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Marian Cox
First
Language
English
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Workbook
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Cambridge IGCSE
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Completely Cambridge – Cambridge resources for Cambridge qualifications
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To find out more about University of Cambridge International Examinations
visit www.cie.org.uk
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To find out more about Cambridge University Press
visit www.cambridge.org/cie
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Cambridge University Press works closely with University of Cambridge International
Examinations (CIE) as parts of the University of Cambridge. We enable thousands of students
to pass their CIE exams by providing comprehensive, high-quality, endorsed resources.
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Third edition
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© Cambridge University Press 2003, 2010
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A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
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Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
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Cover image: © Nick Servian / Alamy
Illustrations by Paul Moran / Beehive Illustration
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ISBN 978-0-521-74362-4 Paperback
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Every effort has been made to reach copyright holders of material in this book
previously published elsewhere. The publisher would be pleased to hear from
anyone whose rights they have unwittingly infringed.
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Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in
this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,
or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding process, travel
timetables and other factual information given in this work is correct at
the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee
the accuracy of such information thereafter.
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This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2003
Third edition 2010
Reprinted 2010 (twice)
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www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521743624
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Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City
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Introduction
Olympic Games
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Contents
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vocabulary, passive voice, prefixes
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Furry creatures
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summary, persuasive letter, report
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Simply flying
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summary, advertisement, report, speech
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vocabulary, parenthesis, stylistic effects
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vocabulary, spelling, prefixes, dashes and hyphens
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summary, dialogue, application letter
Football crazy
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apostrophes, semicolons, vocabulary, spelling,
speech punctuation, prefixes
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Great rivers
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summary, dialogue, informative writing, persuasive letter
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parts of speech, commas, sentence structures,
fact and opinion, stylistic effects
On the road
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summary, dialogue, complaint letter
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phrasal verbs, prefixes, vocabulary, synonyms, structuring
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summary, presentation, magazine article, news report
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Contents
iii
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Bricks and stones
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vocabulary, synonyms, past tenses, relative clauses,
prepositions, sentence punctuation, stylistic effects
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Medical notes
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punctuation, homophones, spelling, stylistic effects
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vocabulary, spelling, synonyms, stylistic effects,
colons, speech punctuation
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summary, discussion dialogue, argument speech
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9 All in the mind
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summary, diary entry, argument dialogue,
charity appeal letter
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initial adverbials, conditionals, prepositions,
stylistic effects, persuasive devices
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vocabulary, synonyms, sentence structures, stylistic effects
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summary, advertisement, informative writing
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summary, argument dialogue, debate speech,
survey report, magazine article
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12 Technological invasion
summary, argument dialogue
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Acknowledgements
138
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stylistic effects, vocabulary, apostrophes, hyphens,
fact and opinion, structuring
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Contents
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Answers
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summary, dialogue, news report, magazine article,
discussion dialogue, informative letter
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Introduction
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This supplementary workbook is designed to support the coursebook
Cambridge IGCSE First Language English by Marian Cox, third edition
published by Cambridge University Press in 2010. The skills offered for
practice are those examined in IGCSE First Language English 0500, which are
comprehension, style analysis, summary, directed writing, and composition.
One of the two main texts in each unit is easier and shorter than the other,
and some of the tasks in each of the Reading sections relate to a single text, as
core-tier candidates are required to answer on only one passage.
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This third edition of the workbook, which has been revised and includes
additional material, contains 12 independent units, each based on a different
topic, which cover the areas of Language and Style, Comprehension and
Summary, Directed Writing, and Composition or Coursework. Each unit
practises the examination techniques of skimming, scanning, selecting,
collating and structuring. The topics have been selected to cater for a variety
of interests and to have international appeal to the relevant age group. The
passages cover the range of genres for the Reading and Writing exam tasks.
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The units are roughly equal in level of difficulty – that of the exam standard
– and can be studied in any order. Each unit contains a mixture of exam-type
tasks for skills practice as well as specific language exercises on spelling,
punctuation, vocabulary extension or grammar points. Teachers can select
tasks according to which skills and language areas need practising at a
particular time by a particular student or class. The contents page indicates
which language-revision and exam-practice tasks are contained in each unit.
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Although Speaking and Listening (optional Papers 5 or 6) skills are not
directly addressed in this supplementary workbook, many of the Reading and
Directed Writing tasks could be extended or adapted to become Speaking and
Listening tasks for exam practice or assessment.
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By using this workbook, students will become familiar with a range of examstyle passages and tasks and gain practice in writing in different voices
and registers for different audiences. The tasks can be done in class, as
homework, or by the student working independently. An Answers appendix
gives suggested answers for tasks where appropriate, though these are not
necessarily definitive. (The appendix is perforated to be removable from
student copies of the workbook.) Answer space for all questions is given in
the workbook, the size of the space indicating the expected length of the
response.
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Introduction
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Olympic Games
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Reading
Read the article below.
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Passage A: The Olympic flame
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he carrying of the Olympic flame from its source in
Olympia in Greece is one of the more spectacular
features of the Games. It is also one of the ways in which
the modern Games are linked to the original Ancient Greek
games of 2500 years ago, although when the modern Olympic
Games were first held in Athens in 1896, the Olympic flame
played no part. It was not introduced into the opening ceremony
until the 1928 Games in Amsterdam, and the relay, the carrying
of the flame from Olympia itself, was only introduced eight years
later, at the celebrated Berlin Games of 1936. The flame was lit
at Olympia by women wearing traditional Greek costume and it
was then carried by relays of runners the 1910 miles overland to
Berlin in 12 days. They passed through five other countries on
the way. Sometimes the flame goes out, and a backup lantern
is always carried from Olympia in case relighting is necessary.
In 1976 and 1984 this happened and the torch was successfully
relit. The 1964 Tokyo Olympics involved the largest number of
torch-bearing runners: 101,839. The longest Olympic relay was for the 2000 Sydney Olympics,
when the torch travelled 37,500 miles through 14 countries over 120 days.
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Unit 1
Olympic Games
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Once the Olympic flame finally arrives at the Games stadium, it is used for the ceremonial
lighting of the Olympic cauldron, the giant flame which burns throughout the Games and forms
the symbolic focus of the event. It is the dramatic physical reminder of nearly three millennia of
Olympic tradition.
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The Olympic flame features in both summer and winter Olympics. For the 2002 Salt Lake City
Winter Olympics, 11,500 individual torches were manufactured, one for each participating
runner; fresh torches were lit from the Olympic lantern each morning, and each of the runners
was given the option of purchasing their torch as a memento.
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Language and Style
Give synonyms for the following words, as they are used in Passage A. Look up any words you do not
know.
a
source
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b spectacular
celebrated
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memento
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focus
features
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Next to each of the above words, write which part of speech it is, as used in Passage A. Write N for
noun, V for verb and Adj for adjective.
4
Look at the word millennia in the last line of Passage A. In two lists, give as many other words as you
can think of using the prefix mill(i) (meaning thousand) and the stem ann or enn (meaning year). An
example of each has been given to start you off.
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manufactured
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anniversary
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milligram
ann/enn
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Read the following article.
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In the 8th century BC, the oracle at
Delphi urged King Iphitos to use the
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Olympic Games
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2
Olympic Games as an opportunity to
bring peace to the perpetually warring
city-states of the Greek world, and
for more than a thousand years this
was achieved. From the first of the
quadrennial Games in 776 BC, the
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wild olive branches. He then went on to
build the Olympic stadium, which is 200
metres long, in honour of his father, after
completing his legendary 12 labours.
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The Ancient Olympic Games were
held at Olympia in southern Greece.
A popular myth identifies Heracles
and his father Zeus as the creators of
the Games. Heracles, the eldest son,
defeated his brothers in a running race
and was crowned with a wreath of
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Passage B: The Olympic story
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Reading
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Unit 1
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games now constitute
an international multi-sport event
for both summer and winter sports.
They were extended to include
winter Games in 1924, first held in
Chamonix, France. Since 1994 they
have alternated on different four-year
cycles from the summer Games. The
Paralympic Games (which began in
1960 and are hosted by the same city
as the summer Olympics) and the
Youth Olympic Games have also been
added. Baron de Coubertin’s hope of
The five Olympic rings were designed
in 1913 and first introduced on the
Olympic flag flown at the Antwerp
Games in 1920. They represent the
five inhabited continents (with the
Americas regarded as one). The
colours – red, blue, green, yellow and
black on a white background – were
chosen because each nation has at
least one of these colours in its national
flag. Other symbols and rituals were
established during the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. Most of these
traditions are displayed during the
opening and closing ceremonies, such
as the Parade of Nations which opens
the Games, followed by the raising of
the Olympic flag, which must fly for
the duration of the Games between
Participation in the Games has
increased to the point that nearly every
nation on earth is represented. Now the
combined winter and summer Olympics
involve more than 10,000 competitors
from more than 200 countries, who
take part in 35 different sports and
more than 400 events. This growth has
created numerous challenges, including
political boycotts, use of performanceenhancing drugs, bribery of officials,
demands of sponsors, terrorist attacks
and the financial commitment of a
host country, sometimes resulting in
disapproval of the government by its
people. The artistic displays alone at
the opening ceremony of the Beijing
Games reportedly cost $100 million.
It is one of the world’s largest media
events, with an estimated 3.7 billion
television viewers, and is therefore an
irresistible opportunity for a country to
promote itself.
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The first modern Olympics had only
nine events (athletics, cycling, fencing,
gymnastics, shooting, swimming,
tennis, weightlifting and wrestling)
and fewer than 250 athletes took part,
representing 14 nations. Greece offered
to host the Games permanently, but
the second Games took place in Paris,
and it was here that women were first
allowed to compete.
the Greek flag and the host nation’s
flag. The national anthem of the gold
medal winner’s country is played during
the presentation of the three medals
after each event. At the end of the
Olympics, the flame is extinguished
while the anthem is being played, and
the flag is carried horizontally from
the stadium. Since 1968, there has
been an Olympic mascot, an animal or
human figure representing the cultural
heritage of the host country; in 1980
Misha, a Russian bear, made a popular
appearance.
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The International Olympic
Committee (IOC), the
governing body of the modern Olympic
movement, was founded in 1894. It is
the umbrella organisation whose job
is to ensure that the host city, after it
has been chosen in competition with
other contenders, meets its obligations.
The IOC visits the future host city to
check that the building works to house
the events, accommodate the athletes
and visitors, and improve the transport
systems are all on schedule. The
committee also makes all the important
decisions concerning the events
programme. French and English are
the official languages of the Olympic
movement, plus the language of the
host country in each case.
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The modern Games started in Athens
1500 years later, in 1896, thanks to
the vision of Pierre de Frédy, Baron
de Coubertin, who believed that the
French were defeated in the FrancoPrussian war because the soldiers had
not received proper physical education.
His vision was to bring together
athletes from around the world to
compete in a variety of sporting events
under the motto Citius, Altius, Fortius
(‘Swifter, Higher, Stronger’). He tried
to preserve as many features of the
original Games as possible, including
the amateur status of the athletes.
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total world peace during
the time of the Games
was not achieved: three
Olympiads were missed
because of World War
I and World War II, and
in what is known as the
Munich massacre nine
athletes were killed after
being abducted during
the Games.
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Olympic Truce, or Ekecheiria, was
declared seven days before the
opening of the Games and continued
for seven days after the close. This
not only enabled competitors to travel
to Olympia in safety, but also meant
that for the duration of the Games
old hostilities were put aside and all
competed honourably and fairly in the
hope of bringing glory to their city.
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Find synonymous words or phrases for the following words, as used in Passage B.
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boycotts
founded
7
Underline the passive verb structures in Passage B. What effect do they have on the passage? Why do
writers choose to use passive rather than active verbs in certain types of text?
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English uses Greek and Latin prefixes for numbers. The one used in Passage B is quad- (4). Give
words beginning with the prefixes below, and say which number is being referred to.
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dec-
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Olympic Games
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rituals
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little
a little
least
at least
women athletes, but much
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than half of the
countries participate in the winter Games.
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hope of gaining a medal, but
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d Some of the competitors had
of them managed
in the first five, so they felt they had achieved
to be placed
success.
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less
countries participated in the 1896 Games in Athens than in the 1900 Games in Paris.
b At the Paris Games, there were
competitors were female.
The number of television viewers increases each time, and it is now slightly
14 billion.
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No
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a few
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Passage B contains the phrase fewer than. Fill the blanks in the following sentences with one of the
options below, then explain the rule for how these words are used.
am
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9
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than nine athletes were killed in the Munich massacre.
spectators and are the
likely to be televised.
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am
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g The specialist sports attract the
Pr
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Comprehension and Summary
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10a In one sentence, summarise what Passage B says about Baron de Coubertin.
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In one sentence, summarise the facts given about the Olympic rings.
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Unit 1
Olympic Games
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b In one sentence, summarise the role of the IOC.
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d Write a one-sentence summary about the first modern Olympic Games of 1896.
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11 Write a one-paragraph summary of the problems now associated with the Olympic Games.
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Directed Writing
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Olympic Games
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Unit 1
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6
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12 Imagine that you can win a free trip to the next Olympics by writing a letter to the President of the
IOC. You must explain persuasively why you wish to attend. Refer to material in Passages A and B,
and add ideas of your own.
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Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution
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Unit 1
Olympic Games
7
y
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City A
ni
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13 Look at the following bids
by three cities to host the
Olympics in 2016.
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City B
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July climate temperate;
max temperature 27 °C
; slight
possibility of rain
Venues 8 in existence,
total
increasing capacity to 1,2 capacity 420,000; 8 planned,
80,000, to be completed
in 2016
Transport advanced bu
s system in place; new bu
ses to
be purchased in 2015;
new
construction, to be comp international airport under
leted in 2014
Accommodation 180,0
00 rooms within 50 km
; 360,000 under
construction
Security security police
efficiently suppress any
opposition; no
terrorism in the past 10
years
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Olympic Games
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Unit 1
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8
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July climate tropical; max temperature 38 °C; high humidity;
rainfall can be severe
Venues 12 in existence, total capacity 980,000; 6 planned,
increasing capacity to 1,440,000, to be completed in 2015
Transport new underground railway to be built; construction
commences 2012
Accommodation 430,000 rooms within 50 km; 220,000 under
construction
Security minor terrorist conflict in the north but capital is at
present secure
Pr
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City C
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re 22 °C; moderate rain likely
July climate cool; max temperatu
acity 1,400,000; 2 planned,
Venues 17 in existence, total cap
, to be completed in 2014
increasing capacity to 1,650,000
an Rapid Transit System under
Transport state-of-the-art Urb
2012; new international airport
construction, to be completed in
opened in 2006
within 50 km; 120,000 under
Accommodation 780,000 rooms
construction
ent has caused difficulties in the
Security the Liberators’ movem
under control
past; government claims it is now
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Unit 1
Olympic Games
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C
U
14 Imagine you are the President of the IOC. Write a report evaluating each bid and recommending to
the committee which one should be selected.
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Coursework topics
ity
Argumentative/discursive writing
Discuss the benefits and problems of the
existence of the Olympic Games.
b ‘International sport is war by another name.’
Do you think this is true?
rs
a
1 Describe the sports programme at
op
y
your school, and give your views on
rt, team
competitive sport, compulsory spo
sport,
versus individual sports, single-sex
.
life
lt
and the role of sport in adu
ge
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Pr
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Composition
br
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tury
Discuss aspects of life in the 21st cen
which relate to these issues.
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Pr
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op
ity
‘The Marathon’. Write a story with this title.
Write a story which involves an athlete as a
main character.
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Olympic Games
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Unit 1
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10
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Narrative writing
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y’.
2 ‘Fitness, health and the human bod
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Describe the environment and atmosphere of
the stadium during an international athletics
competition.
d Give an account of a real or imaginary
experience of taking part in an important
sporting event.
am
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f
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Descriptive writing
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Furry creatures
All accounts are agreed upon the fact
that early in life Roosevelt suffered
from asthma and that his father
believed that fresh air and exercise
would improve his health. As a result,
the future President became keen on
outdoor pursuits and even studied
to be a naturalist before taking up
politics. However, he still continued
to hunt, a very fashionable sport at
the time.
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off potential customers rather than
attracting them – with the exception
of an American importer, Borgfeldt,
who thought he recognised a way
of cashing in on the popularity of
the bear in the Roosevelt story. He
ordered 3000 of them: The teddy bear
boom had begun. Early examples
of the teddy bear are now worth a
fortune: a 1904 Steiff bear was sold
for £110,000 in 1994.
C
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Since then, generations of children –
and adults – have been entranced by
this domesticated version of one of
nature’s fiercest predators, now made
of every possible material from wool
and wood to modern synthetics
such as nylon. The teddy has featured
as the hero of immensely popular
books such as Winnie-the-Pooh,
Rupert Bear, The Jungle Book and the
Paddington Bear series, and its image
appears on keyrings, greetings cards,
mugs, posters and charity logos. It
is also used to draw attention to the
problems of bears which today live
in threatened habitats, perhaps the
most fitting way of commemorating
President Roosevelt’s refusal – a 100
years ago – to shoot a defenceless
bear for ‘sport’.
Unit 2
Furry creatures
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However, the Mitchoms were not the
first to make toy bears. Richard Steiff,
a member of a German family firm,
invented a bear with jointed limbs in
1902. This he exhibited at the 1903
Leipzig Spring Fair. The creature was
a metre high, fierce-looking and
heavy, and had the effect of scaring
es
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And so it was that in 1902, while
the President was taking time off
from solving a border dispute in
Mississippi, that the incident took
place which linked his name for
ever with the little furry creature.
Roosevelt had had a bad day and
shot nothing at all, so the guides,
not wishing the expedition to be a
failure, sent out dogs to track down
a bear for the President to shoot.
Here, however, accounts differ: some
say that the black bear which they
cornered was old and exhausted;
C
w
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A political cartoonist called Clifford
K. Berryman heard the story and
made a drawing of the incident for
the Washington Post (and in a second
version of the cartoon he reduced
the size of the bear, which may have
given rise to the idea that it was a
cub). The cartoon was so popular
that Berryman depicted the young
bear in other drawings of Roosevelt.
The President’s name was now firmly
linked with bears, but how did his
nickname of ‘Teddy’ come to be given
to the toy bear? One version of the
story says that the owner of a New
York toy shop, Morris Mitchom, asked
the President if he could call the
bears which his wife made and sold
in the shop ‘Teddy’s Bears’, to which
Roosevelt agreed. Mitchom then
founded the Ideal Toy and Novelty
Company, which was to become one
of the biggest toy companies in the
United States.
ni
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others that it was a lost bear cub
which was tracked down. Whichever
was the case, Roosevelt refused to
shoot it, saying that he considered
this would be unsporting.
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am
br
id
A few people, perhaps of the kind
who like to amass curious snippets
of information, could probably tell
you that the children’s cuddly toy
known as a ‘teddy bear’ is so called
after Theodore (‘Teddy’) Roosevelt,
who was President of the United
States from 1901 to 1909. Far fewer
could tell you just why a US President
should have given his name to an
object which by 1907 was selling
almost a million a year.
rs
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Passage A: How the teddy got its name
y
Read the article below.
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Reading
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Pr
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Unit
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Language and Style
Make sentences of your own which show the meaning of the words in bold in Passage A. Use a
dictionary if you are not sure, but try first to work out their meaning from their context and their
similarity to other words you already know.
a
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expedition
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synthetics
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3
Circle all the pairs of dashes, brackets and commas in Passage A. As you can see, they form a
parenthesis (i.e. a word or phrase of comment or explanation inserted into a sentence which is
grammatically complete without it). Commas are the most subtle, and brackets the least.
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d entranced
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b dispute
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Wild apes have no need of language and have not developed it but tame ones can use it as a tool for
communicating with each other.
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am
a
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Put a variety of parenthetical punctuation into the following sentences. Some sentences may need
more than one parenthesis.
The skills of language and counting essential for negotiating trade can be taught to orang-utans who
are less social primates than chimpanzees in a matter of weeks.
ity
ni
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Gorilla mothers prefer to cradle their babies on their left sides a feature shared with humans and
there have been cases of them showing maternal behaviour to human children.
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Furry creatures
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Unit 2
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12
am
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d Fifteen million years a small gap in the broad scale of evolution is an immense period in terms of
everyday life.
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b Each slaughtered ape is a loss to the local community a loss to humanity as a whole and is a hole torn
in the ecology of our planet.
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Comprehension and Summary
Say whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or ‘don’t know’ (D), and give reasons.
a
More people know whom the bear is named after than know why.
y
Pr
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4
y
The bear Roosevelt refused to shoot was a cub.
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b Roosevelt was more of a hunter than a wildlife supporter.
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The customers at the Leipzig Spring Fair in 1903 found the bears very attractive.
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d The Ideal Toy and Novelty Company was the first to manufacture bears in the USA.
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5a Highlight the material in Passage A which you would use to explain ‘How the teddy got its name’.
Transfer it as a list of points below, in your own words as far as possible, and order them logically.
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Unit 2
Furry creatures
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b Link the points to create no more than two sentences.
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Read the story below.
br
s
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The old cook, who loved the bear as if he had been
her son, rushed out from the kitchen. ‘What are you
scolding him for, missus?’ she asked. ‘He has been as
good as gold the whole day, bless him! He has been
sitting here looking the whole time towards the
gate for you to come back.’
ev
It had been a different bear!
-R
es
s
Furry creatures
When the lady came home in the evening, he was
sitting in his usual place outside his kennel looking
very sorry for himself. The lady was still very angry
with him and she told him that he would have no
apple and no supper, and that he would be chained
for two days as an extra punishment.
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There had also been some difficulties about the
bee-hives; he had been punished for this by being
put on the chain for two days with a bleeding nose
and he had never done it again. Otherwise he was
only put on the chain at night (for a bear is apt to
get somewhat ill-tempered if kept on a chain) or
on Sundays when his mistress went to spend the
afternoon with her married sister, who lived in a
solitary house on the other side of the mountain
lake, a good hour’s walk through the dense forest. It
was not considered good for him to wander about
in the forest with all its temptations. Now he knew
quite well what it meant when his mistress put him
on the chain on Sundays, with a friendly tap on his
Unit 2
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He had a fine appetite, but his friend the cook saw
to it that he got his fill. Bears are vegetarians if they
have a chance; fruit is what they like best. Bears
look clumsy and slow in their movements, but try
a bear with an apple tree and you will soon find
out that he can easily beat any schoolchild at that
game.
14
One Sunday when the lady had chained him up as
usual and was about half-way through the forest,
she suddenly thought she heard the cracking of a
tree branch on the winding footpath behind her.
She looked back and was horrified to see the bear
coming along full-speed. In a minute he had joined
her, panting and sniffing, to take up his usual place,
dog-fashion, at her heels. The lady was very angry:
she was already late for lunch, there was no time
to take him back home, she did not want him to
come with her, and besides, it was very naughty of
him to have disobeyed her and broken away from
his chain. She ordered him in her severest voice to
go back at once, menacing him with her umbrella.
He stopped a moment and looked at her with his
cunning eyes, but then kept on sniffing at her.
When the lady saw that he had even lost his new
collar, she got still more angry and hit him on the
nose with her umbrella so hard that it broke in two.
He stopped again, shook his head, and opened
his big mouth several times as if he wanted to say
something. Then he turned round and began to
shuffle back the way he had come, stopping now
and then to look at the lady till at last she lost sight
of him.
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id
But he did not want to; he was a most amiable bear
who did not dream of harming anybody, man or
beast. He used to sit outside his kennel and look
with his small, intelligent eyes most amicably at the
cattle grazing in the field nearby. The children used
to ride on his back and had more than once been
found asleep in his kennel between his two paws.
The three Lapland dogs loved to play all sorts of
games with him, pull his ears and his stump of a tail
and tease him in every way, but he did not mind in
the least.
head and the promise of an apple on her return
if he had been good during her absence. He was
sorry but resigned.
ev
There was once a lady who lived in an old manor
house on the border of a big forest, high up in the
North. This lady had a pet bear she was very fond of.
It had been found in the forest half-dead of hunger,
so small and helpless that it had to be brought up
on the bottle by the lady and her old cook. This was
several years ago and now it had grown up to be a
big bear so strong that he could have slain a cow
and carried it away if he had wanted to.
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Passage B: A tale of a bear
ev
6
am
br
id
Reading
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Language and Style
Write sentences about the bear in Passage B using the following grammatical structures in your
sentences.
a
Not only … but also
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Pr
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7
y
Neither … nor
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Not so much as a …
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d No longer …
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b Never before …
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8a Explain how the writer achieves the effect of surprise in Passage B.
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Unit 2
Furry creatures
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b Explain how the writer evokes sympathy for the bear in Passage B.
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b Give the reasons why humans find bears attractive, using ideas from Passages A and B.
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Furry creatures
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Unit 2
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9a Summarise the story of Passage B in one paragraph.
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Comprehension and Summary
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Teddy bears’ picnic
A Munich travel agent has started
offering
holidays for teddy bears – and has
taken
scores of bookings. For 200 euros,
owners can
book their teddies on a week-long
break of
sightseeing, games, picnics and visi
ts to a café
and a funfair. Optional extras include
fishing,
painting, golf, paragliding and bun
gee-jumping,
with photographers on hand to reco
rd the action.
Stuffed toys are apparently queuing
up for the
holidays, and organiser Christophe
Becker says:
‘We host a tour group of a dozen tedd
ies every
four weeks. There’s such a demand
that you
need to book early to avoid disappo
intment.’
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Directed Writing
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11 Read the following three fact boxes.
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10 Read the short news item on the right and
write an advertisement for teddy bear holidays.
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Unit 2
Furry creatures
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al
eys indicate substantial and continu
Population: over past 20 years surv
0
orted in 198
decline from 100,000 individuals rep
rial
in and other central African equato
Habitat: Cameroon and Congo bas
regions; once virgin rainforest
an DNA; live for 60 years; capable of
Characteristics: share 99% of hum
comprehension level of a 6-year-old
intelligent communication with the
IQ of 80, similar to many humans
child; can learn sign language; have
d male silverback gorilla; orphaned
Threats: hunters earn $35 for a dea
inct in 5–10 years because of
babies cannot survive; could be ext
for cheap bush meat with snares and
destruction of habitat and slaughter
s
used in mobile phones, games console
guns; commercial mining for coltan,
inct
ext
ions
ulat
pop
de some gorilla
and military aircraft, has already ma
and provide vehicles and
Aims: appoint rangers (‘ecoguards’)
r and protect animals; construct
communication equipment to monito
habitats; educate locals on value of
wildlife corridors to link fragmented
zees
l rights to protect apes and chimpan
apes for eco-tourism; fight for lega
because of their similarity to humans
U
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A: Great apes survival project
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Population: world total between 40
and 52; shrinking in China, where it
has declined 70% since the 1960s
and there are now only 15–20; Rus
sia
has 30–40, reduced by half in 20 yea
rs; not seen in South Korea since 196
9
Habitat: snow-covered hills of Cen
tral Asia; broad-leaved coniferous fore
st
in isolated mountain regions in cou
ntries such as Afghanistan, China, Ind
ia,
the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia and
Pakistan
Characteristics: not adapted to hea
vy snow cover; reclusive; territorial;
low
tolerance of human activity and eas
ily disturbed; seasonal migration; ma
in
diet roe deer; not man-eaters; low
birth-rate
Threats: increased human populat
ion and economic exploitation of hab
itat;
human development, especially roa
d-building; deforestation and depleti
on
of foliage by fire and medicinal her
b harvesting; hunting for sport or by
farmers protecting deer herds; poa
ching for bones and fur; shortage of
food; trapping; migration barriers
Aims: re-introduce leopard to form
er habitats (including coastal) and
restoration of vanished populations
; access by inspectors of nature
conservation to border areas; create
ecological corridors between existing
populations and for migration; enforce
ment of existing anti-hunting
and anti-trapping laws; zoo-breedin
g programmes (only 10 purebreds currently exist in captivity); ban
on logging; increase personnel
and coordination of information; inte
rnational publicity campaign;
compensation for deer farmers; fittin
g of radio-collars and census-taking
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B: Snow leopard campaign
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C: The spectacled bear campaign
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Unit 2
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ulation has collapsed because of
Population: approx 3000 left; pop
30 years
destruction of rainforest during last
America, in cloud forests and Andean
Habitat: around the Andes in South
only
as Venezuela, Argentina and Peru;
moorland; found in countries such
bear in this continent
ut this species; bands of colour
Characteristics: not much known abo
n
eats mainly fruit and nuts; cubs bor
around the eyes; excellent climber;
November–February in rainy season
sport or by farmers protecting
Threats: bears frequently killed for
kept in appalling conditions for the
crops; cubs sometimes captured and
tury,
red only in second half of 20th cen
amusement of their captors; discove
end of the 21st century
but bear may disappear before the
small cages and remove them to
Aims: rescue bears from captivity in
specially created sanctuaries
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12 These three threatened species have come to the attention of your school’s charities committee. As
chairperson, write a report for the school noticeboard, drawing attention to the three campaigns
and their main features, and explaining that the school will be selecting one cause to support and
fundraise for.
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Furry creatures
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Unit 2
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U
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13 Choose one of the projects and write the text of a speech for your school assembly which explains the
project and asks for support.
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Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution
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Unit 2
Furry creatures
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Composition
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Coursework topics
am
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Argumentative/discursive writing
-R
c ‘The Circus’. Write a composition with this title.
d Give an account of a real or fictitious hunting or
fishing expedition.
op
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c
With reference to a range of specifi
to
examples, write about the threats
views
r
you
give
endangered species and
e
om
bec
y
on whether it matters if the
extinct.
C
ev
id
ie
w
ge
Write a story which includes a supernatural or
mythical animal, such as a yeti, unicorn or sea
monster.
‘But it wasn’t the same animal!’ Write a story
which ends with this sentence.
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Furry creatures
es
Unit 2
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am
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f
Explain the various ways in which
r views
humans use animals, and give you
and
on the relationship between humans
re.
futu
and
t
sen
animals in the past, pre
U
ni
Narrative writing
e
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Descriptive writing
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1
Pr
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a Zoos: prisons or sanctuaries?
b Present a case for or against the idea that
animals have rights.
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Read the article below.
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Pr
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Much of my job is about building
strong relationships and partnerships,
and I liaise closely with other airport
managers to ensure that the interests
of TopFlight are properly represented.
TopFlight already has an established
presence at Manchester (we are the
third-largest airline there), but it
lies with me to see that our profile
remains high with the authorities, so
that TopFlight continues to receive a
good service.
y
To succeed in this role you need to
be adaptable and flexible, as no two
days are ever the same and you have
to deal with everything. It’s not a job
for people who like to meticulously
plan out every minute of their day!
But I really enjoy the pace and variety
– and I can honestly say it’s never
boring.
Pr
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C
As a scheduled airline operating highfrequency, short-haul flights, another
critical measure of our performance
is the punctuality of our flights. As
so many factors within the airport
environment can affect punctuality, I
continually monitor every aspect of
our operation at both airports so that
I can quickly identify areas of
Unit 3
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Obviously safety is top of the agenda,
and I am responsible for ensuring that
we comply with all the standards and
regulations set down by the relevant
government bodies.
I keep fully up to date with what’s
going on at the airline by travelling
down to the TopFlight offices at
London Stansted airport regularly
to meet with colleagues – including
my counterparts from other
TopFlight airports. We all share ideas
and experiences so that we can
continually improve the way in which
we work. It’s also my opportunity
to give feedback about what’s
happening at my airports.
ity
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My time is divided between both
airports, but as there are far more
TopFlight flights to and from
Manchester than Leeds (23 per
day compared to five), the larger
proportion of my time is spent at
Manchester.
weakness and put measures in place
to rectify these. Airports are complex
environments and so, for everything
to run smoothly, it’s very important
that everyone works as a team.
Excellent communication skills are
therefore essential. At times it can
also be a stressful place, and so the
ability to remain calm and maintain a
sense of humour is also crucial! One
of the things I really enjoy about my
job is interacting with a wide variety
of people – from passengers to airport
senior management.
op
ni
Obviously this kind of scenario is
unusual – but it can happen. As
airport manager for northern England,
I am responsible for overseeing all
the TopFlight ground operations at
both Manchester and Leeds airports.
Essentially, this means that I look
after all TopFlight activities at the
airport, up until the point the aircraft
takes off. This includes all aspects of
passenger services (check-in, sales
desks, departures and arrivals), as well
as the behind-the-scenes operations
such as baggage handling.
At both airports we work
in close partnership with our handling
agents, and a crucial part of my role
is overseeing their practice to ensure
that TopFlight passengers receive
the very best service as they proceed
through the airport and on to their
flight. I organise regular training
sessions and group activities with all
our service staff.
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It’s 8.00 a.m. Monday morning, and
Manchester Airport is closed due to
fog. As a result three TopFlight flights
are unable to land at the airport.
In the terminal over 300 TopFlight
passengers are becoming increasingly
anxious – many have appointments
to keep. We are then advised that
Air Traffic Control has diverted the
incoming aircraft to Leeds airport.
So … three aircraft in Leeds and
their corresponding passengers in
Manchester. And my job? To sort it
out!
C
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Passage A: My life at TopFlight
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Reading
1
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3
Simply flying
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Unit
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Simply flying
23
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a
corresponding:
letter-writing
matching
respective
necessarily
mainly
basically
ratio
part
finding fault
in a crisis
sort out
distribute
proportion:
size
op
y
c
e
deal:
trade
3
The following words from Passage A are useful but tricky to spell. Look at the bold ‘hot-spot’ (difficult
part) in each word for a few seconds, then cover the word and try to write it correctly from memory.
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vital
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d critical:
R
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b essentially:
C
ev
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The underlined words in Passage A have more than one meaning. Choose the one which is being
used in this context.
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Language and Style
s
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liaise
ity
j
immediate
4
Give synonyms for these words, which are in bold in Passage A:
a
scenario
5
Put as many prefixes as possible on to the following stems:
Pr
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-sult
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-vert
d -sent
e
meticulously
-R
am
f
b -port
c
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rectify
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feedback
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d counterparts
c
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succeed
punctuality
For example: -prove
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b monitor
ev
h colleagues
rs
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d scheduled
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g excellent
-C
b receive
c
environment
ev
id
f
br
crucial
am
a
w
ge
Think of a rule or mnemonic (way of remembering) to help you remember the spelling of those words
you find difficult.
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op
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ni
Write one sentence containing each word below to show the difference in meaning between the
words in each pair.
a
proceed
am
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6
Pr
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lay
affect
effect
ni
d continuous
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whose
s
-C
f
am
principle
id
principal
br
R
continual
e
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es
who’s
ity
disinterested
y
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g uninterested
Circle the single dashes and hyphens used in the text. First work out the rules for their usage and
then give other examples of your own.
a
Dashes have a space either side and are used singly to
-R
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7
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b lie
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precede
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s
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For example:
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Unit 3
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For example:
ev
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Pr
b Hyphens, which do not have spaces before or after, are used to
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Simply flying
25
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In a paragraph, give the facts about the airline in Passage A.
y
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In a paragraph, describe the kind of personality which is needed for the job of airport manager.
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Comprehension and Summary
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10 In a paragraph, summarise the responsibilities and tasks of an airport manager.
Unit 3
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27
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Reading
11 Read the article below.
-R
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An estimated seven million children a year travel
alone by air, many as young as seven. Some
are travelling between home and their boarding
schools in the UK, particularly from Asia. Last
year, one airline alone carried 3000 flyers
aged between five and eleven. Specialist staff
are provided by airlines, known in the trade
as ‘aunties’, to escort these transcontinental
commuters from check-in to aircraft. They have to
reassure nervous flyers and give them cuddles,
and even clean clothes if necessary.
Pr
ity
C
op
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es
s
-C
The children tend to be treated as VIPs, being
seated and fed before the other passengers. They
pass the time with video games and puzzles and
are so well looked after that many say they prefer
flying solo to travelling with their families.
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am
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Pr
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Passage B: Junior jet set
y
op
Things rarely go wrong, but it has been known
for a child to be flown to the wrong destination,
and cancelled connecting flights can create
the headache of having to put up the stranded
youngster in a hotel.
ev
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Simply flying
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Some US airlines charge for this service, but most
European and Asian ones do not. Teenagers up to
16 or 17 – depending on the airline – are called
‘young passengers’ and are still accompanied to
the pick-up.
C
U
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ev
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w
rs
At the other end, the ‘unmins’ or ‘ums’ as they are
nicknamed (standing for ‘unaccompanied minors’)
are collected from the plane and delivered to the
designated adult meeting the child.
Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution
op
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b
Give your child some money.
c
Take novice flyers on a tour of the airport before the day they fly.
d
Arrange for them to travel at off-peak times.
e
Avoid night flights.
f
Don’t leave the airport until you have seen the plane take off.
g
Book an aisle seat.
h
Ask for your child to be seated next to other children or women.
op
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b
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12 Infer the reason for each tip in the box above.
a
C
Train your child to recite their name, address and phone number.
Pr
es
s
a
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Tips for the parents of ‘unmins’
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Comprehension and Summary
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Unit 3
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Child:
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AM: Hello. My name is Sue Watson and I’m the airport manager here. What can I do to help?
R
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Pr
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13 Using information and ideas from Passages A and B, write a dialogue between a child flyer and
the airport manager, who has been called by an ‘auntie’ to settle an anxiety or problem the child is
having.
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Simply flying
29
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Unit 3
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Simply flying
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Directed Writing
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14 Read the recruitment advertisement below.
Looking for a new challenge with an interesting and dynamic company?
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Want to work for us?
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Take a look at these exciting career opportunities at TopFlight …
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Come fly with us ...
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We are currently recruiting Cabin Crew for our base at London Stansted.
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Our Cabin Crew must ensure that our customers’ safety and comfort come first and that
they create a memorable experience by providing friendly and courteous service at all
times. The job is busy and can be physically demanding. Cabin Crew have to be prepared
to work on any day of the year, any time of the day.
Minimum requirements:
•
•
flexible and adaptable
•
able to take initiative
•
willing to accept guidance.
physically fit and able to pass a
medical assessment
•
fluent in English, both spoken and
written
•
able to swim 25 m
•
possession of passport allowing
unrestricted travel within Europe.
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a team player
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an excellent communicator with
people of all ages and cultures
rs
•
height 1.58 m to 1.82 m with weight in
proportion to height
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able to remain calm and efficient
under pressure
Pr
•
age 20+
•
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mature in attitude and behaviour
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friendly and approachable
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You must be:
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If you meet all of our person specifications and minimum requirements,
please request an application form from:
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Cabin Crew Applications
TopFlight Airline Company Ltd
London Stansted Airport
Essex
UK.
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15 Write a job application letter to the personnel manager of TopFlight, saying why the job would suit
you and why you would suit the job. You may also add extra material of your own which you consider
relevant.
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Coursework topics
‘Humans were not made to fly.’ Argue for or
against this proposition.
b Discuss the increasing popularity of air travel
and its advantages and disadvantages over
other forms of transport.
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2
Write a story about a hijack.
y
Describe the general atmosphere of a busy
airport, and refer to particular people and
situations which you observe.
d Describe a day in the life of a pilot, flight
attendant or air traffic controller.
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Discuss the issues affecting air trav
er you
today and give your views on wheth
think it has a future.
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Write a story which involves a farewell scene.
‘An unforgettable plane journey’. Write a story
with this title.
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Narrative writing
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Read the article below.
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Reading
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Anthropologists have explained men’s universal and
enduring fascination with football as being a replacement
and compensation for the hunter-gatherer instincts which
have no outlet in the 21st century. It is a substitute for the
hunt, combining the necessary elements of bonded males,
adrenalin and the prospect of reward. Many ancient
civilisations – China, Japan, Greece and Rome – all had
equivalents of the game, which they exported, as did the
British, to parts of their far-flung empires.
No other single sport has brought together nations and
individuals so much or provided more pleasure over a
longer period of time. Football has also, however, given
the world things it would be much better without: riots,
vandalism, hooliganism and tribalism. More recently,
it’s become a vehicle for an upsurge in nationalism,
racism and fascism, the full consequences of which are
still fearfully awaited. It’s been taken over by the mass
media; huge sums of money are involved in advertising,
sponsorship, transfer fees, merchandise and broadcasting
rights. It’s turned into soap opera, with players (and their
wives and girlfriends) treated as idols and celebrities –
rather than mere mortals with skilful feet – and deprived
of a private life.
ie
am
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op
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Football weaves itself into whichever cultures embrace it,
appealing to people who have nothing else in common
but who each have a personal passion for the game and
are addicted to its spontaneity. Packaged into 90 minutes
are heroes and villains, hope and despair, skill and drama:
a miniature war with flags and armies.
Football has an astonishing ability to cross borders and
barriers, as between German and British troops in noman’s-land in the First World War. It seems so natural
to share the kicking of a ball, and the basic structure of
the game is amazingly simple: two opposing sides attempt
to push a spherical object into the other’s goal. Played
informally, football has great flexibility, with no set
number of players, no particular pitch and no equipment
except something to kick and something to define the
goal mouth.
Documentary
evidence dates
football back to 1175
in England, when Shrove
Tuesday, immediately before
the beginning of Lent and abstinence, was the big day
in the footballing calendar. During the 1830s matches
were becoming nothing better than a series of punch-ups,
so they were stamped out briefly. By 1863 the Football
Association had been set up in London between 11 clubs
after a meeting at Cambridge University to agree a set
of rules. The people who attended the meeting were PE
teachers from famous public schools and ‘old boys’ who
had continued to play the game after leaving school.
By the 1870s the game had become professional, and
international fixtures were being arranged with countries
in South America and northern Europe. This is the origin
of the modern World Cup, following the evolution of
FIFA as an international football organisation, and live
radio coverage, which became possible in 1927.
ev
id
In viewing terms, the World Cup is twice as big as any
other sporting event on the planet. But just because it’s
big doesn’t mean it’s beautiful; football can bring out
the worst in people, particularly men: it can make them
obsessive and boring; it can make them prejudiced and
intolerant; it can make them violent and destructive.
But despite the corruption and cynicism surrounding it,
football has never lost its appeal.
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Passage A: Love it or hate it
34
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4
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Language and Style
2a Circle the apostrophes (’) in Passage A. Explain the two usages of apostrophes.
op
y
or when we
(for example:
).
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(for example:
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We use apostrophes either when we
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(for example:
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An apostrophe after the final s of a word, unless it is a name, indicates that
br
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b In the passage there are examples of it’s with an apostrophe and its without an apostrophe. What is
the difference?
es
s
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am
We use an apostrophe in it’s if
rs
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Circle the semicolons (;) in Passage A and define their usage by filling the gaps below.
but are used when the
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Semicolons have the same function as
br
id
.
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es
s
Underline the ‘hot-spots’ in the following words from Passage A. Look up the meaning of any words
you are not sure of. Cover them up, then practise writing them correctly.
op
Pr
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attempt
g calendar
j
skilful
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vehicle
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miniature
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d villains
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b cynicism
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beautiful
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also be used to separate
ie
with the following sentence. They can
preceding sentence has a
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Highlight the relevant points in Passage A and write a chronological summary of the history of
football, using your own words as far as possible.
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Comprehension and Summary
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Reading
Read the article below.
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Tocalli thinks it will become a problem in
the future. ‘Youngsters need to see their idols
playing for the big Argentinian teams as an
inspiration. Also, because we lose so many
R
Another damaging effect on the footballing
industry has been the culture change in street
football because of the building of high-rise
apartment blocks. These have squeezed out the
neighbourhood potrero (playground), where
young Argentinian players have traditionally
developed their trademark close control and
dribbling skills by playing on bad pitches with
broken boots – or no boots at all. They learned
to play on bumpy ground littered with obstacles,
and so they can perform miracles – with a
dexterity in their feet equal to that of most
people’s hands – when they find themselves on
a decent pitch. There used to be a potrero round
every corner, but now they’ve gone, and in any
case youngsters today seem more interested
in computers and television than in playing
football. Tocalli sees this as tragic: ‘Football is so
important here. It’s part of our social fabric.’
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The problem is that Argentinian footballers
may be too talented for the country’s good.
The national coach, Hugo Tocalli, fears for
the future of Argentinian club football as the
country has become one of the world’s greatest
exporters of football talent; recently another
59 players from the top division went overseas.
Some moved to other South American countries
and others to Israel or Cyprus, football outposts
relatively speaking, but the majority left to join
bigger European national teams. A combination
of Argentinian football’s long-term financial
problems and the country’s rising inflation
rate means that playing overseas has beome an
increasingly attractive prospect. Many First
Division players can earn more even in the
Third Division clubs of European countries.
players overseas, too many of our young
players appear in our First Division when
their football education isn’t yet complete.’ He
is also worried that the pressing need to sell
players is making Argentinian clubs reluctant
to spend time developing their juniors as they
will only lose them. ‘Today clubs don’t give kids
a chance and we lose the opportunity to train
players of outstanding quality from a young
age.’ Nowadays, even for youth teams, the only
important thing is winning, not learning to play
the game. ‘We’re producing,’ Tocalli says, ‘too
many running machines. The skill is being lost.’
y
ve
rs
ity
In some countries, football is a special thing for
everybody, not just for a fanatical proportion
of the population. Argentina, always a World
Cup favourite, is synonymous with Latin
American football fever, and the country’s
national identity is blue and white, its team
colours. When the Argentinian teams were
established in the 1890s they consisted of
British expatriates and their descendants, but
they soon spread and embraced local talent, and
have never looked back.
ni
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Passage B: Argentinian football in crisis
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Language and Style
7
Draw lines to match the following nouns from Passage B to their meanings in the second column.
a
prospect
c
motivation
d dexterity
structure
e
fabric
8
Look at the way direct speech is punctuated in Passage B. Fill in the gaps below to explain the rules.
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characteristic
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trademark
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expectation
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b inspiration
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skill
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at the end of a sentence, provided that there is no continuation of the sentence
id
to be a
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Within speech, most of the same punctuation rules apply as for normal writing, so that there needs
-R
am
after the end of the speech. If there is, then in place of the full stop we use a
or, if
es
s
-C
appropriate, a question mark or exclamation mark can be used. Even after a question or exclamation
letter rather than a
if
op
Pr
y
mark, the next word begins with a
C
ity
it is continuing the sentence. If a sentence in speech is interrupted and then continued, there is a
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before the break and again before the re-opening of the inverted commas.
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The continuation will begin with a small letter and not a capital because the
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is also continuing. There must always be a punctuation mark of some kind before the closing
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running
dribbling
littered
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winning
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pressing
s
Look at the following words from Passage B and formulate a spelling rule for double letters. Give
other similar examples.
-C
9
w
.
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per(form)
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pro(spect)
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com(bination)
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ex(porters)
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10 Look at the following words from Passage B. Work out the meanings of the prefixes then use them to
make other words.
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relatively speaking
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11 Passage B contains some idiomatic collocations (words commonly found together and in the same
sequence). Use the following collocations in sentences of your own to show their meaning.
es
Pr
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culture change
rs
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round every corner
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d squeezed out
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b pressing need
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Comprehension and Summary
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12 Using information from Passages A and B, write two paragraphs about international football, one
paragraph about its positive aspects and effects and the other dealing with its negative aspects and
effects.
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Football crazy
39
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Unit 4
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Football crazy
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13 Write a conversation between coach Tocalli and a young Argentinian football player who is
considering going to play overseas.
Pr
es
s
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Tocalli: I hear you’ve been made an offer from a European club.
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Player:
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14 Explain briefly and simply the rules of football to someone who is unfamiliar with the game. Below is
an example of how not to explain rules!
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42
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You have two sides, one out in the field and one in. Each player that’s in the side that’s
in goes out, and when he’s out he comes in and the next player goes in until he’s out.
When they are all out the side that’s out comes in and the side that’s been in goes out
and tries to get those coming in out. When both sides have been in and out, that’s the
end of the game.
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The rules of cricket explained to a foreign visitor
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15 Improve the explanation on page 42 so that the visitor might be able to understand the rules of
cricket.
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16 Explain the rules of any other sport or game, using an appropriate style for informative writing.
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17 Look at the fact box below.
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In medieval France women played football.
In 1894 the first official women’s team in Britain was set up to prove that ‘women are not the
ornamental useless creatures men have pictured’.
In the 1920s women’s charity matches at Everton attracted crowds of over 50,000.
In 1921 the Football Association banned women from playing on club grounds because
women’s matches were considered ‘distasteful’; they attracted larger crowds than the men’s
matches.
Women’s football became popular again in parallel with the women’s liberation movement of
the 1970s.
Men’s football attracts all the financial backing, so it’s a struggle for women’s teams to find
sponsorship and support.
Girls are not allowed to compete in mixed teams above the age of 12 in England.
Women’s teams from Asia and North America now compete successfully against European
teams.
20 million girls and women play football in more than 100 countries.
Football is now more popular than netball as the sport of choice for women in Britain.
61,000 females in the UK belong to clubs and play in 3500 teams.
50,000 girls play regularly at school.
15% of spectators at top league matches are women.
Several manufacturers have designed kit, including boots, for women.
Women have played football for as long as the game has existed, starting in Ancient China.
In 1991 the first Women’s World Cup was held in China and won by the USA.
In 2008 in New Zealand FIFA instituted an under-17 World Championship.
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18 Imagine you are a female student and keen footballer at a school which does not allow girls to play
football in sports lessons or to join any of the school football teams. Using information from the fact
box above, write a letter to the head of PE to try to persuade him or her to make football an optional
sport for girls at your school.
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Coursework topics
‘Hooliganism and vandalism are the inevitable
social evils of the civilised world.’ Argue for or
against this claim.
b ‘It matters not who won or lost, but how you
played the game.’ Discuss the meaning of this
line of poetry and whether this view is still
appropriate in today’s world.
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Write a descriptive or narrative
tch’.
imaginative piece entitled ‘The ma
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Write a story about a group of football fans.
Write about someone who achieves ‘15 minutes
of fame’.
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Give an account of an experience of being in a
large and uncontrolled crowd.
d Describe the career of a real or fictional
character who rose from a poor background to
be a star.
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Write about a sport played locally
or,
ctat
spe
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pan
you enjoy as a partici
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and
explaining why you enjoy it
contributes to your community.
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What makes the Amazon the greatest river
in the world is the volume of water that
it carries; it produces 20% of the world’s
river water. Although the Nile river in
Africa is the longest river in the world (at
6650 km long to the Amazon’s approximate
6280 km), the Nile does not carry a 60th
of the amount of water that the Amazon
does, because the latter river drains the
entire northern half of the South American continent. The torrential tropical rains deluge the
rainforests with over 10 metres a year, and rainfall in the region is a near daily occurrence.
The Amazon is also the world’s widest river (6–10 km), and the mouth of the Amazon, where it
meets the sea, is so deep as well as wide that ocean-going ships have navigated its waters far
inland. It becomes even wider when it floods in the wet season.
The precise source of the Amazon was only recently discovered, although the origins of most
of the Earth’s great rivers have been known for some time, and the quest to find the Amazon’s
origin in the most inaccessible part of the world had intrigued explorers for centuries.
Determining the source of the Amazon has been so difficult because of a combination of
unfriendly terrain, high altitudes, cold winds and the large number of potential headwater
streams that needed to be investigated. What defines a river’s origin is the most distant point
from the mouth (as measured along the river’s course and not by the way the crow flies) from
which water flows year round along the main trunk of the river, not including the tributaries.
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In 2001 a 22-member international team of mappers and explorers, sponsored by the National
Geographic Society, claimed to have pin-pointed the source of the Amazon river. The team
explored five different headwater streams in the Andes before they were convinced that they
had definitely discovered the place where drops of water first collect to form the mighty
Amazon. According to the team, the Amazon’s origin is a small mountain stream that flows
from the sides of Nevado Mismi, a 5600 metre mountain in southern Peru. A global positioning
system (GPS), linked to a network of satellites, was employed to precisely locate the source,
which is less than 160 km from the Pacific Ocean.
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Famously, the Amazon river is home to many exotic and extreme tropical creatures, such as
catfish, anaconda (biggest snake) and piranha (most ferocious fish), as well as the macaws
and tapirs which add their colours and sounds to the jungle.
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adjective
verb
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noun
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Fill in the parts of speech table below, which contains the words in bold from Passage A. In some
cases you may be able to find more than one word, and in others none. Be careful with spelling!
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origins
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Circle all the commas in Passage A and study their usage. Work out and define the four ways in which
commas are used, giving an example of each.
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For example:
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adverb
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4a Complex sentences are constructed by linking subordinate clauses to a main clause using
connectives or participles (present or past, with or without a preposition). Underline examples of
different types of linking in Passage A.
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The source of the Amazon has only recently been discovered.
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You may need to make changes to the grammar or word order. (Note that and, but and so make
compound and not complex sentences.)
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ii The source is located 160 km from the Pacific Ocean.
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paragraph of Passage A.
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iii Explorers tried for centuries to discover the river’s source.
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Reading
Read the article below.
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River
There is a
Nile
superstition
among the locals
SUDAN
that the river
is inhabited by
creatures – halfhuman and
half-fish – who
ETHIOPIA
sometimes take a
fancy to humans
UGANDA
and take them to
live with them at
the bottom of the river. They also believe that
the river is owned by ‘djinns’ who must be fed
and kept happy or they will cause harm. The
Egyptian queen Cleopatra was nicknamed the
Serpent of old Nile, and it was believed that the
river mud had creative powers and produced
snakes. Many films and books have used the
romantic and threatening setting of the river,
including the famous Agatha Christie detective
novel Death on the Nile.
Since the advent of cruise liners and the
invasion of tourists, however, life on the
riverbank has changed, and Egyptians say
that the Nile is no longer theirs. Although it is,
in fact, chemical fertilisers which are largely
responsible, the locals believe that the leisure
boats have polluted the water. And they watch
as the great city of Cairo continues to spread
its garish hotels and grey apartment blocks
along the banks in a ribbon development which
shows no signs of ever stopping.
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EGYPT
ev
For Egyptians, farmers and fishermen, the Nile
is not just a beautiful view, it is a gift, without
which there could be no Egypt, only a scorched
wasteland. In a country which does not receive
much rainfall, the river is their livelihood. It
covers only 4% of the country but its banks
are where almost all of the 67 million Egyptians
live. The Nile irrigates corn crops and citrus
orchards, and provides water for herds of cows
and for doing the laundry. Its seasons are the
rhythms of the Egyptian way of life; when it
floods every July, locals move to higher ground
until it subsides three months later.
The waters of the Nile flow for nearly 7000 km,
from the jungles of Uganda through the deserts
of Sudan to arrive at Cairo, Africa’s largest city.
For centuries no one knew where it began, and
the whereabouts of its source was a legend
and a quest – a dangerous one, as the Nile
contains crocodiles – and intruders into the
heart of Africa were often not welcomed by the
natives. The source was finally discovered in
the mid 19th century.
The world’s longest river is a personality in
myth as well as in reality. It features in many
memorable scenes in the Bible and in literature,
ancient and modern. It was assigned to the
god Isis, to be honoured with offerings of food,
and it was believed that the pharaohs could
control it through their magical powers. The
pyramids could not have been built without the
means of transport provided by the great river.
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Passage B: Life and death on the Nile
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Going up that river was like travelling back
to the earliest beginnings of the world, when
vegetation rioted on the earth and the big trees
were kings. An empty stream, a great silence,
an impenetrable forest. The air was warm,
thick, heavy, sluggish. There was no joy in the
brilliance of sunshine. The long stretches of the
waterway ran on, deserted, into the gloom of
overshadowed distances. On silvery sandbanks
hippos and alligators sunned themselves side
by side. The broadening waters flowed through
a mob of wooded islands; you lost your way
on that river as you would in a desert, and
butted all day long against shoals, trying to
find the channel, till you thought yourself
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In what ways does the description of the river in the extract above differ from the descriptions of the
rivers in Passages A and B?
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bewitched and cut off for ever from everything
you had known once – somewhere – far away
– in another existence perhaps. There were
moments when one’s past came back to one, as
it will sometimes when you have not a moment
to spare to yourself; but it came in the shape
of an unrestful and noisy dream, remembered
with wonder amongst the overwhelming
realities of this strange world of plants, and
water, and silence. And this stillness of life did
not in the least resemble a peace. It was the
stillness of an implacable force brooding over
an inscrutable intention. It looked at you with
a vengeful aspect.
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The extract on page 51 describes the River Congo. Choose five words or phrases which convey the
feeling of:
a
mystery
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facts
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11 List the similarities and differences between the Nile and the Amazon from Passages A and B.
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12 You are the presenter of a television holiday programme. Chair the discussion between two studio
guests who are comparing their impressions and experiences of recent river cruises, one on the
Amazon and the other on the Nile. Base what they say on what you have read in both passages.
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Amazon cruiser:
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Presenter: So, can you each tell us what struck you most about your recent holiday?
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13 Look at the following adverts for trips.
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th May, 12th June, 7th
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laga, where you will sta
This tour begins in Ma
a, a
nd
day you travel to Ro
for one night. The next
lves
ssive gorge. The two ha
town split by an impre
ry
by a huge 18th-centu
of the town are joined
rry,
she
its
ez, famous for
stone bridge. On to Jer
thr
l city of Seville for ee
and then to the beautifu
,
u will go on to Cordoba
nights. On day five yo
the
a,
uit
zq
Me
ts and the
famous for its bullfigh
ructed in the Moorish
nst
co
grandest mosque
the
ntinue to Granada for
world. You will then co
w the extraordinary
next two nights to vie
Alhambra Palace.
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Undiscovered Paris
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– Five days from just €499
ch to November
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es
s
of visits and excursions
An unusual and interesting range
the Marais district,
is included in this tour. You will see
an; the Île de la Cité,
where the French Revolution beg
inal city; rue Mouffetard
home of Notre Dame and the orig
Lachaise cemetery,
in the Latin Quarter; and the Père
ar Wilde, Gustav
final resting place of Edith Piaf, Osc
r famous landmarks
Eiffel and Chopin. You will visit othe
are beautifully
on a coach tour by night, when they
ed tours, you will have
illuminated. As well as these guid
go shopping in the
plenty of free time to explore, to
vre and other famous
Montmartre district, to visit the Lou
r Seine.
art galleries, and to walk by the Rive
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Departs on selected days from Mar
C
C
w
ie
Berlin, Pragu
e and Dresd
en
– Seven days fro
m just €499
Departs 27th May
, 22nd July and 16
th September
Visit the Czech Re
public and Germ
any, and
experience the di
verse cities and
cultures of three
famous antique
cities. You will fly
to
Berlin and
travel on to Dres
den for a two-nig
ht
st
ay, where
you can view the
superb Baroque
ar
ch
itecture
and the many ar
t treasures on di
splay. Travel
on to Prague, wh
ere you will spen
d two nights.
Your walking tour
of the city will int
roduce you
to six centuries of
stunning architect
ure and the
magnificent Rive
r Vltava. Finally,
yo
u will return
to Berlin for the las
t two nights. Once
the cultural
capital of Europe
, this city has muc
h
of
historical
interest to offer th
e visitor, including
th
e
remains of
the former Berlin
Wall.
C
U
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Departs 29th April, 15
October
-R
t €479
– Seven days from jus
s
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Classical Spain
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Explore the cultural sights and sites of Europe! Prices include scheduled flights,
three- or four-star hotel accommodation including breakfast, sightseeing
itinerary and guides, and the services of a tour manager.
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Friend:
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14 Imagine you are planning a trip with a friend between leaving school and starting university, and
have been given the information on the previous page by a travel agency. Write the discussion you
have with your friend about the advantages and drawbacks of each of the three trips, and decide
which one you will go on together. You may add ideas and details of your own.
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15 Imagine you have now returned from your chosen trip. Write a letter to the travel agent to complain
about misleading information in the adverts.
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Great rivers
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Composition
ev
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Coursework topics
am
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Argumentative/discursive writing
2
ustry
Discuss the effect of the tourist ind
on your country or locality.
d the
Write a story which ends with ‘An
ship sailed on.’
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c The harbour.
d A journey I want to make one day.
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‘The quest’. Write a story with this title.
‘Towards evening, they finally arrived at their
destination, but it was not at all what they had
been expecting.’ Continue this story.
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Narrative writing
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Descriptive writing
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‘Better to travel hopefully than to arrive’.
Discuss this saying.
b ‘Travel broadens the mind.’ Argue for
or against this claim, in the context of
contemporary mass tourism.
a
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Read the article below.
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Reading
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On the road
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It was in the 1930s that the motor car
industry took off. Until then it was only
the rich who could afford to purchase such
a superfluous luxury item and to lay out
for the uniformed chauffeur to go with it.
By 1939, however, it was possible for the
less wealthy to buy a four-seater saloon
for somewhere in the region of £100.
This changed the shape of towns, causing
suburbs of semi-detached houses with
parking spaces and garages to proliferate.
It also meant a significant number of
people being run over in motoring
accidents, as by 1940 there were a million
cars on the roads of Britain.
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Passage A: Road safety
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Nowadays the fatalities are half what they were then, with 20 times as many cars on the road. This
is because there were no systematic road signs, no highway code and no rules concerning the safety
and condition of vehicles. The minimum age for drivers, then as now, was 17. Testing began in 1935,
the same year as speed limits in built-up areas and pedestrian crossings were introduced. Dipped
headlights were made compulsory in 1937, and rear-view mirrors, surprisingly late, in 1941. Road
deaths continued to soar, however, because of blackout conditions during the Second World War.
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Since annual vehicle testing was approved in 1960, road deaths have fallen by more than a third;
the target is for a further 40% reduction in fatalities by 2010 (50% for children). The factors
for improving safety have been education, an anti-drink–drive campaign, fewer pedestrians, and
increased car safety devices such as seat belts and airbags. However, just as many people die
from the effects of traffic pollution as from accidents, and the production of CO2 by the internal
combustion engine contributes to global warming, which puts up the total death rate. Governments
will therefore require cars in the next decade to be free from toxic emissions, to use a renewable fuel
(such as methanol or other bio-fuel) and to be able to be recycled when they are scrapped.
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Language and Style
Give paraphrases for the phrasal verbs which are in bold in the passage, and also give their other
meanings.
a
take off
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Judging from the examples italicised in the passage, what do the following prefixes mean? Give two
more examples of words beginning with each prefix.
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Select the facts from Passage A which are relevant to a summary of the history of road safety in
Britain, list them in chronological order, and then combine them into complex sentences to form a
paragraph.
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Comprehension and Summary
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Read the article below.
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However, the head of road safety at one of the
leading motoring organisations has warned
that these rapid advances could end up doing
more harm than good. ‘If you’ve got bleeps and
flashing lights warning you of this, that and the
other, it’s easy to become confused, which could
lead to mistakes,’ he said. The solution may be for
the intelligent driver information system to delay
non-essential information if it senses the driver is
busy, which can be determined from the braking,
steering and signalling patterns – a recognition
that the human needs to be protected from the
greater intelligence of the computer.
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As roads become more congested, drivers
will also gain a clearer view of their immediate
surroundings. One manufacturer says it will
begin phasing in its blind-spot information
system later this year. Digital cameras on each
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One of the advances is
a brake assistance system
which uses radar at the front
of the car to detect vehicles ahead and
warn the driver if an object is too close. Then,
as soon as the driver touches the brake with his
foot, the system will apply the precise braking
pressure necessary to avoid an accident. One
manufacturer has gone one step further and its
new system applies the brakes automatically if
the driver ignores the audio warnings. If a driver
does have to brake, the car will be less inclined
to skid if it is a new upmarket model in a series
which features dynamic stability control that
reacts to rain sensors on the windscreen and
adjusts traction control accordingly. There is also
the possibility of adaptive cruise control now,
consisting of radar sensors to estimate how near
one’s vehicle is to the car in front and adjust the
speed to maintain a safe distance.
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Pre-tension seat belts are already available;
these predict when a collision is likely and
press the driver into the seat. Intelligent
airbags also now exist, deployed
according to the predicted
velocity of the driver or
passenger by means of
weight sensors in the
seats. In addition,
pedestrians involved
in a collision can
be protected by a
front-bonnet airbag.
A reactive steering
mechanism has been
invented, which adapts
the sensivity of the steering to match
the speed the vehicle is travelling at. There is
also a drowsiness detector, which relies on a
dashboard camera to monitor the driver’s eyes
and will sound a warning if fatigue is detected.
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door mirror will monitor the driver’s blind
spot and flash a warning light if another vehicle
enters the zone. Another company has already
introduced a lane-departure warning system as
an option on some of its models. It uses infrared
sensors to monitor road markings and alerts
the driver if he or she crosses them without
indicating. Another new development is a rollstability control which uses a gyroscope to sense
when a vehicle is tipping, and it can then activate
brakes on individual wheels to balance the car.
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rashing your car is about to become a
whole lot harder. Safety is on the cusp of
a revolutionary new world as advances
in technology that will make cars virtually
idiot-proof begin to move off the drawing board
and into the showrooms. In the next three years
drivers will see passive safety systems such as
seat belts and airbags superseded by devices
that will not only warn them of upcoming hazards
but anticipate driver reactions and even take
over the controls when human error threatens
to cause an accident. So-called ‘intelligent’
systems are now a reality.
These can predict the
likely consequences
of a course of action,
take into account
road conditions and
adjust the car to deal
with them safely.
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Passage B: Intelligent cars
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Reading
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6
Give synonyms for the following words in bold in Passage B.
a
cusp
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Language and Style
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Golf
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Phaeton
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7a Look at the ten car model names below and write the associations these words have for you. Give
them a number to rank them in order of their desirability.
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Think of a name for a new car and explain your choice in terms of the effect you believe the word
would have on the public.
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The information in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of Passage B could be grouped and sequenced differently.
Use numbers, arrows and brackets to show how you could rearrange the material in a logical and
coherent order. Add initial adverbs or adverbial phrases as paragraph links.
es
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Write a one-paragraph summary of the different types of danger for which new safety features have
been or are about to be introduced.
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Comprehension and Summary
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Directed Writing
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10 Using information from Passages A and B, write a presentation to give to your Technology
class entitled ‘Changes in car safety design from 1930 to the present day’. You could deliver the
presentation as a slide show, using a series of slides to display the text.
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Electric cars
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growing number of motorists are opting for an alternative to petrol
1000 charging bays to be installed in Britain, 200 of them in London
electric cars are economical and environmentally friendly
ent or car park pillars
each city is expected to have hundreds of sockets contained in pavem
es
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topping up power is free
users pay £75 a year to use the power points
as fuel bills go up, electric cars will continue to increase in popularity
recharging takes 2 hours
short range and poor acceleration
exempt from city-centre congestion charges
classed as a quadricycle and not a car
electric cars performed badly in safety tests
altogether 600 were sold in 2006 and 2007
London lags behind Paris in number of charging bays
Paris plans to offer 4000 electric cars for hire to Parisians
an electric car costs about £9000
top speed of 50 mph
car battery needs recharging after 48 miles
engine very quiet so pedestrians and cyclists can’t hear them coming
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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11 Read the information in the fact box below.
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12 Sequence the points logically using numbers, then make the case for and against electric cars as a
review article in a magazine for Londoners. The article is entitled ‘What price green power?’
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13 Using ideas from the information box on electric cars, write a news report of a road-traffic accident
involving an electric car and a cyclist or pedestrian.
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On the road
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Composition
Coursework topics
‘The planet’s greatest enemy is the motor car.’
Do you agree?
b ‘More haste, less speed’. Discuss the concept of
speed in contemporary life.
y
C
wheel
Imagine that you have invented the
ech
spe
the
te
and can see its potential. Wri
r
you would deliver to persuade you
worldcontemporaries that the wheel is a
changing concept.
2
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‘At the crossroads’. Write a story with this title.
Write a story about a professional driver such
as a racing car driver, chauffeur, stunt driver or
taxi driver.
C
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Narrative writing
e
f
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c The accident.
d Cars I have known and/or cars I would like to
own.
ni
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s and
Describe your vision of the vehicle
transport system of the future.
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Descriptive writing
R
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Argumentative/discursive writing
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Bricks and stones
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7
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Pr
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importance for the civilisation
of Europe. The carvings show
scenes of struggle between
men, gods, centaurs and giants,
echoing recent battles. They
were sculpted by Phidias, who
is regarded as the greatest
artist of the ancient world.
C
w
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U
e
id
g
Since the alleged original
document of sale has not been
es
s
Bricks and stones
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br
am
-C
Unit 7
Those in favour of the return
of the marbles believe they
should be reunited with other
Greek sculptures in sight of
the building which they once
adorned, a move for which
there is worldwide public
support.
ev
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72
located, no one knows whether
Lord Elgin had paid for them
in the first place, except for
the necessary bribes and site
licences; certainly he does not
seem to have had permission
to remove sculptures still
attached to the temple. Lord
Byron, who strongly objected
to their removal from Greece,
denounced Elgin as a vandal.
The Romantic poet John Keats
was one of those who saw them
in London and he was inspired
to write two sonnets about
them.
C
w
ie
Pr
es
s
-R
ev
Much damage was caused to
the temple by the removal of
the metopes (carved panels)
when they began a perilous
journey which took some of the
marbles to the bottom of the
sea. One shipload of marbles
on board a British ship which
was travelling to Scotland was
caught in a storm and sank near
the Greek island of Kythera. It
took two years to salvage the
marbles and bring them to the
surface.
ni
ve
rs
C
op
y
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am
br
id
ge
U
R
Dedicated to the goddess
Athena, protector of Athens, the
marble panels adorning the
sacred temple of the Parthenon
were removed in August 1801
under the orders of the Earl of
Elgin, British Ambassador to
the Ottoman Empire, who was
a keen collector of antiquities.
He intended to use them to
decorate his stately home in
Scotland. In 1816 they were
bought by the British Museum
in London. The frieze dates from
the time of Pericles, who was
the ruler of Athens in the fifth
century BC during its golden
age of democracy, philosophy
and the arts, a period which
was of profound and lasting
ity
ni
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w
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es
s
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am
br
ev
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For 200 years there has been
a bitter argument between
Greece and Britain over the
ownership of the Elgin marbles.
The issue raises high passions
and poses difficult political,
legal, moral and cultural
questions with far-reaching
implications. Although nearly
half of the Britons polled had
no opinion on the matter, 40%
of the other half were in favour
of returning the marbles to
Greece. Greeks are, of course,
unanimous in their demand.
C
U
R
ni
op
Passage A: Lost marbles
y
Read the article below.
y
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1
op
C
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Reading
op
Unit
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However, while the artefacts
held in London may have been
saved from the hazards of war,
they suffered gravely from
19th-century pollution and
they have been irrevocably
damaged by previous cleaning
methods employed by British
Museum staff, which destroyed
the original fine detail of the
carving.
s
es
Pr
ity
rs
y
op
C
h irrevocably
y
g posterity
dismantle
j
diminishing
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denounced
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intrinsic
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profound
f
ev
polled
b unanimous
c
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Pr
ity
Give single words or phrases as synonyms for the following words from Passage A.
ni
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a
C
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The Museum takes the view
that history cannot be rewound
and that by displaying the
marbles in London – and by
not charging for entry – the
Museum has spread the culture
of classical Greek civilisation,
which has been an inspiration
to generations of people of all
nationalities.
ve
ni
ev
R
The British Museum continues
to resist political pressure and
intends to hold on to its prize
Language and Style
2
y
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ie
Those who resist the demand
for the restitution of the marbles
point out that they would
not have survived at all had
they remained in Athens, and
that Lord Elgin saved them
exhibits. Officials claim that the
return of the marbles to Greece
would open the floodgates
to all countries wanting their
antiquities back, and the
world’s museums and libraries
would have to dismantle their
collections and close, thereby
diminishing their own nation’s
educational and financial
resources. Tourist attractions
would be rendered national
rather than international,
which, they argue, would be a
retrograde step, as links and
comparisons between the
world’s greatest artefacts can
only be possible in international
exhibitions. Since more than
half the original marbles are
lost, the return of the ones in
Britain would not complete the
collection.
op
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Pr
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for posterity. The city fell to
Byzantines, Franks and Turks,
and the Parthenon was damaged
by fire and earthquake as
recently as 1981. In 1687, during
a siege, the Turkish garrison’s
gunpowder stored inside the
Parthenon was ignited, bringing
down walls and columns,
and the Acropolis was twice
besieged during the Greek War
of Independence in the 1820s.
The Venetians shattered the
horses of Athena and Poseidon
while they were trying to
remove them, and other pieces
had been carried off to the
Louvre before Elgin’s ‘theft’ and
relocation of the marbles in
1801.
w
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am
br
id
The Greeks, who have been
seeking their return since 1829,
when their country became
independent, view them as an
intrinsic part of their national
identity and culture, as the
essence of Greekness. They
have offered various guarantees
for the return of their treasures:
providing a temperaturecontrolled, world-class museum
to house and display them;
paying the cost of their transport
to Athens; donating other pieces
in a reciprocal exchange; and
accepting them as a long-term
loan, without transference of
ownership. Fragments of the
marbles have already been
returned by other countries,
including the USA. Supporters
also point out that Aboriginal
ancestral human remains were
returned to Tasmania after a
20-year battle with Australia,
despite the existence of
the British Museum charter
preventing the repatriation of
items in its collection.
Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution
73
op
y
ve
rs
ity
ni
Underline all the words beginning with re in Passage A. Choose those which are the correct
synonyms for the following words or phrases.
a
joined again
g change of place
-C
b taken away
in return
Pr
es
s
c
h return to country of origin
i
moving backwards
j
supplies
return to owner
4
Using different colours for each tense, underline or highlight in Passage A all the verbs in the four
past tenses: present perfect, simple past, past continuous, past perfect. Fill in the gaps below to
explain their usage.
op
ni
w
, whereas for an
br
ev
id
For a completed and dated action in the past we use the
ie
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op
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d oppose
ev
ie
turned back
-R
f
ev
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am
br
id
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C
U
3
op
Pr
y
es
The past continuous shows that an action
rs
C
Circle all the uses of which and who in Passage A. They either define or do not define the preceding
noun, depending on whether or not a comma is used. Join the simple sentences below into one
complex sentence by using which or who (or whom if the person is the object of the verb), either with
or without a comma.
a
I visited the exhibition. I heard about it on the radio.
y
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C
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5
ve
w
.
ity
when
ie
.
s
-C
The past perfect tense is used when an action
op
Pr
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es
s
-C
b I read about the man. He had stolen the statues.
ity
I bought a book. It was about the history of Greece.
w
ni
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c
op
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w
We have not visited Greece. We have heard it is a beautiful country.
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74
am
br
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d I met Lord Byron. He had written a poem the previous day.
ev
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am
action which began in the past but which is not yet completed we use the
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op
y
ve
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C
U
I spoke to a woman in the gallery. She was the one I had met previously.
am
br
id
ev
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-C
-R
g It is difficult to find the people. They are responsible for the damage.
op
y
Pr
es
s
h This is the Museum Director. He is against the return of the marbles.
j
You should have interviewed Lord Elgin. I introduced him to you.
y
C
ev
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Pr
y
es
s
-C
Using the information in Passage A, write as a dialogue an argument between a British Museum
official and a representative of the Greek Ministry of Culture about who should have custody of the
Elgin marbles.
op
ity
MC: I must insist on behalf of the Greek people that this important part of our cultural heritage is
returned to where it belongs.
op
y
op
-R
Unit 7
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C
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ni
BM:
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id
am
br
Comprehension and Summary
6
op
ni
U
R
ev
ie
w
ve
rs
ity
They didn’t find the sculpture. It was buried by an earthquake.
C
i
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am
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s
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am
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C
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Imagine that the British Museum has changed its mind and agreed to return the marbles to Athens.
Using the information in Passage A, write the news report, with headline, announcing this decision.
y
op
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op
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s
Bricks and stones
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Unit 7
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76
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7
rs
C
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op
Pr
Directed Writing
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am
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Pr
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id
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am
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es
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am
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es
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Unit 7
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Reading
8
Read the article below.
-R
y
a high tide of 144 cm. What is certain is that the Adriatic
has risen by 23 cm over the last 50 years, after decades
of stability. This may be due to global factors, or to
heavy draining of underground water by local factories;
an aggravating factor is that the city also suffers from
subsidence.
op
Every winter Venice fears the acqua alta, which
threatens to overwhelm it; relentless high tides are
eating into the wooden doors and shutters of groundfloor apartments. No one lives on the ground floor
any more and Venetians are leaving their drowning
home; the population has dwindled by 100,000 in 50
years to 70,000. The worst thing about the floods is
their unpredictability, and that they cost the city $5
million annually in lost work hours. Priceless frescoes
are subject to damp and are at risk of permanent water
damage; tourists find they have wet feet in St Mark’s
Square 50 times a year. This flooding is most dramatic
when a higher-than-average tide coincides with various
other phenomena – such as heavy rainfall inland from
the Venetian lagoon, a wind blowing in from the Adriatic
Sea or an area of low pressure.
es
s
-R
br
am
-C
Pr
y
Paintings by Venice’s most famous artist, Canaletto,
show how much the sea has risen around the city in the
200 years since his death in 1768: 80 cm, an average of
2.4 mm annually. His paintings are so realistic that they
include tidemarks on the buildings beside canals, and
are as accurate as photographs since he used a camera
obscura to project images through a lens on to his
canvases.
rs
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op
C
w
y
op
ev
When the tide is high, the boats cannot pass under the
bridges, and kilometres of temporary raised wooden
walkways (passerelle) have to be laid to keep feet
dry, though these are in danger of being swept away
by the high waters and there are particular fears for
schoolchildren. There is a plan to instal barriers on the
seabed by the year 2010, which could be raised as a
temporary dike when high tides are predicted, but it is
hugely expensive and some experts have warned that the
dike might have to go up as many as 200 times a year,
and that the barriers could have adverse environmental
effects on the lagoon.
-R
ity
-R
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am
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For half a century there has been constant debate on
how to save the city, but no agreement can be found,
not even on whether the situation is getting worse.
The number of high tides varies between 80 and 100
in consecutive years, without any apparent trend; the
worst flood of 194 cm was in 1966, but in 2001 there was
-C
R
ev
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op
Pr
y
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s
-C
am
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C
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ni
ev
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High water is most likely to occur between September
and April, though it’s not unheard of at other times.
July is just about the only dry month in a city of water
built in a lagoon in the Adriatic Sea. If you are tourist
planning ahead, you can expect the highest tides around
the time of a full moon or a new moon. When a level
above 110 cm is expected – which will invade nearly 12%
of Venice – sirens will sound a warning 3–4 hours in
advance of high tide, with an increasing number of tones
to signify every 10 cm above 110 cm, warning residents
to protect their properties and get out their wellington
boots. The speakers are concealed inside bell towers and
public buildings.
Venice has twin problems of subsidence and rising water
levels. The current plan to alleviate flooding consists of
giant gates at the entrances to the lagoon. Many locals
believe the development is a waste of money and may
even worsen the situation. This remains to be seen, but
Venice is certainly one of the world’s first major cities to
be threatened by rising sea levels due to climate change.
ev
id
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Pr
es
s
-C
Passage B: High water
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op
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am
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id
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C
U
Language and Style
Use the following words, in bold in Passage B, in sentences of your own which show you understand
their meaning. Look up any which you are not sure of.
a
overwhelm
Pr
es
s
-C
-R
9
dwindled
consecutive
j
trend
-R
es
s
-C
op
Pr
y
k stability
rs
ity
aggravating
m current
op
ni
br
id
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w
ge
o adverse
C
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n alleviate
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l
y
C
id
am
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br
h phenomena
ge
g coincides
w
dramatic
ie
f
ev
priceless
ni
e
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w
d unpredictability
op
C
ve
rs
ity
op
c
y
b relentless
ev
s
Pr
y
how to save
suffers
subsidence
the lagoon
h have effects
C
U
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being swept away
g in danger
y
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debate
op
op
C
f
permanent water damage
d at risk
ie
w
damp
subject
e
the floods
b the worst thing
c
-R
the wooden doors
es
eating
-C
a
am
10 Add prepositions in the spaces below, then check back in Passage B to see whether your answers are
correct.
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79
op
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C
U
11 Study the use of full stops, semicolons and commas in the first two paragraphs of
Passage B, then punctuate the paragraph below.
am
br
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standing in Miracle Square in the Tuscan town of Pisa is the 54.5-metre-high 12th-
-R
century monument world famous for its lean of 4.5 metres off the perpendicular
Pr
es
s
-C
the leaning tower of Pisa has been stabilised by earth extraction but it will take
op
y
300 years to get it back to where it was in 1990 even then it was very close to falling
ve
rs
ity
C
over it has worn a steel corset for most of the past decade in 1990 the bells were
ev
ie
w
silenced for fear of destabilising vibrations tourists have not yet been re-admitted
w
ge
C
U
R
ni
op
y
to the tower when they are it is likely that only 30 will be allowed at a time
y
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12a How does the writer of Passage B convey the seriousness of the threat to Venice of the high tides?
y
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b How does the writer of Passage B convey the difficulty of finding a solution to the problem?
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op
y
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am
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U
Comprehension and Summary
y
op
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ev
Directed Writing
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13 As a Venetian citizen, tell a visitor in one paragraph about the effect of the acqua alta on your life and
your city.
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14 Using information from Passages A and B, and ideas of your own, write a magazine article entitled
‘Battling the elements’ on the importance and difficulties of preserving ancient buildings and
artefacts.
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81
s
Unit 7
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Bricks and stones
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A
Large house in open country, in need of some decoration, with pleasant
views and walks. Separate apartment over double garage plus four
bedrooms. Spacious garden with lawns and fruit trees. Nearest village 5 km.
Good school in town 10 km away which also has railway station. Occasional
bus service. Not recently lived in. Telephone and central heating could be
installed.
w
C
ve
rs
ity
op
y
Pr
es
s
-C
am
br
id
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U
15 Read the following descriptions of properties for sale.
y
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U
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B
Semi-detached, four-bedroom 1930s house in suburb. Large rooms and
good-sized rear garden, mostly patio. Single garage. On main road and bus
route to centre of town. Two schools in neighbourhood. Shops and park
within walking distance. Recently modernised and decorated throughout.
Quiet street of mostly retired people.
y
op
ni
ev
ve
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w
rs
C
ity
op
Pr
y
es
s
-C
-R
am
C
Three-storey, four-bedroom terraced house in the town centre. Cinema,
bowling alley, playground, sports facilities and medical centre all within
the locality. Communal garden and on-street parking. Walking distance
from town centre and shops. Houses in the area mostly owned by young
professional couples with small children.
ev
br
id
ie
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C
U
R
16 As an estate agent, advise a couple which property would be most suitable for them and their teenage
son and daughter, elderly parent, dog and two cars. The properties are all roughly the same price.
The family are moving because the mother has got a job in the town; the father runs a business from
home and needs office space.
-C
-R
am
Estate agent: Here are the details of three properties but, from what you’ve told me, I think the one
you should go and look at first is …
-R
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Mother:
w
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Pr
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s
Father:
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Bricks and stones
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Bricks and stones
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17 As the teenage son or daughter in the family, write a letter to a friend at your old school, telling him
or her about your new house and its location, how it differs from the house and neighbourhood you
used to live in, and what alterations are needed to make it more suitable for your family’s needs.
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Coursework topics
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Bricks and stones
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‘I looked back, and saw that the building was
now just a heap of rubble.’ Write a story with
this as the last sentence.
‘The day we moved house’. Write a story with
this title.
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Narrative writing
f
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am
Write a detailed critique of a particular
painting or sculpture.
d Describe a castle, palace, hotel or other large
public building which you have visited and
which made an impression on you.
e
m or
Design and describe in detail the roo
house of your dreams.
ev
2
Descriptive writing
c
, how
Discuss the role of the arts in society
voke
they have evolved, and why they pro
ding.
debate about their purpose and fun
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‘Home sweet home’. Discuss the physical and
emotional importance of the idea of home.
b Should art be owned? Present the case for or
against the right of individuals to purchase
famous works of art.
a
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Argumentative/discursive writing
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Composition
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Read the article below.
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Reading
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Passage A: Dogs to the rescue
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There is a growing body of evidence and opinion that the
power of dogs’ noses is as yet underexploited, and that
the acute sense of smell of an ordinary hound can be put
to better use than finding lost bones: it could be applied
to diagnosing cancer and other serious diseases. This first
came to the attention of the medical profession in 1989,
when the letters page of a medical journal described
the case of a woman whose dog’s repeated sniffing at a
lesion on her leg had led her to seek medical advice; it
was diagnosed as a malignant tumour. The dog (a border
collie and dobermann cross) had shown no interest
in other moles on her owner’s body, but spent several
minutes a day sniffing the malignant mole. Eventually the
dog tried to bite off the mole, which was the point at
which her owner went to the doctor. In the view of the
doctors who wrote to the magazine, the possible use of
animals with highly developed sensory abilities in cancer
diagnosis was worth investigation; surgeon John Church
began doing further research and discovered other cases
of dogs which had detected cancerous growths and
saved their owners’ lives.
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hands and arms – and can give warning up to 40 minutes
before a seizure or blackout occurs. It fetches the medication
and howls until its owner takes it. Diabetics can also be
helped by a barked warning and the dog retrieving a bag
containing sugar foods. If an attack does occur, the dog
presses an alarm button to summon medical aid.
As well as ‘seizure alert’ dogs, there are a variety of
‘disability’ dogs who can help their owners dress and can
operate control buttons, fetch items, bring the phone and
go shopping. They can even load and unload a washing
machine. The dogs must be obedient, confident, sociable,
well-adjusted and devoted to their owners, who also have to
undergo training. It costs roughly £5000 to train a medical
support dog, but their ability to perform various household
tasks enables their owners to lead a fuller and more
independent life.
Pr
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Research has proved that, in addition to all these canine
services to humans, having a dog improves the quality and
duration of human lives by reducing stress through the act
of stroking and by providing an incentive for daily exercise
and fresh air.
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There is another type of patient to whom dogs have
proved invaluable: epileptics. Dogs can reduce the
frequency of epileptic seizures by 40% in those who
suffer from them, not only because the presence of
the friendly animal reduces the stress which brings on
the attack, but because a trained dog has the intuition
to sense a potential attack – by detecting microscopic
twitches of the eyes and nervous movements of the
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If one is asked to think about rescue dogs, the ones
likely to come to mind are St Bernards, with brandy kegs
around their necks, digging people out of avalanches in
the Alps, earthquake dogs sent to Turkey and Greece in
recent years, and of course the guide dogs for the blind.
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8
Medical notes
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Unit
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Remind yourself in Passage A of the use of apostrophes, dashes,
brackets, hyphens, colons, semicolons, commas, full stops and capitals;
then punctuate the passage below.
Pr
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Language and Style
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this is a curious story a doctor in athens who examined a 33 year old
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woman after she complained of headaches removed a spider which had
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made its home in her ear doctor evangelos zervas showed video footage
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he had recorded of the spider inside the womans ear when he examined
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the patient he was surprised to find a spiders web and then he saw that
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there was movement the woman drove a motorcycle it appears that this is
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when it entered her ear because the temperature is ideal there it stayed
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Re-read Passage A. Write a summary of the ways in which dogs can be of service to humans.
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Comprehension and Summary
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Reading
Read the news report below.
The time delay between the surgeons’ hand
movements, transferred to the robot, had to
be constant and kept at no more than 200
milliseconds.
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Previous operations were practised on
animals before the human surgery was
performed.
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into the patient’s
of high-speed telephone lines via cameras which have been
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have been performed on animals. It has taken a quarter of a
body. Previous
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it is expected that all hospitals in the future will have such
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to perfect the technology. Although the cost at present is
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. These are controlled by surgeons transferring movements by means
using
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operations across thousands of miles
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Surgeons have proved it is possible to
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Fill in the gaps to complete the summary of Passage B. Use your own words.
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Comprehension and Summary
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Medical professors believe that it will soon
be possible to perform operations anywhere
in the world. The present cost is a million
dollars for this kind of robot, but in a few
years they will be a normal part of the
surgical apparatus in all hospitals.
op
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The woman’s gall bladder was removed by
keyhole surgery at the Strasbourg university
hospital, using a camera introduced into her
body through a small incision. This is now
normal practice for keyhole procedures, but
the difference was that the surgical team,
led by French professor Jacques Marescaux,
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It took two and a half years to create the
high-power telephone line capable of reducing
the delay to an average of 150 milliseconds,
almost impossible to detect, by using a fibre
optic line that transmitted 10 megabytes of
computer memory per second.
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The operation took 54 minutes and was
a complete success, with no risk to the
anonymous patient, a 68-year-old French
woman. There were 80 people on hand, some
at each end, on standby in case things went
wrong.
Robots are the future
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The operation was to remove a gall bladder
in Strasbourg, France, using robotics linked
to a high-speed telephone line. It was called
‘operation Lindbergh’, after the American
aviator who was the first man to fly solo
across the Atlantic.
controlled the movements of the miniature
robot from New York.
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Yesterday a team of six French surgeons
in New York were able to carry out an
intercontinental surgical operation from more
than 4000 miles away and across six time
zones.
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Pr
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Passage B: Robot doctors perform surgery
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Language and Style
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6a Note that practise and practice both occur in Passage B. Study the way the words have been used,
then consider the following similar pairs: advise and advice, license and licence, prophesy and
prophecy. Complete the rule below.
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form and the
form. We spell the word with an s when we are referring
, but with a c when we are using the
.
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to the
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There is a small group of usually two-syllabled words which have a slightly different spelling for the
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offering
offerring
transference
transferrence
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deterent
referral
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referal
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reference
Choose examples from Passage B of vocabulary and syntax which convey the idea of risk, and
explain why they have this effect.
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preferred
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prefered
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Choose the correct spelling in the following pairs.
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b Note the spelling in Passage B of controlled, transferred and transmitted, which double the final
consonant before adding -ed or -ing. List other two-syllabled verbs ending in l, r or t, usually with the
stress on the second syllable, which follow the same rule.
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Headlines and titles often act as a summary of a text. Think of other short titles which could have
been used for Passages A and B to summarise their content.
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Write the diary entry of the surgeon Professor Jacques Marescaux after the operation, commenting on
the history, process and success of the procedure.
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Unit 8
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Comprehension and Summary
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10 Using material from Passages A and B, write a radio script in which Dr John Church and Professor
Jacques Marescaux argue that their own research is the future of medicine.
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Directed Writing
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Professor M:
C
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Doctor C: Surgeons will no longer be needed if diseases can be detected earlier.
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11 Study the leaflet below.
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From its foundation in 1971, Médecins Sans Frontières has been a living,
breathing, vital humanitarian presence in the world.
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A group of frustrated French doctors were determined to create a union
of medical professionals and logistics experts who together could bring
humanitarian aid to whoever needed it, anywhere in the world. The charity
now has 2500 workers and covers 80 countries.
s
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And so Médecins Sans Frontières was born and with it a new vision and
direction for the world’s humanitarian response to crisis. One which could
cut through the barriers of bureaucracy to bring aid swiftly and effectively to
the most vulnerable populations.
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Treatable diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia are still the leading
causes of death in the developing world. Floods and earthquakes are often
followed by malaria and cholera outbreaks. Because of its independence
and flexibility, Médecins Sans Frontières can be at the scene of a medical
emergency within 24 hours, to provide medical equipment, examination kits
and essential drugs, and to set up functioning clinics.
-C
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Today it is the world’s largest independent international medical-relief
agency, helping victims of armed conflict, epidemics, and natural and manmade disasters. It is not affiliated to any government, religion or economic
power. This means, however, that the only financial support comes from
members of the public, private individuals committed to the cause.
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Medical notes
93
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12 Write a charity appeal letter for the organisation Médecins Sans Frontières. Explain simply the work
of the organisation and why money is needed.
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Composition
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Coursework topics
‘Animal experimentation is cruel and cannot be
justified.’ Do you agree?
b ‘Nature knows best.’ Discuss this claim in the
context of medical treatments through the
ages, and the way in which medicine is likely to
develop in the future.
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Unit 8
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‘As he woke up, he realised that he was lying
on an operating table and faces in white masks
were peering down at him …’. Continue this
story.
Write a story of an emergency medical rescue.
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Narrative writing
f
and
Write an informative piece on robots
, and
other remotely controlled devices
ds.
their roles in various fiel
ni
c My time in hospital.
d The healer.
with,
Choose a charity you sympathise
speech
and give it a new name. Write the
your
for a television appeal broadcast for
charity.
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Descriptive writing
e
1
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Argumentative/discursive writing
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All in the mind
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Reading
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Read the article below.
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Enough responses were collected to also make
it possible for the first time to draw conclusions
about humour, such as whether men and women
find the same things funny, and whether a
sense of humour is differentiated by nationality.
‘Even more fundamentally,’ says Wiseman, ‘the
data tells us what makes something humorous,
why we laugh, and what the function of
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All in the mind
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Unit 9
The question of the function of humour is at the
core of humanity and has exercised great thinkers
from earliest times. According to Aristotle,
humour began as a kind of magic to drive out
evil. It is still used today as a weapon to ridicule
and bring down those in authority. Ugliness and
deformity arouse laughter, which suggests that
humour is used as a protection against something
feared or not understood. Mockery of others
allows us to feel superior, and clowning and
slapstick reassure us that we would
not be so stupid as to slip on a banana
skin or fall off a chair.
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96
humour may be.’ The data reveals a huge
difference between the sexes, with an underlying
aggression in men’s favourite jokes which is
absent in the women’s top ten; women prefer
jokes involving wordplay. Stranger conclusions
emerged, such as that the best jokes have 102
or 103 words in them, that ducks are considered
the funniest animal, and that people find
jokes funniest in the early evening and in early
October! The ten countries which contributed the
most jokes divided into three categories: those
who preferred jokes involving wordplay; those
who preferred jokes which make a person look
stupid; and those who preferred jokes which
were surreal.
op
Via the internet, people were invited to feed
their favourite jokes into a central database.
Senders were also asked to register their reaction
to selected jokes on a five-point scale, from
‘very funny’ to ‘not very funny’, and to supply
biographical information about themselves.
‘Rather than starting with a hypothesis, we
wanted to see what the data could tell us,’ says
Dr Wiseman. The response was astounding: two
million people from 70 countries voted on 40,000
jokes, and the world’s funniest joke emerged as a
clear winner.
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Where do jokes come from? No one ever admits
to having invented one, but everyone claims to
have heard it. The nature of humour has been
the year-long project of psychologist Richard
Wiseman and his team of researchers at the
University of Hertfordshire. Called Laughlab, and
set up to shed light on the mysteries of humour
during Science Year, it has been the largest
experiment of its kind ever conducted.
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Passage A: What’s the joke?
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None of this explains why laughter can reduce
us to hysteria, however, or why some phrases
are funny in themselves. Laughter often turns
to tears, and vice versa, and it seems clear that
laughing and crying are two sides of the same
coin as ways of dealing with a kind of assault by
surprise and the abnormal; expressions of relief
that it isn’t happening to us, but of horror that it
is happening at all. Frightened cinema audiences
resort to nervous giggling, and even young
children laugh extensively at horrific injuries
inflicted on cartoon characters. It is generally
agreed that all jokes contain an element of
the incongruous – a clashing of worlds and
expectations – as well as the need to be able to
see two points of view simultaneously – a skill too
sophisticated for robots, if not for monkeys.
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As to its purpose, there are various theories:
one is that humour helps defuse aggression and
avert bloodshed; another one, in contradiction, is
that it is a sign of victory and relief after battle.
Yet another view is that it helps to define social
groups and has a cohesive function, signifiying
acceptance or not; we can laugh consciously
when we wish to flatter someone or show
solidarity with them. Humour has also been
described as a self-protective device, allowing one
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to hide behind jokiness whilst actually making
a criticism, or while saying something serious
but without embarrassing earnestness, as when
making a proposal of marriage. Since men usually
tell the jokes and are more strongly associated
with comedy than women are, there may also be
a social dominance factor in humour.
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In the 20th century, psychologists and
philosophers tended to explain humour as a
release of tension, tracing the smile back to the
satisfaction of a baby. When we laugh – a motor
reflex common to all humans – 15 facial muscles
contract and our breathing pattern changes.
Since many mammals have been shown to have
some form of laughter, it is likely to predate
language as a means of communication. Chimps
can use sign language to say ‘Stick the banana up
your nose’. However, artificial intelligence systems
cannot be programmed to show amusement,
which is what makes humour such an enigma.
The official Laughlab report is expected to
benefit scientists developing artificial intelligence
in computer programs.
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Language and Style
Write crossword clues for the words below from Passage A. You can either give straightforward
definitions, bearing in mind the part of speech, or construct cryptic clues using puns or anagrams.
You may need to use a dictionary.
a
surreal
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Underline the hot-spots and practise spelling the following words from Passage A.
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associated
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Comprehension and Summary
Using the information in Passage A, write an encyclopedia entry under the heading of ‘Humour’.
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Unit 9
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Reading
Read the article below.
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Firewalking has become the most commonplace of the various exotic ‘teambuilding’ exercises
inflicted on corporate managers these days. A spokesperson for one US company offering the
activity claims: ‘It stimulates greater resourcefulness and creativity in management, promotes
productivity and results in higher morale. It is a way of teaching people to overcome the fears
which inhibit success, because firewalking encourages participants to develop a positive state of
mind and a belief that obstacles can be surpassed through sheer confidence.’
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Passage B: Fire and fear
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However, a group of Burger King managers in Florida recently learnt a different lesson: if you
walk on hot coals, you burn your feet. Of the 100 participants in a corporate bonding exercise
in Key Largo, a dozen received serious burns and one was taken to hospital. Several went to the
airport the next day in wheelchairs, provoking comments that they were not only being trained
to sell burgers, but to become them. A few years ago, seven trainee salesmen in an insurance
company had the same gruelling – or should that be grilling? – experience, resulting in two of
them having to be taken to a specialist burns unit.
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Nonetheless, 80% of the participants in both cases – and this is the usual percentage – came
through the flames unscathed, so is this attributable to the power of the human mind? Not
according to Dr Robin Allen, a physicist at Southampton University: ‘Firewalking is a classic
example of something which looks mysterious but is explicable as basic physics.’ He has
firewalked many times himself for charity, and gives the simple explanation: ‘Wood and wood
ash are relatively poor conductors of heat. As long as you keep moving, there is no problem,
even up to 900 ºC.’ However, it is accepted that sometimes accidents happen: embers stick to
the feet; soft wood is more conductive than hard woods like oak or beech; some people have
thinner soles than others; sometimes the firewalking is foolishly prepared on metal trays.
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What is not a factor, ironically, is mental attitude or leadership potential. Nor is there any
acknowledged connection between such circus tricks and increased company profits. But for
some people it is a genuinely life-changing experience, simply because it enables them to prove
to themselves that they can defeat fear.
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The reverse side of this empowerment is phobia, which renders the sufferer incapable of reason
or control of their physical condition. Panic attacks produce all the symptoms of extreme fear:
pumping heart, sweating, shallow breathing, adrenalin production. Normal fear is a response to
a recognised external threat, and a natural means of protection, whereas obsessive fears centre
on an unlikely and illogical threat: spiders, mice, open spaces, high buildings, etc. There are
people so afraid of illness that they visit their doctor or dentist daily. No amount of rational
reassurance can convince phobics that there is no threat, and often the real fear is of something
unrelated and displaced. Psychotherapy is usually recommended, but its results are generally
disappointing.
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Language and Style
Passage B contains six groups of triple synonyms. Give the other two in each case.
a
commonplace
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overcome
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greater
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fear
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Explain how the writer’s attitude to firewalking is conveyed in the first four paragraphs of Passage B.
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Circle the colons (:) in Passages A and B. Complete the following statement:
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or a
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the other usage is to introduce either a
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Colons have two uses: the first is the way in which it has just been used, which is before
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b encourages
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Study the punctuation of direct speech in Passages A and B. Put inverted commas and other
necessary punctuation into the text below. Use the symbol // to indicate where you would start a new
line to show a change of speaker.
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a couple of hunters are out in the woods when one of them falls to the ground he doesnt seem to be
calls the emergency services he gasps to the operator my friend is dead what can I do the operator in
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breathing and his eyes have rolled back in his head the other guy whips out his mobile phone and
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a soothing voice says just take it easy I can help first let’s make sure he’s dead there is a silence then
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a shot is heard the guys voice comes back on the line he says OK now what
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Comprehension and Summary
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10 Write an extract from the transcript of a television chat show called Mindpower. The guests are
Dr Allen and Dr Wiseman. They are sharing their experiences and views on the ways the human
mind responds to external stimulus.
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Dr W: It amazed me that Laughlab provoked such a huge response from the international public.
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Dr A:
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All in the mind
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Directed Writing
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Educational consultant Don Gilbert will talk on the differences between the way boys and girls
work in schools and their different attitudes to and methods of studying.
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Gender differences
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Females use both hemispheres of the brain for communication, whereas males use mainly the
left. The right side of male brains, used for spatial and logical tasks, appears to be more highly
developed. Boys find it hard to sit still and prefer short-term goals, competition, instant feedback,
and factual and science subjects. Girls are generally less demanding, more intuitive, more
conscientious, and tend to excel at arts and languages. They do more reading and writing, whereas
boys prefer to do the talking.
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The session will suggest ways of balancing pupil performance in schools, such as by separating
boys and girls for some lessons or by differentiating tasks, syllabuses and methods of assessment
on the basis of gender.
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Lauren Milsom, organiser of the national club, will talk about the needs of left-handers,
who make up 10% of the population and are on the increase.
ity
More males than females are left-handed. It is a hereditary condition, and older mothers
are more likely to have left-handed children. Many left-handers are musical, mathematical
and sporting prodigies. They need specialised equipment in schools and understanding
of their difficulties, particularly with handwriting and musical instruments, in order to
achieve their potential in a right-handed world. They are often discriminated against and
the word left has negative connotations in various languages (such as sinister in Latin
and gauche in French), although research has shown left-handers on average to be more
creative and intelligent than right-handers, and more able to think laterally because of
the way their brain is structured and because society has forced them to learn to be more
adaptable.
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Left-handers’ club
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Psychologist Dr Ann Lee has written extensively on mind and memory and will talk about
combating forgetfulness, committing information to memory and ways of improving recall (as
applied in the classroom and examination revision) through the use of triggers and memory aids.
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Unit 9
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Over-reliance on electronic memory aid gadgets, from computers to bleeping keyrings, has
contributed to the decline of human memory. Use it or lose it! Instead of taking notes and
listening carefully to lessons and lectures, we think we can look it up on the internet when we
get home. Techniques for improving students’ memories will be suggested, and will include
having a ‘home base’ for important items, using mental imagery to make associations, and
reviewing information soon after acquiring it and at intervals thereafter.
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Memory training
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12 As the director of studies of the coeducational secondary school, which speaker would you invite to
address the staff and student population with the aim of improving academic performance? Tell the
rest of the staff which visiting speaker you are recommending, and why.
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Coursework topics
‘Mind over matter’. Do you believe that the
human mind can cause or control physical
symptoms?
b ‘Humour is the madness which keeps the world
sane.’ Discuss this claim.
a
Research and write about your own
and other people’s fears, explaining
be
how phobias arise and how they can
treated.
1
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Composition
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Write a story in which someone has
.
apparently supernatural experience
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Unit 9
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2
Write a humorous story beginning ‘“There are
definitely no wild animals around here,” said
my father, as we were putting up the tent in the
middle of the woods.’
Write a short story about a practical joke which
went wrong.
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Narrative writing
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Describe an unusual group activity which you
have participated in or observed.
d The clown.
c
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Descriptive writing
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Unit 10
Basically, I spend less and
communicate more effectively,
even though junk email – ‘spam’
– is admittedly annoying.
Granted I have to upgrade the
hardware every three years
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You may say that you are in
closer touch with all your old
friends because you write to
them regularly. How often is
regularly? I speak to most of
my friends nearly every day by
email, which means I know what
What’s more, thanks to digital
cameras I can exchange instant
photos (which cost me nothing
at all) with my family and scan
and send documents to business
contacts all over the world.
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Yes, it’s true that a lot of
information on the internet is
low-grade or of no conceivable
interest to anybody sane, and
that much of it is criminal, like
instructions for making terrorist
bombs. It is also true that there
are many scams which trap the
unwary into parting with their
So, there is the telephone, you
say. Indeed there is, and it is
extremely expensive, especially
if, like me, you have friends all
over the world. But by using a
new technology called VOIP –
Voice Over Internet Protocol – I
can phone my friends, whichever
country they are in, absolutely
free for as long as I like! What
will cost you a fortune costs me
nothing – and the quality of the
line is often better, too. If they
have a web camera, which
most of them do, I can actually
see them – in live video – as I
speak to them. The age of the
telephone is over!
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More importantly, the internet
contains an infinite treasure
house of knowledge of an
educational kind which has a
civilising influence on the world.
Without leaving my chair, I am
better informed than you, with
up-to-the minute global news
and research into any topic at
my fingertips. If I have an ache,
I can check my symptoms and
know I have strained a muscle
and need a hot bath, while
you are hobbling along to the
doctor’s surgery for a lengthy
wait. If I needed expert advice
on a problem or passion, I would
be able to get it from complete
strangers on the other side of the
world who happen to share my
interests.
is happening in their lives now,
not last week or month when they
wrote a letter – it’s not called
‘snail mail’ for nothing.
op
Although you may spend more
time writing ‘real’ letters and
talking to people on the phone,
whereas I stare at a screen
for hours on end every day,
I can be out doing sport or
indulging in my hobbies while
you are queuing at the bank
or collecting brochures from
a travel agent. Because these
things can be done online, I can
choose and book a holiday, and
know whether there is enough
in my bank account to pay for
it, without even having to get
dressed.
w
money, including what is called
‘phishing’ – when a bogus site
masquerading as your bank asks
you to enter all your personal
details. But it is easy to avoid
these snares if you keep up to
date.
ge
If you don’t have a home
computer, as I do (and a laptop
so that I will have the same
facilities if I am away from
home), your life is very different
from mine. I use the web
constantly and receive dozens of
emails every day. Let me explain
how this affects my life and puts
you at a disadvantage.
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Passage A: E-volution
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Read the article below.
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Reading
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journey to and fro and time lost
wandering around stores searching for
what I want, and then finding out that
they haven’t got it in stock anyway. I
agree that I have to be careful about
using my credit card because of fraud,
and there is the question of data
protection and how my details can
be made use of by other people to
solicit me with unwanted goods and
services, but it’s a small price to pay for
the amazing convenience of having a
research assistant in my study who does
so much of my work for me, and doesn’t
even need to be paid!
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or so, as the computers get quicker
and cleverer, and the software has
to be updated too, particularly the
anti-virus programs, but I still save
money in the long run. For instance,
when someone gives me a price
for something, I can check on the
internet for someone selling it
cheaper. I save infinite amounts
of time and money by
ordering my books
and CDs online,
and having them
delivered to the
door, without the
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After having
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Not only
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d Even though
In spite of
3
Underline the conditional sentences in Passage A. Complete the rules describing the functions and
use of tenses of the four types of conditional.
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. Second conditionals, which use the simple past followed by
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tense followed by
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. Third conditionals, formed with the
present in both clauses, which refer to
Unit 10
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tense with the future tense for events which
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b Before buying
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a
Complete the grammatical structures by filling the gaps using ideas from Passage A. Remember to
put in the necessary commas.
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Language and Style
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Fill in the missing prepositions without looking back at Passage A, then check the last paragraph of
the passage to see whether you have completed it correctly.
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something, I can check
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ordering my books and CDs online, and having them delivered
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that they haven’t got it
using my credit card because
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careful
fraud, and there is the question
other people to solicit
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my study who does so much of my work
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the amazing
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unwanted goods and services, but it’s a small price to pay
convenience
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Identify the features of Passage A which give the impression that the writer is addressing the reader
directly and informally.
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Watching the screen
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data protection and how my details can be made use
me
what I want,
stock anyway. I agree that I have to be
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and then finding
the door, without
stores searching
the journey to and fro and time lost wandering
the
time and money
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someone selling it cheaper. I save infinite amounts
internet
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For instance, when someone gives me a price
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Write a dialogue between a computer owner and a non-owner, who are arguing about which has the
better lifestyle. Use information from Passage A and ideas of your own.
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Using the arguments in Passage A, make a list of ten points to explain to your parents why you need a
home computer.
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Comprehension and Summary
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Owner: I don’t know how I ever managed before I got a computer; it saves me so much time.
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Unit 10
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Non-owner:
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Watching the screen
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Unit 10
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Read the article below.
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There are persistent arguments
over how much TV violence
contributes to real violence, and
the possibly damaging moral
effect of desensitising children to
bad language, sex and pain. The
9.00 p.m. watershed does not protect
child viewers when they stay up
watching TV much later than that.
It is also claimed that contemporary
TV programmes make people feel
inadequate if they haven’t had their
15 minutes of fame, and it seems that
many would do anything to get on TV,
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Unit 10
watershed time before which programmes
considered unsuitable for children may not
be broadcast; introduced in 1959 and still set
at 9.00 p.m. in the UK
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It is claimed that we are consumers
in a commercial culture, buying a
product of passive experience as
a substitute for our own; we have
become addicted to our screens; we
have stopped communicating with
Studies of families or communities
who live without TV show that
people communicate more with
each other and pursue communal
and educational activities. But life
without TV is unimaginable for
most people in the 21st century. It
is a social glue which binds us to
our friends, who watch the same
programmes and discuss them in
the playground, at work and on the
phone the next day. ‘Did you see … ?’
is an opening for social interaction
in every context. TV enables us to
go to places we shall never see for
ourselves, to think of doing things
we would otherwise never dream of:
holidays, hobbies, sports and careers.
It brings information and drama,
enlightenment and entertainment,
into ignorant and dull lives. It has
the power to bring whole nations
and groups of nations together in
grief and celebration. It has given
us choices we did not know existed
and role models to inspire us. TV
fills the visual gaps left in our
imaginations, and makes us more
likely to appreciate the natural world
and threats against it than any other
means of communication.
y
However, technology is changing
rapidly in this field as in all others.
The spread of cable television, the
introduction of digital high definition
TV and other developments are
weakening the grip of the advertisers
and the big production companies.
With hundreds of channels available,
the introduction of view on demand
and pay-per-view, and increasing
opportunities for the viewer to
interact with and control what
they are seeing, the initiative has
swung firmly in the direction of the
individual who makes his or her own
viewing choices.
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Seventy years after its invention, TV
has evolved into an interactive and
intrusive eye and a 24-hour presence
in the corner of our sitting-rooms
and bedrooms. Critics say that it
has blurred the distinction between
reality and illusion with its so-called
reality programmes – which are
totally artificial – and that treating
fact as fiction and vice versa creates
a moral vacuum which makes war
attractive, falling tower-blocks
exciting, and people in the process
of dying fascinating. The images
on the news are real and yet they
are like those in a film. Big Brother,
now copied in a dozen countries and
spreading, has turned whole nations
into voyeurs who can’t tell the
difference between real people and
celebrities, real life and TV-packaged
existence, real suffering and pretend.
C
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however degrading to themselves and
to viewers. At worst, TV is a huge,
malformed, dangerous beast covered
in parasites; at best, it is ‘chewing
gum for the eyes’.
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members of our families or
sharing mealtimes. Overload
of choice and zapping has
destroyed our concentration span,
and low-quality programming has
destroyed our discernment – we
watch anything rather than turn off
the box. Advertisers control the purse
strings of the programme-makers,
who are forced to make the kind
of programmes which will increase
profits for the advertisers, and so the
paying viewer is doubly exploited.
ve
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Over 98% of British households have
at least one colour television and
watch an average of 26 hours per
week. This means that, depending
on their socio-economic category,
children will have watched 25,000
hours of TV by the age of 18. More
than half of children in the UK have
a set in their own rooms. With five
terrestrial channels, more than 50
cable and satellite channels, video
and DVD, all producing material to
watch, the consumer now commands
an impressive battery of hardware and
has a staggering range of choice.
Pr
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Passage B: The box
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Reading
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Give examples of persuasive vocabulary and syntax from Passage B, and explain why they are
effective.
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Language and Style
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10 Using the points raised in Passage B, write a speech for or against the debate motion: ‘This House
believes that it would have been better if television had never been invented.’ Whichever side you
choose to argue, take into account the opposing view.
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Begin: Ladies and Gentlemen, I shall be speaking for/against the invention of television, which …
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Directed Writing
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Unit 10
Watching the screen
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Who decides when the TV is
switched on and off, and which
programmes are selected?
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b For how many hours in an average
day is TV watched in your house?
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How many television sets are
there in your house, and in which
rooms are they?
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11 For a school media project, do a survey of five friends in your class and write a report which draws
general conclusions from the individual results, including your own, and comments on the viewing
habits of your peers. Ask the following questions, and any you wish to add of your own.
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Would you be prepared to give up
watching TV? Give reasons.
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Project report
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d Which types of programme are
most commonly watched, and by
which members of the household?
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Unit 10
Watching the screen
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12 Write a school magazine article, drawing information from your report and Passages A and B,
entitled ‘What would we do without our electronic devices?’ This will include a discussion of the
latest mobile phone technology.
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Watching the screen
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Unit 10
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Coursework topics
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Argumentative/discursive writing
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of
Write a ‘day in the life’, in the form
TV
r,
rato
a monologue of a camera ope
ent,
presenter, actor, news correspond
adcast
or anyone else involved in the bro
media.
ni
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Unit 10
Watching the screen
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‘I think we have a problem. The computer has
just …’. Continue this story.
Write a story with the title ‘Big Brother is
watching you.’
-C
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Narrative writing
e
2
es
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am
Describe the film or programme you would
like to make if you were a cinema director or
television producer.
d Imagine and describe a future which has
even more advanced information and
communication technology than the present.
ev
Descriptive writing
c
end of
‘Global communication means the
you
national identity.’ Discuss whether
n
wee
bet
s
nce
think it is true that differe
and
d,
countries are being eradicate
y are.
whether you think it matters if the
C
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ev
Discuss the claim that the media do not just
report events, they make events.
b ‘Computers will be the cause of the end of the
human race.’ Do you agree?
op
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Composition
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11
Hot and cold
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Reading
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Read the article below.
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Unit
ie
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s
ity
The masterstroke, however, was the creation of
the Ice Hotel. Now a world-famous attraction, it is
built from scratch every year on the banks of the
Torne River, deep in Swedish Lapland and firmly
within the Arctic Circle, where the temperature can
plunge as low as –50 ºC, and where for days on
end in winter the sun does not rise at all. Initially built in 1991 it was the first, and is still the largest, frozen
institution. Everything that looks like glass is actually made of ice: the beds, the chandeliers, the glasses for
cold drinks. At the Ice Hotel guests stamp about in boots, mittens and snow suits, all provided by the hotel.
Your ice bed comes with reindeer skins plus a cosy sleeping bag. Even so, most guests only stay one night
before heading for warmer accommodation, Santa’s secret underground grotto, or the Northern Lights.
y
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I’m standing on what feels like two fixed skis,
holding on to what looks like the back of a
wooden chair, yelling with what I hope sounds
like authority. I am bowling along a snowy path
at about 18 kmh under the impetus of a team of
six husky dogs. Scandinavia offers husky sledging
for tourists. Blessed with plentiful snow, but
cursed with a largely flat terrain, the Scandinavian
countries market their own winter sports.
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Passage A: Snow comfort
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Hot and cold
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Unit 11
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For a holiday with a difference, it’s hard to beat, and makes a good topic of conversation when you get back
home. Not many people have stayed in a giant luxury igloo or been hurtled across a snowy landscape by a
pack of wolf-dogs. I have been invited out much more often since I had these tales to tell!
-C
R
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In the daytime you can take your pick of the list of Nordic snow sports, chief of which is husky sledging.
More than 150 dogs are kept in a giant kennel opposite the hotel. They pull upward of 10,000 Ice Hotel
guests during the winter season. The dogs have to be fit but the guests don’t; most people are happy not to
drive but to just sit in the sledge and be driven. For the more traditional, there is cross-country skiing, and for
the more adventurous, lassoing reindeer is one of the options. Going to a wilderness cabin in a snowmobile
and staying the night is an opportunity most guests prefer to pass on. The highlight of this experience is the
sauna, so hot that one has to take periodic tumbles in the snow outside.
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Language and Style
Find synonyms for the following idiomatic words or phrases as used in Passage A.
a
bowling along
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cursed with
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heading for
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hard to beat
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from scratch
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d masterstroke
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b blessed with
ity
Write an advertisement for the Ice Hotel in Lapland.
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Unit 11
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Comprehension and Summary
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119
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Reading
Read the diary below.
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knows the environment well and I feel
safer having him around. He killed his
first polar bear when he was six.
ie
28th April
Today has to be the highlight of my year
so far. What a spectacular experience.
We woke up this morning and left the
mountainous valley where we had camped
overnight. It was a clear morning with
a chill in the air but by 11.00 a.m. the
temperature was perfect. We now have
a six-day trek across the land in front
of us and I think it’s going to get much
trickier.
ev
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Hot and cold
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Unit 11
7th May
Last night, I woke to the sounds of the
dogs barking. Through the commotion
I heard someone shout: ‘Polar bear!’ A
hundred thoughts raced through my
mind. How close was it? Was someone
hurt? I looked at my watch – it was
2.30 a.m. I jumped out of my sleeping
bag. When I emerged I saw the bear was
about 15 metres away and surrounded
by mist, making it seem somewhat
mysterious. The low-lying sun coated
its fur in a yellowish light and its breath
condensed in the cold air.
The bear stared us down, then started to
run towards us. Someone fired a cracker
shell into the air. These sound like
firework bangers and are very good for
scaring away animals. The shells are also
powerful enough to kill a person.
The bear was a little startled and stopped
its charge but didn’t retreat. It looked
magnificent – it was the size of a truck
but as agile as a cat. We could see it
smelling the air and checking us out as
it walked closer. When it got to about 7
metres away one of the Inuit guys shot
another cracker shell in the air. There
are two cracker shells in the gun – the
rest is live ammo.
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24th April
I woke up this morning from a deep
sleep. By night-time I feel so exhausted
because we’re working non-stop but
also because the cold takes it out of
you. After a long meeting about the
expedition, we organised our food rations
for the weeks ahead.
Our breakfast consists of granola and
oats. Lunch is carbohydrate bars, soup
and nuts, and dinner is pasta or rice.
Somehow, we have to eat a block of
butter a day to keep our energy levels up.
This afternoon Simon and I went to
build an igloo. Simon is great. He’s one
of the three Inuit hunters with our party
and he’s got a true sense of humour. He
1st May
The past two weeks have been
uncharacteristically warm and sunny for
this time of year, but the most dangerous
thing is the intensity of the UV radiation,
especially coupled with the highly
reflective nature of the snow. Exposure
of skin and eyes can be a problem so
wearing sunglasses is essential.
At around 4.00 p.m. we came to the
frozen MacDonald River. The deep, soft
snow in the shaded river gorge made
travelling arduous but worse was to
come. Following the other members of
the group, we realised that the ice was
very weak. Every now and again we heard
loud cracking noises underneath us. It
was stomach-churning. The sharp snap
sends chills up your body and you hope
the crack doesn’t catch up with your
feet. You want to turn around and look
but you can’t stop – you have to move
forward. If you fall in, you’re pretty much
finished. The water is so cold – minus
40 ºC – that you can freeze in seconds.
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23rd April
I’ve just spent my first night sleeping in a
tent in the Arctic. I woke up at 7.00 a.m.
and the wind was howling. Snow had
covered the base of the tent and the sun
was up and full. It wasn’t too cold inside
the tent but once out of your sleeping
bag you need to put your clothes on
quickly.
I had felt no sense of isolation sleeping
out on the ice and only little frissons
of fear when there were strange sounds
outside – your thoughts turn to polar
bears and wolves. When people ask
if I was lonely in that vast and windy
wilderness, I can honestly say no – I
loved it. I felt at peace.
y
y
Sam Branson, son of the millionaire entrepreneur
and owner of the Virgin group, Sir Richard Branson,
is on an epic 1200 mile expedition across the Arctic
to witness how climate change is affecting one of the
world’s most remote places. Here are some extracts
from his diary of the journey.
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Passage B: On thinning ice
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Join sentences together to make complex sentences for each of the 3 paragraphs in the diary entry for
24th April in Passage B.
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Language and Style
5
10th May
Now we have almost reached the end of
our journey, I reflected that the battle for
the planet as we know it is being played
out on the sea ice.
Extra energy being produced around
the world is being absorbed into the
ocean, increasing sea temperatures and
melting the Arctic ice. It means the
ice season, which is so important for
the Inuit for hunting and travelling, is
diminishing – down from eight months to
six months. As the Inuit say: ‘Yes, shorter
winter seasons mean that we’ll have to
adapt and make do. Our question to you
is, “Can your culture adapt when these
changes occur?”’
op
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8th May
Global warming has consequences for
animals at all levels of the Arctic food
chain. Population decline anywhere along
the chain has a bigger impact in the
Arctic than it might in a warmer climate
where there are more animals to fill each
niche. The increase in non-native species
migrating north is also a concern in the
warming Arctic. These species compete
with native species for limited resources
in an already fragile food web, creating
more stress on the eco-system as a
whole.
ve
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it seemed, it was a stealth bomber –
sleek and beautiful but deadly.
C
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After this second shot was fired the bear
was startled but then charged forward
again with real purpose. It looked hungry.
It was a large male and they don’t scare
easily. The bear was ready to attack and
was showing all the signs of dangerous
behaviour. Some more shots were fired.
The bear stopped and moved back a
little, still eying up his targets.
The Inuit are polar-bear hunters by
culture and one of them now ran towards
the bear firing live shots just past it.
The bear ran away and gradually melted
into the snow around him. Wow, what a
feeling! Scared, exhilarated, awed. What
an impressive creature! It moved with
such grace and power. However harmless
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How does Sam Branson convey a sense of suspense and tension in his account of the meeting with
the polar bear in the 7th May extract?
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Comprehension and Summary
Write the list of questions an interviewer would ask Sam Branson in order to obtain the information
given in the diary extracts.
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6
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Rewrite the entry for 8th May in your own words.
Sam’s pleasures in being in the Arctic.
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In one sentence for each, summarise:
C
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b Sam’s worries about the future of the Arctic.
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8
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Directed Writing
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10 Read the information about the Undersea Lodge below.
Pr
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odge
Undersea LLodg
situated in Key Largo, Florida
sits on legs 2 metres from bottom of protected lagoon
Rico
originally a research laboratory to explore continental shelf off Puerto
natural nursery area for many reef fish
to enter, one must scuba dive 6 metres beneath the sea surface
world’s only underwater hotel
filled with compressed air
1.5-hour drive from Miami Airport
nd
facility monitored 24 hours a day by hotel staff in land-based comma
centre
• accommodates two couples at a time
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•
•
•
•
•
•
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• latest tourist fun spot
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• no limit to number of nights stay
ed
• other, larger, underwater lodges
planned for the future
• available for hire for underwater
weddings
• underwater pizza delivery can be
arranged
• tropical mangrove habitat
• windows 1 metre wide for viewing
sea-life from your bed
• diving expertise not necessary and
dive instructors provided
• all comforts provided: hot shower
s, well-stocked kitchen, entertainm
ent
• unlimited supply of air tanks to exp
lore marine environment
• perfect balance of relaxation and
adventure
• symbiosis between technology of
man and beauty of nature
• futuristic decor mixed with a sen
se of history
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Put the facts into a logical sequence using numbers and arrows.
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b Group facts into sentences using brackets.
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Write information in complex sentences using an appropriate advertising style.
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11 Using the facts in the box, write a media information release to promote the Undersea Lodge.
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Descriptive writing
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Tell a story involving an Arctic creature such as
a reindeer, polar bear, husky, seal or penguin.
‘They set off late at night through the fast
falling snow.’ Continue the story.
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Narrative writing
f
a film
Study a magazine article or watch
nd
fou
pro
a
is
which argues that there
lyse
Ana
.
threat to the future of the planet
the language used and evaluate the
arguments being made.
ity
op
Pr
y
es
c Describe a snowy landscape.
d Give an account of a sport or travel experience
involving snow or ice.
e
ion
Discuss the ways in which your reg
ntal
is showing awareness of environme
dealing
issues and ecological threats in its
inst
aga
ion
tect
with waste, recycling, pro
flooding, and so on.
C
U
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ni
ev
Many people, including some scientists and
politicians, believe that global warming is not
caused by the activities of humans and that
nothing we can do will change the outcome.
What is your view on this issue?
b Discuss the effects of, and predictions for,
climate change in your country.
y
Coursework topics
Argumentative/discursive writing
op
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Composition
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Read the article below.
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When I was asked by a
friend to post pictures, I found
that I just didn’t want to. I didn’t
like the idea of potentially exposing
myself to a stranger’s eyes. I knew
that when I looked at photographs
posted by former school friends, I
felt that I was intruding.
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And some of them, at least, are
not who they say they are. The day
after I found out that my identity
had been stolen, I informed the
Facebook site managers and, within
hours, they had removed what
they called ‘the offending content’,
which made me think that this was
not an unusual occurrence. My
impersonator vanished from the
ether as if she, or he, had never
existed, but not before I’d had
I will never know. And I would be
hard pressed to sue for libel – even
if I knew who my impersonator
was. In any case, I have never been
comfortable with this hall of mirrors,
where you can’t tell whether
anyone is who they say they are and
everyone is chasing their 15 pixels
of fame.
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Unit 12
Technological invasion
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So I created a skeleton profile of
myself. That is to say, I put my name
up there, and that was it. I did not
join any groups or networks (people
in the same city or with the same
hobby, interests or pet hates – the
list of possibilities is almost endless).
What remains confounding is what
this person imagined she would
achieve by such a stunt. Perhaps she
hoped to find out a few personal
facts about me from my friends.
Perhaps she was after someone
I knew rather than me. Maybe it
was just an idle prank; maybe she
wished she were me; maybe she
wanted to spook me.
C
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However, at its worst, Facebook is
a cynical publicity and marketing
tool. It’s a playground popularity
contest in which people cultivate
‘trophy’ friends in their pursuit of
micro-celebrity.
ity
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Facebook, I soon realised, is a kind
of online scrapbook for those who
like – or pretend to like – collecting
and sharing daily details; at its best,
it’s really just a platform for digital
drivel.
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Now, I am in no way a Facebook
addict. When a friend of my sister’s
sent me an email inviting me to
join last year, I agreed only out of
curiosity, and a weak sense that
perhaps I ought to because everyone
else was.
ev
A few of them have subsequently
been in touch to say that they were
vaguely offended or bemused by my
monosyllabic responses, or lack of
any response, when they contacted
me (or, rather, my impersonator.)
Aside from that, I have no sense of
what damage, if any, has been done.
s
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A few months ago, I discovered
that my identify had been stolen
on Facebook. Someone had taken
my name, posted a black and white
photograph of a girl’s bare feet in
the sand, and started asking my old
school friends to become her online
‘friend’.
enough time to see that she had
contacted 36 people in my name,
all of whom were former friends.
op
R
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Passage A: Losing face
Surely the days of the Facebook
phenomenon are numbered.
Imperceptibly, there has been
a shift in the culture, and it’s no
longer considered cool to share
photographs and silly videos, do
endless quizzes, promote favourite
movies, books and music, and send
cute little icons to your friends as
gifts.
R
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Technological
invasion
Reading
1
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12
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Unit
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Why are the words ‘friend’ and ‘trophy’ and ‘offending content’ in Passage A in single inverted commas?
y
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Rephrase paragraph 7 (However, at its worst …) in your own words.
y
op
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What is the effect of the double use of Perhaps and the triple use of Maybe in the penultimate
paragraph?
C
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Language and Style
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Use the following words from Passage A in sentences of your own to illustrate their meaning.
a
phenomenon
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5
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networks
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b imperceptibly
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Give Passage A an explanatory sub-headline and a sub-heading halfway through.
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Comprehension and Summary
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Reading
Read the passage below.
Pr
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Passage B: Who’s pressing your buttons?
y
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and Pakistan. And it’s not only young people
who are switching on to the hundreds of social
networks available: 26% of Europeans in the
over-55 age bracket visit a social networking
site at least once a month; 2007 saw a 12%
jump in ‘silver surfers’.
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Its popularity has spread like a virus and
become so addictive, so quickly. Surveys
claim that social networking sites are costing
businesses billions in lost productivity. One
leading company reported that 30% of its
internet capacity is clogged by its social
networking employees. Companies are now
said to be banning or restricting access to such
sites. Some are restricting access to lunch
hours, sending users home to spend hours
after work at their computers when their
time was once more gainfully spent actually
meeting people.
rs
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Facebook started off as an in-college network
for students at Harvard. It graduated to
other universities in the US and Britain. The
students then became postgraduates and
employees, carrying their Facebook activities
into the workplace, increasing their circle of
friends. And then suddenly, in September
2006, the site opened up to all internet users.
It has now expanded its global popualation
to 62 million users. Even parents are using
Facebook to monitor their children’s friends
and activities. It’s quite juvenile: you can
‘poke’ people, or ‘high five’ them – or even
‘butt slap’ them.
es
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Even governments are feeling threatened.
Syria blocked access to Facebook as part of
a crackdown on online political activism.
Likewise, China has banned video-sharing
without government approval, declaring
that the authorities will no longer tolerate
the ‘broadcast of degenerate thinking’ on
the web. Facebook’s usership has grown at a
phenomenal rate worldwide, and especially in
Turkey, Israel, France, China, Saudi Arabia
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Critics are not just restricted to bosses
frustrated at the time wasted by their staff at
work. Social networking will dilute real-life
relationships; we will swap handshakes and
hugs for keystrokes, they say. Advertisers
can sift through the personal data on social
networks to identify and market to potential
customers, but Facebook enthusiasts say ‘So
what? It’s not about forcing things on people.
There’s a generation now who have grown up
with Facebook who don’t care about privacy.’
y
ve
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ev
R
ev
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The more excitable prophets say that social
networks are changing our lives for ever,
for better and worse. They say that 12% of
internet minutes are spent on MySpace. It
opens people up to new communities, and that
could have a profound impact on the world.
Certainly we are in the throes of a social
revolution that is evolving so rapidly few can
predict either its impact beyond the next few
months, or the fallout in years to come.
C
U
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More than 24 million British adults are now
surfing social networks like Bebo, MySpace
and Facebook. Bebo caters for a largely teenage
audience and has 18 million users, 11.2 million
in the UK alone. MySpace connected music
fans with their rock and pop idols, growing an
audience of 110 million worldwide across the
age spectrum. But Facebook is grabbing the
headlines, the latest to suck us in – students
and younger professionals spend an average
of half an hour every day checking in. It’s the
internet equivalent of a continuous videoconference call between ‘friends’ in which a
user presents his or her ‘face’ to the world,
sharing as much of themselves – photographs,
personal information, diaries, plans, likes and
dislikes, news, ideas, invitations – as they
want to with virtually unlimited audiences on
the web.
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Facebook offers applications providing
additional information to keep you hooked
and which soak up ever more time that
might otherwise be devoted to work or play.
You’d think the novelty of its ever-expanding
universe would wear off, but the evidence
says not – yet. The supporters say, ‘Social
networking is part of
our lives now. Offline
and online have merged.
There’s something deep
in human nature that
likes this stuff. We’ve
moved away from the
hearth, the street, the
village where we live and
die. Social networking
sites give us something
we’re close to, where
every day we meet the
same people. If we don’t
-R
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connect, we’re isolated nothings. If it makes
you feel better, then it works. And if it works,
it’s unstoppable.’ The alternative view is that
Facebook is just one step in the history of the
internet; like a comet, it was furiously active
at the beginning, then gradually tailing off
into the nothingness of outer space.
ity
Look at the apostrophes and hyphens in Passage B and remind yourself of the rules for their use. Put
the missing apostrophes and hyphens in the text below.
y
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8
Pr
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Language and Style
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Just 54% of 11 year olds achieved the expected level in writing in last summers national tests,
w
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compared to 78% in reading. Researchers findings are that traditional letter writing will be of no
ev
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more use later in childrens lives than the history lessons they learn in school. The head of the largest
-R
am
teachers union says that students will always want a language that excludes grown ups because for
es
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Pr
Passage B may appear to be informative and balanced – in other words, without bias – but the
journalist’s own view is clear. Identify and list the words and phrases which reveal it.
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them its a necessary assertion of a teenagers right to privacy.
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10 The paragraphs in this passage are unlinked and could be used in a different order. Put numbers next
to each to show a different but logical sequence. Explain how this restructuring changes the overall
effect.
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Comprehension and Summary
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11 ‘Social networks are changing our lives for ever, for better and worse.’ Using arguments from
Passages A and B, summarise the pros and cons (half a page each) of social networking sites.
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12 Based on the information in Passages A and B, write five questions to ask in a survey of your peers
about their use of social networking sites.
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13 Read the information in the fact box below.
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Teenagers’ love 4 email
nsign the
is ruining their grammar n will co
history,
traditional handwritten letter 2
researchers said yesterday :-(
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con for electronic communication wit
• Children are inventing a new lexi
.
and
that adults find hard to underst
range of abbreviations and symbols
the
that email English poses a threat to
• Educators and politicians believe
language.
to
sad and smiley faces and are used
• The symbols :-( and :-) represent
vely.
signify good and bad news respecti
ne
to keep down the cost of mobile pho
• The symbols have been evolved
up the response time, and inject
text messaging and emailing, speed
emotion into concise missives.
nd style associated with emails is
• Teachers say that the new shortha
skills even harder.
making their job of improving literacy
cluded
re than 100 children aged 5–11 con
• Researchers who interviewed mo
the
n
tha
life
in
r
of no more use late
that traditional letter-writing will be
ool.
sch
Cont.
history lessons pupils learn in
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Cont.
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• The director of the advertising age
ncy which conducted the research
said that the symbols used in text
messages represented new ways of
expressing emotions.
• We are witnessing a communica
tions revolution which children hav
e
adapted to very quickly.
• Our language is changing in fron
t of our eyes.
• More than half a billion text mes
sages are sent by mobile phone eve
ry
month.
• The head of a teachers’ organisatio
n said that, ‘Dropping grammar and
replacing sentences with jargon will
damage the language.’
• The director of the advertising age
ncy said, ‘Kids have always had som
e
coded language of their own which
separates them from grown-ups but
the Internet and mobile phone hav
e given them the ability to do this
much more.’
• A teacher said, ‘Writing a long-ha
nd letter is going to have to be
something that is taught in school
and, while they will know how to do
this, the question is, will they want
to?’
rs
15 Using facts and opinions from the fact box, write a dialogue between an English teacher and a
student in which the teacher warns the student of the dangers of the overuse of texting and email
language, and the student defends electronic communication.
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14 Using different coloured highlighters, divide the bullets in the list above into facts and opinions.
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Student:
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Teacher: You need to use more formal English in your writing assignments if you want to improve
your grades.
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Technological invasion
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Composition
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Coursework topics
‘There is no such thing as a disinterested
opinion; everyone is biased and everything has
a ‘spin’ on it.’ Do you agree with this claim?
b Who needs privacy? Discuss the concept of
privacy in a world of identity cards, CCTV
surveillance and the selling of personal data.
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Descriptive writing
2
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Describe the alternative persona you would
make up for a role on a social networking site,
and explain your choice of name, biography
and character.
d Describe the scene and atmosphere in an
internet café, including the place and the
people in it.
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Tell a story about someone who has become
addicted to a particular pastime or activity.
Write a narrative involving an impersonation.
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Describe a day in the life of a studen
0.
205
living in the year AD
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Discuss the effects on present-day
future,
living, and the implications for the
of so
of the dependency on the internet
s.
tion
many individuals and instititu
1
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Argumentative/discursive writing
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Acknowledgements
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The author and publishers thank the following copyright holders for permissions received to reproduce texts:
p. 14 from The Story of San Michele by Axel Munthe, © Axel Munthe 1929, reproduced by permission of John Murray (Publishers)
Limited;
p. 118 from ‘Barking mad in the snow’ by Rosie Millard from British Airways’ High Life magazine, published by Cedar
Communications;
p. 120 from Arctic Diary: Surviving on Thin Ice by Sam and Richard Branson, published by Virgin Books. Reprinted by permission
of The Random House Group Ltd.;
p. 127 ‘Will you be my friend? Er, no’ (Kate Alvarez) The Sunday Times, 28 August 2008 © NI Syndication
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p. 1 Diego Azubel/epa/Corbis; p. 3 Aflo Foto Agency/Alamy; p. 8 OJO Images Ltd/Alamy; p. 23 Gary Conner/Index Stock
Imagery/Photolibrary; p. 28 Air Canada; p. 47 Jon Arnold Images Ltd/Alamy; p. 60 Tim Graham/Alamy; p. 63 Maximilian Stock
Ltd/Science Photo Library; p. 72 Marco Simoni/Robert Harding; p. 78 Sergio Pitamitz/Robert Harding; p. 87 Mike Walker/Rex
Features; p. 107 ene/Shutterstock; p. 111 Christian Thomas/fStop/Photolibrary; p. 118 Louise Murray/Robert Harding; p. 120 Cubo
Images/Robert Harding; p. 127 PSL Images/Alamy
Thanks to Médicins Sans Frontièrs for permission to reproduce their logo on p. 93.
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Photos are reproduced with permission of the following copyright holders;
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Answers
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Unit 1
origin (N)
produced (V)
c famous (Adj)
g taking part (Adj)
4
h choice (N)
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refusals to attend
7
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g put out
d ideal
adopted lucky symbol
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December, decimate, decimal (10)
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Passives are used for non-fiction, informative, discursive and scientific writing or speaking. They tend
to make expression more tactful, impersonal, formal or objective. The emphasis falls on the object or
event and not on the human agent, who is often unspecified.
ev
b octopus, octagonal, October (8)
pentagon, pentameter, pentathlon (5)
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am
c
s
ity
g quintuplets, quintet (5)
Pr
unique, unicycle, universe, unit (1)
Fewer
b
a few, fewer
f
fewer
g
fewest, least
c
few
y
d little, a few, at least, a little
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h September, septuagenarian, septet (7)
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biannual, biplane, binary (2)
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d triangle, triumvirate, trio, trilogy (3)
w
national traditions
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am
h
e established
were held, was crowned, were defeated, was extended, was not achieved, were missed, were killed, has
been chosen, were designed, introduced, flown, were chosen, were established, are displayed, is played,
is extinguished, is being played, is carried, is represented
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ceremonial acts
c inspiration, imagination
ie
enmities
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period
b
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j centre (N)
biennial, biannual, annual, millennium, quadrennial, perennial, annuity
8
ev
e appears (V)
souvenir (N)
i
million, millionaire, millimetre, milligramme, millipede
6
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spare (Adj)
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dramatic (Adj)
b
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a
Pr
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2 and 3
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The Frenchman responded to his country’s military defeat at the hands of the Prussians at the
end of the 19th century by founding the modern Olympic Games, following the original format as
closely as possible, in the hope of promoting physical fitness and world peace.
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b Since the IOC was established in 1894 to govern the modern Olympic movement, its job has
been to make decisions relating to the content and conduct of the Games, and to ensure that the
selected host city has met its obligations to provide all the necessary facilities, accommodation
and transport systems.
C
The Olympic rings, designed in 1913 and first introduced in 1920, are coloured red, blue, green,
yellow and black, to represent in number the five separate continents and in colour the flags of all
nations, since every country’s flag contains at least one of these colours.
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Little (and its comparative less and its superlative least) is used before singular or non-countable
nouns, whereas few (and its comparative fewer and its superlative fewest) is used before plural and
countable nouns. The indefinite article in the phrases a little and a few, and the prepositional phrase
at least make the effect positive rather than negative. For example, A few people attended is more
positive than Few people attended. At least emphasises the fact that this is the minimum and there
may be even more; for example, There were at least twenty countries represented in this event.
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d The first modern Olympic Games of 1896, instigated by the Frenchman Baron de Coubertin, had
nine events and 250 participants, who represented 14 countries, and took place in Olympia in
Greece, which is where the original Olympics began in the 8th century BC.
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Unit 2
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3
Note that alternatives are possible. The important thing is to mark the beginning and end of the
parenthesis in the right place.
a
Wild apes have no need of language, and have not developed it, but tame ones can use it as a tool
for communicating with each other.
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11 Because of the growth of participation in the Games, they have now become politicised. This has
caused terrorist attacks and the withdrawal of athletes to make a political statement. In addition,
the pressure on athletes to perform well for their sponsors and for their country has made some
of them resort to the use of drugs, and there have also been cases of corruption amongst officials.
Countries which take on the responsibility of hosting the Games make themselves liable for a huge
financial burden which is not always acceptable to the people whose taxes have to pay for it.
ity
The skills of language and counting – essential for negotiating trade – can be taught to orangutans, who are less social primates than chimpanzees, in a matter of weeks.
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Gorilla mothers prefer to cradle their babies on their left sides – a feature shared with humans –
and there have been cases of them showing maternal behaviour to human children.
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d Fifteen million years (a small gap in the broad scale of evolution) is an immense period in terms of
everyday life.
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b Each slaughtered ape is a loss to the local community – a loss to humanity as a whole – and is a
hole torn in the ecology of our planet.
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5 a and b
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Teddies were named after US President Theodore Roosevelt, who refused to shoot a cornered bear
when out hunting in Mississippi in 1902. After a newspaper cartoonist had made the hunting story
famous, a New York shop owner was granted permission by the President to name the bears in his
shop, made by his wife, ‘Teddy’s Bears’.
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We are told that the bear was not usually chained during the day and can infer that he did not
like being chained, so we would expect him to break free. By calling it the bear in paragraph 5,
the writer implies that it is the same one. We do not expect a wild bear to accept being hit with an
umbrella. We are told that on her return the lady’s bear was ‘looking very sorry for himself’, which
suggests that he was the bear who had been hit.
a
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8
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A woman owned a full-grown pet bear which she chained up when she went out. One Sunday she
met a bear in the forest on her way to her sister’s house and, assuming it was her bear, she scolded
and hit it for having broken its chain and followed her. The bear went away, but when the lady
arrived home, and found her bear still chained up, she was told by her cook that he had never left,
and she then realised that she had attacked a different bear.
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b He had been found small and helpless and half-dead of hunger. Although the bear was strong, he
was gentle and friendly, and loved by dogs, children and the cook. He disliked being on a chain but
was good as gold about it. The lady had punished him previously by making his nose bleed. It was
unfair of her to threaten to deprive him of his favourite food of apples because of her own mistake.
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supervise
5
e sort out
c correct
d
equivalents
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d re, ab, con, dis, pre
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im, com, re, sup, ap
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thoroughly
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b re, im, de, ex, pur, sup, trans
c
f
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sub, ad, con, re, per, extro, co, o, a
response
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b Cubs are considered appealing and vulnerable. They appear in popular children’s fiction, and
their image is widely used commercially. They can be tamed and kept as pets. Like children, they
like sweet foods. They seem to have friendly eyes, and look cuddly. They are playful and tolerant,
and get on with other animals and children.
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Sentences should contain the following words with their correct meanings.
a
proceed (go forward); precede (go before)
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affect (verb); effect (noun)
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b lie (no object); lay (with object)
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d continuous (without breaks); continual (with breaks)
principal (adjective meaning main); principle (noun meaning fundamental belief)
f
whose (belonging to whom); who’s (contraction of who is or who has)
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Dashes have a space either side and are used singly to add on an apparently spontaneous
afterthought. For example: There were hundreds of people there – maybe thousands.
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g uninterested (not interested); disinterested (not biased)
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b Hyphens, which do not have spaces before or after, are used to join two or more words together in
a compound, to show that their meaning is dependent on each other. For example: mother-in-law,
old-fashioned.
TopFlight charters operate out of two airports in the UK, but principally Manchester, where it is
well established and the third-largest airline. It runs scheduled, high-frequency, short-distance
flights. Punctuality is a high priority for the company.
9
Airport managers should be calm and organised, versatile and flexible. They must be efficient
across a range of skills, contexts and interactions with people. Good communication skills and a
sense of humour are necessary characteristics.
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So that if they get separated from their ‘auntie’ they can explain who they are and their parents
can be contacted.
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10 The job of an airport manager is to adhere to the standards of the company, to monitor processes
to ensure efficient functioning, and to activate the correction of weaknesses through staff training.
They must keep informed, pass on information to the company, and collaborate with other airport
managers for their airline. They must consider the image of the company they represent.
es
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To familiarise your child with the place so that s/he feels less apprehensive about the experience
next day.
Pr
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c
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b In case your child needs to buy something in the airport or on the plane.
Because children are likely to feel more homesick and frightened at night.
f
In case the flight is delayed or cancelled and your child needs to be returned to you.
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g So that your child does not feel trapped amongst strangers and can go to the toilet easily.
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h Your child will feel less daunted if able to play with other children or to ask for help from a mother
figure.
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d To avoid large crowds which might be overwhelming for your child.
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Unit 4
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We use apostrophes either when we wish to signify omission of letters (for example: can’t, six
o’clock) or when we wish to show possession (for example: one week’s time, the dog’s tail). An
apostrophe after the final s of a word, unless it is a name, indicates that the possessor is plural (for
example: the girls’ books).
a
5
Ancient civilisations played a kind of football and exported the game to their empires. Football as
we know it dates from late-12th-century England. In 1863, after a brief lapse, it was re-established
when the Football Association was set up. By the 1870s professional teams existed, which played
internationally in South America and northern Europe. FIFA evolved as an organisation, resulting
in the World Cup. The modern game owes much to mass-media coverage – which began in 1927 –
and consequent financial influence.
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op
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Semicolons have the same function as full stops but are used when the preceding sentence has a
close connection with the following sentence. They can also be used to separate items in a list.
Within speech, most of the same punctuation rules apply as for normal writing, so that there
needs to be a full stop at the end of a sentence, provided that there is no continuation of the
sentence after the end of the speech. If there is, then in place of the full stop we use a comma or,
if appropriate, a question mark or exclamation mark. Even after a question or exclamation mark,
the next word begins with a lower case letter rather than a capital if it is continuing the sentence.
If a sentence in speech is interrupted and then continued, there is a comma before the break and
again before the re-opening of the inverted commas. The continuation will begin with a small and
not a capital letter because the sentence is also continuing. There must always be a punctuation
mark of some kind before the closing inverted commas.
9
After a single vowel, the consonant will double if the vowel sound is short (for example: dinner
with a short vowel sound; diner with a long vowel sound).
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com(n)- – with, together
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per- – through
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pro- – forward
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di- – into two
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12 Football, which has easy rules which everyone can understand, gives pleasure to spectators and
arouses passion for the thrills of the game. It can bond people across boundaries of nationality
and character, as well as strengthen national identity. Young people can be inspired by football
stars and adopt them as heroic role models. The sport develops physical skills and offers an
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10 ex- – out of, from
R
c trademark – characteristic
Pr
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inspiration – motivation
e fabric – structure
y
d dexterity – skill
b
s
prospect – expectation
es
a
-C
7
-R
am
br
ev
id
ie
w
ge
C
U
R
ev
ie
ve
rs
ity
3
w
C
op
y
b We use an apostrophe in it’s if the meaning is it is or it has, whereas its without an apostrophe is
used to show possession (compare to his and hers).
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Answers
143
op
y
ve
rs
ity
ni
w
ge
C
U
alternative to sitting at a computer or watching TV. It is a means of poor children being able to rise
to fame and riches.
adjective
verb
productive
produces
occurrence, recurrence
current
occur, recur
recurringly, currently
depth
deep
deepen
deeply
original
originate
originally
explore
exploratively
measurably
ie
ev
measurable, measured
measured
sponsor, sponsorship
sponsored
es
definition
definite, finite
extreme, extremity,
extremist
extreme
ity
define
definitely
rs
convincingly
extremely
y
op
ni
R
C
U
-R
to separate items in a list
s
-C
es
Pr
ity
op
Passages A and B are purely informative. The extract about the River Congo is literary and lyrical
i.e. its aim is to create atmosphere and evoke feelings, not to convey facts. It achieves this by using
figurative language: similes; metaphors; multiple adjectives; emotive vocabulary; alliteration;
anthropomorphism (ascribing human characteristics to objects); use of second person;
reflections; repetition for effect. These are some of the characteristics of descriptive writing.
-R
s
es
Answers
-C
144
am
br
ev
ie
id
g
w
e
C
U
op
y
ni
ve
rs
C
w
8
c
The tropical River Amazon is fed by torrential rains and thereby produces a fifth of the world’s
river water – much more than that of the longest river, the River Nile. The Amazon is not only the
world’s widest river, owing to seasonal floods, with an average width of 8 km and a depth which
makes it navigable far inland, but it is also the second longest, at roughly 6300 km.
y
5
ev
ie
w
ge
br
id
b to create a parenthesis
am
to separate clauses
d after an initial adverb
ie
productively
Note that where a two-syllabled noun and a verb are spelt the same, the noun is often stressed on the
first syllable and the verb on the second, e.g. produce and produce, convict and convict.
a
ev
adverb
convinced, convict
ve
C
w
Pr
y
convicted, convincing
op
conviction, convict
3
R
-R
measure, measurement
s
exploratory, explorative
-C
explorers, exploration
sponsored
ie
ev
w
U
am
origins
br
id
ge
R
produce, producer,
product, production
C
noun
op
ni
ev
ie
2
y
Unit 5
ve
rs
ity
w
C
op
y
Pr
es
s
-C
-R
am
br
id
ev
ie
Some fans become boring and obsessive because of their fixation with the sport, which can
lead to racism and destructive public behaviour. Because football has become linked to politics
and nationalism, and is subject to lucrative sponsorship, media and transfer deals, the game is
vulnerable to corruption. Countries which cannot afford to pay high sums risk having their best
players poached by foreign clubs. The celebrity status of professional footballers interferes with
their private life.
Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution
op
y
ve
rs
ity
ni
C
U
9
impenetrable; inscrutable intention; gloom of overshadowed distances; you lost your way;
bewitched; cut off for ever
am
br
id
ev
ie
w
ge
a
fictions
• belongs to the god Isis
• pharaohs controlled it with magical
powers
• inhabited by half-human, half-fish
creatures
• owned by djinns
• snakes created from its mud
• leisure boats have polluted it
op
y
ve
rs
ity
-R
s
es
ity
differences
• Amazon carries more water
• Nile does not receive much rainfall
• different altitude
• different climate zone
• inhabitants depend on Nile
• Nile has been literary inspiration
• Nile attracts mass tourism
• Nile is polluted
• source of Amazon discovered only recently
rs
11 similarities
• very long
• floods seasonally
• contains vicious animals
• flows through jungle
• has elusive source
y
op
es
s
-C
-R
am
ev
br
id
ie
w
ge
C
U
ity
accompany; match; have a relationship; agree to a proposal
U
c
w
raise; display; provide overnight accommodation
ev
es
s
-R
br
am
e
id
g
e
d knock down with a vehicle; review a plan
C
b provide the money; prepare a body for burial; arrange on a page
y
become popular; leave the ground; remove
op
a
ni
ve
rs
2
-C
R
ev
ie
w
C
op
Pr
y
Unit 6
ie
R
ni
ev
ve
ie
w
C
op
Pr
y
-C
am
br
ev
id
ie
w
ge
C
U
R
ni
ev
ie
w
C
op
y
Pr
es
s
-C
10 facts
• essential to support life
• covers 4% of country
• most Egyptians live on its banks
• provides water for crops and cattle
• floods every July
• 7000 km long
• river mouth in Cairo
• contains crocodiles
• source discovered mid 19th century
• transport for building of pyramids
• mentioned in the Bible
• used for book and film settings
• attracts tourists
• polluted by chemicals
• continuous building along banks
-R
b mob; unrestful and noisy; overwhelming realities; implacable force; brooding; vengeful aspect
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Answers
145
op
y
ve
rs
ity
ni
C
above, for example superlative, supermarket
w
ge
a
U
3
am
br
id
half, for example semi-final, semicolon
-R
c
ev
ie
b below, for example subject, submarine
-C
d small, for example miniature, minimum
foot, for example pedestrian, pedal
f
into, for example introvert, introspective
op
y
Pr
es
s
e
ve
rs
ity
h forward, for example promotion, proposal
y
Driving tests for those aged 17 and above were introduced in 1935, as were speed limits and
pedestrian crossings. Two years later, dipped headlights were made compulsory, followed by rearview mirrors in 1941. However, in 1940, when there were one million cars on British roads, there
were twice as many deaths as there are now, when there are 20 times more cars. This was partly
because of the blackout requirements of the Second World War. The death toll has fallen by more
than a third since 1960, when vehicle testing began, as a result of education, an anti-drink–drive
campaign, increased safety features in cars, and a decrease in the number of pedestrians.
op
n speed
C
j exact
k crowded
integral, essential
j
reducing, decreasing
y
op
w
ie
i deconstruct, take to pieces
s
h irreversibly
e exposed
es
h
reciprocal
repatriation
i
d
retrograde
resist
e restitution
f rewound
j resources
y
g relocation
c
ity
b removed
ni
ve
rs
reunited
op
op
-R
s
Answers
es
146
am
br
ev
ie
id
g
w
e
C
U
For a completed and dated action in the past we use the simple past, whereas for an action which
began in the past but which is not yet completed we use the present perfect. The past perfect tense
is used when an action occurred before another action in the past. The past continuous shows
that an action was already occurring when another action interrupted it.
-C
C
w
ie
d hazardous, dangerous
Pr
y
-C
g future generations
ev
f
c deep
-R
b in complete agreement
3
ev
m area
C
U
ge
br
id
surveyed
am
a
4
l observe
f results
rs
ni
ev
R
2
a
e predict
These points should be included: falling asleep, hitting a pedestrian, collision, flying through
windscreen, hitting dashboard, speeding, skidding, poor visibility, lane-crossing, tipping over,
over-steering, falling asleep, information overload
Unit 7
R
d replaced
ve
ie
w
9
s
i notice
crash
o
c almost
Pr
h improvements
y
g alter
b completely new
es
dividing line
ity
a
-C
6
-R
am
br
ev
id
ie
w
ge
C
U
R
ni
4
op
ev
ie
w
C
g against, for example antipathy, anti-clockwise
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op
y
ve
rs
ity
ni
w
ge
am
br
id
b I read about the man who had stolen the statues.
ev
ie
I visited the exhibition, which I heard about on the radio.
a
C
U
5
-R
I bought a book which was about the history of Greece.
c
I spoke to a woman in the gallery(,) whom I had met previously.
op
y
f
We have not visited Greece, which we have heard is a beautiful country.
Pr
es
s
e
-C
d I met Lord Byron, who had written a poem the previous day.
ve
rs
ity
h This is the Museum Director, who is against the return of the marbles.
They didn’t find the sculpture(,) which was buried by an earthquake.
j
You should have interviewed Lord Elgin, whom I introduced to you.
d of
op
e
on (about)
f from
w
c to
g of
h
on
ie
about
id
b
ge
into
a
C
U
R
10
y
i
ni
ev
ie
w
C
g It is difficult to find the people who are responsible for the damage.
-R
am
br
ev
11 Note that there are possible variants for the use of full stops, semicolons and commas: optional
commas are in brackets; full stops and semicolons are interchangeable.
Pr
ity
rs
y
ve
ev
ie
12
vocabulary and imagery suggest attack – fears, threatens, danger, overwhelm, relentless, eating into
U
R
ni
a
br
id
ie
priceless conveys the irreplaceable loss of the art treasures
w
ge
C
emotive language evokes pity – drowning home, schoolchildren
op
w
C
op
y
es
s
-C
Standing in Miracle Square(,) in the Tuscan town of Pisa(,) is the 54.5-metre-high, 12th-century
monument world-famous for its lean of 4.5 metres off the perpendicular. The leaning tower of Pisa
has been stabilised by earth extraction(,) but it will take 300 years to get it back to where it was
in 1990; even then it was very close to falling over. It has worn a steel corset for most of the past
decade. In 1990 the bells were silenced for fear of destabilising vibrations. Tourists have not yet
been re-admitted to the tower; when they are, it is likely that only 30 will be allowed at a time.
-R
am
ev
the use of statistics shows how real the threat is – the population has dwindled by 100,000 in 50
years to 70,000; 80 cm; 5 million dollars; 50 times a year
-C
b unpredictability means that Venetians cannot be properly prepared for the high tides
Pr
the aggravating factor of subsidence makes matters seem worse
ity
the hugely expensive cost is an obstacle to finding an acceptable solution – 200 times a year
y
ni
ve
rs
the consequences could be adverse – experts have warned, environmental effects upon the lagoon
-R
s
es
am
br
ev
ie
id
g
w
e
C
U
op
13 Every winter we are afraid that our city will be drowned by the high tides. These are destroying the
buildings and forcing Venetians to leave the city, or to move from the ground floor to a higher one.
It is frightening not to know when the next high water will come, and we fear for our children’s
safety. Not only historic buildings but also art treasures are being damaged, which will affect
tourism. The city is losing a lot of money because of citizens not being able to get to work when the
water level is too high. The sea continues to rise, but no one really knows how we can save our city.
-C
R
ev
ie
w
C
op
y
es
s
uncertainty and disagreement make finding a solution difficult – constant debate, no agreement,
without any apparent trend, half a century
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Answers
147
op
y
ve
rs
ity
ni
C
w
ge
ev
ie
Note that variations are possible with the punctuating of parentheses and full-stop versus semicolon usage.
am
br
id
2
U
Unit 8
Trained dogs can rescue victims of avalanches and earthquakes, as well as guide the blind.
Recently it has been discovered that they can detect serious disease by smell. They can also
predict and give warning of epileptic seizures and diabetic comas, fetch medication and summon
aid. Their ability to perform a variety of household tasks enables the disabled to lead a fuller life.
By reducing stress and encouraging exercise, dogs can extend the lives of all dog-owners.
5
Surgeons have proved it is possible to conduct/perform operations across thousands of miles
using remote-control devices. These are controlled by surgeons transferring movements by means
of high-speed telephone lines via cameras which have been inserted into the patient’s body.
Previous trials/experiments have been performed on animals. It has taken a quarter of a decade to
perfect the technology. Although the cost at present is excessive/prohibitive, it is expected that all
hospitals in the future will have such equipment/facilities.
Pr
y
es
s
-C
-R
am
br
ev
id
ie
w
ge
C
U
R
ni
op
y
3
ev
ie
w
C
ve
rs
ity
op
y
Pr
es
s
-C
-R
This is a curious story: a doctor in Athens who examined a 33-year-old woman, after she
complained of headaches, removed a spider which had made its home in her ear. Doctor
Evangelos Zervas showed the video footage he had recorded of the spider inside the woman’s ear.
When he examined the patient, he was surprised to find a spider’s web – and then he saw that
there was movement. The woman drove a motorcycle; it appears that this is when it entered her
ear. (Because the temperature is ideal, there it stayed.)
There is a small group of usually two-syllabled words which have a slightly different spelling for
the verb form and the noun form. We spell the word with an ‘s’ when we are referring to the verb,
but with a ‘c’ when we are using the noun.
ity
a
y
ve
ie
w
rs
C
op
6
op
ni
ev
Note that American English use of ‘s’ and ‘c’ in these words is different.
ge
C
U
R
b enrol, patrol, extol; refer, prefer; emit, omit, permit, submit, admit
br
id
ie
w
Note also travel – travelling; jewel – jewellery; pedal – pedalling
-R
am
ev
Note that American English does not double the consonant in the last three and other similar
cases.
preferred, offering, transference, reference, referral, deterrent
7
• 4000 miles and six time zones create idea of distance
es
s
-C
c
ity
• 80 people on hand makes clear that an emergency was prepared for
y
ni
ve
rs
• had to be kept constant and the precision of 200 milliseconds stress the small margin for error
allowed
op
• technological data in paragraph 6 emphasises scientific expertise required
-R
s
Answers
es
148
am
br
ev
ie
id
g
w
e
C
U
• reference to animal experiments suggests that it was considered a risk for humans
-C
R
ev
ie
w
C
op
Pr
y
• reference to Lindbergh emphasises uniqueness of event
Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution
op
y
ve
rs
ity
ni
9
Pr
es
s
-C
-R
am
br
id
ev
ie
w
ge
C
U
I am very pleased and relieved that today’s operation on a woman in Strasbourg was successful
and without incident. The medical team was not sure that such a procedure would be possible,
although keyhole surgery is now well established, because it has never been achieved on humans
before at such a distance. The difficulty was in keeping the time delay constant and very short,
and it has taken several years to create a powerful enough fibre optic telephone line. Many staff
were available at both ends in case there was a problem, but it all went according to plan. I think
this was the first of many such operations.
ve
rs
ity
4
op
stimulates, promotes
b
higher, increased
phobia, panic
Pr
y
op
br
id
ie
w
ge
C
U
R
ni
ev
ve
ie
w
rs
ity
op
C
f
The writer makes fun of firewalking and those who do it by using humour and by not showing
sympathy for their injuries. The single inverted commas around team-building draw attention
to the trendiness of the concept and that it is not to be taken seriously. The bluntness of if you
walk on hot coals you burn your feet, following the long, abstract, pompous quotation, satirises
US corporations and their spokespersons. The surprise contrast of hospital and wheelchair with
the previous words positive and confidence is ironically amusing. A joke is made about managers
becoming burgers, and there is wordplay on grilling and gruelling, emphasised by the question
mark. By describing firewalking disparagingly as a circus trick, the writer reveals a sceptical
attitude. The overall tone conveys mockery rather than concern.
y
7
e
c surpass(ed), defeat
es
-C
d accepted, acknowledged
-R
usual, normal
a
s
am
br
6
ev
id
ie
w
ge
C
U
R
ni
ev
ie
y
There are three types of joke: wordplay, mockery and surrealism. Men use humour more than
women, and prefer a different type, which concerns physical action rather than word play. From
ancient Greek times humour has been used as a weapon against evil, as a disguise for seriousness,
or as a way of gaining superiority. It releases tension and can reduce conflict, because it acts as
a unifying agent. Laughter is an automatic reflex involving many facial muscles. Many mammals
display laughter, but artificial intelligence cannot. Laughing and crying are connected, as humour
simultaneously involves the contradictory emotions of fear and relief.
w
C
op
y
Unit 9
Colons have two uses: the first is the way in which it has just been used, which is before a further
explanation; the other usage is to introduce either a quotation or a list.
9
A couple of hunters are out in the woods, when one of them falls to the ground. He doesn’t seem to
be breathing and his eyes have rolled back in his head. The other guy whips out his mobile phone
and calls the emergency services. He gasps to the operator, ‘My friend is dead! What can I do?’
Pr
ity
The operator, in a soothing voice, says, ‘Just take it easy. I can help. First, let’s make sure he’s
dead.’
op
-R
s
es
-C
am
br
ev
ie
id
g
w
e
C
U
R
y
ni
ve
rs
There is a silence, then a shot is heard. The guy’s voice comes back on the line. He says, ‘OK, now
what?’
ev
ie
w
C
op
y
es
s
-C
-R
am
ev
8
Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution
Answers
149
Pr
es
s
allows me to research from home
iii
is an extensive source of information
iv
permits online banking
v
gives access to expert advice
ie
ev
id
br
ity
viii can send photos and documents
Pr
y
es
s
-R
am
lets me keep in regular contact with friends
op
saves money on purchases
x
offers convenience of online shopping
ni
op
y
ve
rs
ix
w
ev
br
id
• statistics
ie
• triples/lists
C
U
Examples of persuasive vocabulary and syntax include:
ge
C
w
ie
ev
w
ge
C
ii
vii reduces phone bills
R
op
ni
U
saves time
-C
R
i
9
y
ve
rs
ity
The writer addresses the reader directly, creating the impression of a conversation by using you,
Yes as a response at the beginning of paragraph 3 and you say, and by the question in paragraph
5. The style is informal, with jokes (for example, sane, snail-mail), sentences beginning with So or
And, and the exclamation at the end of the passage.
6
vi
op
C
w
ev
ie
-R
am
br
id
y
op
ev
ie
w
C
5
y
ve
rs
ity
ni
ge
The first conditional uses the present simple tense with the future tense for events which are
probable. Second conditionals, which use the simple past followed by would plus the infinitive
(without to), signify an event which could happen but which is improbable. Third conditionals,
formed with the past perfect tense followed by would have plus the past participle, mean that the
event is impossible because it is too late. There are also zero conditionals, using simple present in
both clauses, which refer to permanent truths.
-C
3
U
Unit 10
-R
am
• facts followed by interpretations
-C
• emotive vocabulary, for example: staggering, voyeurs, exploited
es
s
• metaphors, for example: intrusive eye, dangerous beast
op
Pr
y
• repetition, for example: It in final paragraph
ity
ni
ve
rs
• antithesis, for example: real people and celebrities, grief and celebration, at worst … at best
op
-R
s
es
Answers
-C
150
am
br
ev
ie
id
g
w
e
C
U
R
y
• use of inclusive subject pronoun we
ev
ie
w
C
• references to and quotations by experts
Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution
op
y
ve
rs
ity
ni
Pr
es
s
-R
ev
ie
w
ge
am
br
id
-C
y
ni
op
y
ve
rs
ity
op
C
w
ev
ie
e
from the beginning
ie
ev
favoured with
b
-C
c suffering from
going towards
f
g more than
best part
ity
y
op
ni
ev
ve
ie
w
rs
C
Was the temperature a problem?
ev
br
id
ie
w
ge
C
U
R
-R
am
s
-C
es
y
Pr
What was your most frightening experience?
ity
How has global warming affected the Arctic?
ni
ve
rs
op
9
op
y
Sam enjoyed the peacefulness of the place, the beautiful scenery and the magnificent wild life, as
well as the company and skills of the Inuit.
U
a
C
C
-R
s
es
am
br
ev
ie
id
g
w
e
b He was concerned about the effects of global warming in the area, which include a high rate of
UV radiation, the melting ice, hungry animals (because of the population decline of the prey and
increased competition among predatory species), and the threat to both the livelihood of the Inuit
hunters and to the planet as a whole.
-C
w
i
7
What were the dangers?
ie
h say no to
Questions, exclamations and direct speech convey the drama of the situation and Sam’s panic.
(Polar bears have already been mentioned on 23rd April as something to cause frissons of fear.)
The action is interspersed with description of the bear to slow the narrative pace; mist and light
are mentioned to create mysteriousness, as if the bear has supernatural power; short paragraphs
convey the idea of events happening quickly and out of control; live ammunition is referred to,
and even the cracker shells are enough to kill a person; the bear is moving aggressively towards
them (charged) with real purpose. The fact that the bear was hungry, didn’t scare easily, and was as
big as they get – a full-grown male bear – all add to the threat posed by the animal.
What did you have to eat?
ev
supreme achievement
6
Did you feel lonely?
R
d
Pr
y
difficult to improve on
op
-R
moving fast
s
a
es
am
br
2
j
w
ge
id
Unit 11
C
U
R
against
• takes up too much time
• confuses understanding of reality
• makes us immoral
• substitute for genuine personal experience
• addictive
• reduces communication in families
• reduces concentration span
• lowers standards
• means of commercial exploitation
• promotes violence
• promotes dissatisfaction
• degrades viewers
C
U
10 for
• range of choice of programme
• link with friends and colleagues
• lets us see things beyond our environment
• inspiration for unusual activities
• informative
• entertaining
• national and international cohesion
• channel for emotion
• provides role models
• encourages appreciation of wildlife and its
threats
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Answers
151
4
These repetitions are for rhetorical effect. They emphasise how unknown and confounding the
reasons are for one person to impersonate another for no obvious gain.
8
Just 54% of 11-year-olds achieved the expected level in writing in last summer’s national tests,
compared to 78% in reading. Researchers’ findings are that traditional letter-writing will be of no
more use later in children’s lives than the history lessons they learn in school. The head of the
largest teachers’ union says that students will always want a language that excludes grown-ups
because for them it’s a necessary assertion of a teenager’s right to privacy.
y
ve
rs
ity
op
The title of the article is a giveaway as it implies that people who join social networking sites
are being controlled. Extreme, emotive and sarcastic language is used to attack the practice
of social networking: suck us in, addictive, more gainfully spent actually meeting people, more
excitable prophets, juvenile, hooked, soak up ever more time. There are military metaphors: throes,
impact and fallout. The trendy phrases at the end of paragraph 6 are ridiculed by their being
in single inverted commas. The phrase You’d think in the final sentence appeals to the reader
to join the writer in disapproving of something which has novelty value and nothing else, and
this is reinforced by the use of not – yet, meaning it will inevitably happen that people will tire
of this form of entertainment. Sequence also reveals viewpoint: leaving they say until the end
of the sentence in paragraph 5 makes the previous comments seem like facts, and the final, and
therefore telling, comment in the article is a critical one.
ity
11 Pros
• keeps you in touch with former friends
• allows you to join networks
• connects fans to their idols
• allows freedom of thought and speech to
prosper
• opens people up to new communities
• parents can monitor their children’s
relationships
• makes you feel better
y
op
ie
w
ge
es
s
-R
ev
br
id
am
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Cons
• such sites make it possible to have one’s
identity stolen
• impersonators damage genuine
relationships
• no legal protection against identity theft
• some people feel pressurised into joining
just because others do it
• users are being manipulated for
commercial purposes
• wastes work time
• addictive
• lost productivity for businesses
• reduces opportunity to have real contact
with people
• can harm existing friendships
• future damage cannot be predicted
• advertisers gain information for targetting
customers
• reduces privacy
• encourages obsession with fame
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Single inverted commas are used in texts when attention is being drawn to an ironic usage, a
fashionable term or a quotation in common use. All three are being used here, in this order.
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Unit 12
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