Chapter II:
Globalization and Its Effects to Policing
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to:
• Discuss the concept of globalization and its causes;
• Present the effects of globalization to policing;
• Comprehensive and challenges brought by globalization to policing; and
• Recognize the changing role of the police.
Globalization, which refers to the increasingly international character of social life, is having an impact on
much of society, including technology, commerce, communication and crime. Crimes on internet, drug dealing, and
smuggling show the power of global crime and the difficulties it poses for local level aw enforcement. Local crimes
and small-time perpetrators will be replaced or supplemented by crimes and criminal groups with global scope. This
chapter will present the concept, causes and challenges brought by globalization to policing.
A. The Concept of Globalization
Globalization – refers to the process by which regional economies, societies, and culture, as well as information,
ideas, and even authority become integrated by a global network of political ideas through communication,
transportation, and trade.
- growth refers to physical changes. Development refers to functional or behavioral changes. Growth is
biological. Development is social, emotional, cognitive, moral, and other domains of function. Growth stops after a
certain age. Development is something that can occur throughout the lifespan.
Trade - kalakalan, career, exchange, profession, occupation, living, livelihood.
Example: E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of
funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the internet.
Five examples of types of technologies are electronic technologies, mechanical technologies, medical technologies,
industrial and manufacturing technologies, and tools. Examples of technology includes phones, computers, wheels,
and washing machines.
1. Electronic and information technology includes computer hardware and software, operating systems, web-based
information and applications, telephones and other telecommunications products, video equipment and multimedia
products, information kiosks, and office products such as photocopiers and fax machines.
2. Mechanical technologies For example, you could get a job designing and developing airplanes, cars, power
systems or heating and cooling systems
3. Medical technologies Diagnosis technologies include stethoscopes, hypodermic needles, blood pressure cuffs,
magnetic resonance imaging MRI scanners, heart monitors and EKG machines.EKG stands for electrocardiogram and
is often also referred to as an ECG
4. Industrial - group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or supply goods, services, or sources of
income.
5. Manufacturing is the process of turning raw materials or parts into finished goods through the use of tools, human
labor, machinery, and chemical processing.
How do Globalization Examples Work?
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Advances in transportation and communication. Advances in transportation, such as air travel and shipping,
have made it easier and cheaper to move goods and people across national borders. ...
Trade liberalization – free flow of trade ,
Investment and financial flows - Revenue collected from customers.
Cultural exchange - occurs when two people of different cultural backgrounds share ideas, feelings, and
values to promote mutual understanding.
International organizations -
- The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA Philippines
- The three major international economic organizations are the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
● It pertains to the increasing interconnectedness of the different parts of the world through common processes of
economic environmental, political and cultural changes.
B. Events that Contributed to the Emergence of Globalization
1. Establishment of international agencies and institutions.
- International organizations are established by treaties that provide legal status. International organizations
are subjects of international law and are capable of entering into agreements among themselves and with member
states.
- example, the international financial institutions of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
World Bank - In its 2023 annual report, the Bank said the Philippines has $2.336 billion in approved loans
from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which is part of the World Bank Group.
India was the World Bank's top borrower with $4.32 billion in loans, followed by Turkey with $3.881 billion. Okt 4,
2023
2. Standardized system of global time
- Standard time was adopted internationally based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The East Coast of the
United States is at GMT -5, or five hours behind the Royal Observatory. The standardized calendar enthusiasts found
some success as well.
3. Global networks of communication.
- What is the global network of communication?
A global network is any communication network which spans the entire Earth. The term, as used in this article
refers in a more restricted way to bidirectional (functioning into two direction) communication networks, and to
technology-based networks.
- A few examples of a global network are as follows: Internet Protocol (IP) Network:
4. International competitions and prizes. Pertains to sports (ASEAN Games, OlYmpic Games, seagames)
5. International law.
- the rules which govern relations between states.
- International law is a set of rules and principles governing the relations and conduct of sovereign states
with each other, as well as with international organizations and individuals. Issues that fall under international law
include trade, human rights, diplomacy, environmental preservation, and war crimes.
- example, the Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement on climate change
6. Internationally shared notions of citizenship and human rights.
- A person deprived of his/her rights, loses his/her sense of belonging to the state and becomes unable to gear
himself/herself up for the sake of the country.
C. Causes of globalization:
Causes - kadahilanan, hinongdan, pinagmulan
1. International division of Labor.
- The allocation of various parts of the production process to different places in the world.
- Better Quality of Work: Division of labour not only increases the quantity of work it also improves the
quality of production. Better and modern machines and equipment are used. Better quality products help to increase
the goodwill and profits of business.
- An example of division of labor is the assembly line present in most manufacturing facilities. Each person
has a task they complete on an assembly line before the product moves to the next station.
2. Internationalization of Finance.
- Financial internationalization refers to the state and process of the financial activity entity of an economy
participating in the financial activities of another economy across administrative divisions, or vice versa, the core of
which is “the process and state of financial integration in the world”.
3. The new technology system based on the combination of innovation.
- A technological innovation is a new or improved product or process whose technological characteristics
are significantly different from before. Implemented technological product innovations are new products (product
innovations) or processes in application (process innovations) that have been brought to market.
- Example of innovation by combination?
3D Printing, Drones, Robotics.
4. The growth of the consumer markets among the more affluent (wealthy, rich) populations of
the world.
- China : Size: At 899 million people, China remains the country with the most populous consumer class, whereas
India's is only half that at 473 million.
What Is the Group of Seven (G-7)?
The Group of Seven (G-7) is an intergovernmental organization made up of the world's largest developed
economies: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada.
A. Challenges Brought by Globalization to Law Enforcers:
1. Vast increase in the number of economic and social transactions across national borders
2. The evolution of the “global village”
- Technological advances marked by the emergence of the internet and social media have made it easier to
communicate and reduced the world into a global village. The history of these advances can be traced back to
predictions made by Marshall McLuhan.
A glacier is a large, perennial accumulation of crystalline ice, snow, rock, sediment, and often liquid water
that originates on land and moves down slope under the influence of its own weight and gravity.
3. Growth of transnational economic transaction that complicates the ability of governments to regulate and
control monetary movements across boundaries.
- What are the monetary capital controls?
The monetary capital controls put limits on allowable daily cash withdrawals at banks and placed restrictions on
money transfers and overseas credit card payments.
4. Rise of Cosmopolitan World Cities as the repositories of capital and wealth and as major facilitators of cross
border transaction.
Once again, Norway was declared the world's most progressive country in 2022, with Denmark and Finland
ranking second and third respectively.
5. Accessibility of consumers to information about goods and services around the world.
- Countries today are more connected than ever before, due to factors such as air travel, containerized sea
shipping, international trade agreements and legal treaties, and the Internet. In the world of business, globalization is
associated with trends such as outsourcing, free trade, and international supply chains.
Example: Shipping company, air travel through internet access or websites
6. Increase in migration and growth of ethnic groups
- Emigrate means to leave one's country to live in another.
- Immigrate is to come into another country to live permanently.
- Migrate (dayuhan) - The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence,
etc., to settle in another;
- to move from one country, place, or locality to another.
E. Changing Role of the Police
●In the past, the police were preoccupied solving craft ( skill and experience, especially in relation to making
objects;) local crimes. With globalization, they are now faced with highly organized and sophisticated crimes like
terrorism, bank robbery, drug trafficking, money laundering and kidnapped for ransom, among others. Moreover,
crimes have crossed borders. Like the corporations organize crimes have evolved into transnational crimes with
operations in different parts of the world.
F. Effects of Globalization to Policing:
1. The emergence of transnational criminal activities.
2. Need for transnational policing.
- The police are built into communities around the world, and they are
meant to serve four primary roles: enforce the law, prevent crime, provide emergency response, and provide
support services.
3. Training instruction for law enforcement officers must include the use of updated technological tools.
Pertains to computers technology, used of gadgets, cctv, to locate culprits.
4. Development of new strategies (master plan, propose action) to deal with transnational organized crime groups.
5. Update laws related to law enforcement based on the contemporary (present time theories of crime causation.