Seminar Report
On
“LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)”
Submitted for partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering)
Submited by
Ameya Sunil Sanyal
Under the Guidance of
Prof. R. R. Solanke
Dr. A. O. Vyas
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering
Dr.Rajendra Gode Institute of Technology & Research, Amravati.
(Accredited by NAAC)
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati.
Year:2023-2024
Certificate
Certified that seminar work entitled “LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)” is a bonafide
work carried out in the seventh semester by “AMEYA SUNIL SANYAL” in partial fulfillment
for the award of Bachelor of engineering in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
from Dr.Rajendra Gode Institute Of Technology & Research, Amravati during the academic
year 2023-2024.
Guided by
Prof. R. R. Solanke
Dr. A. O. Vyas
EXTC Department
Dr.R.M.Deshmukh
Head Of EXTC Department
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
I am extremely grateful to Dr.A.V.Parvate ,Principal , Dr.Rajendra Gode Institute Of
Technology & Research,Amravati and Dr.R.M.Deshmukh , Head of Electronics &
Telecommunication Engineering Department for providing all the resources for the successful
completion of my seminar.
My heartfelt gratitude to my seminar guide Prof R. R. Solanke. Department Of
Electronics &Telecommunication Engineering for valuable suggestions and guidance in
the preparation of the seminar report.
I express my thanks to all staff members and friends for all the help and co-ordination
extended in bringing out this seminar successfully in time.
I will be failing in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors of
the references and other literatures referred to in this seminar.
Last but not the least, I am very much thankful to my parents who guided me in every
step which I took.
AMEYA SUNIL SANYAL
( Final Year EXTC)
DRGIT&R, Amravati
TABLE OF CONTENT :-
Sr.
No.
Title
Page
No.
1
Abstract
1
2
Introduction
2
3
Literature Review
3
4
Principle And Types Of Biosensors
5
5
Role And Used Of Biosensors In
Agriculture
7
6
Advantage And Disadvantage
8
7
Applications
9
8
Future Scope
10
9
Conclusion
11
10
References
12
[BIOSENSORS USED IN AGRICULTURE]
ABSTRACT
LIDAR, an acronym for Light Detection and Ranging, is a method for determining ranges by targeting an
object or a surface with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver.
LIDAR may operate in a fixed direction (e.g., vertical) or it may scan multiple directions, in which case it
is known as LIDAR scanning or 3D laser scanning, a special combination of 3-D scanning and laser
scanning. LIDAR has terrestrial, airborne, and mobile applications.
Lidar is commonly used to make high-resolution maps, with applications in surveying, geodesy,
geomatics, archaeology, geography, geology, geomorphology, seismology, forestry, atmospheric physics,
laser guidance, airborne laser swathe mapping (ALSM), and laser altimetry. It is used to make digital 3D representations of areas on the Earth's surface and ocean bottom of the intertidal and near coastal zone
by varying the wavelength of light. It has also been increasingly used in control and navigation for
autonomous cars and for the helicopter Ingenuity on its record-setting flights over
the terrain of Mars.
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INTRODUCTION
Analytical device that can transform the biological reactions into an electrical signals can be
described as biosensors. Biosensors should be very precise, reusable, and independent of
physical variables like pH and temperature. Engineering, chemistry, and biology are all used
to research biosensors, their designs, transducing processes, and immobilization methods.
Biosensor materials are classified into three categories based on how they work. Enzyme
biosensor have been developed using immobilization methods such as Vander Waals powers
covalent bonding or ionic bonding. Some of the most often utilized enzymes for this purpose
include oxidoreductases, polyphenol oxidases, peroxidases, and amino oxidases. The analyte
of interests may be process's inhibitor. However, although this kind of biosensor had a high
level of stability, the detections time was more longer& specificity decreased. Immunosensor
is high empathy for antigen, which means they respond precisely to infections or metabolites,
or interfere with immune system. Deoxyribonucleic acid biosensor function because singlestrand nucleic acids molecules may recognize and attach to their corresponding strand in a
sample. The presence of stable hydrogen bonds between two nucleic acid strands causes their
connection. Magnetic biosensors, which are tiny biosensors that monitor magnetic micro and
nano particles in microfluidic channels using the magneto resistance effect.
As previously stated, a thermal l biosensor, also known as a calorimetric biosensor, isproduced
by integrating biosensor material with physical transducers. Two types of piezoelectric
biosensors are quartz crystal micro balance. They rely on the computation of changes in a
piezoelectric crystal's resonance frequency as a consequence of crystal structural changes.
A light basis and a number of optically manufactured components work together for creating
light beam properties & guide it toward a moderating agent in an optical biosensor. The
discovery of green fluorescent proteins and later Auto Fluorescent Proteins variant &
hereditary fusion reporter has aid development hereditarily encode biosensor. Building,
manipulating, and implanting this kind of biosensor into cells is straightforward. They're made
up of a pair of AFPs that, when placed close together, may transfer fluorescence resonance
energies.
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LITREATURE REVIEW
1. Maria N. Velasco-Garcia et.al studies “Biosensor technology, which harnesses the
sensitivity and specificity of biological system in lightweight, low cost sensors, is a
powerful alternative to traditional analytical techniques. Despites promising biosensor
built in investigation labs, there’re few records of agricultural monitor applications. The
author explore biosensors technologies and various bio receptor mechanisms as well as
transduction processes. Differences between biosensor and fully integrate biosensor
systems are described, as well as the key reasons for biosensor technology transition
being sluggish. The primary focus of development biosensor research has on
environmental technologies, health care and the food industry. Diabetics' hand- held
glucose meters are the most commercially relevant application. There have been a
variety of diagnostic tests in the agricultural/veterinary research industry, but not true
biosensor system have complete an impacts. Biosensor can be used for in-situ
examination of contaminants in soils and crops, identifications of infectious disease in
crop livestock and detection , on-line measurement of essential foods processing
parameter, tracking animal fertilities, and screening therapeutic drugs in veterinary test
due to the essential for quick, accurate sensing correct sensing and on-line . Future
issues in biosensor commercialization are also.”
2. J.S Rana et.al studies “Food content is largely determined by the biochemical structure
of the food. As a result, this study summarizes recent advancements in the
manufacturing of various types of Biosensors for the calculation of various components
in horticultural samples. They look at electrochemical, calorimetric, optical, and
immunosensors, as well as screen-printed three-electrode devices. Several primary
examples are given, including glucose, fructose, malic acid, pyruvic acid, ascorbic acid,
glycerol, glutamate, and others.”
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3. Parikha Mehrotra “Biosensors of different forms, like tissue-based, enzyme-based
immunosensors, Deoxyribonucleic acid biosensors, , piezoelectric and thermal
biosensors, have discussed to illustrate critical application in a variety of field. The food
industry uses biosensors to track consistency and protection, as well as to differentiate
between artificial and natural ingredients; fermentation manufacturing uses biosensors
in saccharification procedure to detects specific; metabolic engineering and glucose
concentration uses biosensors to allow in-vivo monitoring of cellular metabolisms.
Biosensors ,their use medical research, such as early detections of human interleukin
10, which causes heart disease, and quick detection of the human papillomavirus, are
significant things to consider. Fluorescent biosensors are essential in drug development
and cancer research. In the field of plant biology, biosensor applications are often used
to identify missing connections in metabolic processes. Defence, the clinical market,
and maritime applications are among the other applications.”
4. Suresh Neethirajan et.al studies “The growing human population, the preservation of
clean water and food quality, and the protection of the atmosphere and environment all
pose significant challenges to existing food production. Food security is largely a
collaborative endeavor involving both government and private sector technology
advancement. Several efforts have been made to address problems and improve drivers
in food processing. Biosensors and biosensing tools, as well as their implementations,
are being commonly used to address some of the most pressing issues in food
processing and sustainability. As a result, there is an increasing need for biosensing
technology in the field of food sustainability. Microfluidics is a technological device
that combines many technologies. Nanomaterials, with its biosensing technology, are
considered to be the most International Journal of Modern Agriculture, Volume 10,
No.2, 2021 ISSN: 2305-7246 1095 exciting method for addressing health, energy, and
environmental problems that affect global populations. The demands to Point-of-Care
(POC) technology in field is for analytical instruments that are fast, convenient, reliable,
compact, and low-cost.”
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PRINCIPLE AND TYPES OF BIOSENSORS
The biosensor works on the principle of signal transduction. Biorecognition elements and
electrical systems consisting of a display, amplifier, and processor are among these
components.
1. Electrochemical Biosensors
The electrochemical biosensor is common sensing system that works by converting
biochemical events into electrical signals. Electrode is crucial components in that form of
sensors, serving as strong supports for biomolecule hold and electrons movement. Synergic
effect are facilitated by improve loading capability as well as mass transports of reactant for
achieve large efficiency in terms of analytical sensitivity, thanks to various nanomaterials with
wide surface areas[5]. Electrochemical biosensors are biosensors that use an electrochemical
transducer to operate. They can track both biological and nonbiological products, such as
hormones, whole cells, complex ligands, and tissues. The generated signal may be transduced
use one of various methods that fall into two categories: Biosensor thatare potentiometric and
biosensor that is amperometric .
2. Potentiometric Biosensors
This are dependent on measuring a system's potential at working electrodes in relation to
accurate references electrodes under virtually no current flow. Potentiometric measures in the
test sample are linked to analyte behavior in procedure. Potentiometric biosensor can detect a
extensive range of concentrations (typically many order of magnitudes). Potentiometric
biosensors have not been used for food safety analysis as extensively as amperometric sensors.
Finding monophenolase activities in apples juice, calculating concentrations of sucrose inside
soft drinks, testing isocitrate concentrations in fruit juices, and finding urea level in the milk
are only a few examples of how this technique has been used for food quality research.
3. Amperometric Biosensors
Amperometric biosensors have proven to be the most commonly published electrochemical
method in signal transduction. Commercially available “one shot” sensors and on line)
instruments track a broad variety of target analytes. The theory function of amperometric
biosensor is characterized by constant potential applied between working and a reference
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electrode, unlike amperometric instruments. Redox reactions occur as a function of the added
potential, allowing a net current to circulate. Both cathode (reducing) and anode (oxidizing)
reaction can tracked perimetrically, and the amplitude of this current is proportional to
concentrations of electro actives species presents in the test solutions. The biorecognition factor
in the majority of the amperometric biosensors mentioned is enzymes. Typically, the most
common used catalysts for these biosensor formats have been oxidase and dehydrogenase
enzymes.
4. Calorimetric Biosensors
Heat is exchanged in both chemical and biological reactions. As a result, the basic concept of
heat generation and absorption arising from all biochemical reactions has aided the
development of calorimetric-based biosensing devices. The majority of biochemical reactions
involve either heat absorptions or processing. By employing responsive heat detections
instruments, sensor based on calorimetric transduction are designed to detect heat produced or
ingested during a biological reaction. Biosensors for a variety of target analytes have been
developed. The uses of this biosensor for detects metabolites has been identified in field of
food qualities analysis.
5. Optical Biosensors
The reactions to lighting or light pollution are measured by these sensors. fluorescence,
Chemiluminescence, , phosphorescence, photo thermals processes light absorbance, surfaces
plasmon resonances (SPR), lights rotation and polarization, and overall internal reflectance are
some of the techniques used in optical biosensors to detect the presence of a target analyte.
This technique, example use for detect presence of allergens, especially peanut, during food
preparation.
Fig.1. Types Of Biosensors
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ROLE AND USE OF BIOSENSORS IN AGRICULTURE
Biosensors can be used to forecast the possible occurrence of crop and soil diseases, which
has not been feasible with the existing technology. The biological diagnosis of crops and soil
using biosensor means opening the approach to reliable prevention and decontamination of
soil disease at an earlier stage.
1. Biosensors in detection of crop diseases:
SPR (Surface plasmon Resonance) based immunosensor working on the antigen and
antibody interaction. Typically, immunoassays (such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay technique) employ a label (e.g., enzyme, antibody, fluorescent marker). The sensitivity
of the technique is very high, it can detect the pathogen in very low concentration therefore, it
helps in the diagnosis of rust in early stage of soybean rust disease that leads to control the
disease to eco-friendly way and also used for rapid sensitivity detection of MCMV (maize
chlorotic mosaic virus) by using antibody and antigen concentration.
2. Detection of pathogens in plants:
QCM (Quartz crystalline Micro balancer) biosensor or Acoustic-based biosensor detects
plant pathogens like Ralstonia solanacearum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and
Xanthomata’s campestris pv. vesicatoria. A high density microelectrode Array biosensor
detects E-coli bacteria in lettuce. The fabricated biosensor can detect the Cucumber mosaic
virus (CMV) with a detection limit of long/mL. A novel portable cell biosensor system for
detection of potato virus Y (PVY), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tobacco rattle virus
(TRV) was fabricated by immobilizing the vero cells carrying virus specific on their
membranes.
Fig. 2. Role Of Biosensors
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ADVANTAGE OF BIOSENSORS
Biosensors offer high sensitivity which enables detection and quantification of low
concentrations of analytes or subtle changes in biomolecular interactions.
Biosensors offer high selectivity so that it can detect and measure desired target analytes
while minimizing interference from other components in the test and measurement of
complex samples.
Biosensors offer rapid response times which allows quick and real time measurements of
biological processes oranalytes.
They are designed to be portable and compact in size. This makes them suitable for wearable
devices, on-site testing and on spot diagnostics.
DISADVANTAGE OF BIOSENSORS
Biosensors measurement are susceptible to interference or matrix effects caused by
components present in the complex samples under testing. This affects their accuracy and
specificity.
Biosensor performance can be affected due to environmental factors such as
temperature,
pH, humidity or ElectroMagnetic (EM) fields which requires careful compensation.
Some biosensors have limited life span due to device degradation, sensor drift and
requirement of component replacements.
Biosensors require regular calibration and monitoring to maintain accuracy and stability over
time.
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APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS
1. Medical Diagnostics: Used for glucose monitoring, cardiac markers, cancer biomarkers, and
infectious disease detection.
2. Environmental Monitoring: Detects water and air pollutants, ensuring environmental safety.
3. Food and Beverage Industry: Ensures food safety by detecting contaminants and monitors
beverage production.
4. Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals: Aids in drug discovery, enzyme analysis, and research.
5. Defense and Security: Detects biological warfare agents and explosives.
6. Point-of-Care Testing: Used in home pregnancy tests and rapid diagnostic tests.
7. Research and Life Sciences: Studying protein interactions and cell analysis.
8. Industrial Process Control: Monitors bioprocessing, fermentation, and industrial processes.
9. Agriculture: Detects pesticide residues and analyzes soil for better farming.
10. Forensics: Helps in DNA analysis for forensic investigations.
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FUTURE SCOPE
Food losses due to crop infestations from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi are
persistent issues in agriculture for centuries across the globe. There is a need for novel
biosensors in order to detect, minimize and monitor the disease induced damages in crop
growth, harvest and post-harvest losses as well as to maximise productivity and ensure
agricultural sustainability, advanced disease detection and prevention in crops are imperative.
The major features of biosensors are stability, cost, sensitivity and reproducibility. The need
for fast on-line and accurate sensing opens up opportunities for biosensors in many different
agricultural areas in-situ analysis of pollutants in crops and soils, detection and identification
of infectious diseases in crops and livestock.
Fig. 3. Future scope
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CONCLUSION
This paper gives all details of mobile Biosensors for Applications in Agriculture like definition
of Biosensors which states that biosensor is instrument which convert biological reaction to
electrical signals, the definition of Agriculture which states that agriculture is the science, art
and practice of cultivating plants and livestock, types of bio sensors which is divided into two
parts which is recognition and transducing element which is further divide into many attacks
like mass based ,optical ,electro-chemical biosensor etc. this biosensor further divided into
different categories. This paper also provide application of biosensors in agriculture in detail.
Genetically modified proteins are injected into cells ex vivo or in vivo tocreate cell and tissuebased biosensors. Using bio photonics or other physical concepts, they enable the researcher
too continuously and noninvasively sense levels of hormones, medications, or toxins. In this
respect, the spectrum could be scope in ageing science.
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REFERENCES
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Challenges and perspectives. Biosensors. 2018;8(1).
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– A Review. J Am Sci. 2010;
8. Mehrotra P. Biosensors and their applications - A review. Journal of Oral Biology and
Craniofacial Research. 2016.
9. Huang Y, Xu J, Liu J, Wang X, Chen B. Disease-related detection with electrochemical
biosensors: A review. Sensors (Switzerland). 2017.
10. Zheng Y, Liu J. Recirculating flow injection calorimetric biosensor and its improved
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