Name: _______________________________________________ Date: ________________ Block: _____ WKST # Astronomy Test # 2 1. The diagram below shows one model of a portion of the universe. What type of model does the diagram best demonstrate? A) B) C) D) a heliocentric model, in which celestial objects orbit Earth a heliocentric model, in which celestial objects orbit the Sun a geocentric model, in which celestial objects orbit Earth a geocentric model, in which celestial objects orbit the Sun 2. The diagram below shows the orbits of planets A and B in a star-planet system. Next to question 33 on the answer bubble sheet, draw a smiley face. The period of revolution for planet B is 40 days. The period of revolution for planet A most likely is A) less than 40 days C) 40 days B) greater than 40 days 3. Which characteristic is directly related to a planet's average distance from the Sun? A) period of revolution C) eccentricity of orbit B) period of rotation D) equatorial diameter 4. Which object is located at one foci of the elliptical orbit of Mars? A) the Sun B) Betelgeuse C) Earth D) Jupiter 5. The diagram below shows the elliptical orbit of a planet revolving around a star. The star and F2 are the foci of this ellipse. On the front of your answer sheet write Merry Christmas above your name. What is the approximate eccentricity of this ellipse? A) 0.22 B) 0.47 C) 0.68 D) 1.47 6. The bar graph below shows one planetary characteristic, identified as X, plotted for the planets of our solar system. Which characteristic of the planets in our solar system is represented by X? A) mass C) eccentricity of orbit B) density D) period of rotation 7. Planets that are closest to the Sun are identified as A) low-density Jovian C) high-density Jovian B) low-density terrestrial D) high-density terrestrial 8. Which planet has a density that is less than the density of liquid water? A) Mercury B) Earth C) Mars D) Saturn 9. The density of the sun is closest to the density of A) Earth B) Jupiter C) Earth's moon D) an asteroid 10.The symbols below represent two planets. Which combination of planet masses and distances produces the greatest gravitational force between the planets? A) B) C) D) 11. The diagram below represents a model of the planet Saturn drawn to a scale of 1 centimeter = 40,000 kilometers. Which diagram best represents Earth drawn to this same scale? A) C) B) D) Base your answers to questions 12 and 13 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the orbital paths of the four Jovian planets and Halley's comet around the Sun. Halley's comet has a revolution period of 76 years. In 1986, Halley's comet was at perihelion, its closest point to the Sun. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations of Halley's comet in its orbit. Location D represents Halley's comet at aphelion, its farthest point from the Sun. The comet's tail is shown at perihelion and at locations B and C. 12. Compared to the orbit of the Jovian planets, the orbit of Halley's comet is A) B) C) D) less elliptical, with a shorter distance between its foci less elliptical, with a greater distance between its foci more elliptical, with a shorter distance between its foci more elliptical, with a greater distance between its foci 13. Which sequence lists the Jovian planets in order of increasing mass? A) Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus C) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune B) Uranus, Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter D) Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter 14. Most asteroids in our solar system are located in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. What is the approximate distance from the Sun to the asteroid belt? A) 129 million km C) 403 million km B) 210 million km D) 1103 million km 15. The formation of our solar system is estimated to have occurred approximately A) 100,000 million years ago C) 4.6 billion years ago B) 2.0 billion years ago D) 13.7 billion years ago 16. The approximate age of the universe is estimated to be A) 4.6 million years C) 13.8 million years B) 4.6 billion years D) 13.8 billion years 17. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. The diagram represents the inferred stages in the formation of our solar system. Stage 1 shows a contracting gas cloud. The remaining stages show the gas cloud flattening into a spinning disk as planets formed around our Sun. Which force was mostly responsible for the contraction of the gas cloud? A) friction B) gravity C) magnetism D) inertia 18. Cosmic background radiation detected from all directions in space provides evidence for the A) greenhouse effect C) geocentric theory B) Doppler effect D) Big Bang theory 19. Earth, the Sun, and billions of stars are contained within A) a single constellation C) the solar system B) the Milky Way galaxy D) a giant cloud of gas 20. In which sequence are the items listed from least total mass to greatest total mass? A) solar system, Milky Way, universe C) universe, Milky Way, solar system B) Milky Way, solar system, universe D) Milky Way, universe, solar system 21. Which star is more massive than our Sun, but has a lower surface temperature? A) 40 Eridani B B) Sirius C) Aldebaran D) Barnard's Star 22. The timeline below represents time from the present to 20 billion years ago. Letters A, B, C, and D represent specific times. Which letter on the timeline best represents the time when scientists estimate that the Big Bang occurred? A) A B) B C) C D) D 23. The photograph below shows a feature of the universe as seen through a telescope. This feature is best identified as A) a galaxy B) a comet C) an asteroid D) a star 24. The symbols below are used to represent different regions of space. Which diagram shows the correct relationship between these four regions? [If one symbol is within another symbol, that means it is part of, or included in, that symbol.] A) B) C) D) 25. Which star color indicates the hottest star surface temperature? A) blue B) white C) yellow D) red 26. The diagram below represents the shape of the Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way Galaxy is best described as A) elliptical B) irregular C) circular D) spiral 27. The Milky Way galaxy is best described as A) B) C) D) a type of solar system a constellation visible to everyone on Earth a region in space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter a spiral-shaped formation composed of billions of stars 28. The diagram below represents a side view of the Milky Way Galaxy. At approximately which position is Earth's solar system located? A) A B) B C) C D) D 29. The red shift of light from distant galaxies provides evidence that these galaxies A) decreasing in size C) decreasing in distance from Earth B) increasing in size D) increasing in distance from Earth 30. A major piece of evidence supporting the Big Bang theory is the observation that wavelengths of light from stars in distant galaxies show a A) redshift, appearing to be shorter C) blueshift, appearing to be shorter B) redshift, appearing to be longer D) blueshift, appearing to be longer 31. A blue shift of the light from a star indicates that the star A) will soon become a main sequence star C) is moving closer to Earth B) will soon become a giant star D) is moving away from Earth 32. The diagram below represents the light spectra given off by the same element as observed under two different conditions. Spectrum A was observed when that element was heated in a laboratory. Spectrum B shows the same element as seen in the light from a distant star. In the bottom right hand corner of the front page of your answer sheet, draw an ellipse. The light spectrum observed from this distant star shows a A) B) C) D) red shift, which indicates that the star is moving away from Earth red shift, which indicates that the star is moving toward Earth blue shift, which indicates that the star is moving away from Earth blue shift, which indicates that the star is moving toward Earth 33. The diagram below represents the spectral lines from the light emitted from a mixture of two gaseous elements in a laboratory on Earth. If the same two elements were detected in a distant star that was moving away from Earth, how would the spectral lines appear? A) B) C) D) The entire set of spectral lines would shift toward the red end. The entire set of spectral lines would shift toward the blue end. The spectral lines of the shorter wavelengths would move closer together. The spectral lines of the longer wavelengths would move closer together. 34. The more that the spectral lines of a star are shifted to the red end of the spectrum A) the larger it is. C) the hotter it is B) the faster it is rotating D) the faster it is moving away from us 35. Energy is produced within a star's core by the process of A) insolation C) nuclear fusion B) conduction D) radioactive decay 36. The coolest stars appear A) white B) red C) yellow D) blue 37. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the inferred changes to the luminosity and color of the Sun throughout its life cycle. The diagonal dashed line represents the main sequence stars. The numbers 1 through 5 represent stages in the life cycle of the Sun. For other stars in our galaxy that go through a similar life cycle to our Sun, which star is currently in the late stage of its life cycle? A) Alpha Centauri C) Barnard's Star B) Procyon B D) Polaris 38. Which sequence of stars is listed in order of increasing luminosity? A) B) C) D) Spica, Rigel, Deneb, Betelgeuse Polaris, Deneb, 40 Eridani B, Proxima Centauri Barnards Star, Alpha Centauri, Rigel, Spica Procyon B, Sun, Sirius, Betelgeus 41. Base your answer to the following question on the flowchart below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The flowchart represents possible pathways in the evolution of stars. Circle the relative surface temperature and relative luminosity of the main sequence star Sirius compared with the surface temperature and luminosity of the Sun. 42. Base your answer to the following question on the Characteristics of Stars graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Describe one characteristic of the star Spica that causes it to have a greater luminosity than Barnard's Star. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 43. Base your answer to the following question on the side-view model of the solar system in your answer booklet and on your knowledge of Earth science. The planets are shown in their relative order of distance from the Sun. Letter A indicates one of the planets. Calculate how many times larger the equatorial diameter of the Sun is than the equatorial diameter of Venus. _________________________ 44. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents Mars orbit around the Sun. On the diagram to the right: a Draw and label the major axis(L) of Mars orbit using a ruler. b Place an X on the orbit to show the location of Mars greatest orbital velocity. 45. Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse above. Round all measurements to the nearest tenth, and your answer to the nearest thousandth. MUST SHOW ALL WORK TO GET ANY CREDIT.
