCTUATIONS 89.1. ateneo law journal 89.5. 104 Indicate the omission of a complete sentence within a quoted text by replacing the omitted text with an ellipsis between the final punctuation of the preceding quoted sentence and the first word of the following sentence (e.g., “. ...”). This may be used in a single, continuous quotation or in a block quotation. Article XIII, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution provides that “[t]he State shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local communities, to the preferential use of the communal marine and fishing resources, both inland and offshore. ... Fishworkers shall receive a just share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources.” 89.6. If the omitted passage consists of one or more complete paragraphs, then the ellipsis must appear alone in the center of a new line (see Rule 79.4). 89.7. An ellipsis should not begin a quotation. 90. Brackets Where only one letter, word, or punctuation mark is removed from a quoted text, use empty square brackets (“[ ]”) instead of an ellipsis. There must be a space between the brackets. 90.2. When the first letter in a quoted sentence must be changed from lower to upper case or vice versa, enclose it in square brackets. Refer to Rule 98 on Capitalization for further guidance. 90.3. Substitution of letters or words, insertion of any material, and conversion of letter case in a quoted text should be enclosed in square brackets. 90.4. Significant mistakes in the original, if maintained and uncorrected, should be followed by “[sic]” but otherwise left as it is in the original. W. PUNCTUATIONS 90.1. general rules of usage 105 91. Parentheses 91.1. Parentheses, like em dashes, may be used to set apart an amplifying, explanatory, or digressive thought. However, parentheses are more informal. 91.2. Parentheses are (see Rule 99). 91.3. When parentheses are used to enclose an independent sentence, the appropriate punctuation must be placed inside the parentheses, in addition to the period at the end of the footnote. also used to introduce abbreviations 500. PHIL. CONST. art. XI, § 1 (“Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.”). W. PUNCTUATIONS ateneo law journal 106 X. NUMBERS 92. Numerals 92.1. The numbers zero to nine (0-9) are spelled out. 92.2. The first word of any sentence must always be spelled out. Thus, any number that begins a sentence must be spelled out. 92.3. If a number includes decimal numbers, do not spell it out. 92.4. If a number in a series includes decimal numbers, numerals should be used uniformly for the whole series. 92.5. When percentages or peso or other currency amounts are referred to, use numerals accompanied by the appropriate symbol (e.g., %, P, $) (see Rule 95). 92.5.1. As an exception, when the amounts are within the range of zero to nine (0-9), then the whole amount must be spelled out, including the words “percent,” “pesos,” or “dollars.” 92.6. Numerals must always be used when referring to sections or subdivisions of statutes or other legal documents. 93. Ordinals Ordinal numbers used in the body or text as well as in the citation references must not be indicated by superscripts (e.g., 1st, 14th, 27th, 145th, 1951st). 93.2. In the body or text, including explanatory footnotes and parentheticals, use “2nd” or “3rd” for figures representing ordinal numbers that end in two or three (e.g., 42nd, 43rd). Note, however, that spelling out ordinals in the body or text is advisable. 93.3. In citation references (i.e., based on the citation forms prescribed in Rules 1 to 77 of this Guide), however, use “2d” or “3d” (e.g., 42d, 43d), not “2nd” or “3rd.” X. NUMBERS 93.1. general rules of usage 107 Y. SYMBOLS 94. Section & Paragraph Symbols 94.1. Spell out the words “Section” or “Paragraph” when they are contained in the body or text. 94.2. In citation references in the footnote text, use the respective symbol forms of “Section” or “Paragraph” (i.e., §, ¶, and para.). 94.2.1. Refer to Part I, Section D of this Guide as to the proper usage of the written abbreviation of “Paragraph” (para.) in citation references, instead of the paragraph symbol (¶). 94.2.2. For Windows users, the section symbol or silcrow (“§”) is inserted by clicking Alt + 0167 (or Option + 6 in Mac) while the paragraph symbol or pilcrow (“¶”) is inserted by clicking Alt + 0182 (or Option + 7 in Mac). 95. Percentage & Currency Symbols The percentage, peso, or dollar symbols are used when the numbers accompanying them are in numeral form. Otherwise, spell them out. They should be spelled out when the numbers are spelled out. Likewise, when these symbols begin a sentence, they should be spelled out. 95.2. Do not insert a space between the percentage (%), peso (P), and dollar ($) symbols and the corresponding number or amount (e.g., 10%, P10,000, $100,000). 95.2.1. Indicate the peso sign in Microsoft Word by using the double strikethrough function. Y. SYMBOLS 95.1. ateneo law journal 108 Z. OTHER RULES 96. Author Names 96.1. When a work written by one author is cited for the first time, sufficiently indicate the author’s name in the citation reference. 96.1.1. If the author is a natural person, cite using the author’s given name followed by the surname. 96.1.2. If the author is an institution, cite using the institutional author’s official or registered name. 96.1.3. If the author does not have any given name, cite the name by which the author is known to the public. For subsequent citations of a work written by one author, indicate the last name of the author or the full institutional name, as the case may be. 96.3. If a cited work is written by two authors, the initial citation reference must list the authors’ full names in the order in which they appear on the title page of the work, separated by an ampersand (&). In subsequent citations using supra, only their last names are indicated, with an ampersand (&) in between. 96.4. If a cited work is written by three or more authors, the initial citation reference should indicate the first listed author’s full name followed by a comma and “et al.” In subsequent citations using supra, only the last name of the first listed author is indicated, along with a comma and “et al.” 97. Dates 97.1. Dates in the body or text are written with the day first, followed by the month, spelled in its entirety, and the year (e.g., 10 December 1948). 97.2. Dates found in citation references in the footnote text begin with the month, as abbreviated in Annex B, followed by the day and the year (e.g., Dec. 10, 1948). Z. OTHER RULES 96.2. general rules of usage 109 98. Capitalization 98.1. Quotations embedded in the text of a piece may begin with an uppercase or lowercase letter, depending on the context. 98.1.1. A quotation used as an essential syntactic part of a sentence should begin with a lowercase letter. 98.1.2. In most cases, the Rule above means that a quotation introduced by “that” will not be capitalized, while one introduced as a free-standing sentence will be. Justice Caguioa stated that “[t]he Bill of Rights should never be sacrificed on the altar of convenience. Otherwise, the malevolent mantle of the rule of men dislodges the rule of law.” Justice Caguioa stated, “The Bill of Rights should never be sacrificed on the altar of convenience. Otherwise, the malevolent mantle of the rule of men dislodges the rule of law.” Justice Caguioa reiterated the value of constitutional rights in Sapla — “The Bill of Rights should never be sacrificed on the altar of convenience. Otherwise, the malevolent mantle of the rule of men dislodges the rule of law.” 98.2. The words Article, Essay, Comment, Note, Work, Study, Thesis, or Paper should be capitalized when referring to the written work itself. 98.2.1. When referring to a specific part, section, or chapter of a written work, capitalize Part, Section, or Chapter. Words in a heading or title are capitalized, including the first word and the word immediately following a colon (e.g., Holmes’ Ideological Influence: An Examination). 98.3.1. Articles, coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions in a heading or title should not be capitalized when they consist of four or fewer letters, unless they are used as the first word of the heading or title, or when they immediately follow a colon (e.g., Discipline, Liberty, and the Limits of Police Power: Introducing Alternative Confinement as a Unified Framework to Explain Z. OTHER RULES 98.3. ateneo law journal 110 “Hospital and House Arrests,” as well as Temporary Releases from Jail or Prison, and Providing Mechanisms Against Its Abuse). 98.4. Capitalize nouns referring to people or groups (e.g., the Administrator, the Board) only when they identify specific persons, officials, groups, or government offices. 98.5. Similarly, capitalize such phrases as “the Act,” “the Code,” “the Executive,” “the Senate,” “the Congress,” “the Petition,” and so forth only when the reference is unambiguously identified. 98.6. The phrases “the Court” and “the Constitution” should be capitalized only when referring to the Philippine Supreme Court and the current Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. 98.7. Names of parts of a constitution or statute may be capitalized when used as proper nouns, as in “First Amendment,” “Article III,” or “Section 8 (e).” 99. Abbreviation Abbreviations are shortened forms of words. Acronyms are abbreviations formed by using the first letter of each word to form a pronounceable word (e.g., ASEAN, NASA, laser, scuba). Initialisms are abbreviations read as a series of letters (e.g., DNA, IQ, PBA, RSVP, URL). 99.2. Abbreviations should be used only if they are easily recognized, and then sparingly. 99.2.1. Parentheses are used to introduce abbreviations. 99.3. In the body or text, periods are generally omitted in abbreviations (e.g., UN, ICJ). 99.4. In the footnotes, for citation references requiring abbreviations, periods are used in conformity with Rules 1 to 77 of this Guide (e.g., U.N., I.C.J.), and with reference to the Lists of Abbreviations found in the Annexes of this Guide. Z. OTHER RULES 99.1. general rules of usage 111 100. Italicization 100.1. Italicize words and phrases to indicate emphasis. 100.2. In the body or text, the case title is always italicized. Use the full case title when the case is mentioned for the first time in the body or text (e.g., Cruz v. Santos), and use the short case title when the case is subsequently mentioned therein (e.g., Cruz). 100.3. Italicize non-English words and phrases (e.g., kalikasan), except if they have been incorporated into common English (e.g., vis-à-vis). 100.4. Latin words and phrases are generally italicized (e.g., duces tecum, ejusdem generis, habeas corpus, ignorantia legis neminem excusat, pro hac vice, res gestae, sub judice), unless they are considered to be of common usage and are widely used in legal writing (e.g., ad hoc, alma mater, certiorari, de jure, mens rea, obiter dictum, prima facie). 100.5. Letters representing hypothetical parties, places, or things are also italicized for distinction. Z. OTHER RULES 112 ANNEXES: LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS A. SELECTED GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS Afg. Afr. Alb. Alg. Andorra Angl. Anguilla Antarctica Ant. & Barb. Arg. Arm. Asia Austl. Austria Azer. Bah. Bahr. Bangl. Barb. Belr. Belg. Belize Benin Berm. Bhutan Bol. Bosn. & Herz. Bots. Braz. Brunei Bulg. Burk. Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Can. Cape Verde Cayman Is. Cent. Afr. Rep. Chad Chile China, People’s Republic of Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador England Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europe Falkland Islands Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Great Britain Greece Greenland Chad Chile China Colom. Comoros Dem. Rep. Congo Congo Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croat. Cuba Cyprus Czech Den. Djib. Dominica Dom. Rep. Ecuador Egypt El Sal. Eng. Eq. Guinea Eri. Est. Eth. Eur. Falkland Is. Fiji Fin. Fr. Gabon Gam. Geor. Ger. Ghana Gib. Gr. Brit. Greece Green. ANNEX A. SELECTED GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS Afghanistan Africa Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Armenia Asia Australia Austria Azerbajian Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia & Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic annexes Gren. Guad. Guat. Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guy. Haiti Hond. H.K. Hung. Ice. India Indon. Iran Iraq Ir. Isr. It. Jam. Japan Jordan Kaz. Kenya Kiribati N. Kor. S. Kor. Kos. Kuwait Kyrg. Laos Lat. Leb. Lesotho Liber. Libya Liech. Lith. Lux. Mac. Maced. Madag. Malawi Malay. Maldives Mali Malta Marsh. Is. Mart. Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North America Northern Ireland Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Island Poland Portugal Qatar Réunion Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent & the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Mauritania Mauritius Mex. Micr. Mold. Monaco Mong. Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozam. Myan. Namib. Nauru Nepal Neth. N.Z. Nicar. Niger Nigeria N. Am. N. Ir. Nor. Oman Pak. Palau Pan. Papua N.G. Para. Peru Phil. Pitcairn Is. Pol. Port. Qatar Réunion Rom. Russ. Rwanda St. Helena St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent Samoa San Marino São Tomé & Príncipe ANNEX A. SELECTED GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, North Korea, South Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique 113 ateneo law journal Saudi Arabia Scotland Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South America Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste (East Timor) Saudi Arabia Scot. Sen. Serb. Sey. Sierra Leone Sing. Slovk. Slovn. Solom. Is. Som. S. Afr. S. Am. Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Surin. Swaz. Swed. Switz. Syria Taiwan Taj. Tanz. Thai. Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks & Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Virgin Islands, British Wales Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe 114 Togo Tonga Trin. & Tobago Tunis. Turk. Turkm. Turks & Caicos Is. Tuvalu Uganda Ukr. U.A.E. U.K. U.S. Uru. Uzb. Vanuatu Vatican Venez. Viet. Virgin Is. Wales Yemen Zam. Zim. B. MONTHS January February March April May June July August September October November December Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ANNEX B. MONTHS annexes 115 C. GOVERNMENT ISSUANCES Administrative Circular Administrative Matter Administrative Order Circular Committee Committee Report Committee Resolution Concurrent Resolution Department Department Advisory Department Circular Department Order Executive Order General Circular General Order House Record House Resolution Joint Resolution Letters of Instruction Memorand[-um, -a] Memorandum Circular Number[-s] Presidential Proclamation Proclamation Regulation Report Resolution Resolution of Both Houses Revenue Audit Memorandum Circular Revenue Bulletin Revenue Delegation Authority Order Revenue Memorandum Circular Revenue Memorandum Order Revenue Memorandum Ruling Revenue Operations Order Revenue Regulations Revenue Special Order Senate Record Senate Resolution Special Order Transcript of Stenographic Notes Value-Added Tax Ruling Admin. Circ. A.M. A.O. Circ. Comm. Comm. Rep. Comm. Res. Concur. Res. Dept. Dept. Advisory Dept. Circ. D.O. E.O. Gen. Circ. G.O. H. Rec. H. Res. Jt. Res. LOI Memo. Memo. Circ. No. / Nos. P.P. Proc. Reg. Rep. Res. R.B.H. RAMC Rev. Bull. RDAO RMC RMO RMR ROO RR RSO S. Rec. S. Res. Spec. Order T.S.N. VAT Ruling ANNEX C. GOVERNMENT ISSUANCES ateneo law journal 116 D. SUBDIVISIONS Amendment Annotation Appendi[-x, -ces] Article[-s] Book Canon Chapter Clause Comment[-ary] Example Explanatory Note Figure[-s] Footnote[-s] Form Introduction Number[-s] Paragraph[-s] if numbered in the source if otherwise Part Preamble Principle Rationale Rule[-s] Section[-s] Series, Serial Subdivision Subsection Supplement Table[-s] Title Volume Whereas Clause amend. annot. app. / apps. art. / arts. bk. canon ch. cl. cmt. ex. explan. n. fig. / figs. n. / nn. form intro. no. / nos. ¶ / ¶¶ para. / paras. pt. pmbl. princ. ratio. rule / rules § / §§ ser. subdiv. subsec. supp. tbl. / tbls. tit. vol. whereas cl. ANNEX D. SUBDIVISIONS annexes 117 E. SELECTED PHILIPPINE CODES Administrative Code of 1987 Agricultural Land Reform Code Child and Youth Welfare Code Civil Code Coconut Industry Code Code of Commerce Cooperative Code Family Code Fire Code Flag and Heraldic Code Insurance Code Intellectual Property Code Labor Code Land Transportation and Traffic Code Local Government Code Meat Inspection Code Muslim Code of Personal Laws National Building Code National Code of Marketing Breastmilk Substitutes, Breastmilk Supplements and Related Products National Internal Revenue Code Omnibus Election Code Omnibus Investments Code Philippine Environment Code Philippine Fisheries Code Pre-Need Code of the Philippines Revised Corporation Code Revised Forestry Code Revised Penal Code Sanitation Code Securities Regulation Code State Auditing Code Tariff and Customs Code Water Code ADMIN. CODE AGRARIAN CODE CHILD & YOUTH WELFARE CODE CIVIL CODE COCONUT INDUS. CODE COM. CODE COOP. CODE FAMILY CODE FIRE CODE FLAG & HERALDIC CODE INS. CODE INTELL. PROP. CODE LABOR CODE TRANSP. & TRAFFIC CODE LOCAL GOV’T CODE MEAT INSP. CODE MUSLIM CODE NAT’L BLDG. CODE MILK CODE NAT’L INTERNAL REVENUE CODE OMN. ELECTION CODE OMN. INVESTMENTS CODE ENVIRON. CODE FISHERIES CODE PRE-NEED CODE REV. CORP. CODE REV. FORESTRY CODE REV. PENAL CODE SANITATION CODE SEC. REG. CODE ST. AUDIT CODE TARIFF & CUSTOMS CODE WATER CODE ANNEX E. SELECTED PHILIPPINE CODES ateneo law journal 118 F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS A.B.A. J. LAB. & EMP. L. ADEL. L. REV. ADMIN. L. REV. AFR.-AM. L. & POL’Y REP. A.F. L. REV. AKRON INTELL. PROP. J. AKRON L. REV. AKRON TAX J. ALA. L. REV. ALASKA L. REV. ALB. GOV’T L. REV. ALB. L.J. SCI. & TECH. ALB. L. REV. AM. BANKR. INST. L. REV. AM. BANKR. L.J. A.B.A. J. AM. BAR. FOUND. RESEARCH J. AM. CRIM. L. REV. AM. INDIAN L. REV. AM. J. COMP. L. AM. J. CRIM. L. AM. J. INT’L L. AM. J. JURIS. AM. J.L. & MED. AM. J. LEGAL HIST. AM. J. TAX POL’Y AM. J. TRIAL ADVOC. AM. REV. INT’L ARB. AM. U. INT’L L. REV. AM. U. J. GENDER SOC. POL’Y & L. AM. U. L. REV. ANIMAL L. ANNALS HEALTH L. ANN. REV. BANKING & FIN. L. ANN. SURV. AM. L. ANN. SURV. INT’L & COMP. L. ANTIOCH L.J. ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS ABA Journal of Labor & Employment Law Adelaide Law Review Administrative Law Review African-American Law & Policy Report Air Force Law Review Akron Intellectual Property Journal Akron Law Review Akron Tax Journal Alabama Law Review Alaska Law Review Albany Government Law Review Albany Law Journal of Science & Technology Albany Law Review American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review American Bankruptcy Law Journal American Bar Association Journal American Bar Foundation Research Journal American Criminal Law Review American Indian Law Review American Journal of Comparative Law American Journal of Criminal Law American Journal of International Law American Journal of Jurisprudence American Journal of Law & Medicine American Journal of Legal History American Journal of Tax Policy American Journal of Trial Advocacy American Review of International Arbitration American University International Law Review American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law American University Law Review Animal Law Annals of Health Law Annual Review of Banking and Financial Law Annual Survey of American Law Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law Antioch Law Journal annexes ANTITRUST L.J. APPALACHIAN J.L. ARIZ. J. INT’L & COMP. L. ARIZ. L. REV. ARIZ. ST. L.J. ARK. L. REV. ARMY LAW. ASIA PAC. J. ENVTL. L. ASIAN AM. L.J. ATOMIC ENERGY L.J. AUCK. U. L. REV. AUSTL. J. ASIAN L. AUSTL. L.J. AVE MARIA L. REV. BANKING L.J. BARRY L. REV. BAYLOR L. REV. BERKELEY BUS. L.J. BERKELEY J. AFR.-AM. L. & POL’Y BERKELEY J. CRIM. L. BERKELEY J. EMP. & LAB. L. BERKELEY J. GENDER L. & JUST. BERKELEY J. INT’L L. BERKELEY LA RAZA L.J. BERKELEY TECH. L.J. BLACK L.J. B.C. ENVTL. AFF. L. REV. B.C. INDUS. & COM. L. REV. B.C. INT’L & COMP. L. REV. B.C. L. REV. B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J. B.U. INT’L L.J. B.U. J. SCI. & TECH. L. B.U. L. REV. B.U. PUB. INT. L.J. BRACTON L.J. ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS Antitrust Law Journal Appalachian Journal of Law Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law Arizona Law Review Arizona State Law Journal Arkansas Law Review Army Lawyer Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law Asian American Law Journal Atomic Energy Law Journal Auckland University Law Review Australian Journal of Asian Law Australian Law Journal Ave Maria Law Review Banking Law Journal Barry Law Review Baylor Law Review Berkeley Business Law Journal Berkeley Journal of African-American Law & Policy Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice Berkeley Journal of International Law Berkeley La Raza Law Journal Berkeley Technology Law Journal Black Law Journal Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review Boston College Industrial and Commercial Law Review Boston College International and Comparative Law Review Boston College Law Review Boston College Third World Law Journal Boston University International Law Journal Boston University Journal of Science & Technology Law Boston University Law Review Boston University Public Interest Law Journal Bracton Law Journal 119 ateneo law journal BRANDEIS L.J. BYU EDUC. & L.J. BYU L. REV. BROOK. J. CORP. FIN. & COM. L. BROOK. J. INT’L L. BROOK. L. REV. BUFF. CRIM. L. REV. BUFF. ENVTL. L.J. BUFF. HUM. RTS. L. REV. BUFF. INTELL. PROP. L.J. BUFF. J. GENDER L. & SOC. POL’Y BUFF. L. REV. BUFF. PUB. INTEREST L.J. BUFF. WOMEN’S L.J. BUS. LAW. BYU J. PUB. L. CAL. L. REV. CAL. W. INT’L L.J. CAL. W. L. REV. CAMB. L.J. CAMPBELL L. REV. CAN.-U.S. L.J. CAP. DEF. J. CAP. U. L. REV. CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J. CARDOZO J. CONFLICT RESOL. CARDOZO J. INT’L & COMP. L. CARDOZO J.L. & GENDER CARDOZO L. REV. CARDOZO PUB. L. POL’Y & ETHICS J. CASE & COMMENT CASE W. RES. J. INT’L L. CASE W. RES. L. REV. CATH. LAW. CATH. U. L. REV. CHAPMAN J. CRIM. JUST. CHAPMAN L. REV. CHARLESTON L. REV. CHARLOTTE L. REV. ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS Brandeis Law Journal Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal Brigham Young University Law Review Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law Brooklyn Journal of International Law Brooklyn Law Review Buffalo Criminal Law Review Buffalo Environmental Law Journal Buffalo Human Rights Law Review Buffalo Intellectual Property Law Journal Buffalo Journal of Gender, Law & Social Policy Buffalo Law Review Buffalo Public Interest Law Journal Buffalo Women’s Law Journal Business Lawyer BYU Journal of Public Law California Law Review California Western International Law Journal California Western Law Review Cambridge Law Journal Campbell Law Review Canada-United States Law Journal Capital Defense Journal Capital University Law Review Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law Cardozo Journal of Law & Gender Cardozo Law Review Cardozo Public Law, Policy & Ethics Journal Case & Comment Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Case Western Reserve Law Review Catholic Lawyer Catholic University Law Review Chapman Journal of Criminal Justice Chapman Law Review Charleston Law Review Charlotte Law Review 120 annexes CHI. J. INT’L L. CHI.-KENT J. INTELL. PROP. CHI.-KENT. L. REV. CHICANA/O-LATINA/O L. REV. CLEV. ST. L. REV. CLINICAL L. REV. COLO. J. INT’L ENVTL. L. & POL’Y COLO. LAW. COLUM. BUS. L. REV. COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REV. COLUM. J. ASIAN L. COLUM. J. E. EUR. L. COLUM. J. ENVTL. L. COLUM. J. EUR. L. COLUM. J. GENDER & L. COLUM. J.L. & SOC. PROBS. COLUM. J.L. & ARTS COLUM. J. TRANSNAT’L L. COLUM. L. REV. COMMLAW CONSPECTUS COMMON MKT. L. REV. COMP. LAB. L. & POL’Y J. COMPUTER L. REV. & TECH. L.J. CONFLICT RESOL. Q. CONN. INS. L.J. CONN. J. INT’L L. CONN. L. REV. CONN. PUB. INT. L.J. CONST. COMMENT. CONV. & PROP. LAW. COOLEY L. REV. CORNELL INT’L L.J. CORNELL J.L. & PUB. POL’Y CORNELL L. REV. CREIGHTON L. REV. CRIM. JUST. J. CRIM. L. FORUM ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS Chicago Journal of International Law Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual Property Chicago-Kent Law Review Chicana/o-Latina/o Law Review Cleveland State Law Review Clinical Law Review Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy Colorado Lawyer Columbia Business Law Review Columbia Human Rights Law Review Columbia Journal of Asian Law Columbia Journal of East European Law Columbia Journal of Environmental Law Columbia Journal of European Law Columbia Journal of Gender and Law Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts Columbia Journal of Transnational Law Columbia Law Review CommLaw Conspectus: Journal of Communications Law and Policy Common Market Law Review Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal Computer Law Review and Technology Law Journal Conflict Resolution Quarterly Connecticut Insurance Law Journal Connecticut Journal of International Law Connecticut Law Review Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal Constitutional Commentary Conveyance & Property Lawyer Cooley Law Review Cornell International Law Journal Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy Cornell Law Review Creighton Law Review Criminal Justice Journal Criminal Law Forum 121 ateneo law journal CRIM. L.J. CRIM. L.Q. CRIM. L. REV. CUMB. L. REV. DALHOUSIE L.J. DEL. J. CORP. L. DENNING L. REV. DENV. J. INTL’L L. & POL’Y DENV. U. L. REV. DEPAUL BUS. & COM. L.J. DEPAUL J. FOR SOC. JUST. DEPAUL J. ART, TECH. & INTELL. PROP. L. DEPAUL J. HEALTH CARE L. DEPAUL L. REV. DICK. J. ENVTL. L. & POL’Y DICK. L. REV. DRAKE L. REV. DUKE ENVTL. L. & POL’Y F. DUKE F. FOR L. & SOC. CHANGE DUKE J. COMP. & INT’L L. DUKE J. CONST. L. & PUB. POL’Y DUKE J. GENDER L. & POL’Y DUKE L.J. DUQ. BUS. L.J. DUQ. L. REV. ECOLOGY L.Q. ELDER L.J. ELON L. REV. EMORY BANKR. DEV. J. EMORY INT’L L. REV. EMORY L.J. EM. RTS. & EMP. POL’Y J. ENERGY L.J. ENTREPRENEURIAL BUS. L.J. ENVTL. & ENERGY L. & POL’Y J. ENVTL. L. ENVTL. L. REP. NEWS & ANALYSIS ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS Criminal Law Journal Criminal Law Quarterly Criminal Law Review Cumberland Law Review Dalhousie Law Journal Delaware Journal of Corporate Law Denning Law Review Denver Journal of International Law and Policy Denver University Law Review DePaul Business & Commercial Law Journal DePaul Journal for Social Justice DePaul Journal of Art, Technology & Intellectual Property Law DePaul Journal of Health Care Law DePaul Law Review Dickinson Journal of Environmental Law & Policy Dickinson Law Review Drake Law Review Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum Duke Forum for Law & Social Change Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy Duke Law Journal Duquesne Business Law Journal Duquesne Law Review Ecology Law Quarterly Elder Law Journal Elon Law Review Emory Bankruptcy Developments Journal Emory International Law Review Emory Law Journal Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal Energy Law Journal Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal Environmental & Energy Law & Policy Journal Environmental Law Environmental Law Reporter News & Analysis 122 annexes ENVTL. 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FOREIGN PERIODICALS Environmental Lawyer Environs European Journal of International Law Family Law Quarterly Federal Communications Law Journal First Amendment Law Review FIU Law Review Florida A&M University Law Review Florida Coastal Law Journal Florida Coastal Law Review Florida Entertainment, Art & Sport Law Journal Florida Entertainment Law Review Florida Journal of International Law Florida Law Review Florida State University Business Law Review Florida State University Law Review Florida Tax Review Food Drug Cosmetic Law Journal Fordham Environmental Law Review Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal Fordham International Law Journal Fordham Law Review Fordham Urban Law Journal Freedom Center Journal George Mason Law Review George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal George Mason University Law Review George Washington International Law Review George Washington Journal of Energy and Environmental Law George Washington Law Review Georgetown Immigration Law Journal Georgetown International Environmental Law Review Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law Georgetown Journal of International Law Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy 123 ateneo law journal GEO. 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FOREIGN PERIODICALS Georgetown Law Journal Georgetown Law Journal Annual Review of Criminal Procedure Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law Georgia Law Review Georgia State University Law Review Glendale Law Review Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal Golden Gate University Law Review Gonzaga Law Review Graven Images: A Journal of Culture, Law, and the Sacred Great Plains Natural Resources Journal Hamline Journal of Public Law and Policy Hamline Law Review Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review Harvard Environmental Law Review Harvard Human Rights Journal Harvard International Law Journal Harvard Journal of Law & Gender Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy Harvard Journal of Law & Technology Harvard Journal on Legislation Harvard Journal on Racial & Ethnic Justice Harvard Latino Law Review Harvard Law & Policy Review Harvard Law Review Harvard Negotiation Law Review Harvard Women’s Law Journal Hastings Business Law Journal Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal (Comm/Ent) Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly Hastings International and Comparative Law Review Hastings Law Journal Hastings Race and Poverty Law Journal Hastings Science & Technology Law Journal 124 annexes HASTINGS W.-NW. 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FOREIGN PERIODICALS Hastings West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law & Policy Hastings Women’s Law Journal Health Matrix Heckerling Institute on Estate Planning Hofstra Labor & Employment Law Journal Hofstra Law & Policy Symposium Hofstra Law Review Houston Journal of Health Law & Policy Houston Journal of International Law Houston Law Review Howard Law Journal Howard Scroll: The Social Justice Review Human Rights & Globalization Law Review Human Rights Quarterly I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society Idaho Law Review IDEA: The Intellectual Property Law Review IIC: International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law IIC: Journal of Intellectual Property and Competition Law Illinois Bar Journal ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law Indiana Health Law Review Indiana International & Comparative Law Review Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Indiana Law Journal Indiana Law Review Indigenous Peoples’ Journal of Law, Culture & Resistance Institute on Federal Taxation Institute on Securities Regulation International and Comparative Law Quarterly Intercultural Human Rights Law Review Intellectual Property Law Bulletin 125 ateneo law journal INT’L & COMP. 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FOREIGN PERIODICALS International and Comparative Law Quarterly International Environmental Affairs International Journal for the Semiotics of Law International Journal of Law and Psychiatry International Journal of the Legal Profession International Law Review International Lawyer International Review of Law and Economics International Tax & Business Lawyer Iowa Law Review JAG Journal John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law John Marshall Law Review John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law Journal of Affordable Housing & Community Development Law Journal of Air Law and Commerce Journal of Animal Law and Ethics Journal of Appellate Practice and Process Journal of Business & Securities Law Journal of Business & Technology Law Journal of Business Law Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship & the Law Journal of Catholic Legal Studies Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development Journal of College and University Law Journal of Contemporary Health Law & Policy Journal of Contemporary Law Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues Journal of Corporate Taxation Journal of Corporation Law Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Journal of Dispute Resolution Journal of East European Law Journal of Empirical Legal Studies Journal of Energy Law and Policy 126 annexes J. ENVTL. L. & LITIG. J. EURASIAN L. J. FAM. L. J. FOOD L. & POL’Y J. GENDER RACE & JUST. J. HATE STUD. J. HEALTH & BIOMED. L. J. HEALTH CARE L. & POL’Y J. INTELL. PROP. J. INTELL. PROP. L. J. INT’L AGING L. & POL’Y J. INT’L BUS. & L. J. INT’L ECON. L. J. INT’L LEGAL STUD. J. INT’L MEDIA & ENT. L. J. LAND RESOURCES & ENVTL. L. J. LAND USE & ENVTL. L. J.L. & COM. J.L. & ECON. J.L. & EDUC. J.L. & FAM. STUD. J.L. & POL’Y J.L. & POL. J.L. & RELIG. J.L. & SOC. CHALLENGES J.L. & SOC. CHANGE J.L. ECON. & ORG. J.L. ECON. & POL’Y J.L. SOC’Y J.L. PHIL. & CULTURE J. LEGAL ANALYSIS J. LEGAL EDUC. J. LEGAL HIST. J. LEGAL STUD. J. LEGIS. J. MAR. L. & COM. J. MED. & L. J. NAT’L SEC. L. ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation Journal of Eurasian Law Journal of Family Law Journal of Food Law & Policy Journal of Gender, Race and Justice Journal of Hate Studies Journal of Health & Biomedical Law Journal of Health Care Law & Policy Journal of Intellectual Property Journal of Intellectual Property Law Journal of International Aging, Law & Policy Journal of International Business & Law Journal of International Economic Law Journal of International Legal Studies Journal of International Media & Entertainment Law Journal of Land, Resources, & Environmental Law Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law Journal of Law and Commerce Journal of Law and Economics Journal of Law & Education Journal of Law and Family Studies Journal of Law and Policy Journal of Law and Politics Journal of Law and Religion Journal of Law & Social Challenges Journal of Law and Social Change Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization Journal of Law, Economics and Policy Journal of Law in Society Journal of Law, Philosophy and Culture Journal of Legal Analysis Journal of Legal Education Journal of Legal History Journal of Legal Studies Journal of Legislation Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce Journal of Medicine and Law Journal of National Security Law 127 ateneo law journal J. NAT’L SEC. L. & POL’Y J. NAT. RESOURCES & ENVTL. L. J. PHARMACY & L. J. PROD. LIAB. J. RACE, GENDER & POVERTY J. S. LEGAL HIST. J. SPACE L. J. SUP. CT. HIST. J. TAX. J. TECH. L. & POL’Y J. ASS’N LEGAL WRITING DIRECTORS J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A. J. INST. FOR STUDY LEGAL ETHICS J. LEGAL PROF. J. NAT’L ASS’N ADMIN. L. JUDICIARY J. PHIL. HIST. J. SUFFOLK ACAD. L. J. TRANSNAT’L L. & POL’Y J. TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. JURID. REV. JURIMET. J. JUST. SYS. J. KAN. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y KY. J. EQUINE AGRI. & NAT. RESOURCES L. KY. L.J. LA RAZA L.J. LAB. L.J. LAB. LAW. LAND & WATER L. REV. LAW & BUS. REV. AM. LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. LAW & CRITIQUE LAW & HIST. REV. LAW & HUM. BEHAV. LAW & INEQ. LAW & LIT. LAW & POL’Y ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS Journal of National Security Law & Policy Journal of Natural Resources & Environmental Law Journal of Pharmacy & Law Journal of Products Liability Journal of Race, Gender, and Poverty Journal of Southern Legal History Journal of Space Law Journal of Supreme Court History Journal of Taxation Journal of Technology Law & Policy Journal of the Association of Legal Writing Directors Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A. 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FOREIGN PERIODICALS Law and Policy in International Business Law and Psychology Review Law and Sexuality Law and Social Inquiry: Journal of the American Bar Foundation Law and Society Review Law in Japan Law Library Journal Law Text Culture Legal Reference Services Quarterly Legal Studies Forum Legal Writing: The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute Lewis & Clark Law Review Liberty, Life and Family Liberty University Law Review Lincoln Law Review Louisiana Law Review Loyola Consumer Law Review Loyola Journal of Public Interest Law Loyola Law & Technology Annual Loyola Law Review Loyola Maritime Law Journal Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review Loyola University Chicago International Law Review Loyola University Chicago Law Journal Loyola University New Orleans Intellectual Property & High Technology Journal Maine Law Review Manitoba Law Journal Marquette Elder’s Advisor Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review Marquette Law Review Marquette Sports Law Review Maryland Journal of International Law Maryland Journal of International Law and Trade Maryland Law Review McGeorge Law Review Massachusetts Law Review 129 ateneo law journal MEDIA L. & POL’Y MCGILL L.J. MEDIATION Q. MELB. U.L. REV. MEMPHIS ST. U.L. REV. MERCER L. REV. MICH. J. GENDER & L. MICH. J. INT’L L. MICH. J. RACE & L. MICH. L. REV. MICH. ST. J. INT’L L. MICH. ST. L. REV. MICH. ST. U.-DCL J. INT’L L. MICH. ST. U. J. MED. & L. MICH. TELECOMM. & TECH. L. REV. MIL. L. REV. MINN. INTELL. PROP. REV. MINN. J. INT’L L. MINN. J. L. SCI. & TECH. MINN. L. REV. MISS. C. L. REV. MISS. L.J. MO. ENVTL. L. & POL’Y REV. MO. L. REV. MOD. L. REV. MONASH U.L. REV. MONT. L. REV. MSL L. REV. NAT’L BLACK L.J. NAT. RESOURCES J. NEB. L. REV. NEGOTIATION J. NEV. L.J. NEW CRIM. L. REV. NEW ENG. J. ON CRIM. CONFINEMENT NEW ENG. J. INT’L & COMP. L. NEW ENG. L. REV. NEW L.J. & CIV. ANNEX F. 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J. INT’L L. & BUS. S.C. L. REV. S.D. L. REV. S. TEX. L. REV. SOUTHEASTERN ENVTL. L.J. S. CAL. INTERDISC. L.J. S. CAL. L. REV. S. CAL. REV. L. & SOC. JUST. S. CAL. REV. L. & WOMEN’S STUD. S. ILL. U. L.J. S. NEW ENG. ROUNDTABLE SYMP. L.J. S.U. L. REV. SW. J. INT’L L. SW. J.L. & TRADE AMERICAS SW. L. REV. SW. U. L. REV. SPORTS LAW. J. ST. JOHN’S J. LEGAL COMMENT. ST. JOHN’S L. REV. ST. MARY’S L.J. ST. THOMAS L. REV. STAN. ENVTL. L.J. STAN. J. C.R. & C.L. STAN. J. INT’L L. STAN. J.L. BUS. & FIN. STAN. L. & POL’Y REV. STAN. L. REV. STETSON L. REV. SUFFOLK J. TRIAL & APP. ADVOC. SUFFOLK TRANSNAT’L L. REV. SUFFOLK U.L. REV. SUP. CT. ECON. REV. SUP. CT. REV. SYDNEY L. REV. ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business South Carolina Law Review South Dakota Law Review South Texas Law Review Southeastern Environmental Law Journal Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal Southern California Law Review Southern California Review of Law and Social Justice Southern California Review of Law and Women’s Studies Southern Illinois University Law Journal Southern New England Roundtable Symposium Law Journal Southern University Law Review Southwestern Journal of International Law Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas Southwestern Law Review Southwestern University Law Review Sports Lawyers Journal St. John’s Journal of Legal Commentary St. John’s Law Review St. Mary’s Law Journal St. Thomas Law Review Stanford Environmental Law Journal Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Stanford Journal of International Law Stanford Journal of Law, Business & Finance Stanford Law & Policy Review Stanford Law Review Stetson Law Review Suffolk Journal of Trial & Appellate Advocacy Suffolk Transnational Law Review Suffolk University Law Review Supreme Court Economic Review Supreme Court Review Sydney Law Review 134 annexes SYRACUSE J. INT’L L. & COM. SYRACUSE L. REV. SYRACUSE SCI. & TECH. L. REP. TAX ADVISER TAX L. REV. TAX LAW. TEMP. INT’L & COMP. L.J. TEMP. J. SCI. TECH. & ENVTL. L. TEMP. L. REV. TEMP. POL. & CIV. RTS. L. REV. TENN. J.L. & POL’Y TENN. L. REV. TEX. A&M L. REV. TEX. HISP. J.L. & POL’Y TEX. INTELL. PROP. L.J. TEX. INT’L L.J. TEX. J. C.L. & C.R. TEX. J. OIL GAS & ENERGY L. TEX. J. WOMEN & L. TEX. L. REV. TEX. REV. ENT. & SPORTS L. TEX. REV. L. & POL. TEX. TECH J. TEX. ADMIN. L. TEX. TECH L. REV. TEX. WESLEYAN L. REV. T. JEFFERSON L. REV. T.M. COOLEY J. PRAC. & CLIN. L. T.M. COOLEY L. REV. T. MARSHALL L. REV. TORT TRIAL & INS. PRAC. L.J. TOURO INT’L L. REV. TOURO L. REV. TRANSACTIONS TRANSNAT’L L. & CONTEMP. PROBS. ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce Syracuse Law Review Syracuse Science & Technology Law Reporter Tax Adviser Tax Law Review Tax Lawyer Temple International and Comparative Law Journal Temple Journal of Science, Technology & Environmental Law Temple Law Review Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy Tennessee Law Review Texas A&M Law Review Texas Hispanic Journal of Law & Policy Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal Texas International Law Journal Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law Texas Journal of Women and the Law Texas Law Review Texas Review of Entertainment & Sports Law Texas Review of Law & Politics Texas Tech Journal of Texas Administrative Law Texas Tech Law Review Texas Wesleyan Law Review Thomas Jefferson Law Review Thomas M. Cooley Journal of Practical and Clinical Law Thomas M. Cooley Law Review Thurgood Marshall Law Review Tort Trial & Insurance Practice Law Journal Touro International Law Review Touro Law Review Transactions: The Tennessee Journal of Business Law Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems 135 ateneo law journal TRANSP. L.J. TRIAL LAW. Q. TUL. ENVTL. L.J. TUL. EUR. & CIV. L.F. TUL. J. INT’L & COMP. L. TUL. J.L. & SEXUALITY TUL. J. TECH. & INTELL. PROP. TUL. L. REV. TUL. MAR. L.J. TULSA J. COMP. & INT’L L. TULSA L. REV. U.C. DAVIS BUS. L.J. U.C. DAVIS J. INT’L L. & POL’Y U.C. DAVIS J. JUV. L. & POL’Y U.C. DAVIS L. REV. UCLA ASIAN PAC. AM. L.J. UCLA ENT. L. REV. UCLA J. ENVTL. L. AND POL’Y UCLA J. INT’L L. & FOREIGN AFF. UCLA J. ISLAMIC & NEAR E.L. UCLA L. REV. UCLA PAC. BASIN L.J. UCLA WOMEN’S L.J. UMKC L. REV. UCC L.J. U.S.-MEX. L.J. U. ARK. LITTLE ROCK L. REV. U. BALT. INTELL. PROP. L.J. U. BALT. J. ENVTL. L. U. BALT. L.F. U. BALT. L. REV. U. BRIDGEPORT L. REV. U. CHI. L. REV. U. CHI. L. SCH. ROUNDTABLE U. CHI. LEGAL F. ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS Transportation Law Journal Trial Lawyers Quarterly Tulane Environmental Law Journal Tulane European and Civil Law Forum Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law Tulane Journal of Law & Sexuality Tulane Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property Tulane Law Review Tulane Maritime Law Journal Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law Tulsa Law Review UC Davis Business Law Journal UC Davis Journal of International Law and Policy UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & Policy UC Davis Law Review UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal UCLA Entertainment Law Review UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law UCLA Law Review UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal UCLA Women’s Law Journal UMKC Law Review Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal United States-Mexico Law Journal University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review University of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal University of Baltimore Journal of Environmental Law University of Baltimore Law Forum University of Baltimore Law Review University of Bridgeport Law Review University of Chicago Law Review University of Chicago Law School Roundtable University of Chicago Legal Forum 136 annexes U. CIN. L. REV. U. COLO. L. REV. U. DAYTON L. REV. U. DENV. WATER L. REV. U. DET. MERCY L. REV. U. FLA. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y U. HAW. L. REV. U. ILL. J.L. TECH. & POL’Y U. ILL. L. REV. U. KAN. L. REV. U. MD. L.J. RACE RELIG. GENDER & CLASS U. MEM. L. REV. U. MIAMI BUS. L. REV. U. MIAMI ENT. & SPORTS L. REV. U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. U. MIAMI INT’L & COMP. L. REV. U. MIAMI L. REV. U. MICH. J.L. REFORM U.N.H. L. REV. U. PA. J. CONST. L. U. PA. J. BUS. L. U. PA. J. INT’L ECON. L. U. PA. J. INT’L L. U. PA. J.L. & SOC. CHANGE U. PA. L. REV. U. PITT. L. REV. U. PUGET SOUND L. REV. U. RICH. L. REV. U.S.F. J.L. & SOC. CHALLENGES U.S.F. L. REV. ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS University of Cincinnati Law Review University of Colorado Law Review University of Dayton Law Review University of Denver Water Law Review University of Detroit Mercy Law Review University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy University of Hawaii Law Review University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy University of Illinois Law Review University of Kansas Law Review University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class University of Memphis Law Review University of Miami Business Law Review University of Miami Entertainment & Sports Law Review University of Miami Inter-American Law Review University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review University of Miami Law Review University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform University of New Hampshire Law Review University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law and Social Change University of Pennsylvania Law Review University of Pittsburgh Law Review University of Puget Sound Law Review University of Richmond Law Review University of San Francisco Journal of Law & Social Challenges University of San Francisco Law Review 137 ateneo law journal U.S.F. MAR. L.J. U. ST. THOMAS J.L. & PUB. POL’Y U. ST. THOMAS L.J. U.D.C. L. REV. U. TOL. L. REV. U. TORONTO FAC. L. REV. U. TORONTO L.J. U. W. L.A. L. REV. UNLV GAMING L.J. URB. LAW. UTAH L. REV. VAL. U. L. REV. VAND. J. ENT. & TECH. L. VAND. J. TRANSNAT’L L. VAND. L. REV. VT. J. ENVTL. L. VT. L. REV. VILL. ENVTL. L.J. VILL. J.L. & INVESTMENT MGMT. VILL. L. REV. VILL. SPORTS & ENT. L.J. VA. ENVTL. L.J. VA. J. INT’L L. VA. J. SOC. POL’Y & L. VA. J. SPORTS & L. VA. L. & BUS. REV. VA. L. REV. VA. SPORTS & ENT. L.J. VA. TAX REV. WAKE FOREST L. REV. WASHBURN L.J. WASH. & LEE. J. C.R. & SOC. JUST. WASH. & LEE L. REV. WASH. J.L. TECH. & ARTS WASH. L. REV. ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS University of San Francisco Maritime Law Journal University of St. Thomas Journal of Law & Public Policy University of St. Thomas Law Journal University of the District of Columbia Law Review University of Toledo Law Review University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review University of Toronto Law Journal University of West Los Angeles Law Review UNLV Gaming Law Journal Urban Lawyer Utah Law Review Valparaiso University Law Review Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law Vanderbilt Law Review Vermont Journal of Environmental Law Vermont Law Review Villanova Environmental Law Journal Villanova Journal of Law and Investment Management Villanova Law Review Villanova Sports & Entertainment Law Journal Virginia Environmental Law Journal Virginia Journal of International Law Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law Virginia Journal of Sports and the Law Virginia Law & Business Review Virginia Law Review Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law Journal Virginia Tax Review Wake Forest Law Review Washburn Law Journal Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice Washington and Lee Law Review Washington Journal of Law, Technology & Arts Washington Law Review 138 annexes WASH. U. GLOBAL STUD. L. REV. WASH. U. J.L. & POL’Y WASH. U. JUR. REV. WASH. U. L.Q. WASH. U. L. REV. WAYNE L. REV. W. VA. L. REV. W. LEGAL HIST. W. NEW ENG. L. REV. W. ST. U. L. REV. WHITTIER J. CHILD & FAM. ADVOC. WHITTIER L. REV. WIDENER L.J. WIDENER L. REV. WILLAMETTE J. INT’L L. & DISP. RESOL. WILLAMETTE L. REV. WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. WM. & MARY BUS. L. REV. WM. & MARY ENVTL. L. & POL’Y REV. WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. WM. & MARY L. REV. WM. & MARY POL’Y REV. WM. MITCHELL L. REV. WIS. INT’L L.J. WIS. J.L. GENDER & SOC. WIS. L. REV. WIS. WOMEN’S L.J. WOMEN’S RTS. L. REP. WYOMING L. REV. YALE HUM. RTS. & DEV. L.J. YALE J. HEALTH POL’Y L. & ETHICS YALE J. INT’L L. YALE J.L. & FEMINISM YALE J.L. & HUMAN. YALE J. ON REG. YALE L. & POL’Y REV. YALE L.J. ANNEX F. FOREIGN PERIODICALS Washington University Global Studies Law Review Washington University Journal of Law & Policy Washington University Jurisprudence Review Washington University Law Quarterly Washington University Law Review Wayne Law Review West Virginia Law Review Western Legal History Western New England Law Review Western State University Law Review Whittier Journal of Child and Family Advocacy Whittier Law Review Widener Law Journal Widener Law Review Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution Willamette Law Review William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal William & Mary Business Law Review William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law William & Mary Law Review William & Mary Policy Review William Mitchell Law Review Wisconsin International Law Journal Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society Wisconsin Law Review Wisconsin Women’s Law Journal Women’s Rights Law Reporter Wyoming Law Review Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal Yale Journal of Health, Policy, Law, and Ethics Yale Journal of International Law Yale Journal of Law and Feminism Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities Yale Journal on Regulation Yale Law & Policy Review Yale Law Journal 139 ateneo law journal 140 G. SELECTED TERMS & PERIODICALS ACAD. ACCT. ADMIN. ADAMSON L.J. AGRIC. & ANN. ARB. ATENEO L.J. AGSB J. BUS. MGMT. & ENTREPRENEURSHIP ATLANTIC B.C.F. L.J. BEDAN L. REV. BULL. BUS. BUSINESSWORLD BUSINESSMIRROR CHI. TRIB. CHRON. CIV. COM. C.O.A. J. CT. SYSTEMS J. COMP. CONG. CONST. CONTEMP. CORP. CRIM. DEV. DIG. ECON. ECONOMIST ENV’T ENVTL. FAR EAST L. REV. FILIPINO LAW. FIN. FIN. TIMES FOR F. FOUNDATION L. REV. GEN. ANNEX G. SELECTED TERMS & PERIODICALS Academ[-ic, -y] Account[-ant, -ants, -ing,- ancy] Administrat[-ive, -or, -ion] Adamson Law Journal Agricultur[-e, -al] and Annual Arbitrat[-ion, -ors] Ateneo Law Journal Ateneo Graduate School of Business Journal of Business Management and Entrepreneurship The Atlantic Baguio Colleges Foundation Law Journal Bedan Law Review Bulletin Business BusinessWorld BusinessMirror Chicago Tribune Chronicle Civil Commerc[-e, -ial] Commission on Audit Journal Court Systems Journal Comparative Congressional Constitution[-al] Contemporary Corporat[-e, -ion] Criminal Development[-s] Digest Econom[-ic, ics, -y] The Economist Environment Environmental Far Eastern Law Review Filipino Lawyer Financial Financial Times for Forum Foundation Law Review General annexes GOV’T GUARDIAN HARV. BUS. REV. HIST. IMMIGR. INS. IBP J. INTELL. INT’L J. LAB. LAB. REV. LAW L. LAW. LAW. REV. LEGAL L.A. TIMES LY. PHIL. L. REV. MAG. MANILA BULL. MANILA STAND. MANILA TIMES MINDANAO L.J. M.L.Q. U. L.Q. NAT’L N.Y. TIMES NEWSBREAK NEWSL. NEWSWEEK ON OFF. ORG. PHIL. PHIL. PHIL. PHIL. PHIL. PHIL. DAILY INQ. L. GAZ. L.J. STUD. STAR Y.B. INT’L LAW PHILJA JUD. J. POL’Y PROP. PUB. Q. RES. REV. ANNEX G. SELECTED TERMS & PERIODICALS Government The Guardian Harvard Business Review Histor[-ical, -y] Immigration Insurance Integrated Bar of the Philippines Journal Intellectual International Journal Labor Labor Review Law (first word) Law Lawyer[-s, -s’, -‘s] The Lawyers Review Legal Los Angeles Times Lyceum of the Philippines Law Review Magazine The Manila Bulletin Manila Standard The Manila Times Mindanao Law Journal M.L.Q. University Law Quarterly National The New York Times Newsbreak Newsletter Newsweek on Office Organization Philippine Daily Inquirer Philippine Law Gazette Philippine Law Journal Philippine Studies The Philippine Star Philippine Yearbook of International Law PHILJA Judicial Journal Policy Property Public Quarterly Research Review 141 ateneo law journal Rights San Beda Law Journal Siliman Law Journal San Francisco Chronicle South China Morning Post The Straits Times Tax The Telegraph Time Tribune University of San Carlos Law Review University of Santo Tomas Law Review University of the East Law Journal University of Manila Law Gazette The Wall Street Journal The Washington Post 142 RTS. SAN BEDA L.J. SILIMAN L.J. S.F. CHRON. S. CHINA MORNING POST STRAITS TIMES TAX TELEGRAPH TIME TRIB. U.S.C. L. REV. U.S.T. L. REV. U.E. L.J. U.M. L. GAZ. WALL ST. J. WASH. POST ANNEX G. SELECTED TERMS & PERIODICALS